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such as endothelin&#44; vasopressin and tumor necrosis factor alpha&#44; failed to demonstrate further reductions in mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#8211;7</span></a> This period of consecutive negative study outcomes ended in 2014&#44; when the PARADIGM-HF trial results were reported&#46; In PARADIGM-HF the combination of a neprilysin inhibitor &#40;sacubitril&#41; and an ARB &#40;valsartan&#41; was superior to enalapril in reducing the risk of death from cardiovascular causes and hospitalization for heart failure in patients with chronic systolic HF on optimized medical therapy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After its efficacy is proven&#44; a new drug has to show effectiveness under real-life conditions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a> In a real-world setting&#44; the representativeness of randomized clinical trials findings may be limited&#44; since these studies are conducted under idealized and rigorously controlled conditions that may compromise their external validity&#46; Ineligibility rates in cardiology trials show that as many as 25-67&#37; of the general disease population are excluded from these trials&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span></a> Therefore&#44; we aimed to assess the representativeness of PARADIGM-HF in a real-world population of patients with systolic HF&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Population and design</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The records of all outpatients &#40;n&#61;196&#41; followed in the heart failure clinic of a tertiary university-affiliated hospital between January 2013 and December 2014 were reviewed&#46; 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or equivalent &#40;defined by target dosage in the current guidelines&#41; as part of their optimal medical therapy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> All LVEF measurements were obtained by two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography&#46; Patients were considered ineligible for treatment with sacubitril&#47;valsartan if they presented any of the conditions listed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Continuous variables with a normal distribution are expressed as means &#177; standard deviation&#46; Discrete variables are expressed as frequencies and percentages&#46; When appropriate&#44; 95&#37; confidence intervals &#40;CI&#41; or percentiles were calculated&#46; The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software&#44; version 21&#46;0 &#40;IBM SPSS Inc&#46;&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#44; USA&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Results</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of the 196 HF patients initially screened&#44; 44 were excluded due to preserved LVEF&#46; Of the remaining 152 patients with LVEF &#60;50&#37; &#40;systolic HF&#41;&#44; 75&#37; were male&#44; mean age was 66&#177;12&#46;8 years&#44; and mean LVEF was 34&#46;9&#177;9&#46;0&#37;&#46; Other baseline characteristics are displayed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of the 152 patients with systolic HF 106 &#40;69&#46;7&#37;&#41; failed to meet at least one inclusion criterion and 45 &#40;29&#46;6&#37;&#41; had at least one exclusion criterion&#46; Considering only patients with HFrEF &#40;LVEF &#8804;35&#37;&#41; &#40;n&#61;88&#41;&#44; 43 &#40;48&#46;9&#37;&#41; lacked at least one inclusion criterion and 25 &#40;28&#46;4&#37;&#41; had at least one exclusion criterion&#46; Combining inclusion and exclusion criteria&#44; 24&#46;3&#37; &#40;n&#61;37&#41; of patients with systolic HF and 42&#37; &#40;n&#61;37&#41; of patients with HFrEF would have been eligible for the PARADIGM-HF trial &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The inclusion criterion most often missing in the population with systolic HF was LVEF &#8804;35&#37; &#40;41&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#44; followed by ACEI&#47;ARB dose equal or equivalent to 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg enalapril daily &#40;30&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#46; The most frequent exclusion criteria in this group were hypotension &#40;8&#46;2&#37;&#41; and estimated life expectancy &#60;5 years &#40;7&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#46; Considering only patients with HFrEF&#44; the most frequent missing inclusion criteria were ACEI&#47;ARB dose equal or equivalent to 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg enalapril daily &#40;28&#46;4&#37;&#41; and NT-proBNP &#8805;600 pg&#47;ml &#40;20&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#46; The exclusion criteria more often present were hypotension &#40;10&#46;2&#37;&#41; and estimated glomerular filtration rate &#60;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> &#40;10&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#46; The distribution of patients according to the number of unfulfilled eligibility criteria and number of ineligibility criteria present is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Discussion</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our analysis shows that&#44; if the PARADIGM-HF study criteria were applied to a real-world population of HF patients&#44; only two in five patients with systolic HF would be deemed eligible for treatment with the novel angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As pointed out by Wieringa et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Maggioni et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> and Niederseer et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> real-world heart failure patients are different from the populations of randomized trials&#46; Our population differs from PARADIGM-HF patients in several aspects&#58; LVEF &#8804;35&#37; and ACEI&#47;ARB dosage of at least enalapril 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg daily or equivalent &#40;the minimum required dosage&#41; were the most frequently unmet eligibility criteria&#44; while symptomatic hypotension and severe chronic kidney disease were the most prevalent ineligibility criteria &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patient selection for randomized trials may influence the effectiveness and safety of a new drug in the real world&#44; due to different comorbid conditions&#44; differing age groups&#44; race&#44; gender and ethnic variances&#44; and different concomitant drugs&#44; disease severity and compliance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12&#44;16</span></a> Heart failure patients are often very complex&#44; increasingly with multiple comorbidities&#44; partly due to prolonged life expectancy&#46; This heterogeneity has the potential to preclude a wider generalization of trial results &#40;obtained using a strict protocol&#41; to the unselected population encountered in daily clinical practice&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;13&#8211;15</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The higher incidences of hypotension and severe chronic disease suggest that&#44; as expected in tertiary reference centers&#44; a sicker group of patients are being managed&#44; who may be more susceptible to drugs with blood pressure-lowering effects&#46; These features possibly contributed to the difficulty of ACEI or ARB titration up to the dose of 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg enalapril equivalent daily required in PARADIGM-HF&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The requirement for severely compromised LVEF&#44; baseline NT-proBNP &#8805;600 pg&#47;ml &#40;BNP &#8805;150 pg&#47;ml&#41; and persistent HF symptoms despite optimal medical therapy&#44; as applied in PARADIGM-HF&#44; identifies higher-risk patients&#44; facilitating the demonstration of a positive effect on HF prognosis&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In PARADIGM-HF&#44; a protocol amendment changed the initial maximum LVEF permitted by the study protocol from 40&#37; to 35&#37; in order to select higher-risk patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;17</span></a> However&#44; the exclusion of patients with mild or moderate LV systolic dysfunction from the PARADIGM-HF trial does not necessarily mean that patients with LVEF between 35&#37; and 50&#37; will not derive benefit&#46; As all patients with reduced LVEF share the same neurohormonal changes&#44; the significant benefits observed in PARADIGM-HF can be expected to apply to all of them&#44; although not necessarily to the same extent&#46; Some previous heart failure trials that led to the approval of various drugs with survival advantage suggested that the benefit was less in patients with higher LVEF&#44; while others found no difference&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#8211;22</span></a> A recent analysis by Solomon et al&#46; demonstrated that LVEF does not influence the impact of sacubitril&#47;valsartan on outcomes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> An ongoing study &#40;PARAGON-HF&#41; is assessing the combination of sacubitril and valsartan in HF patients with LVEF &#8805;45&#37;&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Optimal medical management has been shown to reduce natriuretic peptide levels and to render HF patients asymptomatic&#44; despite underlying severe LV systolic dysfunction&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24&#8211;27</span></a> Although not represented in PARADIGM-HF&#44; it is not unreasonable to anticipate a positive effect of the sacubitril&#47;valsartan combination in delaying disease progression in asymptomatic patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another pertinent feature in all trials is safety&#46; Many exclusion criteria such as hypotension&#44; hyperkalemia or severe chronic kidney disease relate to common concerns in the daily management of HF patients&#46; Sicker patients have a higher incidence of adverse effects and are frequently excluded from HF trials like PARADIGM-HF&#44; limiting the applicability of a new drug for many patients and reflecting the challenging nature of HF outpatient management&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The exclusion of patients who cannot tolerate enalapril 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg daily could restrict the use of the new drug in such patients&#44; due to a possible greater risk of a collateral event&#44; requiring closer monitoring in this subgroup&#46; Our population was older&#44; had worse renal function&#44; higher NT-proBNP levels and more implantable devices&#44; possibly representing a sicker group of patients&#44; which would have contributed to the exclusion of some&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Once efficacy has been proved&#44; novel treatments should be assessed for their effectiveness&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> Our study provides an indication of which patient characteristics may influence the effectiveness of sacubitril&#47;valsartan in a real-world population&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study presents certain limitations&#44; some of them inherent to a single-center registry&#46; Also&#44; optimal follow-up in the HF clinic could have contributed to the higher proportion of NYHA class I patients&#46; Lastly&#44; we cannot be sure whether a number&#44; albeit probably small&#44; of patients with HF symptoms were followed in general cardiology consultations and were thus not included in this analysis&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Conclusion</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite the strictness of our standard protocol&#44; about two in five of our real-world patients with systolic HF would be considered eligible for PARADIGM-HF&#44; a significant number&#46; This finding puts into perspective the applicability of PARADIGM-HF to the real-world population of HF patients&#46; A larger registry with outcome analysis is needed to validate a wider use of the new drug&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors take responsibility for all aspects of the reliability and freedom from bias of the data presented and their discussed interpretation&#46; This study was investigator-driven and independent of any commercial funding&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "identificador" => "xres1047817"
          "titulo" => "Abstract"
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              "identificador" => "abst0005"
              "titulo" => "Introduction"
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              "titulo" => "Introdu&#231;&#227;o"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2017-03-13"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2017-09-29"
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          "clase" => "keyword"
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          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec999242"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Heart failure"
            1 => "Sacubitril&#47;valsartan"
            2 => "Reduced ejection fraction"
            3 => "Medical therapy"
          ]
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      "pt" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palavras-chave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec999243"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca"
            1 => "Sacubitril-valsartan"
            2 => "Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida"
            3 => "Terap&#234;utica m&#233;dica"
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A new drug with prognostic impact on heart failure&#44; sacubitril&#47;valsartan&#44; has been introduced in current guidelines&#46; However&#44; randomized trial results can be compromised by lack of representativeness&#46; We aimed to assess the representativeness of the PARADIGM-HF trial in a real-world population of patients with heart failure&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We reviewed the records of 196 outpatients followed in a heart failure clinic between January 2013 and December 2014&#46; After exclusion of 44 patients with preserved ejection fraction&#44; the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the trial were applied&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Of the 152 patients with systolic heart failure&#44; 106 lacked one or more inclusion criteria and 45 had at least one exclusion criterion&#46; Considering only patients with ejection fraction &#8804;35&#37; &#40;HFrEF&#41; &#40;n&#61;88&#41;&#44; 43 patients lacked at least one inclusion criterion and 25 patients had at least one exclusion criterion&#46; Combining the inclusion and exclusion criteria&#44; 24&#46;3&#37; of patients with systolic HF &#40;ejection fraction &#8804;50&#37;&#41; and 42&#37; of patients with HFrEF would be eligible for the PARADIGM-HF trial&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">One in four patients with systolic HF followed in a heart failure outpatient clinic would fulfill the reference study criteria for treatment with the new drug&#44; sacubitril&#47;valsartan&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Introduction"
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          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Methods"
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          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Results"
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      "pt" => array:3 [
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introdu&#231;&#227;o</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Um novo medicamento com impacto progn&#243;stico em doentes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi introduzido nas <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">guidelines</span> mais recentes&#46; Contudo&#44; os resultados de estudos aleatorizados podem ser prejudicados pela falta de representatividade&#46; Os autores ambicionam avaliar a representatividade do estudo PARADIGM-HF numa popula&#231;&#227;o do mundo real de doentes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Foram revistos os registos de 196 pacientes seguidos em consulta dedicada a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de um hospital terci&#225;rio entre janeiro de 2016 e dezembro de 2014&#46; Ap&#243;s exclus&#227;o de 44 doentes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada&#44; os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o foram aplicados&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Dos 152 doentes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica&#44; 106 n&#227;o preenchiam um ou mais crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e tinham pelo menos um crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o&#46; Considerando apenas os doentes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &#8804; 35&#37; &#40;N &#61; 88&#41;&#44; 43 doentes n&#227;o preenchiam pelo menos um crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o e 25 tinham pelo menos um crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o&#46; Combinando os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o&#44; 24&#44;3&#37; dos doentes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &#60; 50&#37; e 42&#37; dos doentes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda reduzida seriam eleg&#237;veis para o estudo PARADIGM-HF&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Um em cada quatro doentes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica&#44; seguidos em ambulat&#243;rio na consulta de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca&#44; cumpririam os crit&#233;rios do estudo de refer&#234;ncia que levou &#224; aprova&#231;&#227;o do novo f&#225;rmaco inibidor dos recetores de angiotensina e da neprilisina&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Known history of angioedema&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">History of severe pulmonary disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Symptomatic hypotension and&#47;or systolic blood pressure &#8804;95 mmHg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Diagnosis of peripartum- or chemotherapy-induced cardiomyopathy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">eGFR &#8804;30 ml&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Presence of hemodynamically significant mitral and&#47;or aortic valve disease&#44; except mitral regurgitation secondary to LV dilatation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Serum potassium &#8805;5&#46;4 mmol&#47;l&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Presence of other hemodynamically significant obstructive lesions of the LV outflow tract&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Coronary or carotid artery disease likely to require surgical or percutaneous intervention within six months&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Contraindication to or any condition which might significantly alter the absorption&#44; distribution&#44; metabolism&#44; or excretion of sacubitril&#47;valsartan&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">History of heart transplantation or on a transplant list or with LV assist device&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Criteria of ineligibility for treatment with sacubitril&#47;valsartan&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at2"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ACEI&#58; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor&#59; ARB&#58; angiotensin receptor antagonist&#59; BMI&#58; body mass index&#59; CAD&#58; coronary artery disease&#59; CRT&#58; cardiac resynchronization therapy&#59; eGFR&#58; estimated glomerular filtration rate&#59; HFrEF&#58; heart failure with reduced ejection fraction &#40;LVEF &#8804;35&#37;&#41;&#59; ICD&#58; implantable cardioverter-defibrillator&#59; LVEF&#58; left ventricular ejection fraction&#59; MRA&#58; mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist&#59; NYHA&#58; New York Heart Association class&#59; SBP&#58; systolic blood pressure&#59; Systolic HF&#58; heart failure with LVEF &#8804;50&#37;&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HFrEF &#40;n&#61;88&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Systolic HF &#40;n&#61;152&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PARADIGM-HF &#40;n&#61;4187&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">73 &#40;83&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">114 &#40;75&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3308 &#40;79&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age&#44; years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">65&#46;0&#177;13&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">66&#46;0&#177;12&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">63&#46;8&#177;11&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LVEF&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">28&#46;0&#177;5&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">34&#46;9&#177;9&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">29&#46;6&#177;6&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Caucasian&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">85 &#40;96&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">146 &#40;96&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2763 &#40;66&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Diabetes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">33 &#40;37&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">55 &#40;36&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1451 &#40;34&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Hypertension&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">51 &#40;58&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">89 &#40;58&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2969 &#40;70&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Dyslipidemia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">39 &#40;44&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">69 &#40;45&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">BMI&#44; kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">27&#46;0&#177;5&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">27&#46;3&#177;5&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">28&#46;1&#177;5&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">eGFR &#60;60 ml&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">43 &#40;48&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">61 &#40;40&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">CRT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">29 &#40;33&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">42 &#40;27&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">292 &#40;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Pacemaker&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;4&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;2&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Atrial fibrillation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25 &#40;28&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">39 &#40;25&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1517 &#40;36&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">ICD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">36 &#40;40&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">46 &#40;30&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">623 &#40;14&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">CAD history&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">54 &#40;61&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">81 &#40;53&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1818 &#40;43&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">SBP&#44; mmHg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">116&#177;16&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">119&#46;4&#177;17&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">122&#177;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Heart rate&#44; bpm&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">67&#46;3&#177;11&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">66&#46;5&#177;11&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">72&#177;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Creatinine&#44; mg&#47;dl&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;4&#177;1&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;37&#177;1&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;13&#177;0&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Urea&#44; mg&#47;dl&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">67&#46;6&#177;38&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">65&#46;1&#177;34&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Potassium&#44; mmol&#47;l&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#46;4&#177;0&#46;44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#46;7&#177;0&#46;45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Sodium&#44; mmol&#47;l&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">141&#177;3&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">140&#177;3&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">NT-proBNP&#44; pg&#47;ml&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3731&#91;664-3790&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3426 &#91;454-3115&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1631 &#91;885-3154&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">ACEI or ARB&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">88 &#40;100&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">152 &#40;100&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4195 &#40;100&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Beta-blocker&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">88 &#40;100&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">152 &#40;100&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3899 &#40;93&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">MRA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">16 &#40;18&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">33 &#40;21&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2271 &#40;54&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Ivabradine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12 &#40;13&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5 &#40;3&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">NYHA I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10 &#40;11&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">30 &#40;19&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">180 &#40;4&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">NYHA II&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">65 &#40;73&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">104 &#40;68&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2998 &#40;71&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">NYHA III&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13 &#40;14&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18 &#40;11&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">969 &#40;23&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Baseline characteristics of the study population&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ACEI&#58; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor&#59; ARB&#58; angiotensin receptor blocker&#59; CT&#58; chemotherapy&#59; eGFR&#58; estimated glomerular filtration rate&#59; HF&#58; heart failure&#59; HFrEF&#58; heart failure with reduced ejection fraction &#40;LVEF &#8804;35&#37;&#41;&#59;LVEF&#58; left ventricular ejection fraction&#59; NYHA&#58; New York Heart Association class&#59; SBP&#58; systolic blood pressure&#59; Systolic HF&#58; heart failure with LVEF &#8804;50&#37;&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Systolic HF &#40;n&#61;152&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HFrEF &#40;n&#61;88&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Inclusion criteria missing</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NYHA &#62;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">30 &#40;19&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10 &#40;11&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>LVEF &#8804;35&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">63 &#40;41&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NT-proBNP &#8805;600 pg&#47;ml&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">42 &#40;27&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18 &#40;20&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ACEI&#47;ARB equal or equivalent to enalapril 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg daily&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">47 &#40;30&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25 &#40;28&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Beta-blocker&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;2&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;1&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Exclusion criteria present</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Symptomatic hypotension&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15 &#40;8&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9 &#40;10&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SBP &#60;95 mmHg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6 &#40;3&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6 &#40;6&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>eGFR &#60;30 ml&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11 &#40;7&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9 &#40;10&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Potassium &#62;5&#46;4 mmol&#47;l&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7 &#40;4&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;4&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Previous angioedema&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;0&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Transplant list&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;1&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;2&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Severe pulmonary disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;1&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Peripartum- or CT-induced HF&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;1&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Severe valvular disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;1&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;1&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Severe gastrointestinal or liver disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;1&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;1&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Life expectancy &#60;5 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12 &#40;7&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8 &#40;9&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">PARADIGM-HF inclusion and exclusion criteria in the study population&#46;</p>"
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      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
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                            0 => "A&#46; Ambrosy"
                            1 => "S&#46;R&#46; Goldsmith"
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                            1 => "G&#46; Perricone"
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                            0 => "E&#46; Kaluski"
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                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
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                            0 => "J&#46;J&#46; McMurray"
                            1 => "M&#46; Packer"
                            2 => "A&#46;S&#46; Desai"
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1056/NEJMoa1409077"
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Vol. 37. Núm. 6.
Páginas 491-496 (junho 2018)
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Vol. 37. Núm. 6.
Páginas 491-496 (junho 2018)
Original Article
Open Access
Is the PARADIGM-HF cohort representative of the real-world heart failure patient population?
Será a coorte do PARADIGM-HF representativa da população do mundo real de doentes com insuficiência cardíaca?
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5362
Gustavo Rodrigues
Autor para correspondência
gustavo_rodrigues17@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, António Tralhão, Carlos Aguiar, Pedro Freitas, António Ventosa, Miguel Mendes
Hospital de Santa Cruz, CHLO, Lisbon, Portugal
Conteúdo relacionado
Rev Port Cardiol. 2018;37:497-810.1016/j.repc.2018.04.008
Ricardo Fontes‐Carvalho
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Table 1. Criteria of ineligibility for treatment with sacubitril/valsartan.
Table 2. Baseline characteristics of the study population.
Table 3. PARADIGM-HF inclusion and exclusion criteria in the study population.
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Abstract
Introduction

A new drug with prognostic impact on heart failure, sacubitril/valsartan, has been introduced in current guidelines. However, randomized trial results can be compromised by lack of representativeness. We aimed to assess the representativeness of the PARADIGM-HF trial in a real-world population of patients with heart failure.

Methods

We reviewed the records of 196 outpatients followed in a heart failure clinic between January 2013 and December 2014. After exclusion of 44 patients with preserved ejection fraction, the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the trial were applied.

Results

Of the 152 patients with systolic heart failure, 106 lacked one or more inclusion criteria and 45 had at least one exclusion criterion. Considering only patients with ejection fraction ≤35% (HFrEF) (n=88), 43 patients lacked at least one inclusion criterion and 25 patients had at least one exclusion criterion. Combining the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 24.3% of patients with systolic HF (ejection fraction ≤50%) and 42% of patients with HFrEF would be eligible for the PARADIGM-HF trial.

Conclusion

One in four patients with systolic HF followed in a heart failure outpatient clinic would fulfill the reference study criteria for treatment with the new drug, sacubitril/valsartan.

Keywords:
Heart failure
Sacubitril/valsartan
Reduced ejection fraction
Medical therapy
Resumo
Introdução

Um novo medicamento com impacto prognóstico em doentes com insuficiência cardíaca foi introduzido nas guidelines mais recentes. Contudo, os resultados de estudos aleatorizados podem ser prejudicados pela falta de representatividade. Os autores ambicionam avaliar a representatividade do estudo PARADIGM-HF numa população do mundo real de doentes com insuficiência cardíaca.

Métodos

Foram revistos os registos de 196 pacientes seguidos em consulta dedicada a insuficiência cardíaca de um hospital terciário entre janeiro de 2016 e dezembro de 2014. Após exclusão de 44 doentes com fração de ejeção preservada, os critérios de inclusão e exclusão foram aplicados.

Resultados

Dos 152 doentes com insuficiência cardíaca com disfunção sistólica, 106 não preenchiam um ou mais critérios de inclusão e tinham pelo menos um critério de exclusão. Considerando apenas os doentes com fração de ejeção ≤ 35% (N = 88), 43 doentes não preenchiam pelo menos um critério de inclusão e 25 tinham pelo menos um critério de exclusão. Combinando os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, 24,3% dos doentes com fração de ejeção < 50% e 42% dos doentes com fração de ejeção ventricular esquerda reduzida seriam elegíveis para o estudo PARADIGM-HF.

Conclusão

Um em cada quatro doentes com insuficiência cardíaca sistólica, seguidos em ambulatório na consulta de insuficiência cardíaca, cumpririam os critérios do estudo de referência que levou à aprovação do novo fármaco inibidor dos recetores de angiotensina e da neprilisina.

Palavras-chave:
Insuficiência cardíaca
Sacubitril-valsartan
Fração de ejeção reduzida
Terapêutica médica
Texto Completo
Introduction

The mainstay of the management of chronic systolic heart failure (HF) is neurohormonal blockade specifically targeting the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.1–3 Yet, despite the use of beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and aldosterone receptor antagonists in optimized doses, mortality and morbidity remain high in these patients.1

Several randomized controlled trials over a period of more than a decade exploring other potential therapeutic targets, such as endothelin, vasopressin and tumor necrosis factor alpha, failed to demonstrate further reductions in mortality.4–7 This period of consecutive negative study outcomes ended in 2014, when the PARADIGM-HF trial results were reported. In PARADIGM-HF the combination of a neprilysin inhibitor (sacubitril) and an ARB (valsartan) was superior to enalapril in reducing the risk of death from cardiovascular causes and hospitalization for heart failure in patients with chronic systolic HF on optimized medical therapy.8

After its efficacy is proven, a new drug has to show effectiveness under real-life conditions.9,10 In a real-world setting, the representativeness of randomized clinical trials findings may be limited, since these studies are conducted under idealized and rigorously controlled conditions that may compromise their external validity. Ineligibility rates in cardiology trials show that as many as 25-67% of the general disease population are excluded from these trials.11,12 Therefore, we aimed to assess the representativeness of PARADIGM-HF in a real-world population of patients with systolic HF.

MethodsPopulation and design

The records of all outpatients (n=196) followed in the heart failure clinic of a tertiary university-affiliated hospital between January 2013 and December 2014 were reviewed. Standard of care includes a regular clinical assessment every 3-6 months, drug titration, follow-up inquiry and serial N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) measurement. All data are included in a prospective registry. Patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), defined as LVEF ≥50%, were excluded (n=44). The inclusion and exclusion criteria of the PARADIGM-HF trial were subsequently applied to the remaining population.

Patients were considered eligible for treatment with sacubitril/valsartan if they fulfilled all of the following criteria: New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class II-IV; LVEF ≤35%; NT-proBNP ≥600 pg/ml. Furthermore, eligible patients had to be taking enalapril 10mg twice daily (used as an entry criterion in PARADIGM-HF) or equivalent (defined by target dosage in the current guidelines) as part of their optimal medical therapy.1 All LVEF measurements were obtained by two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography. Patients were considered ineligible for treatment with sacubitril/valsartan if they presented any of the conditions listed in Table 1.

Table 1.

Criteria of ineligibility for treatment with sacubitril/valsartan.

Known history of angioedema  History of severe pulmonary disease 
Symptomatic hypotension and/or systolic blood pressure ≤95 mmHg  Diagnosis of peripartum- or chemotherapy-induced cardiomyopathy 
eGFR ≤30 ml/min/1.73 m2  Presence of hemodynamically significant mitral and/or aortic valve disease, except mitral regurgitation secondary to LV dilatation 
Serum potassium ≥5.4 mmol/l  Presence of other hemodynamically significant obstructive lesions of the LV outflow tract 
Coronary or carotid artery disease likely to require surgical or percutaneous intervention within six months  Contraindication to or any condition which might significantly alter the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion of sacubitril/valsartan 
History of heart transplantation or on a transplant list or with LV assist device   

eGFR:estimated glomerular filtration rate; LV: left ventricular.

Statistical analysis

Continuous variables with a normal distribution are expressed as means ± standard deviation. Discrete variables are expressed as frequencies and percentages. When appropriate, 95% confidence intervals (CI) or percentiles were calculated. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software, version 21.0 (IBM SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

Results

Of the 196 HF patients initially screened, 44 were excluded due to preserved LVEF. Of the remaining 152 patients with LVEF <50% (systolic HF), 75% were male, mean age was 66±12.8 years, and mean LVEF was 34.9±9.0%. Other baseline characteristics are displayed in Table 2.

Table 2.

Baseline characteristics of the study population.

  HFrEF (n=88)  Systolic HF (n=152)  PARADIGM-HF (n=4187) 
Male  73 (83%)  114 (75%)  3308 (79%) 
Age, years  65.0±13.8  66.0±12.8  63.8±11.5 
LVEF, %  28.0±5.2  34.9±9.0  29.6±6.1 
Caucasian  85 (96.6%)  146 (96%)  2763 (66%) 
Diabetes  33 (37.5%)  55 (36.2%)  1451 (34.7%) 
Hypertension  51 (58%)  89 (58.5%)  2969 (70.9%) 
Dyslipidemia  39 (44.3%)  69 (45.4%) 
BMI, kg/m2  27.0±5.6  27.3±5.4  28.1±5.5 
eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2  43 (48.9%)  61 (40.1%) 
CRT  29 (33%)  42 (27.6%)  292 (7%) 
Pacemaker  4 (4.5%)  4 (2.6%)   
Atrial fibrillation  25 (28.4%)  39 (25.6%)  1517 (36.2%) 
ICD  36 (40.9%)  46 (30.3%)  623 (14.9%) 
CAD history  54 (61.4%)  81 (53.3%)  1818 (43.4%) 
SBP, mmHg  116±16.9  119.4±17.4  122±15 
Heart rate, bpm  67.3±11.8  66.5±11.9  72±12 
Creatinine, mg/dl  1.4±1.1  1.37±1.1  1.13±0.3 
Urea, mg/dl  67.6±38.4  65.1±34.1 
Potassium, mmol/l  4.4±0.44  4.7±0.45 
Sodium, mmol/l  141±3.7  140±3.7 
NT-proBNP, pg/ml  3731[664-3790]  3426 [454-3115]  1631 [885-3154] 
ACEI or ARB  88 (100%)  152 (100%)  4195 (100%) 
Beta-blocker  88 (100%)  152 (100%)  3899 (93.1%) 
MRA  16 (18.2%)  33 (21.7%)  2271 (54.2%) 
Ivabradine  12 (13.6%)  5 (3.3%) 
NYHA I  10 (11.4%)  30 (19.7%)  180 (4.3%) 
NYHA II  65 (73.8%)  104 (68.4%)  2998 (71.6%) 
NYHA III  13 (14.8%)  18 (11.8%)  969 (23.1%) 

ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor antagonist; BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease; CRT: cardiac resynchronization therapy; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (LVEF ≤35%); ICD: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NYHA: New York Heart Association class; SBP: systolic blood pressure; Systolic HF: heart failure with LVEF ≤50%.

Of the 152 patients with systolic HF 106 (69.7%) failed to meet at least one inclusion criterion and 45 (29.6%) had at least one exclusion criterion. Considering only patients with HFrEF (LVEF ≤35%) (n=88), 43 (48.9%) lacked at least one inclusion criterion and 25 (28.4%) had at least one exclusion criterion. Combining inclusion and exclusion criteria, 24.3% (n=37) of patients with systolic HF and 42% (n=37) of patients with HFrEF would have been eligible for the PARADIGM-HF trial (Table 3).

Table 3.

PARADIGM-HF inclusion and exclusion criteria in the study population.

  Systolic HF (n=152)  HFrEF (n=88) 
Inclusion criteria missing
NYHA >1  30 (19.7%)  10 (11.3%) 
LVEF ≤35%  63 (41.4%)  0 (0%) 
NT-proBNP ≥600 pg/ml  42 (27.6%)  18 (20.4%) 
ACEI/ARB equal or equivalent to enalapril 20mg daily  47 (30.9%)  25 (28.4%) 
Beta-blocker  4 (2.6%)  1 (1.1%) 
Exclusion criteria present
Symptomatic hypotension  15 (8.2%)  9 (10.2%) 
SBP <95 mmHg  6 (3.9%)  6 (6.8%) 
eGFR <30 ml/min/1.73 m2  11 (7.2%)  9 (10.2%) 
Potassium >5.4 mmol/l  7 (4.6%)  4 (4.5%) 
Previous angioedema  1 (0.7%)  0 (0%) 
Transplant list  2 (1.3%)  2 (2.3%) 
Severe pulmonary disease  3 (2%)  1 (1.1%) 
Peripartum- or CT-induced HF  2 (1.3%)  0 (0%) 
Severe valvular disease  3 (1.3%)  1 (1.1%) 
Severe gastrointestinal or liver disease  4 (1.3%)  2 (1.1%) 
Life expectancy <5 years  12 (7.9%)  8 (9.1%) 

ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; CT: chemotherapy; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HF: heart failure; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (LVEF ≤35%);LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA: New York Heart Association class; SBP: systolic blood pressure; Systolic HF: heart failure with LVEF ≤50%.

The inclusion criterion most often missing in the population with systolic HF was LVEF ≤35% (41.4%), followed by ACEI/ARB dose equal or equivalent to 20mg enalapril daily (30.9%). The most frequent exclusion criteria in this group were hypotension (8.2%) and estimated life expectancy <5 years (7.9%). Considering only patients with HFrEF, the most frequent missing inclusion criteria were ACEI/ARB dose equal or equivalent to 20mg enalapril daily (28.4%) and NT-proBNP ≥600 pg/ml (20.4%). The exclusion criteria more often present were hypotension (10.2%) and estimated glomerular filtration rate <30ml/min/1.73 m2 (10.2%). The distribution of patients according to the number of unfulfilled eligibility criteria and number of ineligibility criteria present is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Distribution of patients according to number of unfulfilled eligibility criteria (A) and number of ineligibility criteria present (B) for treatment with sacubitril/valsartan according to PARADIGM-HF.

(0.06MB).
Discussion

Our analysis shows that, if the PARADIGM-HF study criteria were applied to a real-world population of HF patients, only two in five patients with systolic HF would be deemed eligible for treatment with the novel angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor.

As pointed out by Wieringa et al.,13 Maggioni et al.14 and Niederseer et al.,15 real-world heart failure patients are different from the populations of randomized trials. Our population differs from PARADIGM-HF patients in several aspects: LVEF ≤35% and ACEI/ARB dosage of at least enalapril 20mg daily or equivalent (the minimum required dosage) were the most frequently unmet eligibility criteria, while symptomatic hypotension and severe chronic kidney disease were the most prevalent ineligibility criteria (Table 3).

Patient selection for randomized trials may influence the effectiveness and safety of a new drug in the real world, due to different comorbid conditions, differing age groups, race, gender and ethnic variances, and different concomitant drugs, disease severity and compliance.11,12,16 Heart failure patients are often very complex, increasingly with multiple comorbidities, partly due to prolonged life expectancy. This heterogeneity has the potential to preclude a wider generalization of trial results (obtained using a strict protocol) to the unselected population encountered in daily clinical practice.11,13–15

The higher incidences of hypotension and severe chronic disease suggest that, as expected in tertiary reference centers, a sicker group of patients are being managed, who may be more susceptible to drugs with blood pressure-lowering effects. These features possibly contributed to the difficulty of ACEI or ARB titration up to the dose of 20mg enalapril equivalent daily required in PARADIGM-HF.

The requirement for severely compromised LVEF, baseline NT-proBNP ≥600 pg/ml (BNP ≥150 pg/ml) and persistent HF symptoms despite optimal medical therapy, as applied in PARADIGM-HF, identifies higher-risk patients, facilitating the demonstration of a positive effect on HF prognosis.

In PARADIGM-HF, a protocol amendment changed the initial maximum LVEF permitted by the study protocol from 40% to 35% in order to select higher-risk patients.8,17 However, the exclusion of patients with mild or moderate LV systolic dysfunction from the PARADIGM-HF trial does not necessarily mean that patients with LVEF between 35% and 50% will not derive benefit. As all patients with reduced LVEF share the same neurohormonal changes, the significant benefits observed in PARADIGM-HF can be expected to apply to all of them, although not necessarily to the same extent. Some previous heart failure trials that led to the approval of various drugs with survival advantage suggested that the benefit was less in patients with higher LVEF, while others found no difference.18–22 A recent analysis by Solomon et al. demonstrated that LVEF does not influence the impact of sacubitril/valsartan on outcomes.23 An ongoing study (PARAGON-HF) is assessing the combination of sacubitril and valsartan in HF patients with LVEF ≥45%.

Optimal medical management has been shown to reduce natriuretic peptide levels and to render HF patients asymptomatic, despite underlying severe LV systolic dysfunction.24–27 Although not represented in PARADIGM-HF, it is not unreasonable to anticipate a positive effect of the sacubitril/valsartan combination in delaying disease progression in asymptomatic patients.28

Another pertinent feature in all trials is safety. Many exclusion criteria such as hypotension, hyperkalemia or severe chronic kidney disease relate to common concerns in the daily management of HF patients. Sicker patients have a higher incidence of adverse effects and are frequently excluded from HF trials like PARADIGM-HF, limiting the applicability of a new drug for many patients and reflecting the challenging nature of HF outpatient management.14,15

The exclusion of patients who cannot tolerate enalapril 20mg daily could restrict the use of the new drug in such patients, due to a possible greater risk of a collateral event, requiring closer monitoring in this subgroup. Our population was older, had worse renal function, higher NT-proBNP levels and more implantable devices, possibly representing a sicker group of patients, which would have contributed to the exclusion of some.

Once efficacy has been proved, novel treatments should be assessed for their effectiveness.29 Our study provides an indication of which patient characteristics may influence the effectiveness of sacubitril/valsartan in a real-world population.

This study presents certain limitations, some of them inherent to a single-center registry. Also, optimal follow-up in the HF clinic could have contributed to the higher proportion of NYHA class I patients. Lastly, we cannot be sure whether a number, albeit probably small, of patients with HF symptoms were followed in general cardiology consultations and were thus not included in this analysis.

Conclusion

Despite the strictness of our standard protocol, about two in five of our real-world patients with systolic HF would be considered eligible for PARADIGM-HF, a significant number. This finding puts into perspective the applicability of PARADIGM-HF to the real-world population of HF patients. A larger registry with outcome analysis is needed to validate a wider use of the new drug.

Conflicts of interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

The authors take responsibility for all aspects of the reliability and freedom from bias of the data presented and their discussed interpretation. This study was investigator-driven and independent of any commercial funding.

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en pt

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos

Ao assinalar que é «Profissional de Saúde», declara conhecer e aceitar que a responsável pelo tratamento dos dados pessoais dos utilizadores da página de internet da Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia (RPC), é esta entidade, com sede no Campo Grande, n.º 28, 13.º, 1700-093 Lisboa, com os telefones 217 970 685 e 217 817 630, fax 217 931 095 e com o endereço de correio eletrónico revista@spc.pt. Declaro para todos os fins, que assumo inteira responsabilidade pela veracidade e exatidão da afirmação aqui fornecida.