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Assim&#44; o efeito que a inefic&#225;cia da aspira&#231;&#227;o do trombo possa ter em doentes onde a TbA fora considerada&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a priori</span>&#44; necess&#225;ria&#44; tem sido pouco explorado&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi conhecer os preditores da inefic&#225;cia da TbA durante a ICPP numa s&#233;rie consecutiva de doentes com EAM orientados para ICPP&#44; onde a TbA tenha sido sistematicamente utilizada e como primeira inten&#231;&#227;o &#40;excluem&#8208;se situa&#231;&#245;es de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">bail out</span>&#41;&#46; Como objetivo secund&#225;rio&#44; conhecer os preditores de mortalidade cumulativa &#40;card&#237;aca e n&#227;o card&#237;aca&#41; no m&#233;dio prazo p&#243;s&#8208;EAMST&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">M&#233;todos</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Popula&#231;&#227;o estudada e defini&#231;&#245;es</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">S&#233;rie retrospetiva de um centro&#44; consecutiva&#44; de doentes com EAMST admitidos para ICPP entre janeiro de 2008 e dezembro de 2013&#46; Exclu&#237;ram&#8208;se doentes com <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">bypass</span> aorto&#8208;coron&#225;rio&#46; As vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas&#44; laboratoriais e relacionadas com o procedimento desde a admiss&#227;o at&#233; &#224; alta hospitalar foram compiladas atrav&#233;s da consulta da base eletr&#243;nica de dados hospitalar&#46; O estado vital do doente em seguimento foi avaliado pela consulta do processo cl&#237;nico eletr&#243;nico&#44; atrav&#233;s do contacto com o m&#233;dico assistente&#44; do doente ou familiares&#46; O diagn&#243;stico de EAMST baseou&#8208;se em crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos&#44; suportados pelas seguintes altera&#231;&#245;es no eletrocardiograma&#58; eleva&#231;&#227;o de segmento ST &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mV em V2&#8208;V3 ou &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mV nas outras em pelo menos duas das outras deriva&#231;&#245;es&#44; depress&#227;o de ST em V2&#8208;V3 &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm com onda T positiva &#40;enfarte posterior&#41; ou bloqueio completo de ramo esquerdo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">de novo</span>&#46; Para este estudo&#44; foram apenas considerados os doentes com art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica com imagem de trombo e fluxo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction</span> &#40;TIMI&#41; 0 ou 1&#44; onde foi utilizada a TbA manual&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O fen&#243;meno de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">no&#8208;reflow</span> foi considerado se ap&#243;s a angioplastia n&#227;o se obtivesse fluxo coron&#225;rio distal TIMI &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2 ou fluxo TIMI 2&#8208;3&#44; mas com impossibilidade de o contraste perfundir territ&#243;rio capilar mioc&#225;rdico &#40;grau de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#41;&#44; ou se ap&#243;s a perfus&#227;o houvesse estagna&#231;&#227;o de contraste &#40;grau de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#41;&#44; na aus&#234;ncia de espasmo&#44; dissec&#231;&#227;o&#44; ou de trombo coron&#225;rio epic&#225;rdico&#44; que persistissem ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o intracoron&#225;ria de nitroglicerina e adenosina&#46; Depois da utiliza&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo de aspira&#231;&#227;o manual e antes de prosseguir com a angioplastia &#40;bal&#227;o e&#47;ou <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">stent</span>&#41;&#44; a TbA foi considerada ineficaz &#40;TbANE&#41; se se obtivesse fluxo coron&#225;rio TIMI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2 e eficaz &#40;TbAE&#41; se fluxo TIMI 2&#8208;3&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O tempo isqu&#233;mico total &#40;TIT&#41; foi o tempo decorrido desde o in&#237;cio das queixas do doente &#40;altura em que as queixas se tornaram intensas e persistentes&#41; at&#233; &#224; passagem do fio guia durante a ICPP&#46; A <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">clearance</span> da creatinina &#40;ClCreat&#41; foi calculada atrav&#233;s da f&#243;rmula de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cockroft&#8208;Gault</span>&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco atrav&#233;s dos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">scores</span> Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events &#40;GRACE&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> &#40;pontua&#231;&#227;o para mortalidade hospitalar&#47;seis meses&#41; e TIMI &#40;para EAMST&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> foi determinada para todos os doentes&#46; A classifica&#231;&#227;o anat&#243;mica atrav&#233;s do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">score Synergy between PCI with TAXUS drug&#8208;eluting stent and cardiac surgery &#40;SYNTAX&#41;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> v 2&#46;11 foi realizada com ajuda do s&#237;tio web&#44; considerando&#8208;se todas as les&#245;es com estenoses<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50&#37; em vasos de calibre<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46; A oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria respons&#225;vel pelo enfarte foi classificada como oclus&#227;o com menos de tr&#234;s meses&#46; A &#225;rea mioc&#225;rdica em risco foi calculada atrav&#233;s do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">score Alberta Provincial Project for Outcome Assessment in Coronary Heart Disease &#40;APPROACH&#41; modificado</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&#46; Resumidamente&#44; este <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">score</span> angiogr&#225;fico permite estimar a percentagem de mioc&#225;rdio que &#233; nutrida por um segmento coron&#225;rio&#44; tendo em aten&#231;&#227;o a domin&#226;ncia e o calibre dos vasos que dele prov&#234;m&#46; &#201; uma classifica&#231;&#227;o simples de implementar e com boa correla&#231;&#227;o com a &#225;rea em risco avaliada por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca &#40;RMC&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27&#44;28</span></a>&#46; Tomando como exemplo a art&#233;ria descendente anterior proximal&#44; a &#225;rea em risco estimada &#233; de 47&#44;75&#37; na presen&#231;a de importante vaso diagonal a jusante da oclus&#227;o e de 41&#44;25&#37; se a diagonal for pequena ou inexistente&#46; Toda a an&#225;lise angiogr&#225;fica foi realizada por dois cardiologistas seniores de interven&#231;&#227;o&#46; Em caso de d&#250;vida&#44; os <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">scores</span> foram atribu&#237;dos por consenso ou pela m&#233;dia das observa&#231;&#245;es individuais&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#40;FEVE&#41; foi calculada por ecocardiografia 2&#8208;D &#40;Phillips iE33&#44; Eindhoven&#44; Holanda&#41; pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson&#46; A FEVE foi considerada como preservada se valores &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>55&#37;&#44; depress&#227;o ligeira entre valores &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>45&#37; e<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>55&#37;&#44; depress&#227;o moderada entre &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30&#37; e<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>45&#37;&#44; depress&#227;o severa se<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30&#37;&#46; Para efeitos de an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica&#44; dicotomizou&#8208;se a FEVE em dois grupos&#58; FVE preservada&#47;disfun&#231;&#227;o ligeira e disfun&#231;&#227;o moderada&#47;severa&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Consideramos a mortalidade cumulativa global &#40;card&#237;aca e n&#227;o card&#237;aca&#44; hospitalar e no seguimento&#41; como evento cardiovascular <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">major</span>&#46; Nesta an&#225;lise&#44; apenas foram considerados doentes com tempo m&#237;nimo de seguimento superior ou igual a 12 meses ap&#243;s o EAMST&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Procedimento e medica&#231;&#227;o</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Todos os doentes foram medicados com aspirina 300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg e clopidogrel 600<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg antes da ICPP&#44; a n&#227;o ser que j&#225; se encontrassem sob essa medica&#231;&#227;o&#46; O calibre do introdutor arterial foi seis ou sete French&#46; Durante o procedimento&#44; foi administrada heparina n&#227;o fracionada &#40;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>UI&#47;kg&#41;&#46; A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na 2b&#47;3a&#44; tipo de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">stent</span>&#44; e outros dispositivos adjuvantes na angioplastia foram deixados ao crit&#233;rio do operador&#46; A TbA manual foi exclusivamente efetuada pelo cateter de aspira&#231;&#227;o de trombos Export 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>F &#40;Medtronic&#44; Minneapolis&#44; MN&#44; EUA&#41;&#46; Ap&#243;s a ICPP&#44; os doentes foram admitidos em unidades de cuidados coron&#225;rios&#46; Procedeu&#8208;se &#224; colheita de marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica &#40;troponina T &#91;TnT&#93;&#44; creatina kinase &#40;CK&#41; e CK&#8208;massa&#41; &#224;s seis&#44; 12&#44; 24 e 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h ap&#243;s reperfus&#227;o&#46; No momento da alta hospitalar&#44; aspirina 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dia e clopidogrel 75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dia foram prescritos a todos os doentes&#44; al&#233;m da medica&#231;&#227;o considerada apropriada segundo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Utilizou&#8208;se o teste de Kolmogorov&#8208;Smirnov para testar a distribui&#231;&#227;o da normalidade das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas&#44; que foram expressas em m&#233;dia<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>desvio padr&#227;o &#40;SD&#41; ou intervalo interquartil &#40;IQR&#41;&#44; respetivamente&#44; para vari&#225;veis de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal ou n&#227;o normal&#46; Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram comparadas pelo teste t&#8208;Student para amostras independentes&#44; vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas de distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal foram comparadas pelo teste Mann&#8208;Whitney&#46; As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em n&#250;mero e percentagens e comparadas pelo teste do qui&#8208;quadrado ou pelo teste exato de Fisher&#46; Os picos de TnT&#44; de CK e CK&#8208;massa foram transformados em logaritmo para permitir testes param&#233;tricos&#46; Para identificar preditores de TbANE utilizou&#8208;se um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica com a TbANE como vari&#225;vel dependente&#46; As vari&#225;veis com p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;1 na an&#225;lise univariada&#44; foram inclu&#237;das na an&#225;lise multivariada a fim de identificar os preditores independentes&#46; A mortalidade n&#227;o ajustada associada &#224; efic&#225;cia da TbA foi calculada atrav&#233;s do m&#233;todo de Kaplan&#8208;Meyer&#44; sendo a diferen&#231;a obtida atrav&#233;s do teste Log&#8208;Rank&#46; A mortalidade cumulativa ajustada para vari&#225;veis confundidoras foi avaliada por um modelo de Cox&#46; Vari&#225;veis com valor de p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;1 na an&#225;lise univariada foram inclu&#237;das na an&#225;lise multivariada&#46; Para evitar sobreajustamento&#44; os <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">scores</span> GRACE e TIMI n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos nas regress&#245;es&#46; Todos os testes foram considerados significativos se valor de p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05 para duas caudas&#46; A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi efetuada em SPSS v&#46;20 &#40;SPSS&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#44; EUA&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Resultados</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dentre 614 doentes com EAMST&#44; exclu&#237;ram&#8208;se 40 por informa&#231;&#227;o insuficiente&#46; Dos 574 doentes estudados&#44; a TbA foi utilizada em 417 doentes &#40;72&#44;6&#37;&#41;&#44; considerando&#8208;se eficaz em 365 &#40;87&#44;5&#37;&#41; e ineficaz em 52 &#40;12&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#46; No grupo TbANE&#44; em quatro casos &#40;4&#47;52<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#44;7&#37;&#41; a TbA foi ineficaz por impossibilidade de ultrapassar a les&#227;o&#46; O operador procedeu &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o com bal&#227;o e apenas num caso a TbA foi novamente utilizada&#44; igualmente sem sucesso&#46; As <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0005">Tabelas 1 e 2</a> resumem as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e as relacionadas com o procedimento&#44; consoante a efic&#225;cia da TbA&#46; Em geral&#44; a TbANE esteve significativamente associada a n&#227;o fumadores&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">scores</span> GRACE&#44; SYNTAX e classe Killip na admiss&#227;o mais elevados&#44; e TIT mais longo&#46; Relativamente ao procedimento&#44; encontraram&#8208;se diferen&#231;as da art&#233;ria respons&#225;vel pelo enfarte &#40;a circunflexa menos prevalente no grupo TbANE&#41; e coloca&#231;&#227;o mais frequente de bal&#227;o intra&#8208;a&#243;rtico &#40;BIA&#41; no grupo TbANE&#46; Encontrou&#8208;se uma tend&#234;ncia para maior taxa de pr&#233;&#8208;medica&#231;&#227;o com nitratos e bloqueadores da entrada do c&#225;lcio no grupo TbANE&#44; e menor concentra&#231;&#227;o de hemoglobina na admiss&#227;o&#46; Relativamente aos resultados na fase hospitalar &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Tabela 3</a>&#41;&#44; a taxa de fen&#243;meno de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">no&#8208;reflow</span> foi mais elevada no grupo TbANE&#46; N&#227;o se encontraram diferen&#231;as significativas nos picos enzim&#225;ticos nem nas diferen&#231;as de FEVE antes da alta hospitalar&#44; ressalvando&#8208;se que em 21 &#40;3&#44;7&#37;&#41; doentes n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel obter pico enzim&#225;tico nas primeiras 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; em que a principal causa foi o falecimento precoce ap&#243;s o procedimento &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>19 &#91;90&#44;5&#37;&#93;&#41;&#46; Nos 21 doentes&#44; utilizou&#8208;se a TbA em 12 &#40;57&#44;1&#37;&#41;&#44; que foi eficaz em 7 &#40;58&#44;3&#37;&#41; e ineficaz em 5 &#40;41&#44;7&#37;&#41;&#46; A dura&#231;&#227;o do internamento no grupo TbANE foi mais longa&#46; A taxa de mortalidade foi nominalmente mais elevada &#40;13&#44;5 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 6&#37;&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;073&#41; no grupo TbANE&#44; mas sem atingir significado estat&#237;stico&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Na an&#225;lise univariada&#44; a idade&#44; o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">score</span> SYNTAX&#44; o tabagismo ativo&#44; a concentra&#231;&#227;o de hemoglobina na admiss&#227;o&#44; a medica&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via com nitratos ou bloqueadores da entrada de c&#225;lcio&#44; o TIT e a classe 3 ou 4 de Killip na admiss&#227;o correlacionaram&#8208;se com a TbANE&#46; Na an&#225;lise multivariada&#44; apenas o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">score</span> SYNTAX &#40;OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;049&#44; 95&#37; CI&#58; 1&#44;015&#8208;1&#44;084&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;005&#41; e o TIT &#40;OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;001&#44; 95&#37; CI&#58; 1&#44;000&#8208;1&#44;003&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;02&#41; se mantiveram como preditores independentes&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Identificamos 331 doentes com pelo menos 12 meses de seguimento desde o EAMST&#46; Em dois &#40;0&#44;6&#37;&#41; doentes n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel obter o estado vital&#46; Foi ent&#227;o poss&#237;vel estudar 329 doentes inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise de mortalidade a m&#233;dio prazo &#40;m&#233;dia<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;82 meses&#44; taxa de mortalidade cumulativa<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&#44;9&#37;&#41;&#46; A mortalidade cumulativa n&#227;o ajustada foi mais elevada nos doentes onde a trombectomia foi n&#227;o eficaz &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figura 1</a>&#41;&#46; Ap&#243;s ajustamento para covari&#225;veis com p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;1 na an&#225;lise univariada &#40;g&#233;nero&#44; idade&#44; efic&#225;cia da trombectomia&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">scores</span> APPROACH e SYNTAX&#44; fumo ativo&#44; TIT&#44; ClCreat&#44; vaso alvo&#44; coloca&#231;&#227;o de BIA&#44; hemoglobinemia&#44; tens&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e classe Killip 3&#8208;4 na admiss&#227;o e FEVE no momento da alta&#41;&#44; a FEVE com disfun&#231;&#227;o moderada&#47;severa &#40;HR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#44;256&#44; 95&#37; CI&#58; 1&#44;896&#8208;20&#44;644&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;003&#41;&#44; o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">score</span> APPROACH &#40;HR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;094&#44; 95&#37; CI&#58; 1&#44;016&#8208;1&#44;177&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;017&#41;&#44; e a classe 3&#8208;4 de Killip &#40;HR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;953&#44; 95&#37; CI&#58; 1&#44;122&#8208;7&#44;770&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;028&#41; correlacionaram&#8208;se de forma positiva com a mortalidade&#44; enquanto valores crescentes da ClCreat tiveram efeito protetor &#40;HR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;973&#44; 95&#37; CI&#58; 0&#46;953&#8208;0&#44;994&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;011&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Discuss&#227;o</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nesta s&#233;rie&#44; a TbA foi utilizada como primeira inten&#231;&#227;o na maioria &#40;72&#44;6&#37;&#41; dos doentes&#44; tendo sido eficaz na grande maioria dos casos &#40;87&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#46; Parece&#8208;nos razo&#225;vel que quanto mais organizado se encontrar o trombo&#44; menor ser&#225; a efic&#225;cia da TbA&#44; n&#227;o surpreendendo que quanto maior for o atraso desde o in&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; &#224; reperfus&#227;o&#44; menor ser&#225; a efic&#225;cia da TbA&#46; Neste particular&#44; a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o TIT e a organiza&#231;&#227;o do trombo como preditores de eventos adversos fora j&#225; anteriormente descrita<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29&#8211;32</span></a>&#46; Desconhec&#237;amos&#44; contudo&#44; a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">score</span> SYNTAX e a TbANE&#46; Sup&#245;e&#8208;se que em condi&#231;&#245;es anat&#243;micas mais desfavor&#225;veis a t&#233;cnica de aspira&#231;&#227;o fique comprometida&#44; por exemplo&#44; devido a tortuosidades ou calcifica&#231;&#227;o&#44; ou mesmo devido &#224; maior quantidade de placa com risco de emboliza&#231;&#227;o distal e consequente microperfus&#227;o inadequada&#46; Nalgumas s&#233;ries de doentes submetidos a ICPP j&#225; se demonstrou a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">score</span> SYNTAX e o risco de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">no&#8208;reflow</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tendo exclu&#237;do da an&#225;lise os doentes em que a TbA n&#227;o fora utilizada&#44; porventura em vasos de menor calibre ou com menor quantidade de trombo em que se previa menor vantagem da TbA&#44; a utiliza&#231;&#227;o desta t&#233;cnica de forma sistem&#225;tica perspetivaria menor &#225;rea de enfarte se fosse eficaz&#46; Esse pressuposto n&#227;o se confirmou nesta s&#233;rie de doentes&#46; Sendo certo que o pico enzim&#225;tico pode apenas estimar a extens&#227;o do enfarte&#44; sabe&#8208;se que a correla&#231;&#227;o entre os picos enzim&#225;ticos e a &#225;rea de enfarte avaliada por RMC tem sido muito razo&#225;vel<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34&#44;35</span></a>&#46; Nalgumas s&#233;ries onde a RMC foi utilizada para avaliar a &#225;rea de necrose&#44; os doentes submetidos a TbA n&#227;o tiverem menor extens&#227;o do enfarte<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;36</span></a>&#44; mesmo nos casos onde se demonstrou ser menor a obstru&#231;&#227;o microvascular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em termos de mortalidade&#44; n&#227;o seria de esperar grande diferen&#231;a face &#224; dimens&#227;o reduzida da amostra para avaliar <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">endpoints</span> cl&#237;nicos&#46; Contudo&#44; a tend&#234;ncia verificada na mortalidade hospitalar poder&#225; tornar&#8208;se mais evidente em s&#233;ries de dimens&#227;o mais robusta&#46; No subgrupo avaliado para a mortalidade cumulativa&#44; e sem surpresa&#44; a FEVE moderada&#47;severa e a classe Killip 3&#8208;4 foram fortes preditores independentes para a mortalidade a m&#233;dio prazo&#46; Estas duas caracter&#237;sticas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37&#8211;39</span></a>&#44; a par da &#225;rea mioc&#225;rdica em risco<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a>&#44; t&#234;m sido referenciadas como marcadores de progn&#243;stico adverso&#46; Facto interessante &#233; que o impacto da TbA pode ser significativo apenas em doentes com maior &#225;rea em risco<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a>&#44; mas faltam estudos prospetivos dirigidos para confirmar esta hip&#243;tese&#46; A insufici&#234;ncia renal tem sido v&#225;rias vezes apontada como causa independente de mortalidade no doente com EAMST<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42&#44;43</span></a>&#46; &#201; pois de esperar que valores mais elevados de ClCreat se associem a efeito protetor&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A discuss&#227;o em torno da TbA na reperfus&#227;o est&#225; longe de chegar a consenso<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a>&#46; A diverg&#234;ncia encontrada nas publica&#231;&#245;es at&#233; &#224; data poder&#225; dever&#8208;se a s&#233;ries de dimens&#227;o modesta para avalia&#231;&#227;o de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">endpoints</span> cl&#237;nicos e a metodologias distintas para avaliar a microperfus&#227;o coron&#225;ria&#46; Por outro lado&#44; parece que nem todos os doentes beneficiam da mesma forma da TbA&#44; o que espelha bem a heterogeneidade dos doentes com EAMST&#46; Relativamente aos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">endpoints</span> cl&#237;nicos mais importantes&#44; apenas em s&#233;ries de grande dimens&#227;o ou em meta&#8208;an&#225;lises se poder&#227;o encontrar respostas s&#243;lidas&#44; pelo que os nossos resultados referentes &#224; mortalidade devem ser interpretados com cautela&#46; &#201; sabido que doentes com fen&#243;meno de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">no&#8208;reflow</span> t&#234;m taxas acrescidas de mortalidade a longo prazo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a>&#46; A rela&#231;&#227;o significativa encontrada entre o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">no&#8208;reflow</span> e a TbANE poder&#225; traduzir&#8208;se em mortalidade cumulativa acrescida em s&#233;ries de maior dimens&#227;o&#44; que permitam estudar esta rela&#231;&#227;o com maior detalhe&#46; Na globalidade&#44; os resultados deste estudo observacional aproximam&#8208;se das &#250;ltimas s&#233;ries em que a TbA &#233; comparada com a ICPP convencional&#46; Com exce&#231;&#227;o da menor taxa de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">no&#8208;reflow</span>&#44; a TbAE n&#227;o se traduziu num benef&#237;cio inequ&#237;voco face &#224; TbANE&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Limita&#231;&#245;es</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es devem ser consideradas&#58; trata&#8208;se de estudo unic&#234;ntrico e retrospetivo&#44; com n&#250;mero modesto de doentes para avaliar impacto na mortalidade a m&#233;dio prazo&#46; A taxa de inefic&#225;cia da TbA foi muito baixa &#40;&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#37;&#41;&#44; o que pode ter implica&#231;&#245;es nos resultados&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Conclus&#245;es</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Na nossa s&#233;rie&#44; a TbANE em 12&#44;5&#37; dos casos&#44; em que o tempo de sintomas at&#233; &#224; reperfus&#227;o e o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">score</span> SYNTAX foram os preditores independentes&#46; Na an&#225;lise mutlivariada&#44; a inefic&#225;cia da TbA n&#227;o se relacionou com maior &#225;rea de enfarte ou com aumento de mortalidade a m&#233;dio prazo&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Responsabilidades &#233;ticas</span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Prote&#231;&#227;o de pessoas e animais</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram que para esta investiga&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o se realizaram experi&#234;ncias em seres humanos e&#47;ou animais&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Confidencialidade dos dados</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram ter seguido os protocolos do seu centro de trabalho acerca da publica&#231;&#227;o dos dados de pacientes&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Direito &#224; privacidade e consentimento escrito</span><p id="par1175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram que n&#227;o aparecem dados de pacientes neste artigo&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Conflito de interesses</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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    "fechaAceptado" => "2014-05-04"
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          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Trombectomia"
            1 => "Enfarte agudo de mioc&#225;rdio"
            2 => "Reperfus&#227;o"
            3 => "Aspira&#231;&#227;o de trombo"
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            0 => "Thrombus aspiration"
            1 => "ST&#8208;elevation myocardial infarction"
            2 => "Reperfusion"
            3 => "Thrombectomy"
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "pt" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumo"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introdu&#231;&#227;o e objetivos</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O benef&#237;cio da trombectomia aspirativa manual &#40;TbA&#41; na reperfus&#227;o do enfarte de mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o de ST &#40;EAMST&#41; tem sido muito debatida&#46; Na maioria das s&#233;ries&#44; a inefic&#225;cia da TbA tem sido pouco evidenciada&#46; Os nossos objetivos visaram conhecer a taxa&#44; os preditores e o impacto na mortalidade cumulativa da TbA ineficaz &#40;TbANE&#41; numa s&#233;rie de doentes submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria &#40;ICPP&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudo retrospetivo&#44; unic&#234;ntrico&#44; consecutivo&#44; de doentes com EAMST submetidos a ICPP com TbA&#46; Considerou&#8208;se TbANE se ap&#243;s a TbA e antes de prosseguir a angioplastia se se obtivesse fluxo coron&#225;rio TIMI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46; Identificaram&#8208;se preditores independentes de TbANE por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada&#46; Os preditores de mortalidade cumulativa foram identificados por modelo de Cox&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Dentre 574 doentes&#44; utilizou&#8208;se a TbA em 417 &#40;72&#44;6&#37;&#41;&#44; que foi eficaz em 365 &#40;87&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#44; ineficaz em 52 &#40;12&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#46; Na an&#225;lise multivariada&#44; o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">score</span> SYNTAX &#40;OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;049&#44; 95&#37; CI&#58; 1&#44;015&#8208;1&#44;084&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;005&#41; e o tempo isqu&#233;mico total &#40;OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;001&#44; 95&#37; CI&#58; 1&#44;000&#8208;1&#44;003&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;02&#41; foram os preditores independentes de TbANE&#46; A disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda moderada&#47;severa &#40;HR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#44;256&#44; 95&#37; CI&#58; 1&#44;896&#8208;20&#44;644&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;003&#41;&#44; o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">score</span> APPROACH &#40;HR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;094&#44; 95&#37; CI&#58; 1&#44;016&#8208;1&#44;177&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;017&#41;&#44; a classe 3&#8208;4 de Killip &#40;HR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;953&#44; 95&#37; CI&#58; 1&#44;122&#8208;7&#44;770&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;028&#41; e a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">clearance</span> da creatinina na admiss&#227;o &#40;HR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;973&#44; 95&#37; CI&#58; 0&#44;953&#8208;0&#44;994&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;011&#41;&#44; relacionaram&#8208;se de forma independente com a mortalidade cumulativa &#40;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;82 meses&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclus&#245;es</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O tempo de sintomas e o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">score</span> SYNTAX foram preditores independentes de TbANE&#46; Contudo&#44; a TbANE n&#227;o teve impacto independente com a mortalidade cumulativa a m&#233;dio prazo&#46;</p>"
      ]
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introduction and Objectives</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The benefit of manual thrombus aspiration &#40;TA&#41; in the reperfusion of patients with ST&#8208;elevation myocardial infarction &#40;STEMI&#41; has been hotly debated&#46; In most series&#44; failure of TA has been largely unreported&#46; Our objectives were to assess the rate&#44; predictors&#44; and impact on cumulative mortality of failed TA during primary percutaneous coronary intervention &#40;PPCI&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Methods</span><p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This was a single&#8208;center&#44; retrospective study of consecutive STEMI patients undergoing PPCI with TA&#46; TA was considered ineffective if&#44; before angioplasty&#44; coronary flow was TIMI &#60;2&#46; Independent predictors of TA failure were assessed by logistic regression&#44; and predictors of cumulative mortality were assessed by Cox regression analysis&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Of 574 patients&#44; TA was used in 417 &#40;72&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#44; and was effective in 365 &#40;87&#46;5&#37;&#41; and ineffective in 52 &#40;12&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#46; On multivariate analysis&#44; SYNTAX score &#40;OR&#61;1&#46;049&#44; 95&#37; CI&#58; 1&#46;015&#8211;1&#46;084&#44; p&#61;0&#46;005&#41; and total ischemic time &#40;OR&#61;1&#46;001&#44; 95&#37; CI&#58; 1&#46;000&#8211;1&#46;003&#44; p&#61;0&#46;02&#41; were independent predictors of TA failure&#46; Moderate or severe left ventricular dysfunction &#40;HR&#61;6&#46;256&#44; 95&#37; CI&#58; 1&#46;896&#8211;20&#46;644&#44; p&#61;0&#46;003&#41;&#44; APPROACH score &#40;HR&#61;1&#46;094&#44; 95&#37; CI&#58; 1&#46;016&#8211;1&#46;177&#44; p&#61;0&#46;017&#41;&#44; Killip class III&#47;IV &#40;HR&#61;2&#46;953&#44; 95&#37; CI&#58; 1&#46;122&#8211;7&#46;770&#44; p&#61;0&#46;028&#41; and creatinine clearance on admission &#40;HR&#61;0&#46;973&#44; 95&#37; CI&#58; 0&#46;953&#8211;0&#46;994&#44; p&#61;0&#46;011&#41; were independently related to cumulative mortality at 24&#177;0&#46;82 months&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Total ischemic time and SYNTAX score were independent predictors of TA failure&#46; However&#44; in medium&#8208;term follow&#8208;up&#44; ineffective manual TA was not independently related to cumulative mortality&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
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        "identificador" => "nom0005"
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          0 => array:2 [
            "titulo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Abreviaturas e acr&#243;nimos</span>"
            "definicion" => array:13 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "TbA"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Trombectomia aspirativa</p>"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "EAMST"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Enfarte agudo de mioc&#225;rdico com eleva&#231;&#227;o de ST</p>"
              ]
              2 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "ICPP"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria</p>"
              ]
              3 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "TIMI"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction</p>"
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              4 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "TbAE"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Trombectomia aspirativa eficaz</p>"
              ]
              5 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "TbANE"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Trombectomia aspirativa n&#227;o eficaz</p>"
              ]
              6 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "RMC"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca</p>"
              ]
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Antagonistas do c&#225;lcio &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Anticoagulantes orais &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GRACE &#40;IQR&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>TIMI &#40;IQR&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Killip 3&#8208;4 &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  """
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Tronco comum &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tipo de stent</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Drug</span>&#8208;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">eluting stent</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bare</span>&#8208;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">metal</span> stent &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Bal&#227;o &#40;apenas&#41; &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SYNTAX &#40;IQR&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Informação da revista
Vol. 33. Núm. 12.
Páginas 753-760 (dezembro 2014)
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6304
Vol. 33. Núm. 12.
Páginas 753-760 (dezembro 2014)
Artigo Original
Open Access
A trombectomia aspirativa na reperfusão do enfarte agudo de miocárdio: preditores e impacto clínico da sua ineficácia
Thrombus aspiration for reperfusion in myocardial infarction: Predictors and clinical impact of ineffectiveness
Visitas
6304
André Luz
Autor para correspondência
andrecoimbraluz@hotmail.com

Autor para correspondência.
, Patrícia Rodrigues, Maria João Sousa, Inês Silveira, Diana Anjo, Bruno Brochado, Mário Santos, João Silveira, Henrique Cyrne Carvalho, Severo Torres
Serviço de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, E.P.E., Porto, Portugal
Conteúdo relacionado
Ricardo Seabra Gomes
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Informação do artigo
Resume
Texto Completo
Bibliografia
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Estatísticas
Figuras (1)
Tabelas (3)
Tabela 1. Variáveis demográficas e scores de risco
Tabela 2. Variáveis relacionadas com o procedimento
Tabela 3. Resultados hospitalares
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Resumo
Introdução e objetivos

O benefício da trombectomia aspirativa manual (TbA) na reperfusão do enfarte de miocárdio com elevação de ST (EAMST) tem sido muito debatida. Na maioria das séries, a ineficácia da TbA tem sido pouco evidenciada. Os nossos objetivos visaram conhecer a taxa, os preditores e o impacto na mortalidade cumulativa da TbA ineficaz (TbANE) numa série de doentes submetidos a intervenção coronária percutânea primária (ICPP).

Métodos

Estudo retrospetivo, unicêntrico, consecutivo, de doentes com EAMST submetidos a ICPP com TbA. Considerou‐se TbANE se após a TbA e antes de prosseguir a angioplastia se se obtivesse fluxo coronário TIMI<2. Identificaram‐se preditores independentes de TbANE por regressão logística multivariada. Os preditores de mortalidade cumulativa foram identificados por modelo de Cox.

Resultados

Dentre 574 doentes, utilizou‐se a TbA em 417 (72,6%), que foi eficaz em 365 (87,5%), ineficaz em 52 (12,5%). Na análise multivariada, o score SYNTAX (OR=1,049, 95% CI: 1,015‐1,084, p=0,005) e o tempo isquémico total (OR=1,001, 95% CI: 1,000‐1,003, p=0,02) foram os preditores independentes de TbANE. A disfunção ventricular esquerda moderada/severa (HR=6,256, 95% CI: 1,896‐20,644, p=0,003), o score APPROACH (HR=1,094, 95% CI: 1,016‐1,177, p=0,017), a classe 3‐4 de Killip (HR=2,953, 95% CI: 1,122‐7,770, p=0,028) e a clearance da creatinina na admissão (HR=0,973, 95% CI: 0,953‐0,994, p=0,011), relacionaram‐se de forma independente com a mortalidade cumulativa (24±0,82 meses).

Conclusões

O tempo de sintomas e o score SYNTAX foram preditores independentes de TbANE. Contudo, a TbANE não teve impacto independente com a mortalidade cumulativa a médio prazo.

Palavras‐chave:
Trombectomia
Enfarte agudo de miocárdio
Reperfusão
Aspiração de trombo
Abstract
Introduction and Objectives

The benefit of manual thrombus aspiration (TA) in the reperfusion of patients with ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) has been hotly debated. In most series, failure of TA has been largely unreported. Our objectives were to assess the rate, predictors, and impact on cumulative mortality of failed TA during primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI).

Methods

This was a single‐center, retrospective study of consecutive STEMI patients undergoing PPCI with TA. TA was considered ineffective if, before angioplasty, coronary flow was TIMI <2. Independent predictors of TA failure were assessed by logistic regression, and predictors of cumulative mortality were assessed by Cox regression analysis.

Results

Of 574 patients, TA was used in 417 (72.6%), and was effective in 365 (87.5%) and ineffective in 52 (12.5%). On multivariate analysis, SYNTAX score (OR=1.049, 95% CI: 1.015–1.084, p=0.005) and total ischemic time (OR=1.001, 95% CI: 1.000–1.003, p=0.02) were independent predictors of TA failure. Moderate or severe left ventricular dysfunction (HR=6.256, 95% CI: 1.896–20.644, p=0.003), APPROACH score (HR=1.094, 95% CI: 1.016–1.177, p=0.017), Killip class III/IV (HR=2.953, 95% CI: 1.122–7.770, p=0.028) and creatinine clearance on admission (HR=0.973, 95% CI: 0.953–0.994, p=0.011) were independently related to cumulative mortality at 24±0.82 months.

Conclusions

Total ischemic time and SYNTAX score were independent predictors of TA failure. However, in medium‐term follow‐up, ineffective manual TA was not independently related to cumulative mortality.

Keywords:
Thrombus aspiration
ST‐elevation myocardial infarction
Reperfusion
Thrombectomy
Abreviaturas e acrónimos
TbA

Trombectomia aspirativa

EAMST

Enfarte agudo de miocárdico com elevação de ST

ICPP

Intervenção coronária percutânea primária

TIMI

Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction

TbAE

Trombectomia aspirativa eficaz

TbANE

Trombectomia aspirativa não eficaz

RMC

Ressonância Magnética Cardíaca

ClCreat

Clearance da creatinina

GRACE

Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events

SYNTAX

Synergy between PCI with TAXUS drug‐eluting stent and Cardiac Surgery

APPROACH

Alberta Provincial Project for Outcome Assessment in Coronary Heart Disease

TIT

Tempo isquémico total

FEVE

Fracção de ejecção do ventrículo esquerdo

Texto Completo
Introdução e objetivos

O benefício da trombectomia aspirativa (TbA) manual como técnica adjuvante na reperfusão de doentes com enfarte agudo de miocárdio com elevação de ST (EAMST) tem sido alvo de intenso debate. A vantagem da TbA durante a intervenção coronária percutânea primária (ICPP) reside na aspiração do trombo coronário por forma a reduzir a embolização distal de material trombótico durante a angioplastia. Com isto pretende‐se melhorar a microperfusão coronária e, consequentemente, reduzir a área total de enfarte1–6. Comparativamente aos dispositivos de aspiração mecânica, a TbA manual é mais simples de utilizar e de igual ou superior eficácia7–9.

A introdução da TbA manual revestiu‐se de grande entusiasmo e popularidade na área da cardiologia de intervenção, tendo‐lhe sido atribuída classe IIa/B nas recomendações europeias para o tratamento do EAMST10. Contudo, assiste‐se a grande variabilidade na utilização desta técnica como adjuvante na reperfusão11. Num registo recente, a TbA manual não atingiu 20% das ICPP nos Estados Unidos da América (EUA)12. Apesar de alguns estudos aleatorizados demonstrarem benefícios clínicos ao reduzir eventos cardiovasculares major13–15, que foram posteriormente reafirmados em meta‐análises8,16–18, algumas séries (onde se inclui uma de grande dimensão) não têm confirmada a mesma eficácia clínica19–22. No entanto, nalguns casos, a TbA pode ser difícil de utilizar (10% dos doentes alocados para TbA no estudo TAPAS13). Assim, o efeito que a ineficácia da aspiração do trombo possa ter em doentes onde a TbA fora considerada, a priori, necessária, tem sido pouco explorado.

O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi conhecer os preditores da ineficácia da TbA durante a ICPP numa série consecutiva de doentes com EAM orientados para ICPP, onde a TbA tenha sido sistematicamente utilizada e como primeira intenção (excluem‐se situações de bail out). Como objetivo secundário, conhecer os preditores de mortalidade cumulativa (cardíaca e não cardíaca) no médio prazo pós‐EAMST.

MétodosPopulação estudada e definições

Série retrospetiva de um centro, consecutiva, de doentes com EAMST admitidos para ICPP entre janeiro de 2008 e dezembro de 2013. Excluíram‐se doentes com bypass aorto‐coronário. As variáveis clínicas, laboratoriais e relacionadas com o procedimento desde a admissão até à alta hospitalar foram compiladas através da consulta da base eletrónica de dados hospitalar. O estado vital do doente em seguimento foi avaliado pela consulta do processo clínico eletrónico, através do contacto com o médico assistente, do doente ou familiares. O diagnóstico de EAMST baseou‐se em critérios clínicos, suportados pelas seguintes alterações no eletrocardiograma: elevação de segmento ST ≥0,15mV em V2‐V3 ou ≥0,1mV nas outras em pelo menos duas das outras derivações, depressão de ST em V2‐V3 ≥0,15mm com onda T positiva (enfarte posterior) ou bloqueio completo de ramo esquerdo de novo. Para este estudo, foram apenas considerados os doentes com artéria coronária epicárdica com imagem de trombo e fluxo Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 0 ou 1, onde foi utilizada a TbA manual.

O fenómeno de no‐reflow foi considerado se após a angioplastia não se obtivesse fluxo coronário distal TIMI2 ou fluxo TIMI 2‐3, mas com impossibilidade de o contraste perfundir território capilar miocárdico (grau de perfusão miocárdica=0), ou se após a perfusão houvesse estagnação de contraste (grau de perfusão miocárdica=1), na ausência de espasmo, dissecção, ou de trombo coronário epicárdico, que persistissem após administração intracoronária de nitroglicerina e adenosina. Depois da utilização do dispositivo de aspiração manual e antes de prosseguir com a angioplastia (balão e/ou stent), a TbA foi considerada ineficaz (TbANE) se se obtivesse fluxo coronário TIMI<2 e eficaz (TbAE) se fluxo TIMI 2‐3.

O tempo isquémico total (TIT) foi o tempo decorrido desde o início das queixas do doente (altura em que as queixas se tornaram intensas e persistentes) até à passagem do fio guia durante a ICPP. A clearance da creatinina (ClCreat) foi calculada através da fórmula de Cockroft‐Gault.

A estratificação do risco através dos scores Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE)23 (pontuação para mortalidade hospitalar/seis meses) e TIMI (para EAMST)24 foi determinada para todos os doentes. A classificação anatómica através do score Synergy between PCI with TAXUS drug‐eluting stent and cardiac surgery (SYNTAX)25 v 2.11 foi realizada com ajuda do sítio web, considerando‐se todas as lesões com estenoses>50% em vasos de calibre>1,5mm. A oclusão da artéria responsável pelo enfarte foi classificada como oclusão com menos de três meses. A área miocárdica em risco foi calculada através do score Alberta Provincial Project for Outcome Assessment in Coronary Heart Disease (APPROACH) modificado26. Resumidamente, este score angiográfico permite estimar a percentagem de miocárdio que é nutrida por um segmento coronário, tendo em atenção a dominância e o calibre dos vasos que dele provêm. É uma classificação simples de implementar e com boa correlação com a área em risco avaliada por ressonância magnética cardíaca (RMC)27,28. Tomando como exemplo a artéria descendente anterior proximal, a área em risco estimada é de 47,75% na presença de importante vaso diagonal a jusante da oclusão e de 41,25% se a diagonal for pequena ou inexistente. Toda a análise angiográfica foi realizada por dois cardiologistas seniores de intervenção. Em caso de dúvida, os scores foram atribuídos por consenso ou pela média das observações individuais.

A fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) foi calculada por ecocardiografia 2‐D (Phillips iE33, Eindhoven, Holanda) pelo método de Simpson. A FEVE foi considerada como preservada se valores ≥55%, depressão ligeira entre valores ≥45% e<55%, depressão moderada entre ≥30% e<45%, depressão severa se<30%. Para efeitos de análise estatística, dicotomizou‐se a FEVE em dois grupos: FVE preservada/disfunção ligeira e disfunção moderada/severa.

Consideramos a mortalidade cumulativa global (cardíaca e não cardíaca, hospitalar e no seguimento) como evento cardiovascular major. Nesta análise, apenas foram considerados doentes com tempo mínimo de seguimento superior ou igual a 12 meses após o EAMST.

Procedimento e medicação

Todos os doentes foram medicados com aspirina 300mg e clopidogrel 600mg antes da ICPP, a não ser que já se encontrassem sob essa medicação. O calibre do introdutor arterial foi seis ou sete French. Durante o procedimento, foi administrada heparina não fracionada (70UI/kg). A utilização de inibidores da glicoproteína 2b/3a, tipo de stent, e outros dispositivos adjuvantes na angioplastia foram deixados ao critério do operador. A TbA manual foi exclusivamente efetuada pelo cateter de aspiração de trombos Export 6F (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, EUA). Após a ICPP, os doentes foram admitidos em unidades de cuidados coronários. Procedeu‐se à colheita de marcadores de necrose miocárdica (troponina T [TnT], creatina kinase (CK) e CK‐massa) às seis, 12, 24 e 48h após reperfusão. No momento da alta hospitalar, aspirina 100mg/dia e clopidogrel 75mg/dia foram prescritos a todos os doentes, além da medicação considerada apropriada segundo as recomendações.

Análise estatística

Utilizou‐se o teste de Kolmogorov‐Smirnov para testar a distribuição da normalidade das variáveis contínuas, que foram expressas em média±desvio padrão (SD) ou intervalo interquartil (IQR), respetivamente, para variáveis de distribuição normal ou não normal. Variáveis contínuas de distribuição normal foram comparadas pelo teste t‐Student para amostras independentes, variáveis contínuas de distribuição não normal foram comparadas pelo teste Mann‐Whitney. As variáveis categóricas foram expressas em número e percentagens e comparadas pelo teste do qui‐quadrado ou pelo teste exato de Fisher. Os picos de TnT, de CK e CK‐massa foram transformados em logaritmo para permitir testes paramétricos. Para identificar preditores de TbANE utilizou‐se um modelo de regressão logística com a TbANE como variável dependente. As variáveis com p<0,1 na análise univariada, foram incluídas na análise multivariada a fim de identificar os preditores independentes. A mortalidade não ajustada associada à eficácia da TbA foi calculada através do método de Kaplan‐Meyer, sendo a diferença obtida através do teste Log‐Rank. A mortalidade cumulativa ajustada para variáveis confundidoras foi avaliada por um modelo de Cox. Variáveis com valor de p<0,1 na análise univariada foram incluídas na análise multivariada. Para evitar sobreajustamento, os scores GRACE e TIMI não foram incluídos nas regressões. Todos os testes foram considerados significativos se valor de p<0,05 para duas caudas. A análise estatística foi efetuada em SPSS v.20 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, EUA).

Resultados

Dentre 614 doentes com EAMST, excluíram‐se 40 por informação insuficiente. Dos 574 doentes estudados, a TbA foi utilizada em 417 doentes (72,6%), considerando‐se eficaz em 365 (87,5%) e ineficaz em 52 (12,5%). No grupo TbANE, em quatro casos (4/52=7,7%) a TbA foi ineficaz por impossibilidade de ultrapassar a lesão. O operador procedeu à dilatação da lesão com balão e apenas num caso a TbA foi novamente utilizada, igualmente sem sucesso. As Tabelas 1 e 2 resumem as características clínicas e as relacionadas com o procedimento, consoante a eficácia da TbA. Em geral, a TbANE esteve significativamente associada a não fumadores, scores GRACE, SYNTAX e classe Killip na admissão mais elevados, e TIT mais longo. Relativamente ao procedimento, encontraram‐se diferenças da artéria responsável pelo enfarte (a circunflexa menos prevalente no grupo TbANE) e colocação mais frequente de balão intra‐aórtico (BIA) no grupo TbANE. Encontrou‐se uma tendência para maior taxa de pré‐medicação com nitratos e bloqueadores da entrada do cálcio no grupo TbANE, e menor concentração de hemoglobina na admissão. Relativamente aos resultados na fase hospitalar (Tabela 3), a taxa de fenómeno de no‐reflow foi mais elevada no grupo TbANE. Não se encontraram diferenças significativas nos picos enzimáticos nem nas diferenças de FEVE antes da alta hospitalar, ressalvando‐se que em 21 (3,7%) doentes não foi possível obter pico enzimático nas primeiras 24h, em que a principal causa foi o falecimento precoce após o procedimento (n=19 [90,5%]). Nos 21 doentes, utilizou‐se a TbA em 12 (57,1%), que foi eficaz em 7 (58,3%) e ineficaz em 5 (41,7%). A duração do internamento no grupo TbANE foi mais longa. A taxa de mortalidade foi nominalmente mais elevada (13,5 versus 6%, p=0,073) no grupo TbANE, mas sem atingir significado estatístico.

Tabela 1.

Variáveis demográficas e scores de risco

Características  TbAE  TbANE  Valor de p 
Demografia e fatores de risco
Idade (anos)±SD  61,69±13,18  64,65±12,77  0,129 
Masculino (%)  274 (75,1)  39 (75,0)  0,991 
Feminino (%)  91 (24,9)  13 (25,0)  0,991 
Diabetes (%)  86 (23,6)  16 (31,4)  0,229 
Hipercolesterolemia (%)  204 (56,0)  25 (49,0)  0,345 
Hipertensão (%)  210 (57,7)  26 (52,0)  0,446 
Fumador (%)  211 (58,0)  20 (40)  0,016 
Índice de massa corporal, kg/m2±SD  26,48±3,63  26,69±3,62  0,692 
Antecedentes de enfarte (%)  22 (6,1)  3 (5,9)  1,000 
Angina pré‐enfarte  129 (35,6)  18 (35,3)  0,962 
Clearance creatinina (ml/min)±SD  88,44±35,25  82,43±40,52  0,264 
Hemoglobina (mg/dl) (IQR)  14,4 (2,4)  13,9 (2,9)  0,083 
Medicação em curso
Bloqueador beta (%)  44 (12,2)  5 (10,0)  0,659 
Estatina (%)  79 (21,8)  9 (18)  0,542 
IECAv(%)  61 (16,9)  6 (12,0)  0,384 
ARAII (%)  63 (17,4)  9 (18,0)  0,917 
Antagonistas do cálcio (%)  26 (7,2)  8 (16,0)  0,050 
Aspirina (%)  45 (12,4)  7 (14,0)  0,754 
Clopidogrel (%)  14 (3,9)  1 (2,0)  0,707 
Insulina (%)  14 (3,9)  2(4,0)  1,000 
Antidiabéticos orais (%)  56 (15,5)  8(16,0)  0,929 
Nitratos (%)  15 (4,2)  5 (10,0)  0,082 
Anticoagulantes orais (%)  37 (10,1)  5 (9,6)  0,631 
Scores de risco
GRACE (IQR)  213,0 (45,0)  221,0 (54,0)  0,022 
TIMI (IQR)  3,0 (3,0)  4,0 (4,0)  0,090 
Killip 3‐4 (%)  40 (11,0)  11 (21,6)  0,031 

ARA: antagonista dos recetores da angiotensina II; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina; TbAE: trombectomia aspirativa eficaz; TbANE: trombectomia aspirativa não eficaz.

Tabela 2.

Variáveis relacionadas com o procedimento

Características  TbAE  TbANE  Valor de p 
Tempos até reperfusão (minutos)
Tempo isquémico total (IQR)  210,0 (248,0)  332,5 (393,0)  0,002 
Porta‐balão (IQR)  70,0 (70,0)  90,0 (75,0)  0,095 
Pressão arterial sistólica (mmHg)±SD  120±25,81  115±30,74  0,209 
Vaso alvo      0,006 
DA (%)  156 (42,7)  25 (48,1)   
CX (%)  44 (12,1)  3 (5,8)   
CD (%)  165 (45,2)  22 (42,3)   
Tronco comum (%)  0 (0,0)  2 (3,8)   
Acesso radial (%)  182 (50,0)  28 (56,0)  0,426 
Inib. 2b/3a (%)  122 (33,5)  19 (38,0)  0,530 
Colocação de BIA (%)  7 (1,9)  6 (11,8)  0,002 
Tipo de stent      0,026 
Drugeluting stent (%)  202 (55,3)  25 (48,1)   
Baremetal stent (%)  151 (41,4)  21 (40,4)   
Balão (apenas) (%)  12 (3,3)  6 (11,5)   
Scores angiográficos
SYNTAX (IQR)  17,5 (10,25)  21 (14,0)  <0,001 
APPROACH modificado (IQR)  27,5 (11,5)  27,5 (15,45)  0,963 
ICP noutros vasos (%)*  73 (20,0)  7 (14,0)  0,313 

BIA: balão intra‐aórtico; CD: artéria coronária direita; CX: artéria circunflexa; DA: artéria descendente anterior; ICP: intervenção coronária percutânea; Inib: inibidores da glicoproteína 2b/3a.

*

Refere‐se a intervenção coronária percutânea de outros vasos que não o responsável pelo enfarte, na mesma estadia hospitalar.

Tabela 3.

Resultados hospitalares

Características  TbAE  TbANE  Valor p 
Pico de CK (U/L) (IQR)  2.160,0 (2622.0)  2.143,0 (3.138,0)  0,633* 
Pico de CK‐massa (U/L) (IQR)  218,5 (201,0)  200,0 (219,7)  0,091* 
Pico de TnT (IQR)  5,12 (6,1)  4,64 (5,82)  0,500* 
No‐reflow (%)  5 (1,4)  18 (35,3)  <0,001 
FEVE (n=395)      0,164 
Preservada/disfunção ligeira (%)  217 (62,5)  25 (52,1)   
Disfunção moderada/severa (%)  130 (37,5)  23 (47,5)   
Killip 3‐4 (durante hospitalização) (%)  40 (11,0)  11 (21,6)  0,031 
Mortalidade hospitalar (%)  22 (6,0)  7 (13,5)  0,073 
Dias internamento (mediana) (IQR)  6,0 (3,0)  7 (7,0)  0,005 
Medicação à data de alta (n=388)
Bloqueador beta (%)  322 (93,8)  40 (88,9)  0,222 
IECA/ARA II (%)  255 (74,3)  35 (77,8)  0,590 
Estatina (%)  336 (97,9)  42 (93,3)  0,121 
Aspirina (%)  343 (100)  45 (100)  1,000 
Clopidogrel (%)  343 (100)  45 (100)  1,000 

ARA: antagonista dos recetores da angiotensina; CK: creatina kinase; CK‐mass: fração massa da CK; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina; TbAE: trombectomia aspirativa eficaz; TbANE: trombectomia aspirativa não eficaz; TnT: troponina T.

*

Valor de p calculado por teste‐t para amostras independentes após transformação logarítmica das variáveis CK, CK‐massa e TnT.

Na análise univariada, a idade, o score SYNTAX, o tabagismo ativo, a concentração de hemoglobina na admissão, a medicação prévia com nitratos ou bloqueadores da entrada de cálcio, o TIT e a classe 3 ou 4 de Killip na admissão correlacionaram‐se com a TbANE. Na análise multivariada, apenas o score SYNTAX (OR=1,049, 95% CI: 1,015‐1,084, p=0,005) e o TIT (OR=1,001, 95% CI: 1,000‐1,003, p=0,02) se mantiveram como preditores independentes.

Identificamos 331 doentes com pelo menos 12 meses de seguimento desde o EAMST. Em dois (0,6%) doentes não foi possível obter o estado vital. Foi então possível estudar 329 doentes incluídos na análise de mortalidade a médio prazo (média=24±0,82 meses, taxa de mortalidade cumulativa=13,9%). A mortalidade cumulativa não ajustada foi mais elevada nos doentes onde a trombectomia foi não eficaz (Figura 1). Após ajustamento para covariáveis com p<0,1 na análise univariada (género, idade, eficácia da trombectomia, scores APPROACH e SYNTAX, fumo ativo, TIT, ClCreat, vaso alvo, colocação de BIA, hemoglobinemia, tensão arterial sistólica e classe Killip 3‐4 na admissão e FEVE no momento da alta), a FEVE com disfunção moderada/severa (HR=6,256, 95% CI: 1,896‐20,644, p=0,003), o score APPROACH (HR=1,094, 95% CI: 1,016‐1,177, p=0,017), e a classe 3‐4 de Killip (HR=2,953, 95% CI: 1,122‐7,770, p=0,028) correlacionaram‐se de forma positiva com a mortalidade, enquanto valores crescentes da ClCreat tiveram efeito protetor (HR=0,973, 95% CI: 0.953‐0,994, p=0,011).

Discussão

Nesta série, a TbA foi utilizada como primeira intenção na maioria (72,6%) dos doentes, tendo sido eficaz na grande maioria dos casos (87,5%). Parece‐nos razoável que quanto mais organizado se encontrar o trombo, menor será a eficácia da TbA, não surpreendendo que quanto maior for o atraso desde o início dos sintomas até à reperfusão, menor será a eficácia da TbA. Neste particular, a relação entre o TIT e a organização do trombo como preditores de eventos adversos fora já anteriormente descrita29–32. Desconhecíamos, contudo, a relação entre o score SYNTAX e a TbANE. Supõe‐se que em condições anatómicas mais desfavoráveis a técnica de aspiração fique comprometida, por exemplo, devido a tortuosidades ou calcificação, ou mesmo devido à maior quantidade de placa com risco de embolização distal e consequente microperfusão inadequada. Nalgumas séries de doentes submetidos a ICPP já se demonstrou a relação entre o score SYNTAX e o risco de no‐reflow33.

Tendo excluído da análise os doentes em que a TbA não fora utilizada, porventura em vasos de menor calibre ou com menor quantidade de trombo em que se previa menor vantagem da TbA, a utilização desta técnica de forma sistemática perspetivaria menor área de enfarte se fosse eficaz. Esse pressuposto não se confirmou nesta série de doentes. Sendo certo que o pico enzimático pode apenas estimar a extensão do enfarte, sabe‐se que a correlação entre os picos enzimáticos e a área de enfarte avaliada por RMC tem sido muito razoável34,35. Nalgumas séries onde a RMC foi utilizada para avaliar a área de necrose, os doentes submetidos a TbA não tiverem menor extensão do enfarte22,36, mesmo nos casos onde se demonstrou ser menor a obstrução microvascular20.

Em termos de mortalidade, não seria de esperar grande diferença face à dimensão reduzida da amostra para avaliar endpoints clínicos. Contudo, a tendência verificada na mortalidade hospitalar poderá tornar‐se mais evidente em séries de dimensão mais robusta. No subgrupo avaliado para a mortalidade cumulativa, e sem surpresa, a FEVE moderada/severa e a classe Killip 3‐4 foram fortes preditores independentes para a mortalidade a médio prazo. Estas duas características37–39, a par da área miocárdica em risco40, têm sido referenciadas como marcadores de prognóstico adverso. Facto interessante é que o impacto da TbA pode ser significativo apenas em doentes com maior área em risco41, mas faltam estudos prospetivos dirigidos para confirmar esta hipótese. A insuficiência renal tem sido várias vezes apontada como causa independente de mortalidade no doente com EAMST42,43. É pois de esperar que valores mais elevados de ClCreat se associem a efeito protetor.

A discussão em torno da TbA na reperfusão está longe de chegar a consenso44. A divergência encontrada nas publicações até à data poderá dever‐se a séries de dimensão modesta para avaliação de endpoints clínicos e a metodologias distintas para avaliar a microperfusão coronária. Por outro lado, parece que nem todos os doentes beneficiam da mesma forma da TbA, o que espelha bem a heterogeneidade dos doentes com EAMST. Relativamente aos endpoints clínicos mais importantes, apenas em séries de grande dimensão ou em meta‐análises se poderão encontrar respostas sólidas, pelo que os nossos resultados referentes à mortalidade devem ser interpretados com cautela. É sabido que doentes com fenómeno de no‐reflow têm taxas acrescidas de mortalidade a longo prazo45. A relação significativa encontrada entre o no‐reflow e a TbANE poderá traduzir‐se em mortalidade cumulativa acrescida em séries de maior dimensão, que permitam estudar esta relação com maior detalhe. Na globalidade, os resultados deste estudo observacional aproximam‐se das últimas séries em que a TbA é comparada com a ICPP convencional. Com exceção da menor taxa de no‐reflow, a TbAE não se traduziu num benefício inequívoco face à TbANE.

Limitações

Algumas limitações devem ser consideradas: trata‐se de estudo unicêntrico e retrospetivo, com número modesto de doentes para avaliar impacto na mortalidade a médio prazo. A taxa de ineficácia da TbA foi muito baixa (<15%), o que pode ter implicações nos resultados.

Conclusões

Na nossa série, a TbANE em 12,5% dos casos, em que o tempo de sintomas até à reperfusão e o score SYNTAX foram os preditores independentes. Na análise mutlivariada, a ineficácia da TbA não se relacionou com maior área de enfarte ou com aumento de mortalidade a médio prazo.

Responsabilidades éticasProteção de pessoas e animais

Os autores declaram que para esta investigação não se realizaram experiências em seres humanos e/ou animais.

Confidencialidade dos dados

Os autores declaram ter seguido os protocolos do seu centro de trabalho acerca da publicação dos dados de pacientes.

Direito à privacidade e consentimento escrito

Os autores declaram que não aparecem dados de pacientes neste artigo.

Conflito de interesses

Os autores declaram não haver conflito de interesses.

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