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Vol. 31. Núm. S1.
Inibição do factor Xa
Páginas 6-16 (abril 2012)
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Vol. 31. Núm. S1.
Inibição do factor Xa
Páginas 6-16 (abril 2012)
Inibição Do Factor Xa
Open Access
Velhos e novos anticoagulantes orais. Perspetiva farmacológica
Old and new oral anticoagulants. Pharmacological perspective
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Pedro Marques da Silva
Núcleo de Investigação Arterial, Unidade Funcional Medicina IV, Hospital de Santa Marta, CHLC, EPE, Lisboa, Portugal
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A terapêutica anticoagulante oral está em mudança. A varfarina e o acenocumarol constituem ainda o padrão anticoagulante oral em muitos contextos clínicos. Mas, face às limitações dos antivitamínicos K, resultantes do lento início de ação farmacológica, da janela terapêutica estreita, do metabolismo variável dependente do citocromo P450, das múltiplas interações com fármacos e com alimentos e do risco potencial de complicações hemorrágicas, nos últimos anos tem-se procurado afirmar, na terapêutica anticoagulante oral, novos grupos farmacológicos capazes de superar estes problemas. Atualmente, a investigação farmacológica centra-se no desenvolvimento de novas moléculas, não peptídicas, inibidoras de instantes fulcrais do sistema de coagulação (trombina e fator Xa), com um padrão farmacodinâmico e farmacocinético previsível e consistente, administradas por via oral. Destes compostos, três (dabigatrano, rivaroxabano e apixabano) têm já indicações terapêuticas definidas (ou a definir), assentes em largos estudos de fase III de intervenção, enquanto muitos outros compostos estão em fases menos avançadas do seu desenvolvimento. Nesta revisão, sumariamos e discutimos a farmacologia da varfarina/acenocumarol e dos novos inibidores diretos da trombina e do fator Xa, objetivando semelhanças e assinalando diferenças que ajudam a fundamentar as nossas opções terapêuticas.

Palavras-chave:
Anticoagulação oral
Antagonistas da vitamina K
Varfarina
Inibidores da trombina
Inibidores do fator Xa
Abstract

Oral anticoagulant therapy is changing. In several clinical settings, warfarin and acenocumarol remain the standard oral anticoagulants. However, in view of the limitations of vitamin K antagonists, resulting from its slow onset of pharmacological action, its narrow therapeutic window, its variable metabolism, dependent of citochrome P450, its multiple pharmacological and food interactions and its potential risk for hemorrhagic complications, the last years have witnessed the emergence of new pharmacological groups in oral anticoagulant therapy, that can overcome these problems. At present, pharmacological investigation is focused in the development of new non-peptide molecules, which can inhibit essential moments of the coagulation system (thrombin and factor Xa), with a predictable and consistent pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic pattern, administered orally. Of these compounds, three of them (dabigatran, rivaroxaban and apixaban) already have defined (or to be defined) therapeutic indications, built on large interventional phase III studies, while many others are in less advanced development phases. This review summarizes and discusses the pharmacology of warfarin/acenocumarol and of the new direct thrombin and factor Xa inhibitors, exemplifying similarities and stressing differences that help us justify out therapeutic options.

Keywords:
Oral anticoagulation
Vitamin K antagonists
Warfarin
Factor IIa inhibitors
Factor Xa inhibitors
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