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Vol. 31. Núm. S1.
Inibição do factor Xa
Páginas 17-26 (abril 2012)
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Vol. 31. Núm. S1.
Inibição do factor Xa
Páginas 17-26 (abril 2012)
Inibição Do Factor Xa
Open Access
Prevenção do tromboembolismo na fibrilhação auricular
Prevention of thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation
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6740
Carlos Aguiar
Serviço de Cardiologia, Hospital de Santa Cruz, CHLO, Carnaxide, Portugal
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A fibrilhação auricular (FA) é a arritmia crónica mais prevalente na população. O seu prognóstico é marcado, sobretudo, pelos fenómenos tromboembólicos a que está associada. Em cada seis acidentes vasculares cerebrais (AVC) isquémicos, um deve-se à FA, mas a proporção de AVC isquémicos atribuíveis à FA aumenta em função da idade. A estratificação do risco tromboembólico é um componente crítico da avaliação clínica do doente com FA, um indicador de qualidade dos cuidados de saúde e serve para orientar a estratégia terapêutica antitrombótica. A anticoagulação oral (ACO) com antivitamínicos K é eficaz na prevenção do AVC em doentes com FA não valvular mas, por múltiplos motivos, é largamente subutilizada no mundo real e muitas vezes os níveis da Razão Normalizada Internacional (RNI) ficam abaixo dos valores terapêuticos. Os novos fármacos ACO são inibidores da trombina ou do factor Xa e são de aplicação mais fácil, dispensando monitorização laboratorial. Em ensaios clínicos de fase III, estes fármacos mostraram ser pelo menos tão eficazes quanto a varfarina, mas mais seguros, particularmente em relação ao risco de hemorragia intracraniana, complicação que é responsável por 90% das mortes atribuíveis à varfarina. Estes resultados permitem antever o potencial para aumentar a proporção de doentes com FA adequadamente anticoagulados, o que representará um avanço significativo na prevenção do AVC atribuível à FA.

Palavras-chave:
Fibrilhação auricular
AVC isquémico
Estratificação do risco tromboembólico
CHADS2
CHA2DS2-VASc
Antivitamínicos-K
Varfarina
Inibidores orais da trombina
Inibidores do Factor Xa
Abstract

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most prevalent chronic arrhythmia in the general population. The prognosis of AF is mainly marked by the associated thromboembolic phenomena. Of every six ischemic strokes, one is due to AF, but the proportion of ischemic strokes attributable to AF increases with age. Thromboembolic risk stratification is a key component of the clinical evaluation of the AF patient, and a clinical performance measure, and should guide the antithrombotic therapeutic strategy. Oral anticoagulation with vitamin K antagonists is effective for the prevention of ischemic stroke in nonvalvular AF but, due to several reasons, it is largely underutilized in daily clinical practice, and INR values are often sub-therapeutic. The new oral anticoagulants (thrombin inhibitors or factor Xa inhibitors) are easier to manage, and don’t require laboratorial monitoring. In phase III clinical trials they have shown to be at least as effective as warfarin, but safer, particularly regarding intracranial bleeding, a complication that is responsible for 90% of warfarin-attributable deaths. These results show a potential to increase the proportion of AF patients adequately anticoagulated, which will represent a significant advance in the prevention of stroke attributable to AF.

Keywords:
Atrial fibrillation
Ischemic stroke
Thromboembolic risk stratification
CHADS2
CHA2DS2-VASc
Vitamin K antagonists
Warfarin
Oral thrombin inhibitors
Oral factor Xa inhibitors
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