Practical approach to referral from primary health care to a cardiology hospital consultation in 2022

Baptista, Rui; Maricoto, Tiago; Monteiro, Sílvia; Dias, Jordana; Gonçalves, Sara; Febra, Helena; Gil, Victor

doi:10.1016/j.repc.2022.01.007

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Maria da Feira, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Aradas Family Health Unit, ACES Baixo Vouga, Aveiro, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] 5 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "f" "identificador" => "aff0030" ] 6 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Intensive Cardiac Care Unit (UCIC), Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "g" "identificador" => "aff0035" ] 7 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Guarda Customized Healthcare Unit, ACES Guarda, Guarda, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "h" "identificador" => "aff0040" ] 8 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Integrated Unit in Heart Failure (UNIICA), Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Setúbal, Setúbal, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "i" "identificador" => "aff0045" ] 9 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "São Julião Family Health Unit, ACES Lisboa Ocidental e Oeiras, Oeiras, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "j" "identificador" => "aff0050" ] 10 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Cardiology Department, Hospital da Luz, Lisbon, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "k" "identificador" => "aff0055" ] 11 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "l" "identificador" => "aff0060" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "pt" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Abordagem prática à referência de doentes dos cuidados de saúde primários para consulta hospitalar de cardiologia em 2022" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1249 "Ancho" => 2925 "Tamanyo" => 369696 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Suggested therapeutic regimen for the management of hypertension.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0480">31</a>aCKD is defined as eGFR<60 ml/min/1.72 m2 with or without proteinuria; bpreferential use of loop diuretics if eGFR<30 ml/min/1.72 m2, due to thiazide diuretics or similar being much less effective when eGFR is reduced to these levels; ccaution: risk of hyperkalemia with spironolactone, especially when eGFR is less than 45 ml/min/1.72 m2 or when basal kalemia ≥4.5 mmol/L. ACEi: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; BP: blood pressure; CCB: calcium channel blocker; CKD: chronic kidney disease; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HF: heart failure." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionIn Portugal, up to 38% of the population suffers from cardiovascular disease (CVD), which highlights the importance of primary health care (PHC) in its management. Among the most common diseases in the context of PHC are hypertension (27%), arrhythmias (3%), valvular diseases (2%), heart failure (HF) (2%) and chronic coronary syndromes (2%), although their prevalence may be underestimated.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0330">1,2</a> Given its complexity in terms of diagnosis and clinical approach, adequate management of people with CVD implies a close, effective and bidirectional communication between PHC and hospitals.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0340">3,4</a> In fact, a well-defined functional network with the different levels of care is of the utmost importance, which is only possible with the intervention and cooperation of all institutional and political structures.Hospital referral, when judicious, facilitates the timely diagnosis and treatment of potentially serious situations, and if appropriate to local access limitations, contributes to the correct clinical prioritization, being also a tool for updating all the professionals involved.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350">5</a>In this document, we present general guidelines for the referral of patients with cardiovascular pathologies to a cardiology hospital consultation. Additionally, suggestions are made for the initial clinical approach within PHC, with the objective of promoting a more efficient differential diagnosis and follow-up, taking into account the limitations of access of PHC to some diagnostic exams and the context of the Portuguese national referral network.MethodsA modified Metaplan<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0355">6,7</a> methodology was used and divided into two phases: 1) in the first phase a panel of four specialists in Cardiology and 3 specialists in General and Family Medicine convened. After a presentation by the moderator, the panel discussed and defined which cardiovascular diseases were to be addressed in this document; 2) in the second phase, and based on the previous discussion, on current clinical guidelines, and on relevant scientific papers in the field, each chapter was developed by a Cardiologist and a General Practitioner (GP). Finally, the panel convened again to discuss the referral proposals, clinical approach and follow-up of these patients in the context of PHC.Heart failureDefinition of heart failureHF is defined as a syndrome caused by an anomalous cardiac structure and/or function, leading to a blood output that is inadequate to the metabolic requirements of the heart.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365">8</a> HF may be asymptomatic at an early stage, with subsequent symptoms onset.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370">9</a>DiagnosisHeart failure diagnosis and classification algorithm<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a> describes the diagnosis algorithm, including typical signs and symptoms of HF, as well as the classification of HF according to left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375">10</a><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>In case of suspected HF, the diagnosis should be performed as soon as possible, ideally with evaluation of the results within a timeframe not exceeding two weeks to one month.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380">11</a>Classification of HF based on function and cardiac structural changes is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0055">Table 1</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0055"></elsevierMultimedia>Diagnosis - initial investigationLaboratory evaluation<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375">10</a><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0015"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025">•Complete blood count, renal, hepatic and thyroid function, lipid profile, creatine kinase, HbA1c and glycemia (described in this document as baseline laboratory evaluation);</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030">•Ferritin, % transferrin saturation ((iron/total iron-binding capacity)x100);</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035">•Natriuretic peptides, according to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>, if available;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040">•Urine sediment.</li></ul>TreatmentApproach to heart failure with reduced ejection fractionNon-pharmacological measures<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0385">12</a><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0020"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0045">•Control of risk factors and lifestyle modification;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0050">•Influenza and anti-pneumococcal vaccination;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0055">•Daily weight monitoring and self-monitoring of symptoms;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0060">•Avoid the use of potential harmful medication (e.g., non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), COX-2 inhibitors).</li></ul>Pharmacological therapyThe prognostic-modifying therapy of the patient with HF should include angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNI)/angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi), beta blockers (BB), mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists – spironolactone or eplerenone (MRA) and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors – dapagliflozin or empagliflozin (SGLT2i), as soon as possible, in order to reduce mortality, hospitalizations for HF, and symptoms.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0365">8,10</a><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0030"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0070">∘ACEi or ARBs should be replaced by an ARNI in suitable patients (i.e., patients that remain symptomatic).</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0075">∘If an ACEi is to be substituted by an ARNI, the ARNI should only be initiated 36 hours after ACEi discontinuation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375">10</a></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0080">∘Initiation of dapagliflozin and empagliflozin is not recommended in patients with an eGFR <25 and <20 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively. In the case of dapagliflozin if the level of eGFR falls below 25 mL/min/1.73 m2 after initiation, there is no need for treatment discontinuation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0390">13–15</a></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0085">∘ARNI/ACEi/ARBs or MRAs should be prescribed with caution for patients with an eGFR<30 ml/min.</li></ul>In patients with signs and/or symptoms of congestion, loop diuretics, such as furosemide, are recommended to improve and reduce symptoms and enhance exercise ability.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375">10</a>Ivabradine should be considered in symptomatic patients with LVEF≤35% at sinus rhythm, and with a heart rate (HR) at rest of ≥70 beats per minute (bpm), despite treatment with BB or ACEi/ARB/MRA, or until evaluation by the cardiologist in case of contraindication for the use of BB.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375">10</a>Vericiguat and digoxin may be considered in patients with worsening HF or who remain symptomatic, respectively, after cardiological evaluation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375">10</a>Devices in HFIn certain patients, an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) is recommended to reduce the risk of sudden death and all-cause mortality.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405">16</a>Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) improves cardiac performance in selected patients, improves symptoms and well-being, and reduces morbidity and mortality.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410">17</a>Comorbidities<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0040"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0115">•Anemia and/or iron deficiency</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0045"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0120">∘Intravenous iron replacement with iron carboxymaltosis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415">18</a>;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0125">∘Do not use oral replacement therapy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415">18</a></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0555"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0130">•Atrial fibrillation</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0050"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0135">∘See chapter dedicated to AF;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0140">∘Diltiazem or verapamil should not be used.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375">10</a></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0560"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0145">•Type 2 diabetes</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0055"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0150">∘1st line: SGLT2i (reduction in risk of hospitalization for HF)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420">19</a>;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0155">∘Metformin can be considered if the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) >30 ml/min/1.73 m<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0335">2,20</a>;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0160">∘The use of glitazone is not recommended.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430">21</a></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0565"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0165">•Lung diseases</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0060"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0170">∘Beta blockers are only relatively contraindicated in asthma, but not in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435">22</a>;</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0765"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0175">-Preferable: bisoprolol or nebivolol; carvedilol can also be used<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0370">9,22</a></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0065"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0180">∘Inhaled corticosteroids are preferable to oral corticosteroids<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0370">9,23</a>;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0185">∘Noninvasive ventilation can be added to conventional therapy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370">9</a></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0575"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0190">•Depression</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0070"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0195">∘Sertraline and escitalopram can be used<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0445">24,25</a>;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0200">∘Tricyclic antidepressants are not recommended.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0370">9,26</a></li></ul>Approach to heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0075"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0205">•Pharmacological therapy</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0080"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0210">∘Loop diuretics should be used to relieve congestion<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460">27</a>;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0215">∘The use of ARNI, ACEi/ARB, BB and MRA can be considered to reduce the risk of hospitalization due to HF or death.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375">10</a></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0580"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0220">•Identify and treat comorbidities.</li></ul>Approach to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0085"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0225">•Pharmacological therapy</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0090"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0230">∘Loop diuretics should be used to relieve congestion.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460">27</a></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0585"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0235">•Identify and treat comorbidities (e.g.: obesity, hypertension (HT), obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), coronary artery disease (CAD), type 2 diabetes).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375">10</a></li></ul>Criteria for referral to a cardiology consultation (or internal medicine, depending on local resources)Heart failure with reduced or mildly reduced LVEF (≤49%)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0465">28</a><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0095"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0240">∘Patients with de novo HF;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0245">∘Patients with LVEF<50%.</li></ul>The decision of referral to a hospital consultation should not result in a delay in the initiation/optimization of prognostic-modifying therapy (see recommended therapies mentioned), which is useful for the cardiovascular protection of the patient while waiting for a hospital consultation.Heart failure with preserved LVEF (≥50%)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0465">28</a><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0100"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0250">∘Patients with preserved LVEF, who have had >2 hospitalizations/visits to the emergency department (ER) in one year, after excluding non-compliance with medication and lifestyle measures;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0255">∘Patients with suspected restrictive/infiltrative disease (e.g., cardiac amyloidosis);</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0260">∘Patients with suspected hypertrophic cardiomyopathy;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0265">∘Patients with moderate/severe pulmonary HT.</li></ul>Criteria for returning to primary healthcare and follow-up planCriteria for returning in heart failure with reduced or mildly reduced LVEF (≤49%)<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0105"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0270">•Patients with LVEF>35%, without devices, under maximum optimized therapy, without hospitalizations/decompensation episodes >1 year, with a concluded etiological evaluation.</li></ul>Criteria for returning in heart failure with preserved LVEF (≥50%)<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0110"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0275">•Patients without indication for further investigation and without indication for specific intervention.</li></ul>Heart failure follow-up plan in primary healthcare<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0115"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0280">•Before the hospital consultation:</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0120"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0285">∘Clinical, analytical and electrocardiogram (ECG) reassessment when titrating disease modifying drugs;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0290">∘Repeat transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) after three to six months of maximum optimized therapy.</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0590"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0295">•After discharge from hospital consultation:</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0125"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0300">∘Medical consultation and laboratory reassessment every six months;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0305">∘Annual ECG reassessment;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0310">∘In case the patient's clinical condition worsens, reassess ECG and TTE.</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0595"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0315">•In case of complications or worsening of the clinical condition, consider the possibility of contacting the referral center.</li></ul>HypertensionDefinitionHypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure (SBP)≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP)≥90 mmHg, at the doctor's office.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0470">29,30</a>Evaluation and risk stratification of hypertensive patients in primary healthcareOnce the diagnosis of HT has been confirmed, the patients’ assessment should meet the following objectives<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0475">30</a>:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0135"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0325">•Identify signs of secondary HT;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0330">•Detect target organ damage;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0335">•Assist in cardiovascular risk stratification;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0340">•Assess the existence of other associated pathologies that may influence the prognosis and treatment of HT.</li></ul>In PHC, the GP should perform a clinical history and complete objective examination, as well as request relevant tests.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470">29</a>Cardiovascular risk assessmentThe cardiovascular (CV) risk associated with the different HT stages is described in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>DiagnosisRecommended exams to diagnose HT are summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia>TREATMENTA suggested treatment algorithm for HT is presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Therapeutic goals (in the doctor's office)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0480">31</a>:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0140"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0345">•18–65 years:</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0145"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0350">∘Initial goal: blood pressure (BP) <140/90 mmHg;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0355">∘If well tolerated, SBP should be between 120–130 mmHg and DBP between 70–79 mmHg;</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0600"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0360">•>65 years:</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0150"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0365">∘SBP 130–140 mmHg and DBP 70–79 mmHg, regardless of CVD history.</li></ul>When and how to refer to a hospital consultationReferral criteria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0475">30,31</a><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0155"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0370">•Refractory HT (uncontrolled, with SBP>140 mmHg and/or DBP>90 mmHg, despite treatment with three antihypertensives from different drug classes at maximum tolerated doses, one of which is a diuretic);</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0375">•HT in young patients (<35 years);</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0380">•White coat HT and masked according to clinical judgment, of high and very high cardiovascular risk according to SCORE and for diagnostic clarification;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0385">•Suspected secondary HT, according to the following criteria:</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0160"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0390">∘Young patients (<40 years) with grade 2 HT or onset of any degree of HT in childhood;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0395">∘Acute worsening of the BP profile in patients, complying with therapy, with previously documented stable normotension or severe HT (grade 3) or hypertensive emergency;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0400">∘Refractory HT;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0405">∘Presence of relevant target organ damage;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0410">∘Clinical or biochemical characteristics suggestive of endocrine causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) or HT (in this context it may be important to also refer to the respective medical specialties);</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0415">∘Clinical features suggestive of obstructive sleep apnea (excessive daytime sleepiness, loud snoring, observed episodes of interrupted breathing during sleep, abrupt awakenings accompanied by gasping or choking, waking with a dry mouth or sore throat, morning headache, difficulty concentrating during the day);</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0420">∘Symptoms suggestive of pheochromocytoma or family history of pheochromocytoma.</li></ul>Follow-up plan in primary healthcareCriteria for returning to PHC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0480">31</a><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0165"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0425">•Properly controlled BP.</li></ul>Follow-up<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0480">31</a><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0170"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0430">•Lifestyle modification (healthy diet and physical activity).</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0435">•Initial BP reduction in 1–2 weeks, which may continue to decrease over two months.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0440">•Initial reassessment in the first month and follow-up dependent on the severity and comorbidities, with a maximum interval of six months (in medical and/or nursing consultation).</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0445">•Procedures for surveillance in general practice:</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0175"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0450">∘Demonstrate BP control, compliance and tolerance to treatment;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0455">∘Assess target organ damage;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0460">∘Assess persistence and/or emergence of new cardiovascular risk factors;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0465">∘Reinforce recommendations for lifestyle changes;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0470">∘Regular exams:</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0180"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0475">•Glycemia, lipid profile, uricemia, creatinine, microalbuminuria: annually.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0480">•ECG every two years if the previous one is normal.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0485">•Potassium: after one month of treatment and annually if the patient is treated with diuretic/ACEi/ARB/spironolactone.</li></ul>SyncopeDefinitionTransient loss of consciousness due to cerebral hypoperfusion, characterized by sudden onset of short duration and spontaneous and complete recovery, accompanied by loss of postural tone<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485">32</a>;Presyncope are the signs and symptoms (dizziness, blurred vision, nausea, paleness, warmth, perspiration, others) that precede loss of consciousness in syncope<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485">32</a>;Syncope is very common in the community and 20–50% of the adult population will have at least one syncope throughout life.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485">32</a>Initial approach to the patient and assessment in primary health careGiven the very different prognosis of the various forms of syncope, an accurate diagnosis is fundamental. After excluding other forms of non-syncope transient loss of consciousness, such as convulsion or psychogenic forms, syncope can be divided into three major etiological groups: reflex, due to orthostatic hypotension, or cardiac.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490">33</a>Approximately 10–20% of patients may remain without an etiological diagnosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0495">34</a> Up to one third of these patients will experience recurrence of syncope.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500">35</a>Clinical history and physical examinationWith a careful clinical history and physical examination, which should include an orthostatic test (BP measurement in decubitus and orthostatism) and carotid sinus massage in patients over 40 years (usually performed in a hospital setting), up to 85% of all patients may have an etiological diagnosis (see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0490">33,36</a><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia>In the context of PHC, the approach in terms of initial diagnostic exams will include:<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490">33</a><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0200"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0525">∘Basic laboratory evaluation;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0530">∘ECG;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0535">∘24 h Holter;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0540">∘TTE with Doppler study, particularly in the presence of known previous heart disease or when there are data suggestive of structural heart disease or cardiac syncope (see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>);</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0545">∘Stress test, if there are complaints of angina or syncope on exertion (preferably performed in a hospital setting).</li></ul>Dizziness is also common. It is a heterogeneous symptom, including feeling dizzy (sense of motion, accompanied by nausea, vomiting, paleness and diaphoresis), presyncope (perception of an imminent episode of fainting accompanied by paleness, diaphoresis and nausea) and imbalance (loss of balance without feeling of movement).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0510">37</a> The most frequent causes include peripheral vertigo, labyrinthitis, Menière disease, central vestibular causes, psychiatric diseases, hyperventilation and multifactorial causes. The prognosis of dizziness is usually favorable, unlike that of cardiac syncope.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0510">37</a>When to refer to cardiologyReferral criteria (cardiology consultation)<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0205"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0555">•Syncope suggestive of cardiac etiology:</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0210"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0560">∘Based on clinical criteria or after suggestive findings in diagnostic exams available in PHC (ECG, TTE, stress test, laboratory tests) (see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>);</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0605"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0565">•Recurrent syncope, even if of unlikely cardiac etiology;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0570">•Syncope in patients with pacemakers or other devices;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0575">•Syncope of unlikely cardiac etiology, but in patients with high risk professions (heavy-duty drivers, divers, etc.).</li></ul>Referral criteria (emergency department)<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0215"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0580">•Syncope and<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490">33</a>:</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0220"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0585">∘Documented 2nd or 3rd degree AV block (ECG or Holter);</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0590">∘Documented alternating branch block (ECG or Holter);</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0595">∘Trifascicular block (ECG or Holter);</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0600">∘Severe aortic stenosis;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0605">∘Severe depression of left ventricular function;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0610">∘Severe pulmonary HT;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0615">∘ICD shock;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0620">∘Suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS);</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0625">∘Suspected pulmonary thromboembolism;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0630">∘Suspected dissection of the aorta;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0635">∘Traumatic brain injury.</li></ul>Follow-up plan in primary health care and discharge criteria from the cardiology consultationAfter evaluation in an external hospital consultation (often involving neurology and psychiatry), a final diagnosis is normally achieved in approximately 80% of patients, and this will determine the therapeutic approach.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0515">38</a>Criteria for return to primary healthcare<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490">33</a><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0230"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0645">•Cardiac syncope:</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0235"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0650">∘Treated with implantable devices (follow-up at devices consultation);</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0655">∘Treated by ablation, surgery or pharmacological control (may be discharged or followed-up in a specific consultation, depending on the situation, but only after a period of at least one year without symptoms).</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0610"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0660">•Syncope of unknown etiology with implanted event recording device (follow-up at device consultation);</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0665">•Reflex syncope without indication for pacemaker implantation and with clinical improvement after the establishment of general and/or pharmacological measures;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0670">•Syncope due to orthostatic hypotension and with clinical improvement after the establishment of general and/or pharmacological measures.</li></ul>Follow-up<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490">33</a><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0240"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0675">•The therapeutic approach to most patients with syncope of non-cardiac etiology (reflex or due to orthostatic hypotension) involves reassurance, general measures and adjustment of established therapy;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0680">•The follow-up is based on the evaluation of the response to these measures over time;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0685">•Patients with syncope of non-cardiac etiology (reflex or due to orthostatic hypotension) or of unknown etiology may have syncope recurrences;</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0245"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0690">∘In these cases, the approach is summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Table 5</a>. Some of the approaches can be addressed in PHC.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0615"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0695">•Patients with recurrent syncope despite the initial approach or who have begun high risk professions should be re-referred for consultation.</li></ul>Valve diseasesThe definition and the main points in the diagnosis of valve diseases, as well as the referral criteria and follow-up plan are presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0030">Table 6</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0030"></elsevierMultimedia>Chronic coronary syndromesDefinitionAtherosclerotic CAD is a chronic progressive disease associated with a continuous high risk of long-term cardiovascular events.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0520">39</a> The risk of instability increases with insufficient control of cardiovascular risk factors, suboptimal lifestyle modifications, poor adherence to medical therapy or the presence of large areas of myocardial ischemia.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0520">39,40</a>DiagnosisEvaluating signs and symptoms<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0530">41,42</a><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0250"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0700">•Typical angina: presence of the three characteristics:</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0255"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0705">∘chest pain or discomfort (feels like pressure or squeezing);</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0710">∘precipitated by physical exertion;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0715">∘relieved at rest or with nitrates.</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0620"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0720">•Atypical angina: presence of two of the previous characteristics;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0725">•Non-anginous chest pain: presence of one or none of the previous characteristics;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0730">•Assess: precipitating factors (severe anemia, poorly controlled HT, dysrhythmias, hyperthyroidism, smoking or contraceptive use), atherosclerotic disease in other territories (cerebral, carotid and lower limbs) and erectile dysfunction.</li></ul>Initial exams<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0535">42</a><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0260"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0735">•Basic laboratory evaluation;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0740">•ECG at rest;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0745">•Chest X-ray (symptoms of heart failure or lung disease);</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0750">•TTE.</li></ul>Assess the pre-test probability and clinical probability of obstructive coronary artery disease<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0535">42</a><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0265"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0755">•When CAD is suspected, determine the pre-test probability (PTP). PTPs of CAD according to age and to nature of symptoms are presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0035">Table 7</a>;<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0035"></elsevierMultimedia></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0760">•In patients with low PTP (5–15%), the presence of other determinants of increased risk, such as cardiovascular risk factors, changes in ECG at rest, left ventricular dysfunction, abnormal stress test and coronary calcification should be considered.</li></ul>Selection of coronary artery disease diagnostic exam<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0535">42,43</a>First-line exams in patients with intermediate probability (PTP>15%):<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0270"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0765">I.Non-invasive functional imaging for the determination of ischemia:</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0275"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0770">•Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS);</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0775">•Stress TTE.</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0625"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0780">II.Anatomical evaluation with computed tomography coronary angiogram (CTCA)</li></ul>The stress test has a low performance in the confirmation or exclusion of the disease.In the case of high clinical probability of CAD, persistence of symptoms under medical therapy, typical angina at low level of exertion or high risk of cardiovascular events – invasive coronary angiography may be indicated (refer to urgent cardiology consultation).Action plan in primary health careNon-pharmacological measures<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0545">44</a>:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0285"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0795">•Lifestyle modification and aggressive control of all cardiovascular risk factors.</li></ul>Pharmacological measures<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0535">42,44</a>:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0290"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0800">•Anti-angina therapy:</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0295"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0805">∘1st line: BB at maximum tolerated dose (MTD);</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0810">∘2nd line: CCB, ivabradine, nicorandil, ranolazine, trimetazidine and long-acting nitrates (nitroglycerin, isosorbide dinitrate and isosorbide mononitrate).</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0630"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0815">•Antithrombotic therapy:</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0300"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0820">∘Before hospital referral:</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0305"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0825">•If ischemia was unequivocally demonstrated and the patient has an appropriate clinical risk profile, aspirin can be started;</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0635"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0830">∘After elective angioplasty:</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0310"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0835">•Aspirin (ASA) 100 and clopidogrel 75 for at least 6 months; in case of high hemorrhagic risk: 1–3 months;</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0640"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0840">∘After acute coronary syndrome:</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0315"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0845">•Dual antiplatelet therapy (ASA+ticagrelor 90 mg or prasugrel 10 mg; if unavailable or contraindicated, clopidogrel);</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0645"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0850">•For at least 12 months;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0855">•Long-term extension with ticagrelor 60 mg in patients at high (IIa) or moderate (IIb) risk of ischemic events: diffuse multivessel CAD associated with comorbidities (diabetes, recurrent myocardial infarction (MI), peripheral artery disease, or CKD), without high hemorrhagic risk and who tolerate dual antiplatelet therapy during the first year;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0860">•Alternatively to DAPT, may consider intensification with rivaroxaban 2.5 mg therapy in combination with aspirin in patients who had an myocardial infarction at least one year before or in cases of CCS with multivessel CAD;</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0650"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0865">•In patients with indication for long-term oral anticoagulation therapy (AF):</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0655"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0870">∘Hospitalization: Aspirin+clopidogrel+anticoagulant;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0875">∘First year: Clopidogrel+oral anticoagulant (direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC));</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0880">∘>12 months: oral anticoagulant (DOAC).</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0660"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0885">•Hypolipemic therapy:</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0320"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0890">∘Therapeutic goals:</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0325"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0895">•LDL-c<55 mg/dL and reduction of at least 50% relative to baseline;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0900">•In the presence of second event within two years: LDL-c<40 mg/dL;</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0665"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0905">∘Recommended drugs: statins at MTD, ezetimibe and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) (available at hospital level)</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0670"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0910">•Antihypertensive therapy:</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0330"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0915">∘Therapeutic goal: BP<130 mmHg, if tolerated;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0920">∘Recommended drugs: BB and/or ACEi; if necessary add other drugs;</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0675"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0925">•Antidiabetic therapy:</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0335"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0930">∘1st line: SGLT2i and GLP-1 analogues, due to their impact on the reduction of CV events.</li></ul>When and how to refer to cardiologyReferral criteriaReferral to the emergency department<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0535">42</a>:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0340"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0935">•Suspected ACS;</li></ul>Referral for cardiology consultation:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0345"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0940">•Initial clinical evaluation suggestive of high risk events:</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0350"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0945">∘High clinical probability of CAD;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0950">∘Persistence of symptoms under optimized medical therapy;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0955">∘Typical angina at low level of exertion (in the context of daily life activities);</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0960">∘Carotid disease or symptomatic peripheral artery disease in patients with ischemic cardiopathy;</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0680"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0965">•Significant de novo ischemia (MPS with ischemic area ≥10% of the myocardium);</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0970">•Significant lesions in CTCA (CAD RADS >3: severe coronary stenosis [70-99%)], left main >50% or 3-vessel obstructive [≥70%] disease, total coronary occlusion [100%]).</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0975">•Left ventricular dysfunction (LVEF<50%).</li></ul>Important information to be included in the consultation request<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0355"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0980">•Signs, symptoms, cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0985">•Results of exams;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0990">•Response to established therapy.</li></ul>Follow-up plan in primary healthcareCriteria of return to PHCPatients with controlled cardiovascular symptoms and risk factors after diagnosis and therapeutic optimization by a cardiologist.Follow-upAfter initial diagnosis or CV event, consultation at three and six months, annually thereafter<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0535">42</a>:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0360"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0995">•Clinical evaluation, lifestyle modification, cardiovascular RF control and adherence to therapy;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1000">•Routine exams:</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0365"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1005">•Basic laboratory evaluation;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1010">•ECG at rest;</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0685"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1015">•TTE: 1 year (if previously abnormal) or periodically (every 3–5 years);</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1020">•Non-invasive imaging exam: change in the level of symptoms or periodically (every 3-5 years) for ischemia assessment.</li></ul>Arrhythmias and palpitationsDefinitionBradycardia is characterized by a HR <60 bpm and can be caused by a dysfunction in the sinus node, an atrioventricular block or a block in conduction. Tachycardia is characterized by a HR >100 bpm and can be ventricular or supraventricular.Palpitations result from an unconfortable perception of the heartbeat by the patient. Two types of palpitations are identified:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0370"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1025">•Normal palpitations – they occur due to exercise, emotion, stress, or after ingestion of substances that increase adrenergic activity or decrease vagal activity;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1030">•Abnormal palpitations – they occur for no reason and can be fast or strong/slow. These palpitations may indicate cardiac arrhythmia. However, most people who have electrical conduction disturbances experience syncope, and chest pain, rather than palpitations.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0550">45–49</a></li></ul>Differential diagnosisExams to be requested in an outpatient contextLaboratory evaluation:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0375"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1035">•Baseline laboratory assessment plus evaluation of the thyroid function and of potassium and magnesium levels<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0575">50</a>;</li></ul>ECG at rest and Holter:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0380"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1040">•Immediate electrocardiographic monitoring if arrhythmic syncope is suspected.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0575">50,51</a></li></ul>Treadmill stress test to assess chronotropic incompetence or onset of conduction disorders on exertion<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0575">50,52</a>;Refer to TTE:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0385"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1045">•If there is known previous heart disease or when data are suggestive of structural and functional left ventricular (LV) heart disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0575">50,53</a></li></ul>Action plan in primary health careNon-pharmacological and pharmacological treatment<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0390"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1050">•Bradycardia: the dose of drugs that may be inducing bradycardia should be adjusted and secondary causes, such as hypothyroidism, should be excluded.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0565">48</a></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1055">•In the context of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, antiarrhythmic drugs may play an important role in their control, particularly in atrial fibrillation (AF) and in some specific arrhythmias.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0565">48,50</a></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1060">•With the exception of BB, currently available antiarrhythmic drugs are not effective in the primary treatment of patients with potentially fatal ventricular arrhythmias or in preventing sudden cardiac death. Each drug has significant potential to cause adverse events, including pro-arrhythmia.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0575">50</a></li></ul>When and how to refer to cardiologyReferral criteria<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0395"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1065">•Ventricular or supraventicular extrasystole:</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0400"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1070">∘Evidence of cardiopathy associated with systolic LV dysfunction, myocardial ischemia, valve pathology, or cardiomyopathies;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1075">∘Typical ECG abnormalities (Wolff-Parkison-White, long QT, Brugada);</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1080">∘Intense associated symptomatology;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1085">∘Complex or frequent ventricular premature beats (>5000 EVs/24 h);</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1090">∘Supraventricular premature beats (≥10/hour) in patients who remain symptomatic after a first therapeutic approach with a beta-blocker or at risk of developing AF.</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0690"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1095">•Bradycardia:</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0405"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1100">∘In the context of syncope (see syncope's chapter);</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1105">∘When associated with dizziness or tiredness;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1110">∘Patients with pacemakers – for regular follow-up (if they have missed the follow-up at device consultation).</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0695"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1115">•Supraventricular tachycardias:</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0410"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1120">∘Documented and maintained supraventricular paroxysmal tachycardia;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1125">∘If associated with the presence of Wolff-Parkinson-White pattern;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1130">∘Atria flutter or AF (see AF's chapter).</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0700"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1135">•Ventricular tachycardias on Holter:</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0415"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1140">∘Sustained ventricular tachycardias (>30 seconds or symptomatic) – refer to the emergency department;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1145">∘Non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, even if asymptomatic, if:</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0420"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1150">•Typical ECG abnormalities (Wolff-Parkison-White, long QT, Brugada).</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1155">•Cardiac structural changes (depressed function, CAD, valve disease, myocardiopathy, family history of sudden death).</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0705"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1160">•Palpitations:</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0425"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1165">∘Patients with frequent or persistent palpitations;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1170">∘Sustained rapid palpitations;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1175">∘Significant associated symptoms:</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0430"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1180">•Pre-syncope/syncope (consider the situation context);</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1185">•Shortness of breath;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1190">•Chest pain;</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0710"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1195">∘Family history of recurrent syncope or sudden death;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1200">∘ECG or echocardiographic anomalies (see above).</li></ul>Follow-up plan in primary health care and re-referral criteria to cardiology consultation after dischargeFollow-up will depend on the type of arrhythmia, whether there is concomitant hospital follow-up, whether a device has been implanted (which requires specific follow-up), or whether an antiarrhythmic drug has been prescribed.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0575">50</a>Atrial fibrillationDefinitionSupraventricular arrhythmia, characterized by irregular RR intervals and absence of P-wave on ECG (duration>30 s).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0595">54</a>Evaluation of the patient with atrial fibrillation in primary health care<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0445"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1215">•Clinical history, comorbidities, AF pattern, thromboembolic risk, symptoms<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0600">55</a>;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1220">•Modified European Heart Rhythm Association scale of symptoms (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0040">Table 8</a>)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0605">56</a>;<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0040"></elsevierMultimedia></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1225">•12-lead ECG<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0595">54</a>;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1230">•Baseline laboratory evaluation plus ionogram and thyroid hormone levels<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0595">54</a>;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1235">•TTE: assessment of left atrium dimensions, structural cardiopathy;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0595">54</a></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1240">•Holter<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0595">54</a>;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1245">•Non-invasive ischemia test (MPS, coronary angio-CT) – in patients with suspected CAD<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0595">54</a>;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1250">•Brain CT – in patients with suspected stroke.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0595">54</a></li></ul>Classification<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0595">54</a><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0450"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1255">•Paroxysmal AF: ends spontaneously or with intervention up to seven days;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1260">•Persistent AF: AF lasting >7 days, including episodes terminated by electrical or pharmacological cardioversion;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1265">•Long-term persistent AF: continuous AF with duration ≥1 year, subject to rhythm control strategy;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1270">•Permanent AF: long-term continuous AF under heart rate control strategy (where the possibility of conversion to sinus rhythm is excluded).</li></ul>Action plan in primary health careIntegrated approach to patient-centered atrial fibrillation<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0595">54</a><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0455"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1275">•A - Anticoagulation</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0460"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1280">i.Stroke risk assessment, according to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0045">Table 9</a><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0610">57</a><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0045"></elsevierMultimedia></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0465"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1285">∘CHA2DS2-VASc score 0 in men and 1 in women:</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0470"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1290">a.No indication for antithrombotic therapy;</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0715"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1295">∘CHA2DS2-VASc=1 in men or =2 in women:</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0475"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1300">a.Oral anticoagulant (OAC) should be considered (IIa);</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0720"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1305">∘CHA2DS2-VASc ≥2 in men or ≥3 in women:</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0480"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1310">a.OAC is recommended (Ia);</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0725"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1315">ii.Hemorrhagic risk assessment, according to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0045">Table 9</a><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0615">58</a></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0485"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1320">∘Identify modifiable hemorrhagic risk factor;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1325">∘HAS-BLED≥3:</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0490"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1330">a.Control all modifiable hemorrhagic RF;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1335">b.Regular patient evaluation;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1340">c.No reason to discontinue or to not initiate anticoagulation.</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0730"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1345">iii.Treatment selection<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0595">54</a></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0495"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1350">∘DOACs are recommended as 1st line</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1355">∘Vitamin K antagonist – as DOAC are contraindicated in patients with:</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0500"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1360">a.Mechanical valve prostheses;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1365">b.Moderate-severe mitral stenosis.</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0735"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1370">•B - Symptom control<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0595">54</a></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0505"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1375">i.Heart rate control:</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0510"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1380">∘Evaluation of comorbidities</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0515"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1385">a.None or HT or HFpEF: BB or non-dihydropiridine CCB (verapamil, diltiazem);</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1390">b.HFrEF: BB;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1395">c.Severe COPD or asthma: non-dihydropiridine CCB (verapamil, diltiazem);</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1400">d.Pre-excited AF/Atrial flutter: ablation.</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0740"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1405">∘Combination of various drugs, including digoxin and amiodarone;</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0745"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1410">ii.Heart rhythm control:</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0520"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1415">∘Propafenone (patients without structural cardiopathy); Flecainide may be an alternative after cardiology assessment;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1420">∘Amiodarone (patients with structural cardiopathy);</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1425">∘Electrical cardioversion.</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0750"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1430">•C - Control comorbidities and RF<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0595">54</a>:</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0525"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1435">∘HT, type 2 diabetes, obesity, sleep apnea syndrome, dyslipidemia, HF, CAD, COPD, severe asthma, advanced age, genetic alterations, physical inactivity, alcohol and tobacco consumption;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1440">∘Aggressive control of risk factors, lifestyle modification;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1445">∘Clinical stabilization of comorbidities.</li></ul>When and how to refer to cardiologyReferral criteria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0595">54,55</a><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0530"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1450">•Patients with indication for rhythm control strategy, unresponsive to pharmacological therapy (for possible electrical cardioversion);</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1455">•Patients who remain symptomatic under appropriate therapy and with controlled ventricular response;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1460">•Patients with hard to control ventricular response (mean heart rate in Holter 24 hours >110 bpm after therapy optimization or bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome);</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1465">•Patient with mean HR<45/min, documentation of pauses >3.0 seconds during the day, or >4.0 seconds at night;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1470">•Symptoms associated with AF: angina, HF, syncope, hypotension;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1475">•Structural cardiopathy associated with AF, unable to control in PHC;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1480">•Complications associated with treatment:</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0535"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1485">∘Thromboembolic: major hemorrhage, thromboembolism, international normalized ratio outside therapeutic target.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1490">∘Cardiac arrhythmia: AF with rapid ventricular response, tachycardia, or ventricular fibrillation.</li></ul>Follow-up plan in primary health careThe management of patients with AF should be multidisciplinary with an effective communication between primary and secondary health care. The goals of follow-up for patients with AF in PHC are<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0595">54,55</a>:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0540"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1495">•Prevent stoke;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1500">•Educate the patient about their condition:</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0545"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1505">∘Establish goals and/or action plan, management of exacerbations;</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0755"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1510">•Optimize the treatment of symptoms such as heart rate and heart rhythm control;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1515">•Control all cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1520">•Encourage lifestyle changes:</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0550"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1525">∘Smoking cessation, weight loss, physical activity;</li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0760"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1530">•Promote therapeutic adherence;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1535">•Monitor diagnostic exams (according to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0050">Table 10</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0050"></elsevierMultimedia></li></ul>ConclusionThis document does not contain official guidelines but should be viewed rather as an additional tool for the correct referral of patients. Thus, local validation of these recommendations with the referral hospital and the primary health care network is recommended. Although the references cited are based mainly on guidelines from international scientific societies, this document does not intend to be a summary of those guidelines nor does it aim to replace them. On the contrary, it aims to put these recommendations into perspective, taking into account daily clinical practice, especially considering the limitations of access to diagnostic exams and the particularities of the Portuguese national referral network.Conflicts of interestRui Baptista has received fees for consultancy services and congress attendance from AstraZeneca, Janssen, Ferrer, Bial, Bayer, Novartis, Servier, Medinfar, Jaba-Recordati, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Pfizer, Bristol Myers-Squibb e Vifor Pharma. Silvia Monteiro has received advisory board participation fees from Astrazeneca, Amgen and Bayer in the areas of chronic coronary syndromes and atrial fibrillation and is a subinvestigator in the clinical trials RE-LY, ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48, EMPA-REG OUTCOME, IMPROVE-IT, FOURIER, ODYSSEY OUTCOMES, VESALIUS, CAROLINA and CARMELINA. Sara Gonçalves has received consultant fees from AstraZeneca and Servier and speaker fees from Bial and Novartis. Tiago Maricoto, Jordana Dias, Helena Febra and Victor Gil have no conflicts of interest to declare.FundingFinancial support for the preparation of this article was provided by AstraZeneca. AstraZeneca had no role in the writing of the report and in the decision to submit the article for publication." 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=> "Approach to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0085" "titulo" => "Criteria for referral to a cardiology consultation (or internal medicine, depending on local resources)" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0090" "titulo" => "Heart failure with reduced or mildly reduced LVEF (≤49%)" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0095" "titulo" => "Heart failure with preserved LVEF (≥50%)" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0100" "titulo" => "Criteria for returning to primary healthcare and follow-up plan" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0105" "titulo" => "Criteria for returning in heart failure with reduced or mildly reduced LVEF (≤49%)" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0110" "titulo" => "Criteria for returning in heart failure with preserved LVEF (≥50%)" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0115" "titulo" => "Heart failure follow-up plan in primary healthcare" ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0120" "titulo" => "Hypertension" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0125" "titulo" => "Definition" ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0130" "titulo" => "Evaluation and risk stratification of hypertensive patients in primary healthcare" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0135" "titulo" => "Cardiovascular risk assessment" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0140" "titulo" => "Diagnosis" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0145" "titulo" => "TREATMENT" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0150" "titulo" => "Therapeutic goals (in the doctor's office):" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0155" "titulo" => "When and how to refer to a hospital consultation" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0160" "titulo" => "Referral criteria" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0165" "titulo" => "Follow-up plan in primary healthcare" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0170" "titulo" => "Criteria for returning to PHC" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0175" "titulo" => "Follow-up" ] ] ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0180" "titulo" => "Syncope" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0185" "titulo" => "Definition" ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0190" "titulo" => "Initial approach to the patient and assessment in primary health care" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0195" "titulo" => "Clinical history and physical examination" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0200" "titulo" => "When to refer to cardiology" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0205" "titulo" => "Referral criteria (cardiology consultation)" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0210" "titulo" => "Referral criteria (emergency department)" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0215" "titulo" => "Follow-up plan in primary health care and discharge criteria from the cardiology consultation" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0220" "titulo" => "Criteria for return to primary healthcare" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0225" "titulo" => "Follow-up" ] ] ] ] ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0230" "titulo" => "Valve diseases" ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0235" "titulo" => "Chronic coronary syndromes" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0240" "titulo" => "Definition" ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0245" "titulo" => "Diagnosis" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0250" "titulo" => "Evaluating signs and symptoms" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0255" "titulo" => "Initial exams" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0260" "titulo" => "Assess the pre-test probability and clinical probability of obstructive coronary artery disease" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0265" "titulo" => "Selection of coronary artery disease diagnostic exam" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0270" "titulo" => "Action plan in primary health care" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0275" "titulo" => "Non-pharmacological measures:" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0280" "titulo" => "Pharmacological measures:" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0285" "titulo" => "When and how to refer to cardiology" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0290" "titulo" => "Referral criteria" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0295" "titulo" => "Referral to the emergency department:" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0300" "titulo" => "Referral for cardiology consultation:" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0305" "titulo" => "Important information to be included in the consultation request" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0310" "titulo" => "Follow-up plan in primary healthcare" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0315" "titulo" => "Criteria of return to PHC" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0320" "titulo" => "Follow-up" ] ] ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0325" "titulo" => "Arrhythmias and palpitations" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0330" "titulo" => "Definition" ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0335" "titulo" => "Differential diagnosis" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0340" "titulo" => "Exams to be requested in an outpatient context" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0345" "titulo" => "Laboratory evaluation:" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0350" "titulo" => "ECG at rest and Holter:" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0355" "titulo" => "Treadmill stress test to assess chronotropic incompetence or onset of conduction disorders on exertion;" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0360" "titulo" => "Refer to TTE:" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0365" "titulo" => "Action plan in primary health care" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0370" "titulo" => "Non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatment" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0375" "titulo" => "When and how to refer to cardiology" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0380" "titulo" => "Referral criteria" ] ] ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0385" "titulo" => "Follow-up plan in primary health care and re-referral criteria to cardiology consultation after discharge" ] ] ] 12 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0390" "titulo" => "Atrial fibrillation" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0395" "titulo" => "Definition" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0400" "titulo" => "Evaluation of the patient with atrial fibrillation in primary health care" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0405" "titulo" => "Classification" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0410" "titulo" => "Action plan in primary health care" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0415" "titulo" => "Integrated approach to patient-centered atrial fibrillation" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0420" "titulo" => "When and how to refer to cardiology" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0425" "titulo" => "Referral criteria" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0430" "titulo" => "Follow-up plan in primary health care" ] ] ] ] ] 13 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0435" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 14 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0440" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 15 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0445" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 16 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2021-09-16" "fechaAceptado" => "2022-01-10" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1647814" "palabras" => array:10 [ 0 => "Hospital referral" 1 => "Cardiology consultation" 2 => "Primary health care" 3 => "Chronic coronary syndrome" 4 => "Heart Failure" 5 => "Syncope" 6 => "Arrhythmias" 7 => "Valvular disease" 8 => "Hypertension" 9 => "Atrial fibrillation" ] ] ] "pt" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palavras-chave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1647815" "palabras" => array:10 [ 0 => "Referenciação hospitalar" 1 => "Consulta de Cardiologia" 2 => "Cuidados de Saúde Primários" 3 => "Síndrome coronária crónica" 4 => "Insuficiência cardíaca" 5 => "Síncope" 6 => "Arritmias" 7 => "Doença valvular" 8 => "Hipertensão" 9 => "Fibrilhação auricular" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "In Portugal, up to 38% of the population has cardiovascular disease, which highlights the importance of primary health care (PHC) in its management.Adequate management of people with cardiovascular disease often requires hospital referral for a cardiology consultation. However, it is not always easy to ascertain which situations should be referred, especially given that PHC does not have access to all diagnostic exams recommended by international guidelines, such as natriuretic peptides in heart failure or computed tomography coronary angiogram in chronic coronary syndromes, among others.The aim of this document is to describe a practical approach to the most frequent heart diseases that may require a referral for a hospital cardiology consultation. Thus, in the different chapters, the recommendations for referral are highlighted generically according to group of disease, as well as, albeit briefly, the initial clinical approach within the scope of PHC for a differential diagnosis and more efficient follow-up.A modified Metaplan methodology was used. A panel of 4 cardiology specialists and 3 specialists in General and Family Medicine developed this document, which should not be taken as an official guideline, but as additional guidance for the correct referral of patients. It is therefore advisable to validate these recommendations locally with the referral hospital, as well as to be aware of the respective international and national guidelines." ] "pt" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumo" "resumen" => "Em Portugal, até 38% da população sofre de doença cardiovascular, o que salienta a importância dos cuidados de saúde primários (CSP) na sua gestão.A gestão adequada da pessoa com doença cardiovascular obriga frequentemente à referenciação hospitalar para consulta de cardiologia. Contudo, nem sempre é fácil distinguir quais as situações mais prementes, principalmente tendo em conta que os CSP não têm acesso a todos os exames complementares de diagnóstico recomendados pelas guidelines internacionais, como por exemplo péptidos natriuréticos na insuficiência cardíaca ou angiografia por tomografia computorizada cardíaca nas síndromes coronárias crónicas, entre outros.O objetivo deste documento é descrever uma abordagem prática às patologias do foro cardiológico mais frequentes que podem requerer uma referenciação para consulta hospitalar de cardiologia. Assim, nos diferentes capítulos são destacadas as recomendações de referenciação de forma genérica, por grupo de patologias, bem como, ainda que de forma sucinta, a abordagem clínica inicial no âmbito dos CSP para um diagnóstico diferencial e acompanhamento crónico mais eficiente.Foi utilizada uma metodologia Metaplan modificada reunindo um painel de quatro especialistas em cardiologia e três especialistas em medicina geral e familiar que desenvolveram este documento, o qual deve ser entendido não como uma norma oficial, mas sim como um instrumento de orientação adicional para o correto encaminhamento dos doentes. É por isso aconselhada a validação local destas recomendações com o hospital de referência, bem como a leitura das respetivas guidelines internacionais e nacionais." ] ] "multimedia" => array:12 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 4212 "Ancho" => 2925 "Tamanyo" => 1251933 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Diagnostic algorithm and classification of the type of heart failure.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375">10</a>aThe key structural changes (left atrium dilation and/or left ventricular hypertrophy) are characterized by LAVI>34 mL/m2 or an LVMI≥115 g/m2 in men and ≥95 g/m2 in women or relative wall thickness >0.42. The key functional changes are an E/e’ at rest ≥9, PA systolic pressure >35 mmHg and a TR velocity at rest >2.8 m/s. AF: atrial fibrillation; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; CAD: coronary artery disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ECG: electrocardiogram; HF: heart failure; LAVI: left atrial volume index; LVMI: left ventricular mass index; MI: myocardial infarction; NT-proBNP: N-terminal fragment of type B natriuretic peptide; OSAS: obstructive sleep apnea syndrome; PA: pulmonary arterial; T2DM: type 2 diabetes; TR: tricuspid regurgitation." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1249 "Ancho" => 2925 "Tamanyo" => 369696 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Suggested therapeutic regimen for the management of hypertension.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0480">31</a>aCKD is defined as eGFR<60 ml/min/1.72 m2 with or without proteinuria; bpreferential use of loop diuretics if eGFR<30 ml/min/1.72 m2, due to thiazide diuretics or similar being much less effective when eGFR is reduced to these levels; ccaution: risk of hyperkalemia with spironolactone, especially when eGFR is less than 45 ml/min/1.72 m2 or when basal kalemia ≥4.5 mmol/L. ACEi: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; BP: blood pressure; CCB: calcium channel blocker; CKD: chronic kidney disease; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HF: heart failure." ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0055" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "ACC/AHA: American Colleage of Cardiology/American Heart Association; HF: Heart Failure; NYHA: New York Heart Association" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">ACC/AHA stages</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">NYHA functional classification</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Stage A \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Risk of developing HF, with no structural cardiac changes or symptoms \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Not applicable</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Stage B \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Structural heart disease with no signs or symptoms \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Class I \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Asymptomatic \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Stage C</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Structural heart disease with current or previous HF symptoms</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Class I \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Asymptomatic \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Class II \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Symptomatic with moderate physical activity \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Class III \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Symptomatic with minimal physical activity \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Class IV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Symptomatic at rest \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Stage D \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Refractory heart failure requiring specialized intervention \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Class IV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Symptomatic at rest \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3184000.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Classification of Heart Failure regarding cardiac structural changes (ACC/AHA) and function (NYHA).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0465">28</a>" ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "CV: cardiovascular; CVD: cardiovascular disease; CKD: chronic kidney disease; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HT: hypertension; RF: risk factors; SBP: systolic blood pressure; TOD: target organ damage." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tablaImagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagenFichero" => "fx1.jpeg" "imagenAlto" => 1634 "imagenAncho" => 2667 "imagenTamanyo" => 392426 ] ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Stratification of total CV risk in low (yellow), moderate (orange), high (red) and very high (dark red) risk categories according to SBP and DBP.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0480">31</a>" ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at3" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "ECG: electrocardiogram; HF: heart failure; IMT: Intima-media thickness; LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy; RF: risk factors; TOD: target organ damage; TTE: transthoracic echocardiogram." "tablatextoimagen" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Recommended exams for all hypertensive patients \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">• Basic laboratory evaluation;• Serum potassium and sodium;• Serum uric acid;• Urine analysis: microscopic examination, proteinuria by dipstick test, microalbuminuria test;• 12-lead ECG;• Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, if available, for diagnosis and treatment surveillance. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3183999.png" ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Recommended exams in specific populations for TOD research</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Chest X-ray \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Clinical suspicion of cardiac and/or pulmonary involvementDilation or aortic aneurysm (if TTE not available)Suspected coarctation of the aorta \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Signs of LVH on ECG or in patients with clinical suspicion of HF \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Albuminuria \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Hypertensive patients with diabetes, metabolic syndrome, or with two or more RFNormal values <30 mg/24 h \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Carotid echo/doppler \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Carotid murmur, signs of cerebrovascular disease, atherosclerotic disease in other areas.IMT values >0.9 mm and/or atherosclerotic plaques \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Renal echo/doppler \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Patients with abdominal masses or abdominal murmur \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3184006.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Recommended exams<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0470">29,31</a>" ] ] 5 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0020" "etiqueta" => "Table 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at4" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "AF: atrial fibrillation; AV: atrio-ventricular; BBB: bundle branch block; ECG: electrocardiogram; VT: ventricular tachycardia." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Reflex syncope \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Syncope due to orthostatic hypotension \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Cardiac syncope \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">• Long history of recurrent syncope, particularly occurring before 40 years of age;• After unpleasant vision, sound, smell or pain;• Prolonged orthostatism;• During the meal;• To be in crowded and/or hot places;• Autonomic activation before syncope: paleness, perspiration and/or nausea/vomiting;• With rotation of the head or pressure in the carotid sinus (such as in tumors, shaving, tight collars);• Absence of heart disease. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">• While or after standing;• Prolonged orthostatism;• Standing after exertion;• Postprandial hypotension;• Temporal relationship with onset or alteration of the dosage of vasodepressor or diuretic drugs leading to hypotension;• Presence of autonomic neuropathy or Parkinson's disease. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">• During exertion or in supine position;• Palpitations of sudden onset immediately followed by syncope;• Family history of unexplained sudden death at an early age;• Presence of structural heart disease (left ventricular dysfunction; moderate or severe valvular disease; cardiomyopathies; pulmonary hypertension);• Presence of coronary artery disease.ECG findings suggestive of arrhythmic syncope:• Bifascicular block (defined as left or right BBB combined with left anterior or posterior fascicular block);• Other intraventricular conduction anomalies (QRS duration ≥0.12 s);• Mobitz I second degree atrio-ventricular (AV) block and 1st degree AV block with markedly prolonged PR interval;• Mild asymptomatic inadequate sinus bradycardia (40-50 bpm) or slow AF (40-50 bpm) in the absence of negative chronotropic drugs;• Non-sustained VT;• Pre-excited QRS complexes (Wolff-Parkinson-White);• Long or short QT intervals;• Early repolarization;• Elevation of the ST segment with type 1 morphology on the V1-V3 leads (Brugada pattern);• Negative T waves on the right precordial leads, epsilon waves suggestive of arrhythmogenic right ventricle dysplasia;• Left ventricular hypertrophy suggesting hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.TTE findings suggestive of cardiac syncope (non-exhaustive list):• Obstructive valvular disease;• Cardiomyopathy pattern;• Left or right ventricular dysfunction;• Pulmonary hypertension;• Changes in segmental kinetics suggestive of ischemia. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3184003.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Signs and symptoms suggestive of reflex etiology, orthostatic hypotension or cardiac.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490">33</a>" ] ] 6 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0025" "etiqueta" => "Table 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at5" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "ACEi: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; CCB: calcium channel blocker; Od: daily; Tid: three times a day." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Reflex syncope</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Education, lifestyle changes and reassurance as to the benign nature of this condition</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Severe/recurrent type</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Low BP phenotypeYounger patients• Fludrocortisone• Midodrine \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">ProdromesYounger patients: Counter-pressure maneuvers; Orthostatic training \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Hypotensive drugsYounger and younger or older patientsSuspend/reduce hypotensive drugs \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Syncope due to orthostatic hypotension</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Education, lifestyle changes, hydration, and adequate saline intake</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Suspend/reduce vasoactive drugs</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">If symptoms persist:</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">a. Counter-pressure maneuvers (cross legs or hands or press with arms);b. Elastic compression stockings;c. Sleeping with raised headboard;d. Anti-hypertensives (ACEi, ARB, CCB) should be carefully used, especially in patients at high risk of falls;e. Midodrine (2.5–10 mg, tid);f. Fludrocortisone (0.1–0.3 mg od).</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3183997.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment of syncope.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490">33</a>" ] ] 7 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0030" "etiqueta" => "Table 6" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at6" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "AS: aortic stenosis; AR: aortic regurgitation; AVR: Aortic valve replacement; EROA: Effective regurgitant orifice area; HFrEF/p: Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction/preserved; INR: International normalized ratio; LV: left ventricular; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction; LVOT VTI: left ventricular outflow tract velocity-time integral; MR: mitral regurgitation; MS: mitral stenosis; MVA: Mitral valve area; PAP: Pulmonary arterial pressure; PHT: Pressure halftime; PISA: proximal isovelocity surface area; PT: Pulmonary thromboembolism; RF: Risk factors (previous PT and VT; recent surgery or immobilization; neoplasm; heart rate>100 bpm); TR: tricuspid regurgitation; TTE: Transthoracic echocardiogram; VCW: Vena contracta width; VKA: Vitamin K antagonist; VT: Venous thromboembolism; VTI: velocity-time integral." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Valve diseases \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Definition & diagnosis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Referral criteria \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Follow-up plan in PHC</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Aortic valve disease</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Aortic Stenosis (AS) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Systolic opening restriction due to degenerative disease (majority). In younger patients resulting from bicuspid aortic valve.Diagnosis:Natriuretic Peptides (if possible);Mode M and 2D and Doppler TTE:• Mild: Vmax>2.5 m/s or mean ΔP<20 mmHg; valvular area>1.5cm2; aortic VTI LVOT/VTI ratio >0.5• Moderate: Vmax 3.0–3.9 m/s or ΔP 20–39 mmHg; valvular area >1.0–1.5 cm2; aortic VTI LVOT/VTI ratio=0.25-0.5• Severe: Vmax≥4m/s or ΔP≥40mmHg; valvular area: ≤0.1 cm2; aortic VTI LVOT/VTI ratio <0.25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">i) Patients with severe ASii) Patients with moderate AS, symptomatic or with systolic dysfunction \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Echocardiographic control:Progressive lesion• Mild AS: 3–5 years;• Moderate AS: 1–2 years.Patients with severe AS will be followed-up at the hospital.</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Aortic Regurgitation (AR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Primary disease of the aortic valve cusps and/or anomalies of the aortic root and ascending aortic geometry. The primary causes of AR in adults are: degeneration of the aortic valve or root (with or without a bicuspid valve); rheumatic fever; infectious endocarditis; myxomatous degeneration; thoracic aortic aneurysm. In children, the most common cause is ventricular septal defect with aortic valve prolapse.Diagnosis:TTE:• Mild AR:∘ Semi-quantitative methods: Vena contracta width (VCW) <3 mm, PHT >500 ms;∘ Quantitative methods: EROA <10 mm2, regurgitant volume <30 ml;• Moderate AR:∘ Semi-quantitative methods: VCW ≥3-<6 mm, PHT ≥200-≤500 ms;∘ Quantitative methods:·Mild to moderate AR: EROA 10-19 mm2, regurgitant volume 30-44 ml;·Moderate to severe AR: EROA 20-29 mm2, regurgitant volume 45-59 ml;• Severe AR:∘ Semi-quantitative methods: VCW ≥6 mm, PHT <200 ms;∘ Quantitative methods: EROA ≥30 mm2, regurgitant volume ≥60 ml; \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">i) Documented severe AR in symptomatic and non-symptomatic patients;ii) Patients with moderate AR and LV dilation;iii) Patients with severe dilation of the aortic root;iv) Patients with Marfan syndrome with aortics root disease;v) Patients with aortic bicuspid;vi) Collagen diseases. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Echocardiographic control:Progressive lesion• Mild AR: 3–5 years;• Moderate AR: 1–2 years.Patients with severe AR will be followed-up at the hospital.</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Mitral valve disease</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Mitral Stenosis (MS) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Thickening and calcification of the mitral valve, resulting in blood flow restriction from the left atrium to the left ventricle due to a narrowed mitral passage.Mitral stenosis usually results from rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever occurs mainly in children following streptococcal pharyngitis or scarlet fever. In the elderly, it occurs mainly if they had rheumatic fever and did not undergo antibiotic therapy during their youth.Diagnosis:TTE:• Mild MS: mitral valve area (MVA) >1.5 cm2, mean gradient <5 mmHg, pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) <30 mmHg;• Moderate MS: MVA 1.0-1.5 cm2, mean gradient 5-10 mmHg, PAP 30-50 mmHg;• Severe MS: MVA <1.0 cm2, mean gradient >10 mmHg, PAP >50 mmHg; \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">i) Symptomatic and non-symptomatic patients with moderate/severe MS; \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Echocardiographic control:Progressive lesion3–5 years (MVA > 1.5 cm2).Patients with significant MS (MVA<1.5 cm2) will be followed-up at the hospital.</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Mitral Regurgitation (MR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">It is essential to distinguish primary from secondary MR. In primary MR, one or several components of the mitral valve apparatus are directly affected.Secondary MR may be of the atrial (secondary to atrial dilation – frequent in HFpEF) or ventricular (frequent in HFrEF) type.Diagnosis:TTE• Mild MR:∘ Semi-quantitative methods: VCW <3 mm;∘ Quantitative methods: EROA <20 mm2, regurgitant volume <30 ml;• Moderate MR:∘ Semi-quantitative methods: VCW ≥3-<7 mm;∘ Quantitative methods:· Mild to moderate MR: EROA 20-29 mm2, regurgitant volume 30-44 ml;· Moderate to severe MR: EROA 30-39 mm2, regurgitant volume 45-59 ml;• Severe MR:∘ Semi-quantitative methods: VCW ≥7 mm;∘ Quantitative methods: EROA ≥40 mm2, regurgitant volume ≥60 ml. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">i) Patients with severe MR;ii) Patients with moderate MR with LV dilatation or systolic dysfunction,, pulmonary hypertension or heart failure. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Echocardiographic control:Progressive lesion• Mild: 3–5 years;• Moderate: 1–2 years.Patients with severe MR will be followed-up at the hospital.</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Tricuspid valve disease</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Pathological TR is most commonly secondary and due to right ventricle dysfunction following pressure and/or volume overload in the presence of structurally normal leaflets. The most frequent causes are: infectious endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, carcinoid syndrome, myxomatous disease, endomyocardial fibrosis, Ebstein's disease and congenitally dysplastic valves, drug-induced valve diseases, chest trauma, and iatrogenic valve injury.Diagnosis:TTE• Mild TR:∘ Semi-quantitative methods: VCW not defined; PISA≤5 mm;∘ Quantitative methods:· Not defined;• Moderate TR:∘ Semi-quantitative methods: VCW <7 mm, PISA 6-9 mm;∘ Quantitative methods:· Not defined;• Severe TR:∘ Semi-quantitative methods: VCW > 7 mm, PISA >9 mm;∘ Quantitative methods: EROA ≥40 mm2, regurgitant volume≥45 ml. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Patients with severe TR;Patients with moderate isolated TR with right ventricular dilation with symptoms of heart failure and pulmonary hypertension. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Echocardiographic control:Progressive lesion• Mild: 3–5 years;• Moderate: 1–2 years.Patients with severe TR will be followed-up at the hospital.</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Valve prostheses</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Mechanical and biological valve prostheses \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">In adults, the choice between a mechanical and biological valve is mainly determined by the risk of bleeding related to anticoagulation and the risk of thromboembolism when using a mechanical valve versus the risk of structural deterioration of the bioprosthesis, with lifestyle and patient's preferences being also considered. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">i) Patients with prosthesis with de novo onset of cardiac symptoms (heart failure, angor, syncope);ii) Evidence of prosthesis dysfunction in TTE. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Echocardiographic control:1. Mechanical valve (surgical) – baseline;2. Bioprosthesis (surgical) – baseline; 5–10 after surgery; and then annually;3. Bioprosthesis (transcatheter) – baseline and annually thereafter;4. Mitral valve repair (surgical) – baseline; 1 year; and 2–3 years thereafter;5. Mitral valve repair (transcatheter) – baseline and then annually;6. Bicuspid aortic valve disease – Post-AVR monitoring of aortic diameter if aortic diameter ≥4.0 cm at the time of AVR.</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Mechanical and biological valve prostheses \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Antithrombotic theraphy:It is recommended to follow the regimen suggested by the surgical team;INR control:</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Thrombogenicity of the prosthesis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Risk factors (RF)(tricuspid or mitral valve replacement, previous venous thromboembolism, AF, mitral stenosis of any degree, LVEF <35%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">None \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">≥1 RF \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Low \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Average \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">High \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">3.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">4.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Prophylaxis of endocarditis:Antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended in high risk procedures in patients with valve prostheses, including percutaneous valves or valves repaired with prosthetic material, and in patients with previous episodes of infectious endocarditis.High risk procedures (for which antibiotic prophylaxis of endocarditis is recommended) are:• Dental procedures that require perforation of the oral mucosa or gingival or periapical manipulation;• Invasive procedures in an infectious context of respiratory, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, musculoskeletal, or dermatological tracts. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3184001.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Definition, diagnosis, referral criteria and follow-up plan in primary health care.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0620">59-63</a>" ] ] 8 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0035" "etiqueta" => "Table 7" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at7" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "Higher probability is indicated by darker shades of blue." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tablaImagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagenFichero" => "fx2.jpeg" "imagenAlto" => 929 "imagenAncho" => 2667 "imagenTamanyo" => 206347 ] ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Pre-test probability of coronary artery disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0535">42</a>" ] ] 9 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0040" "etiqueta" => "Table 8" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at8" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "AF: Atrial Fibrillation; EHRA: European Heart Rhythm Association." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Modified European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) scale of symptoms</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Modified EHRA score \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Symptoms \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Description \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">None \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">AF does not cause any symptoms \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Mild \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Normal daily activity is unaffected by AF-related symptoms \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Moderate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Normal daily activity is unaffected by AF-related symptoms, but the patient suffers from the symptoms \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Severe \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Normal daily activity affected by AF-related symptoms \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Incapacitating \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Normal daily activity discontinued \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3183998.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Modified European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) scale of symptoms.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0605">56</a>" ] ] 10 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0045" "etiqueta" => "Table 9" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at9" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "(a) in the presence of previous hemorrhagic stroke, the next criterion related to previous hemorrhage should also be scored;(b) only relevant if the patient is under VKA;(c) excessive alcohol consumption refers to an excessive intake (i.e. >14 units per week), in a situation where the clinician considers that there may be an impact on health or bleeding risk.ALP: alkaline phosphatase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BP: blood pressure; INR: international normalized ratio; NSAID: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; TTR: time in therapeutic range; VKA: vitamin K antagonists." "tablatextoimagen" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CHA2DS2-VASc score</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CHA2DS2-VASc risk factors \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Score \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Congestive heart failureSigns/symptoms of heart failure or objective evidence of reduced left ventricular ejection fraction \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">HypertensionBP at rest >140/90 mmHg on at least two occasions or ongoing antihypertensive treatment \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Age: 75 years or older \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">DiabetesmellitusFasting glucose > 125 mg/dL or treatment with oral hypoglycemic agent and/or insulin \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Previous stroke, transient ischemic accident, or thromboembolism \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Vascular diseasePrevious myocardial infarction, peripheral artery disease, or aortic plaque \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Age: 65–74 years \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Gender: women \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3184005.png" ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HAS-BLED score</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HAS-BLED risk factors \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Score \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Uncontrolled hypertensionSBP>160 mmHg \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Altered renal and/or hepatic functionDialysis, transplant, serum creatinine>2.26 mg/dL, cirrhosis, bilirubin>2x reference limit value, AST/ALT/ALP>3x reference limit value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 point per each \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">StrokePrevious ischemic or hemorrhagic strokea \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Previous history of bleeding or predisposition to bleedingMajor previous hemorrhage or anemia or severe thrombocytopenia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Labile INRbTTR (Time in therapeutic range)<60% in patients under VKA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">ElderlyAge>65 years or extreme frailty \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Concomitant consumption of drugs/alcoholConcomitant consumption of antiplatelet agents or NSAID; and/or excessive alcohol consumptionc \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 point per each \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3184004.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Risk factors and respective CHA2DS2-VASc and HAS-BLED scores.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0645">64,65</a>" ] ] 11 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0050" "etiqueta" => "Table 10" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at10" "detalle" => "Table 1" "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "BB: beta blockers; CBC: complete blood count; CCB: calcium channel blocker; DOAC: direct oral anticoagulant; ECG: electrocardiogram; HR: heart rate; INR: international normalized ratio; VKA: vitamin K antagonist. (a) In the case of mechanical valve prosthesis and in moderate-severe mitral stenosis DOACs are contra-indicated and vitamin K antagonists are mandatory; (b) the prescriber should consider its utilization taking in account its potential pro-arrhythmia effect." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Type of treatment \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cardiology/General practitioner</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Primary health care</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Initial follow-up \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Evaluation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Chronic follow-up \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Evaluation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Basic \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Annual \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Symptoms+ECG (heart rate) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Thromboembolic risk controla</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">VKA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">According to INR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">According to INR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">According to INR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">INR+CBC every 6 months \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">DOAC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 month \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">CBC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Annual \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Renal and hepatic function+CBC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Heart rate (HR) control</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">CCB or BB \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 month \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">ECG (HR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Every 6 months \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">ECG (HR)+Renal and hepatic function (annual) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Rhythm control</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">FlecainidebPropafenone \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 week \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">ECG (HR and QRS) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Every 6 months \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">ECG (HR)+Renal (ion) and hepatic function (annual) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Sotalols \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 week \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">ECG (HR and QT) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Every 6 months \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">ECG (HR and QT)+Annual renal function (ions) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Amiodarone \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Bimonthly (x3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Respiratory function test+Liver function \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Every 6 months \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">ECG (HR)+Annual chest X-ray+Renal, hepatic and thyroid function \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3184002.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Follow-up of patients with AF.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0600">55</a>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:65 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0330" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Doenças Cérebro-Cardiovasculares em Números" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "Direção-Geral da Saúde" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:1 [ "fecha" => "2015" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0335" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge. 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          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Suggested therapeutic regimen for the management of hypertension&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0480"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>CKD is defined as eGFR&#60;60 ml&#47;min&#47;1&#46;72 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> with or without proteinuria&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>preferential use of loop diuretics if eGFR&#60;30 ml&#47;min&#47;1&#46;72 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; due to thiazide diuretics or similar being much less effective when eGFR is reduced to these levels&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>caution&#58; risk of hyperkalemia with spironolactone&#44; especially when eGFR is less than 45 ml&#47;min&#47;1&#46;72 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> or when basal kalemia &#8805;4&#46;5 mmol&#47;L&#46; ACEi&#58; angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor&#59; AMI&#58; acute myocardial infarction&#59; ARB&#58; angiotensin receptor blocker&#59; BP&#58; blood pressure&#59; CCB&#58; calcium channel blocker&#59; CKD&#58; chronic kidney disease&#59; eGFR&#58; estimated glomerular filtration rate&#59; HF&#58; heart failure&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In Portugal&#44; up to 38&#37; of the population suffers from cardiovascular disease &#40;CVD&#41;&#44; which highlights the importance of primary health care &#40;PHC&#41; in its management&#46; Among the most common diseases in the context of PHC are hypertension &#40;27&#37;&#41;&#44; arrhythmias &#40;3&#37;&#41;&#44; valvular diseases &#40;2&#37;&#41;&#44; heart failure &#40;HF&#41; &#40;2&#37;&#41; and chronic coronary syndromes &#40;2&#37;&#41;&#44; although their prevalence may be underestimated&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> Given its complexity in terms of diagnosis and clinical approach&#44; adequate management of people with CVD implies a close&#44; effective and bidirectional communication between PHC and hospitals&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> In fact&#44; a well-defined functional network with the different levels of care is of the utmost importance&#44; which is only possible with the intervention and cooperation of all institutional and political structures&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hospital referral&#44; when judicious&#44; facilitates the timely diagnosis and treatment of potentially serious situations&#44; and if appropriate to local access limitations&#44; contributes to the correct clinical prioritization&#44; being also a tool for updating all the professionals involved&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this document&#44; we present general guidelines for the referral of patients with cardiovascular pathologies to a cardiology hospital consultation&#46; Additionally&#44; suggestions are made for the initial clinical approach within PHC&#44; with the objective of promoting a more efficient differential diagnosis and follow-up&#44; taking into account the limitations of access of PHC to some diagnostic exams and the context of the Portuguese national referral network&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Methods</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A modified Metaplan<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a> methodology was used and divided into two phases&#58; 1&#41; in the first phase a panel of four specialists in Cardiology and 3 specialists in General and Family Medicine convened&#46; After a presentation by the moderator&#44; the panel discussed and defined which cardiovascular diseases were to be addressed in this document&#59; 2&#41; in the second phase&#44; and based on the previous discussion&#44; on current clinical guidelines&#44; and on relevant scientific papers in the field&#44; each chapter was developed by a Cardiologist and a General Practitioner &#40;GP&#41;&#46; Finally&#44; the panel convened again to discuss the referral proposals&#44; clinical approach and follow-up of these patients in the context of PHC&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Heart failure</span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Definition of heart failure</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">HF is defined as a syndrome caused by an anomalous cardiac structure and&#47;or function&#44; leading to a blood output that is inadequate to the metabolic requirements of the heart&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> HF may be asymptomatic at an early stage&#44; with subsequent symptoms onset&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Diagnosis</span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Heart failure diagnosis and classification algorithm</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a> describes the diagnosis algorithm&#44; including typical signs and symptoms of HF&#44; as well as the classification of HF according to left ventricular ejection fraction &#40;LVEF&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par1875" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In case of suspected HF&#44; the diagnosis should be performed as soon as possible&#44; ideally with evaluation of the results within a timeframe not exceeding two weeks to one month&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par1880" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Classification of HF based on function and cardiac structural changes is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0055">Table 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0055"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Diagnosis - initial investigation</span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Laboratory evaluation<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0015"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Complete blood count&#44; renal&#44; hepatic and thyroid function&#44; lipid profile&#44; creatine kinase&#44; HbA1c and glycemia &#40;described in this document as baseline laboratory evaluation&#41;&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ferritin&#44; &#37; transferrin saturation &#40;&#40;iron&#47;total iron-binding capacity&#41;x100&#41;&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Natriuretic peptides&#44; according to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#44; if available&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Urine sediment&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Treatment</span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Approach to heart failure with reduced ejection fraction</span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Non-pharmacological measures<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0020"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0045"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Control of risk factors and lifestyle modification&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0050"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Influenza and anti-pneumococcal vaccination&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0055"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Daily weight monitoring and self-monitoring of symptoms&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0060"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Avoid the use of potential harmful medication &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs &#40;NSAIDs&#41;&#44; COX-2 inhibitors&#41;&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Pharmacological therapy</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prognostic-modifying therapy of the patient with HF should include angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors &#40;ARNI&#41;&#47;angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor &#40;ACEi&#41;&#44; beta blockers &#40;BB&#41;&#44; mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists &#8211; spironolactone or eplerenone &#40;MRA&#41; and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors &#8211; dapagliflozin or empagliflozin &#40;SGLT2i&#41;&#44; as soon as possible&#44; in order to reduce mortality&#44; hospitalizations for HF&#44; and symptoms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;10</span></a><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0030"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0070"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ACEi or ARBs should be replaced by an ARNI in suitable patients &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; patients that remain symptomatic&#41;&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0075"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If an ACEi is to be substituted by an ARNI&#44; the ARNI should only be initiated 36 hours after ACEi discontinuation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0080"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Initiation of dapagliflozin and empagliflozin is not recommended in patients with an eGFR &#60;25 and &#60;20 mL&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; respectively&#46; In the case of dapagliflozin if the level of eGFR falls below 25 mL&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> after initiation&#44; there is no need for treatment discontinuation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#8211;15</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0085"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ARNI&#47;ACEi&#47;ARBs or MRAs should be prescribed with caution for patients with an eGFR&#60;30 ml&#47;min&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In patients with signs and&#47;or symptoms of congestion&#44; loop diuretics&#44; such as furosemide&#44; are recommended to improve and reduce symptoms and enhance exercise ability&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ivabradine should be considered in symptomatic patients with LVEF&#8804;35&#37; at sinus rhythm&#44; and with a heart rate &#40;HR&#41; at rest of &#8805;70 beats per minute &#40;bpm&#41;&#44; despite treatment with BB or ACEi&#47;ARB&#47;MRA&#44; or until evaluation by the cardiologist in case of contraindication for the use of BB&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Vericiguat and digoxin may be considered in patients with worsening HF or who remain symptomatic&#44; respectively&#44; after cardiological evaluation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Devices in HF</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In certain patients&#44; an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator &#40;ICD&#41; is recommended to reduce the risk of sudden death and all-cause mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cardiac resynchronization therapy &#40;CRT&#41; improves cardiac performance in selected patients&#44; improves symptoms and well-being&#44; and reduces morbidity and mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Comorbidities</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0040"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0115"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anemia and&#47;or iron deficiency</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0045"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0120"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Intravenous iron replacement with iron carboxymaltosis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0125"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Do not use oral replacement therapy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0555"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0130"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Atrial fibrillation</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0050"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0135"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">See chapter dedicated to AF&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0140"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Diltiazem or verapamil should not be used&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0560"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0145"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Type 2 diabetes</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0055"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0150"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">1<span class="elsevierStyleSup">st</span> line&#58; SGLT2i &#40;reduction in risk of hospitalization for HF&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0155"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Metformin can be considered if the glomerular filtration rate &#40;GFR&#41; &#62;30 ml&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73 m<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;20</span></a>&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0160"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The use of glitazone is not recommended&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0565"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0165"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lung diseases</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0060"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0170"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Beta blockers are only relatively contraindicated in asthma&#44; but not in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease &#40;COPD&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#59;</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0765"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0175"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Preferable&#58; bisoprolol or nebivolol&#59; carvedilol can also be used<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;22</span></a></p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0065"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0180"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Inhaled corticosteroids are preferable to oral corticosteroids<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;23</span></a>&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0185"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Noninvasive ventilation can be added to conventional therapy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0575"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0190"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Depression</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0070"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0195"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#8728;</span></span><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sertraline and escitalopram can be used<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24&#44;25</span></a>&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0200"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#8728;</span></span><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tricyclic antidepressants are not recommended&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;26</span></a></p></li></ul></p></span></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Approach to heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction</span><p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0075"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0205"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pharmacological therapy</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0080"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0210"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Loop diuretics should be used to relieve congestion<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0215"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0275" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The use of ARNI&#44; ACEi&#47;ARB&#44; BB and MRA can be considered to reduce the risk of hospitalization due to HF or death&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0580"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0220"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#8226;</span></span><p id="par0280" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Identify and treat comorbidities&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Approach to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction</span><p id="par0285" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0085"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0225"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0290" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pharmacological therapy</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0090"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0230"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0295" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Loop diuretics should be used to relieve congestion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a></p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0585"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0235"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#8226;</span></span><p id="par0300" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Identify and treat comorbidities &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#58; obesity&#44; hypertension &#40;HT&#41;&#44; obstructive sleep apnea syndrome &#40;OSAS&#41;&#44; coronary artery disease &#40;CAD&#41;&#44; type 2 diabetes&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p></li></ul></p></span></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Criteria for referral to a cardiology consultation &#40;or internal medicine&#44; depending on local resources&#41;</span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Heart failure with reduced or mildly reduced LVEF &#40;&#8804;49&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0465"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a></span><p id="par0305" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0095"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0240"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0310" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">de novo</span> HF&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0245"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0315" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with LVEF&#60;50&#37;&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0320" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The decision of referral to a hospital consultation should not result in a delay in the initiation&#47;optimization of prognostic-modifying therapy &#40;see recommended therapies mentioned&#41;&#44; which is useful for the cardiovascular protection of the patient while waiting for a hospital consultation&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Heart failure with preserved LVEF &#40;&#8805;50&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0465"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a></span><p id="par0325" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0100"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0250"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0330" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with preserved LVEF&#44; who have had &#62;2 hospitalizations&#47;visits to the emergency department &#40;ER&#41; in one year&#44; after excluding non-compliance with medication and lifestyle measures&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0255"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0335" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with suspected restrictive&#47;infiltrative disease &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; cardiac amyloidosis&#41;&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0260"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0340" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with suspected hypertrophic cardiomyopathy&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0265"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0345" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with moderate&#47;severe pulmonary HT&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span></span><span id="sec0100" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Criteria for returning to primary healthcare and follow-up plan</span><span id="sec0105" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Criteria for returning in heart failure with reduced or mildly reduced LVEF &#40;&#8804;49&#37;&#41;</span><p id="par0350" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0105"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0270"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0355" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with LVEF&#62;35&#37;&#44; without devices&#44; under maximum optimized therapy&#44; without hospitalizations&#47;decompensation episodes &#62;1 year&#44; with a concluded etiological evaluation&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0110" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Criteria for returning in heart failure with preserved LVEF &#40;&#8805;50&#37;&#41;</span><p id="par0360" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0110"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0275"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0365" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients without indication for further investigation and without indication for specific intervention&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0115" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Heart failure follow-up plan in primary healthcare</span><p id="par0370" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0115"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0280"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0375" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Before</span> the hospital consultation&#58;</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0120"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0285"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0380" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinical&#44; analytical and electrocardiogram &#40;ECG&#41; reassessment when titrating disease modifying drugs&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0290"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0385" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Repeat transthoracic echocardiogram &#40;TTE&#41; after three to six months of maximum optimized therapy&#46;</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0590"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0295"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0390" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">After</span> discharge from hospital consultation&#58;</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0125"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0300"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0395" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medical consultation and laboratory reassessment every six months&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0305"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0400" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Annual ECG reassessment&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0310"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0405" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In case the patient&#39;s clinical condition worsens&#44; reassess ECG and TTE&#46;</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0595"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0315"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0410" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In case of complications or worsening of the clinical condition&#44; consider the possibility of contacting the referral center&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span></span></span><span id="sec0120" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Hypertension</span><span id="sec0125" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Definition</span><p id="par0420" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure &#40;SBP&#41;&#8805;140 mmHg and&#47;or diastolic blood pressure &#40;DBP&#41;&#8805;90 mmHg&#44; at the doctor&#39;s office&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0470"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29&#44;30</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0130" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Evaluation and risk stratification of hypertensive patients in primary healthcare</span><p id="par0425" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Once the diagnosis of HT has been confirmed&#44; the patients&#8217; assessment should meet the following objectives<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a>&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0135"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0325"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0430" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Identify signs of secondary HT&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0330"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0435" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Detect target organ damage&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0335"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0440" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Assist in cardiovascular risk stratification&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0340"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0445" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Assess the existence of other associated pathologies that may influence the prognosis and treatment of HT&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0450" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In PHC&#44; the GP should perform a clinical history and complete objective examination&#44; as well as request relevant tests&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a></p><span id="sec0135" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0155">Cardiovascular risk assessment</span><p id="par0455" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The cardiovascular &#40;CV&#41; risk associated with the different HT stages is described in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0140" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0160">Diagnosis</span><p id="par0460" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recommended exams to diagnose HT are summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0145" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0165">TREATMENT</span><p id="par0465" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A suggested treatment algorithm for HT is presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0150" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0170">Therapeutic goals &#40;in the doctor&#39;s office&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0480"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a>&#58;</span><p id="par0470" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0140"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0345"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0475" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">18&#8211;65 years&#58;</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0145"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0350"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0480" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Initial goal&#58; blood pressure &#40;BP&#41; &#60;140&#47;90 mmHg&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0355"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0485" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If well tolerated&#44; SBP should be between 120&#8211;130 mmHg and DBP between 70<span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#8211;</span>79 mmHg&#59;</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0600"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0360"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0490" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#62;65 years&#58;</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0150"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0365"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0495" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">SBP 130&#8211;140 mmHg and DBP 70&#8211;79 mmHg&#44; regardless of CVD history&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span></span><span id="sec0155" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0175">When and how to refer to a hospital consultation</span><span id="sec0160" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0180">Referral criteria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30&#44;31</span></a></span><p id="par0500" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0155"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0370"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0505" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Refractory HT &#40;uncontrolled&#44; with SBP&#62;140 mmHg and&#47;or DBP&#62;90 mmHg&#44; despite treatment with three antihypertensives from different drug classes at maximum tolerated doses&#44; one of which is a diuretic&#41;&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0375"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0510" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">HT in young patients &#40;&#60;35 years&#41;&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0380"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0515" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">White coat HT and masked according to clinical judgment&#44; of high and very high cardiovascular risk according to SCORE and for diagnostic clarification&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0385"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0520" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Suspected secondary HT&#44; according to the following criteria&#58;</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0160"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0390"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0525" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Young patients &#40;&#60;40 years&#41; with grade 2 HT or onset of any degree of HT in childhood&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0395"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0530" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Acute worsening of the BP profile in patients&#44; complying with therapy&#44; with previously documented stable normotension or severe HT &#40;grade 3&#41; or hypertensive emergency&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0400"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0535" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Refractory HT&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0405"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0540" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Presence of relevant target organ damage&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0410"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0545" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinical or biochemical characteristics suggestive of endocrine causes of chronic kidney disease &#40;CKD&#41; or HT &#40;in this context it may be important to also refer to the respective medical specialties&#41;&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0415"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0550" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinical features suggestive of obstructive sleep apnea &#40;excessive daytime sleepiness&#44; loud snoring&#44; observed episodes of interrupted breathing during sleep&#44; abrupt awakenings accompanied by gasping or choking&#44; waking with a dry mouth or sore throat&#44; morning headache&#44; difficulty concentrating during the day&#41;&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0420"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0555" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Symptoms suggestive of pheochromocytoma or family history of pheochromocytoma&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span></span><span id="sec0165" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0185">Follow-up plan in primary healthcare</span><span id="sec0170" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0190">Criteria for returning to PHC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0480"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a></span><p id="par0560" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0165"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0425"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0565" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Properly controlled BP&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0175" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0195">Follow-up<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0480"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a></span><p id="par0570" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0170"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0430"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0575" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lifestyle modification &#40;healthy diet and physical activity&#41;&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0435"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0580" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Initial BP reduction in 1&#8211;2 weeks&#44; which may continue to decrease over two months&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0440"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0585" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Initial reassessment in the first month and follow-up dependent on the severity and comorbidities&#44; with a maximum interval of six months &#40;in medical and&#47;or nursing consultation&#41;&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0445"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0590" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Procedures for surveillance in general practice&#58;</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0175"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0450"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0595" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Demonstrate BP control&#44; compliance and tolerance to treatment&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0455"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0600" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Assess target organ damage&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0460"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0605" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Assess persistence and&#47;or emergence of new cardiovascular risk factors&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0465"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0610" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Reinforce recommendations for lifestyle changes&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0470"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0615" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regular exams&#58;</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0180"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0475"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0620" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Glycemia&#44; lipid profile&#44; uricemia&#44; creatinine&#44; microalbuminuria&#58; annually&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0480"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0625" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ECG every two years if the previous one is normal&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0485"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#8226;</span></span><p id="par0630" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Potassium&#58; after one month of treatment and annually if the patient is treated with diuretic&#47;ACEi&#47;ARB&#47;spironolactone&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span></span></span><span id="sec0180" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0200">Syncope</span><span id="sec0185" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0205">Definition</span><p id="par0640" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Transient loss of consciousness due to cerebral hypoperfusion&#44; characterized by sudden onset of short duration and spontaneous and complete recovery&#44; accompanied by loss of postural tone<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#59;</p><p id="par1885" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Presyncope are the signs and symptoms &#40;dizziness&#44; blurred vision&#44; nausea&#44; paleness&#44; warmth&#44; perspiration&#44; others&#41; that precede loss of consciousness in syncope<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#59;</p><p id="par1890" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Syncope is very common in the community and 20&#8211;50&#37; of the adult population will have at least one syncope throughout life&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0190" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0210">Initial approach to the patient and assessment in primary health care</span><p id="par0660" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Given the very different prognosis of the various forms of syncope&#44; an accurate diagnosis is fundamental&#46; After excluding other forms of non-syncope transient loss of consciousness&#44; such as convulsion or psychogenic forms&#44; syncope can be divided into three major etiological groups&#58; reflex&#44; due to orthostatic hypotension&#44; or cardiac&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a></p><p id="par1895" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Approximately 10&#8211;20&#37; of patients may remain without an etiological diagnosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0495"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> Up to one third of these patients will experience recurrence of syncope&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a></p><span id="sec0195" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0215">Clinical history and physical examination</span><p id="par0675" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With a careful clinical history and physical examination&#44; which should include an orthostatic test &#40;BP measurement in decubitus and orthostatism&#41; and carotid sinus massage in patients over 40 years &#40;usually performed in a hospital setting&#41;&#44; up to 85&#37; of all patients may have an etiological diagnosis &#40;see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33&#44;36</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par1900" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the context of PHC&#44; the approach in terms of initial diagnostic exams will include&#58;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0200"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0525"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0685" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Basic laboratory evaluation&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0530"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0690" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ECG&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0535"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0695" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">24 h Holter&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0540"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0700" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">TTE with Doppler study&#44; particularly in the presence of known previous heart disease or when there are data suggestive of structural heart disease or cardiac syncope &#40;see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#41;&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0545"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0705" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Stress test&#44; if there are complaints of angina or syncope on exertion &#40;preferably performed in a hospital setting&#41;&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0710" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dizziness is also common&#46; It is a heterogeneous symptom&#44; including feeling dizzy &#40;sense of motion&#44; accompanied by nausea&#44; vomiting&#44; paleness and diaphoresis&#41;&#44; presyncope &#40;perception of an imminent episode of fainting accompanied by paleness&#44; diaphoresis and nausea&#41; and imbalance &#40;loss of balance without feeling of movement&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0510"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> The most frequent causes include peripheral vertigo&#44; labyrinthitis&#44; Meni&#232;re disease&#44; central vestibular causes&#44; psychiatric diseases&#44; hyperventilation and multifactorial causes&#46; The prognosis of dizziness is usually favorable&#44; unlike that of cardiac syncope&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0510"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0200" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0220">When to refer to cardiology</span><span id="sec0205" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0225">Referral criteria &#40;cardiology consultation&#41;</span><p id="par0715" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0205"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0555"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0720" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Syncope suggestive of cardiac etiology&#58;</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0210"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0560"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0725" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on clinical criteria or after suggestive findings in diagnostic exams available in PHC &#40;ECG&#44; TTE&#44; stress test&#44; laboratory tests&#41; &#40;see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#41;&#59;</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0605"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0565"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0730" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recurrent syncope&#44; even if of unlikely cardiac etiology&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0570"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0735" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Syncope in patients with pacemakers or other devices&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0575"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0740" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Syncope of unlikely cardiac etiology&#44; but in patients with high risk professions &#40;heavy-duty drivers&#44; divers&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0210" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0230">Referral criteria &#40;emergency department&#41;</span><p id="par0745" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0215"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0580"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0750" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Syncope and<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&#58;</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0220"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0585"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0755" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Documented 2<span class="elsevierStyleSup">nd</span> or 3<span class="elsevierStyleSup">rd</span> degree AV block &#40;ECG or Holter&#41;&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0590"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0760" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Documented alternating branch block &#40;ECG or Holter&#41;&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0595"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0765" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Trifascicular block &#40;ECG or Holter&#41;&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0600"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0770" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Severe aortic stenosis&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0605"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0775" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Severe depression of left ventricular function&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0610"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0780" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Severe pulmonary HT&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0615"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0785" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ICD shock&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0620"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0790" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Suspected acute coronary syndrome &#40;ACS&#41;&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0625"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0795" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Suspected pulmonary thromboembolism&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0630"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0800" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Suspected dissection of the aorta&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0635"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0805" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Traumatic brain injury&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span></span><span id="sec0215" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0235">Follow-up plan in primary health care and discharge criteria from the cardiology consultation</span><p id="par0815" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After evaluation in an external hospital consultation &#40;often involving neurology and psychiatry&#41;&#44; a final diagnosis is normally achieved in approximately 80&#37; of patients&#44; and this will determine the therapeutic approach&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0515"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a></p><span id="sec0220" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0240">Criteria for return to primary healthcare<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a></span><p id="par0820" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0230"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0645"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0825" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cardiac syncope&#58;</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0235"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0650"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0830" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Treated with implantable devices &#40;follow-up at devices consultation&#41;&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0655"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0835" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Treated by ablation&#44; surgery or pharmacological control &#40;may be discharged or followed-up in a specific consultation&#44; depending on the situation&#44; but only after a period of at least one year without symptoms&#41;&#46;</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0610"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0660"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0840" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Syncope of unknown etiology with implanted event recording device &#40;follow-up at device consultation&#41;&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0665"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0845" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Reflex syncope without indication for pacemaker implantation and with clinical improvement after the establishment of general and&#47;or pharmacological measures&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0670"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0850" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Syncope due to orthostatic hypotension and with clinical improvement after the establishment of general and&#47;or pharmacological measures&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0225" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0245">Follow-up<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a></span><p id="par0855" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0240"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0675"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0860" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The therapeutic approach to most patients with syncope of non-cardiac etiology &#40;reflex or due to orthostatic hypotension&#41; involves reassurance&#44; general measures and adjustment of established therapy&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0680"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0865" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The follow-up is based on the evaluation of the response to these measures over time&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0685"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0870" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with syncope of non-cardiac etiology &#40;reflex or due to orthostatic hypotension&#41; or of unknown etiology may have syncope recurrences&#59;</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0245"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0690"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0875" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In these cases&#44; the approach is summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Table 5</a>&#46; Some of the approaches can be addressed in PHC&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0615"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0695"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0880" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with recurrent syncope despite the initial approach or who have begun high risk professions should be re-referred for consultation&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span></span></span><span id="sec0230" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0250">Valve diseases</span><p id="par0885" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The definition and the main points in the diagnosis of valve diseases&#44; as well as the referral criteria and follow-up plan are presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0030">Table 6</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0030"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0235" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0255">Chronic coronary syndromes</span><span id="sec0240" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0260">Definition</span><p id="par0890" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Atherosclerotic CAD is a chronic progressive disease associated with a continuous high risk of long-term cardiovascular events&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0520"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a> The risk of instability increases with insufficient control of cardiovascular risk factors&#44; suboptimal lifestyle modifications&#44; poor adherence to medical therapy or the presence of large areas of myocardial ischemia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0520"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39&#44;40</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0245" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0265">Diagnosis</span><span id="sec0250" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0270">Evaluating signs and symptoms<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0530"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41&#44;42</span></a></span><p id="par0895" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0250"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0700"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0900" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleUnderline">Typical angina</span>&#58; presence of the three characteristics&#58;</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0255"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0705"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0905" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">chest pain or discomfort &#40;feels like pressure or squeezing&#41;&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0710"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0910" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">precipitated by physical exertion&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0715"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0915" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">relieved at rest or with nitrates&#46;</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0620"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0720"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0920" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleUnderline">Atypical angina&#58;</span> presence of two of the previous characteristics&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0725"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0925" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleUnderline">Non-anginous chest pain&#58;</span> presence of one or none of the previous characteristics&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0730"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0930" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleUnderline">Assess</span>&#58; precipitating factors &#40;severe anemia&#44; poorly controlled HT&#44; dysrhythmias&#44; hyperthyroidism&#44; smoking or contraceptive use&#41;&#44; atherosclerotic disease in other territories &#40;cerebral&#44; carotid and lower limbs&#41; and erectile dysfunction&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0255" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0275">Initial exams<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0535"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a></span><p id="par0935" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0260"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0735"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0940" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Basic laboratory evaluation&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0740"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0945" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ECG at rest&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0745"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0950" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Chest X-ray &#40;symptoms of heart failure or lung disease&#41;&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0750"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0955" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">TTE&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0260" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0280">Assess the pre-test probability and clinical probability of obstructive coronary artery disease<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0535"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a></span><p id="par0960" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0265"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0755"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0965" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When CAD is suspected&#44; determine the pre-test probability &#40;PTP&#41;&#46; PTPs of CAD according to age and to nature of symptoms are presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0035">Table 7</a>&#59;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0035"></elsevierMultimedia></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0760"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0970" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In patients with low PTP &#40;5&#8211;15&#37;&#41;&#44; the presence of other determinants of increased risk&#44; such as cardiovascular risk factors&#44; changes in ECG at rest&#44; left ventricular dysfunction&#44; abnormal stress test and coronary calcification should be considered&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0265" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0285">Selection of coronary artery disease diagnostic exam<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0535"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42&#44;43</span></a></span><p id="par0975" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">First-line exams in patients with intermediate probability &#40;PTP&#62;15&#37;&#41;&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0270"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0765"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">I&#46;</span><p id="par0980" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Non-invasive functional imaging for the determination of ischemia&#58;</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0275"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0770"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0985" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy &#40;MPS&#41;&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0775"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0990" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Stress TTE&#46;</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0625"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0780"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">II&#46;</span><p id="par0995" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anatomical evaluation with computed tomography coronary angiogram &#40;CTCA&#41;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par1000" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The stress test has a low performance in the confirmation or exclusion of the disease&#46;</p><p id="par1005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the case of high clinical probability of CAD&#44; persistence of symptoms under medical therapy&#44; typical angina at low level of exertion or high risk of cardiovascular events &#8211; invasive coronary angiography may be indicated &#40;refer to urgent cardiology consultation&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0270" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0290">Action plan in primary health care</span><span id="sec0275" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0295">Non-pharmacological measures<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0545"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a>&#58;</span><p id="par1010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0285"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0795"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par1015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lifestyle modification and aggressive control of all cardiovascular risk factors&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0280" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0300">Pharmacological measures<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0535"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42&#44;44</span></a>&#58;</span><p id="par1020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0290"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0800"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#8226;</span></span><p id="par1025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Anti-angina therapy&#58;</span></p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0295"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0805"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par1030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">1st line&#58; BB at maximum tolerated dose &#40;MTD&#41;&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0810"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par1035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">2nd line&#58; CCB&#44; ivabradine&#44; nicorandil&#44; ranolazine&#44; trimetazidine and long-acting nitrates &#40;nitroglycerin&#44; isosorbide dinitrate and isosorbide mononitrate&#41;&#46;</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0630"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0815"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#8226;</span></span><p id="par1040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Antithrombotic therapy&#58;</span></p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0300"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0820"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par1045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Before hospital referral&#58;</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0305"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0825"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par1050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If ischemia was unequivocally demonstrated and the patient has an appropriate clinical risk profile&#44; aspirin can be started&#59;</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0635"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0830"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par1055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After elective angioplasty&#58;</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0310"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0835"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par1060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Aspirin &#40;ASA&#41; 100 and clopidogrel 75 for at least 6 months&#59; in case of high hemorrhagic risk&#58; 1&#8211;3 months&#59;</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0640"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0840"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par1065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After acute coronary syndrome&#58;</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0315"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0845"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par1070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dual antiplatelet therapy &#40;ASA&#43;ticagrelor 90 mg or prasugrel 10 mg&#59; if unavailable or contraindicated&#44; clopidogrel&#41;&#59;</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0645"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0850"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par1075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For at least 12 months&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0855"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par1080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Long-term extension with ticagrelor 60 mg in patients at high &#40;IIa&#41; or moderate &#40;IIb&#41; risk of ischemic events&#58; diffuse multivessel CAD associated with comorbidities &#40;diabetes&#44; recurrent myocardial infarction &#40;MI&#41;&#44; peripheral artery disease&#44; or CKD&#41;&#44; without high hemorrhagic risk and who tolerate dual antiplatelet therapy during the first year&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0860"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par1085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Alternatively to DAPT&#44; may consider intensification with rivaroxaban 2&#46;5 mg therapy in combination with aspirin in patients who had an myocardial infarction at least one year before or in cases of CCS with multivessel CAD&#59;</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0650"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0865"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par1090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In patients with indication for long-term oral anticoagulation therapy &#40;AF&#41;&#58;</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0655"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0870"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par1095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hospitalization&#58; Aspirin&#43;clopidogrel&#43;anticoagulant&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0875"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par1100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">First year&#58; Clopidogrel&#43;oral anticoagulant &#40;direct oral anticoagulant &#40;DOAC&#41;&#41;&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0880"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par1105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#62;12 months&#58; oral anticoagulant &#40;DOAC&#41;&#46;</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0660"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0885"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#8226;</span></span><p id="par1110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Hypolipemic therapy&#58;</span></p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0320"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0890"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par1115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Therapeutic goals&#58;</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0325"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0895"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par1120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">LDL-c&#60;55 mg&#47;dL and reduction of at least 50&#37; relative to baseline&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0900"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par1125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the presence of second event within two years&#58; LDL-c&#60;40 mg&#47;dL&#59;</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0665"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0905"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par1130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recommended drugs&#58; statins at MTD&#44; ezetimibe and proprotein convertase subtilisin&#47;kexin type 9 &#40;PCSK9&#41; &#40;available at hospital level&#41;</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0670"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0910"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#8226;</span></span><p id="par1135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Antihypertensive therapy&#58;</span></p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0330"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0915"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par1140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Therapeutic goal&#58; BP&#60;130 mmHg&#44; if tolerated&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0920"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par1145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recommended drugs&#58; BB and&#47;or ACEi&#59; if necessary add other drugs&#59;</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0675"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0925"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#8226;</span></span><p id="par1150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Antidiabetic therapy&#58;</span></p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0335"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0930"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par1155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">1<span class="elsevierStyleSup">st</span> line&#58; SGLT2i and GLP-1 analogues&#44; due to their impact on the reduction of CV events&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span></span><span id="sec0285" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0305">When and how to refer to cardiology</span><span id="sec0290" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0310">Referral criteria</span><span id="sec0295" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0315">Referral to the emergency department<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0535"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a>&#58;</span><p id="par1160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0340"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0935"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par1165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Suspected ACS&#59;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0300" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0320">Referral for cardiology consultation&#58;</span><p id="par1170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0345"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0940"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par1175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Initial clinical evaluation suggestive of high risk events&#58;</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0350"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0945"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par1180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">High clinical probability of CAD&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0950"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par1185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Persistence of symptoms under optimized medical therapy&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0955"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par1190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Typical angina at low level of exertion &#40;in the context of daily life activities&#41;&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0960"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par1195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Carotid disease or symptomatic peripheral artery disease in patients with ischemic cardiopathy&#59;</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0680"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0965"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#8226;</span></span><p id="par1200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Significant <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">de novo</span> ischemia &#40;MPS with ischemic area &#8805;10&#37; of the myocardium&#41;&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0970"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par1205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Significant lesions in CTCA &#40;CAD RADS &#62;3&#58; severe coronary stenosis &#91;70-99&#37;&#41;&#93;&#44; left main &#62;50&#37; or 3-vessel obstructive &#91;&#8805;70&#37;&#93; disease&#44; total coronary occlusion &#91;100&#37;&#93;&#41;&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0975"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#8226;</span></span><p id="par1210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Left ventricular dysfunction &#40;LVEF&#60;50&#37;&#41;&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span></span><span id="sec0305" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0325">Important information to be included in the consultation request</span><p id="par1215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0355"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0980"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par1220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Signs&#44; symptoms&#44; cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0985"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par1225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Results of exams&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0990"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par1230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Response to established therapy&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span></span><span id="sec0310" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0330">Follow-up plan in primary healthcare</span><span id="sec0315" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0335">Criteria of return to PHC</span><p id="par1235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with controlled cardiovascular symptoms and risk factors after diagnosis and therapeutic optimization by a cardiologist&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0320" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0340">Follow-up</span><p id="par1240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After initial diagnosis or CV event&#44; consultation at three and six months&#44; annually thereafter<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0535"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a>&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0360"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0995"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par1245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinical evaluation&#44; lifestyle modification&#44; cardiovascular RF control and adherence to therapy&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1000"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par1250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Routine exams&#58;</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0365"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par1255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Basic laboratory evaluation&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par1260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ECG at rest&#59;</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0685"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par1265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">TTE&#58; 1 year &#40;if previously abnormal&#41; or periodically &#40;every 3&#8211;5 years&#41;&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par1270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Non-invasive imaging exam&#58; change in the level of symptoms or periodically &#40;every 3-5 years&#41; for ischemia assessment&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span></span></span><span id="sec0325" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0345">Arrhythmias and palpitations</span><span id="sec0330" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0350">Definition</span><p id="par1275" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Bradycardia</span> is characterized by a HR &#60;60 bpm and can be caused by a dysfunction in the sinus node&#44; an atrioventricular block or a block in conduction&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Tachycardia</span> is characterized by a HR &#62;100 bpm and can be ventricular or supraventricular&#46;</p><p id="par1280" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Palpitations result from an unconfortable perception of the heartbeat by the patient&#46; Two types of palpitations are identified&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0370"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par1285" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Normal palpitations</span> &#8211; they occur due to exercise&#44; emotion&#44; stress&#44; or after ingestion of substances that increase adrenergic activity or decrease vagal activity&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par1290" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Abnormal palpitations</span> &#8211; they occur for no reason and can be fast or strong&#47;slow&#46; These palpitations may indicate cardiac arrhythmia&#46; However&#44; most people who have electrical conduction disturbances experience syncope&#44; and chest pain&#44; rather than palpitations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0550"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45&#8211;49</span></a></p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0335" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0355">Differential diagnosis</span><span id="sec0340" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0360">Exams to be requested in an outpatient context</span><span id="sec0345" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0365">Laboratory evaluation&#58;</span><p id="par1295" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0375"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par1300" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Baseline laboratory assessment plus evaluation of the thyroid function and of potassium and magnesium levels<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0575"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a>&#59;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0350" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0370">ECG at rest and Holter&#58;</span><p id="par1305" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0380"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par1310" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Immediate electrocardiographic monitoring if arrhythmic syncope is suspected&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0575"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50&#44;51</span></a></p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0355" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0375">Treadmill stress test to assess chronotropic incompetence or onset of conduction disorders on exertion<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0575"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50&#44;52</span></a>&#59;</span><span id="sec0360" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0380">Refer to TTE&#58;</span><p id="par1315" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0385"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1045"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par1320" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If there is known previous heart disease or when data are suggestive of structural and functional left ventricular &#40;LV&#41; heart disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0575"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50&#44;53</span></a></p></li></ul></p></span></span></span></span><span id="sec0365" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0385">Action plan in primary health care</span><span id="sec0370" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0390">Non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatment</span><p id="par1325" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0390"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" i