Lipoprotein(a) apheresis restores coronary microcirculation in refractory angina

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LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; RA: right atrium; RV: right ventricle." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Attila Nemes, Árpád Kormányos, Klára Vezendi, Imelda Marton, Zita Borbényi" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Attila" "apellidos" => "Nemes" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Árpád" "apellidos" => "Kormányos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Klára" "apellidos" => "Vezendi" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Imelda" "apellidos" => "Marton" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Zita" "apellidos" => "Borbényi" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0870255122000646?idApp=UINPBA00004E" "url" => "/08702551/0000004100000005/v1_202205200629/S0870255122000646/v1_202205200629/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S0870255122001305" "issn" => "08702551" "doi" => "10.1016/j.repc.2022.03.001" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2022-05-01" "aid" => "1924" "copyright" => "Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia" "documento" => "simple-article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "cor" "cita" => "Rev Port Cardiol. 2022;41:435" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:10 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Letter to the Editor" "titulo" => "Red flags" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "paginaInicial" => "435" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "pt" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Bandeiras vermelhas" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Duarte Nuno Gouveia" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Duarte Nuno" "apellidos" => "Gouveia" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0870255122001305?idApp=UINPBA00004E" "url" => "/08702551/0000004100000005/v1_202205200629/S0870255122001305/v1_202205200629/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:16 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Letter to the Editor" "titulo" => "Lipoprotein(a) apheresis restores coronary microcirculation in refractory angina" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "saludo" => "To the Editor:" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "437" "paginaFinal" => "439" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Francesco Sbrana, Beatrice Dal Pino, Giovanni Donato Aquaro, Federico Bigazzi, Giuseppe Vergaro, Tiziana Sampietro" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Francesco" "apellidos" => "Sbrana" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "francesco.sbrana@ftgm.it" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Beatrice" "apellidos" => "Dal Pino" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Giovanni Donato" "apellidos" => "Aquaro" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Federico" "apellidos" => "Bigazzi" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Giuseppe" "apellidos" => "Vergaro" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Tiziana" "apellidos" => "Sampietro" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Lipoapheresis Unit, Reference Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Inherited Dyslipidemias, Fondazione Toscana “Gabriele Monasterio”, Pisa, Italy" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Magnetic Resonance Imaging Unit, Fondazione Toscana “Gabriele Monasterio”, Pisa, Italy" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "U.O. Cardiologia e Medicina Cardiovascolare, Fondazione Toscana “Gabriele Monasterio”, Pisa, Italy" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "pt" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "A aférese da lipoproteinemia (a) restaura a microcirculação coronária na angina refratária" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 751 "Ancho" => 1500 "Tamanyo" => 151124 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Coronary angiography after multiple percutaneous coronary artery revascularizations (A, *) showing chronic occlusion of the posterior descending artery (B, arrowhead)." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "The present report concerns a 54-year-old man with refractory angina who was referred for lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] apheresis (LA) because of Lp(a)-hyperlipoproteinemia. At 18-month follow-up, myocardial perfusion, assessed with stress cardiac magnetic resonance, was shown to improve, with progressive amelioration of anginal symptoms.The patient began to suffer effort angina at the age of 53. In one year he had undergone multiple percutaneous coronary artery revascularizations, with chronic occlusion of the posterior descending artery (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>). At his first admission to our lipid clinic, he was diagnosed with Lp(a)-hyperlipoproteinemia and polygenic hypercholesterolemia. He was receiving ranolazine 750 mg twice daily, aspirin 100 mg once daily, clopidogrel 75 mg once daily, and irbesartan 300 mg once daily. In the 6-min walk test angina appeared at 450 m; a baseline Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">1</a> was recorded. Carotid artery Doppler examination revealed intimal medial thickness <1 mm with 30% stenosis at the sinus bilaterally.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Considering the role of Lp(a)-hyperlipoproteinemia in the pathogenesis of refractory angina, LA was started<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">2</a> and was repeated every two weeks, treating 5000 ml of plasma (about 2.0 times patient plasma volume) per session using dextran sulfate (Liposorber® LA systems; Kaneka) in addition to optimized lipid-lowering therapy (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). Background pharmacological therapy was maintained unchanged. During 18 months of follow-up the patient presented progressive improvement in anginal symptoms: effort angina in the 6-min walk test regressed and an improvement in four of five domains of the SAQ was reported. The follow-up myocardial perfusion scan on stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging showed improvement in the septal left ventricular wall perfusion defect and resolution of the lateral left ventricular wall perfusion defect (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Refractory angina is a growing problem worldwide due to improved survival after revascularization procedures.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055">3,4</a> The case reported supports the hypothesis that Lp(a)-hyperlipoproteinemia is a contributing factor in refractory angina: the apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)] component of Lp(a) exhibits structural homology with plasminogen, enhances thrombosis and impairs fibrinolysis. Reduction of Lp(a) by LA improves thrombotic and fibrinolytic parameters in patients with refractory angina,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">5</a> enables restoration of endothelial function,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">6</a> and reduces the incidence of cardiovascular events in patients with Lp(a)-hyperlipoproteinemia.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">7</a> In addition, a unified view of Lp(a) in cardiovascular medicine draws attention to the advantages of associating cascade screening with personalized therapy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">8</a>Until apo(a) antisense therapy becomes available, LA may represent an effective long-term treatment for refractory angina in those with Lp(a)-hyperlipoproteinemia that may improve myocardial perfusion, angina symptoms and quality of life.FundingNo financial support was received.Conflicts of interestThe authors have no conflicts of interest to declare." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack603871" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 3 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 751 "Ancho" => 1500 "Tamanyo" => 151124 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Coronary angiography after multiple percutaneous coronary artery revascularizations (A, *) showing chronic occlusion of the posterior descending artery (B, arrowhead)." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1500 "Ancho" => 1500 "Tamanyo" => 165829 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Stress and rest perfusion cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) sequences showing improved perfusion in the left ventricular septal wall perfusion defect (red area) and resolution of the left ventricular lateral wall perfusion defect (yellow area). (A) Baseline rest perfusion CMR; (B) baseline stress perfusion CMR; (C) 18-month follow-up rest perfusion CMR; (D) 18-month follow-up stress perfusion CMR." ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "HDL: high-density lipoprotein; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LA: lipoprotein apheresis; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; LLT: lipid-lowering therapy; Lp(a): lipoprotein(a); NA: not applicable; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">TC (mg/dl) (120-200) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HDL (mg/dl) (>35) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">TG (mg/dl) (<150) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">LDL (mg/dl) (<160) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Non-HDL-C (mg/dl) (<130) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">TC/HDL ratio (<4.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Lp(a) (mg/dl) (<50) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">LLT \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Baseline \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">153 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">167 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">87 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">120 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Atorvastatin 40 mg once daily \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Before LA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">117 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">44 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">73 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">68 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">73 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">92 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Rosuvastatin 10 mg once dailyFenofibrate 145 mg once dailyAcipimox 500 mg once daily \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; 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Aqui" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1002/jca.21705" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Clin Apheresis" "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "34" "paginaInicial" => "171" "paginaFinal" => "2354" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31180581" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0055" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Apheresis as novel treatment for refractory angina with raised lipoprotein(a): a randomized controlled cross-over trial" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "T.Z. Khan" 1 => "L. Hsu" 2 => "A.E. 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Estatísticas

Letter to the Editor

A aférese da lipoproteinemia (a) restaura a microcirculação coronária na angina refratária

Francesco Sbranaa,

Autor para correspondência

francesco.sbrana@ftgm.it

Corresponding author.

, Beatrice Dal Pinoa, Giovanni Donato Aquarob, Federico Bigazzia, Giuseppe Vergaroc, Tiziana Sampietroa

a Lipoapheresis Unit, Reference Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Inherited Dyslipidemias, Fondazione Toscana “Gabriele Monasterio”, Pisa, Italy

b Magnetic Resonance Imaging Unit, Fondazione Toscana “Gabriele Monasterio”, Pisa, Italy

c U.O. Cardiologia e Medicina Cardiovascolare, Fondazione Toscana “Gabriele Monasterio”, Pisa, Italy

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        "autoresLista" => "Francesco Sbrana, Beatrice Dal Pino, Giovanni Donato Aquaro, Federico Bigazzi, Giuseppe Vergaro, Tiziana Sampietro"
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            "nombre" => "Francesco"
            "apellidos" => "Sbrana"
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            "nombre" => "Giovanni Donato"
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            "nombre" => "Giuseppe"
            "apellidos" => "Vergaro"
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            "entidad" => "Lipoapheresis Unit&#44; Reference Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Inherited Dyslipidemias&#44; Fondazione Toscana &#8220;Gabriele Monasterio&#8221;&#44; Pisa&#44; Italy"
            "etiqueta" => "a"
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          1 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Magnetic Resonance Imaging Unit&#44; Fondazione Toscana &#8220;Gabriele Monasterio&#8221;&#44; Pisa&#44; Italy"
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            "identificador" => "aff0010"
          ]
          2 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "U&#46;O&#46; Cardiologia e Medicina Cardiovascolare&#44; Fondazione Toscana &#8220;Gabriele Monasterio&#8221;&#44; Pisa&#44; Italy"
            "etiqueta" => "c"
            "identificador" => "aff0015"
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      "pt" => array:1 [
        "titulo" => "A af&#233;rese da lipoproteinemia &#40;a&#41; restaura a microcircula&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria na angina refrat&#225;ria"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Coronary angiography after multiple percutaneous coronary artery revascularizations &#40;A&#44; &#42;&#41; showing chronic occlusion of the posterior descending artery &#40;B&#44; arrowhead&#41;&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present report concerns a 54-year-old man with refractory angina who was referred for lipoprotein&#40;a&#41; &#91;Lp&#40;a&#41;&#93; apheresis &#40;LA&#41; because of Lp&#40;a&#41;-hyperlipoproteinemia&#46; At 18-month follow-up&#44; myocardial perfusion&#44; assessed with stress cardiac magnetic resonance&#44; was shown to improve&#44; with progressive amelioration of anginal symptoms&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient began to suffer effort angina at the age of 53&#46; In one year he had undergone multiple percutaneous coronary artery revascularizations&#44; with chronic occlusion of the posterior descending artery &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#41;&#46; At his first admission to our lipid clinic&#44; he was diagnosed with Lp&#40;a&#41;-hyperlipoproteinemia and polygenic hypercholesterolemia&#46; He was receiving ranolazine 750 mg twice daily&#44; aspirin 100 mg once daily&#44; clopidogrel 75 mg once daily&#44; and irbesartan 300 mg once daily&#46; In the 6-min walk test angina appeared at 450 m&#59; a baseline Seattle Angina Questionnaire &#40;SAQ&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> was recorded&#46; Carotid artery Doppler examination revealed intimal medial thickness &#60;1 mm with 30&#37; stenosis at the sinus bilaterally&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Considering the role of Lp&#40;a&#41;-hyperlipoproteinemia in the pathogenesis of refractory angina&#44; LA was started<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> and was repeated every two weeks&#44; treating 5000 ml of plasma &#40;about 2&#46;0 times patient plasma volume&#41; per session using dextran sulfate &#40;Liposorber&#174; LA systems&#59; Kaneka&#41; in addition to optimized lipid-lowering therapy &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; Background pharmacological therapy was maintained unchanged&#46; During 18 months of follow-up the patient presented progressive improvement in anginal symptoms&#58; effort angina in the 6-min walk test regressed and an improvement in four of five domains of the SAQ was reported&#46; The follow-up myocardial perfusion scan on stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging showed improvement in the septal left ventricular wall perfusion defect and resolution of the lateral left ventricular wall perfusion defect &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Refractory angina is a growing problem worldwide due to improved survival after revascularization procedures&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> The case reported supports the hypothesis that Lp&#40;a&#41;-hyperlipoproteinemia is a contributing factor in refractory angina&#58; the apolipoprotein&#40;a&#41; &#91;apo&#40;a&#41;&#93; component of Lp&#40;a&#41; exhibits structural homology with plasminogen&#44; enhances thrombosis and impairs fibrinolysis&#46; Reduction of Lp&#40;a&#41; by LA improves thrombotic and fibrinolytic parameters in patients with refractory angina&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> enables restoration of endothelial function&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> and reduces the incidence of cardiovascular events in patients with Lp&#40;a&#41;-hyperlipoproteinemia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> In addition&#44; a unified view of Lp&#40;a&#41; in cardiovascular medicine draws attention to the advantages of associating cascade screening with personalized therapy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Until apo&#40;a&#41; antisense therapy becomes available&#44; LA may represent an effective long-term treatment for refractory angina in those with Lp&#40;a&#41;-hyperlipoproteinemia that may improve myocardial perfusion&#44; angina symptoms and quality of life&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Funding</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No financial support was received&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        2 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xack603871"
          "titulo" => "Acknowledgments"
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        3 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Coronary angiography after multiple percutaneous coronary artery revascularizations &#40;A&#44; &#42;&#41; showing chronic occlusion of the posterior descending artery &#40;B&#44; arrowhead&#41;&#46;</p>"
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      1 => array:7 [
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        "etiqueta" => "Figure 2"
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        "figura" => array:1 [
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Stress and rest perfusion cardiac magnetic resonance &#40;CMR&#41; sequences showing improved perfusion in the left ventricular septal wall perfusion defect &#40;red area&#41; and resolution of the left ventricular lateral wall perfusion defect &#40;yellow area&#41;&#46; &#40;A&#41; Baseline rest perfusion CMR&#59; &#40;B&#41; baseline stress perfusion CMR&#59; &#40;C&#41; 18-month follow-up rest perfusion CMR&#59; &#40;D&#41; 18-month follow-up stress perfusion CMR&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">HDL&#58; high-density lipoprotein&#59; HDL-C&#58; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol&#59; LA&#58; lipoprotein apheresis&#59; LDL&#58; low-density lipoprotein&#59; LLT&#58; lipid-lowering therapy&#59; Lp&#40;a&#41;&#58; lipoprotein&#40;a&#41;&#59; NA&#58; not applicable&#59; TC&#58; total cholesterol&#59; TG&#58; triglycerides&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">TC &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41; &#40;120-200&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HDL &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41; &#40;&#62;35&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">TG &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41; &#40;&#60;150&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">LDL &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41; &#40;&#60;160&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Non-HDL-C &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41; &#40;&#60;130&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">TC&#47;HDL ratio &#40;&#60;4&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Lp&#40;a&#41; &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41; &#40;&#60;50&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">LLT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Baseline&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">153&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">167&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">87&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">120&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Atorvastatin 40 mg once daily&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Before LA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">117&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">92&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Rosuvastatin 10 mg once dailyFenofibrate 145 mg once dailyAcipimox 500 mg once daily&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">After LA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Rosuvastatin 10 mg once dailyFenofibrate 145 mg once dailyAcipimox 500 mg once daily&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patient&#39;s lipid profile&#46;</p>"
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                      "titulo" => "Reduced incidence of cardiovascular events in hyper-Lp&#40;a&#41; patients on lipoprotein apheresis&#46; The G&#46;I&#46;L&#46;A&#46; &#40;Gruppo Interdisciplinare Aferesi Lipoproteica&#41; pilot study"
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                      "titulo" => "Lipoprotein&#40;a&#41; in familial hypercholesterolemia&#58; tips from family history"
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                          "etal" => true
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Informação do artigo

ISSN: 08702551
Idioma original: Inglês

DOI:10.1016/j.repc.2021.06.018

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