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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introdu&#231;&#227;o</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nos &#250;ltimos anos&#44; tem sido reconhecida a crescente import&#226;ncia das causas gen&#233;ticas nas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e os progressos t&#233;cnicos t&#234;m permitido detalhar muitos dos mecanismos moleculares subjacentes&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os enormes avan&#231;os das t&#233;cnicas de sequencia&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">next&#8208;generation sequencing</span> &#8211; NGS&#41; aumentaram a capacidade de diagn&#243;stico molecular&#44; mas&#44; em muitos casos&#44; &#224; custa da dete&#231;&#227;o de variantes gen&#233;ticas de significado &#40;ainda&#41; incerto&#44; que condicionam o aconselhamento gen&#233;tico familiar&#46; Neste contexto&#44; torna&#8208;se fundamental que os cardiologistas e outros profissionais envolvidos na orienta&#231;&#227;o destes doentes&#47;fam&#237;lia estejam familiarizados com as indica&#231;&#245;es&#44; vantagens e limita&#231;&#245;es dos testes gen&#233;ticos&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ao longo deste documento&#44; descrevem&#8208;se as principais indica&#231;&#245;es para testes gen&#233;ticos das principais s&#237;ndromes&#47;doen&#231;as cardiovasculares heredit&#225;rias e para os testes gen&#233;ticos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">post mortem&#46;</span></p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Recomenda&#231;&#245;es gerais</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sempre que apropriado&#44; os m&#233;dicos devem informar aqueles que os consultam sobre os mecanismos de hereditariedade da doen&#231;a em causa e quais as implica&#231;&#245;es para os seus familiares e de os orientar para uma consulta de gen&#233;tica m&#233;dica&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O aconselhamento gen&#233;tico deve ser sempre efetuado antes e ap&#243;s um teste gen&#233;tico&#44; garantindo que os doentes compreendam todos os benef&#237;cios e as limita&#231;&#245;es dos resultados&#44; sendo que o teste gen&#233;tico s&#243; deve ser realizado ap&#243;s o consentimento informado do pr&#243;prio&#46; A comunica&#231;&#227;o dos resultados deve ser feita exclusivamente ao pr&#243;prio doente&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Menores</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No caso de menores de idade&#44; s&#243; podem ser pedidos testes gen&#233;ticos se houver benef&#237;cio imediato para estes&#44; com o consentimento informado dos seus pais ou tutores&#44; sendo de real&#231;ar que n&#227;o podem ser pedidos testes preditivos para doen&#231;as de in&#237;cio habitual na vida adulta&#44; sem preven&#231;&#227;o ou cura comprovadamente eficazes&#46; Sempre que adequado o&#47;a menor dever&#225; ser envolvido&#47;a na propor&#231;&#227;o da sua autonomia&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Testes pr&#233;&#8208;sintom&#225;ticos</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Consideram&#8208;se testes pr&#233;&#8208;sintom&#225;ticos os que permitam a identifica&#231;&#227;o da pessoa como portadora&#44; ainda que assintom&#225;tica&#44; de altera&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica inequivocamente respons&#225;vel por dada patologia&#46; Em pessoas saud&#225;veis&#44; o teste pr&#233;&#8208;sintom&#225;tico s&#243; pode ser executado no &#226;mbito de uma consulta de gen&#233;tica m&#233;dica&#44; na sequ&#234;ncia de aconselhamento gen&#233;tico&#44; ap&#243;s consentimento informado&#44; escrito&#46; Tamb&#233;m neste contexto&#44; os resultados devem ser comunicados ao pr&#243;prio e n&#227;o podem ser comunicados a terceiros&#44; incluindo m&#233;dicos n&#227;o envolvidos no processo de teste dessa pessoa&#47;fam&#237;lia&#44; sem autoriza&#231;&#227;o escrita&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os testes gen&#233;ticos encontram&#8208;se legislados no Decreto&#8208;Lei 12&#47;2005 de 26 de janeiro&#44; do qual se apresentam os excertos mais relevantes nos suplementos &#40;Supl&#46;1&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os principais testes utilizados na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e a lista de genes citados ao longo do documento de abreviaturas utilizadas encontram&#8208;se em suplementos &#40;Supl&#46;2&#8208;4&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Classifica&#231;&#227;o das variantes gen&#233;ticas</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As variantes devem ser classificadas em cinco categorias&#58; patog&#233;nicas&#44; provavelmente patog&#233;nicas&#44; de significado incerto &#40;VSI&#41;&#44; provavelmente benignas&#44; benignas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; De notar que apenas as variantes patog&#233;nicas e provavelmente patog&#233;nicas devem ser utilizadas para orientar o seguimento diferenciado e disponibilizar estudo de portador a familiares assintom&#225;ticos em risco&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">N&#237;veis de recomenda&#231;&#227;o</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A maioria da informa&#231;&#227;o dispon&#237;vel deriva de registos e de estudos n&#227;o aleatorizados &#8211; n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">C</span>&#46; Os n&#237;veis de recomenda&#231;&#227;o usados ao longo deste documento s&#227;o apresentados no material suplementar &#40;Supl&#46;5&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Testes gen&#233;ticos em familiares</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ap&#243;s a identifica&#231;&#227;o de uma variante gen&#233;tica espec&#237;fica&#44; patog&#233;nica ou provavelmente patog&#233;nica&#44; num caso &#237;ndice&#44; &#233; uma indica&#231;&#227;o classe I<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a>&#44; comum a todas as doen&#231;as card&#237;acas heredit&#225;rias&#44; a realiza&#231;&#227;o de teste gen&#233;tico em familiares&#44; conjuntamente com aconselhamento gen&#233;tico&#44; antes e ap&#243;s o teste gen&#233;tico&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Canalopatias</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As canalopatias s&#227;o doen&#231;as el&#233;tricas prim&#225;rias do cora&#231;&#227;o&#44; que n&#227;o se acompanham de altera&#231;&#245;es macrosc&#243;picas ou histopatol&#243;gicas identific&#225;veis pelas metodologias habituais&#44; dado que as altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais e estruturais se situam a n&#237;vel molecular&#44; na membrana celular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0465"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; S&#227;o um grupo heterog&#233;neo de patologias nas quais variantes patog&#233;nicas nos genes que codificam os canais i&#243;nicos originam altera&#231;&#245;es das correntes i&#243;nicas envolvidas no potencial de a&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas&#44; conduzindo a arritmias potencialmente fatais<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0470"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a>&#46;</p><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">S&#237;ndromes da onda J</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As s&#237;ndromes da onda J referem&#8208;se a situa&#231;&#245;es em que a acentua&#231;&#227;o da onda&#47;ponto J no ECG est&#225; associada a um risco acrescido de arritmias ventriculares<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0480"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46; A s&#237;ndrome de Brugada &#40;SBr&#41; e a s&#237;ndrome de repolariza&#231;&#227;o precoce &#40;SRP&#41; s&#227;o duas manifesta&#231;&#245;es destas s&#237;ndromes&#44; estando associadas ao desenvolvimento de taquicardia ventricular &#40;TV&#41; polim&#243;rfica&#44; fibrilha&#231;&#227;o ventricular &#40;FV&#41; e&#44; potencialmente&#44; a morte s&#250;bita &#40;MS&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46; As altera&#231;&#245;es na onda&#47;ponto J ocorrem em diferentes deriva&#231;&#245;es do ECG &#8211; na SBr nas deriva&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;&#8208;cordiais direitas&#44; na SRP essencialmente nas inferiores e laterais<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0480"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">S&#237;ndrome de Brugada</span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A SBr &#233; diagnosticada em doentes com padr&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de tipo 1 &#40;eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST &#8805;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; em c&#250;pula &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">coved type</span>&#41;&#44; numa ou mais deriva&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;&#8208;cordiais direitas&#44; V1 e&#47;ou V2&#44; posicionadas no 2&#46;&#176;&#44; 3&#46;&#176; ou 4&#46;&#176; espa&#231;o intercostal&#41;&#44; espontaneamente ou ap&#243;s teste de provoca&#231;&#227;o com f&#225;rmacos bloqueadores dos canais de s&#243;dio &#40;como flecainida ou ajmalina&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#8211;10</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para evitar o sobrediagn&#243;stico&#44; est&#225; recomendado que nos casos em que a documenta&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de tipo 1 tenha sido obtida apenas ap&#243;s provoca&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica&#44; para o diagn&#243;stico de SBr exista adicionalmente pelo menos um dos seguintes crit&#233;rios&#58; a&#41; FV &#47;TV polim&#243;rfica&#59; b&#41; s&#237;ncope de prov&#225;vel causa arr&#237;tmica&#59; c&#41; hist&#243;ria familiar de MS antes dos 45 anos na presen&#231;a de aut&#243;psia negativa&#59; d&#41; padr&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de tipo 1 em familiares&#59; e&#41; respira&#231;&#227;o ag&#243;nica noturna&#59; f&#41; indutibilidade de FV&#47;TV<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46; Na Tabela S1 &#40;Supl&#46;6&#41; apresenta&#8208;se um <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">score</span> diagn&#243;stico para a SBr<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A SBr tem sido associada a variantes gen&#233;ticas em m&#250;ltiplos genes&#44; que codificam principalmente canais de s&#243;dio &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SCN5A</span> em 11&#8208;28&#37; dos probandos&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SCN10A</span> em 5&#8208;17&#37;&#41; e de c&#225;lcio &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CACNA1C</span> em 7&#37; e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CACNB2b</span> em 5&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O teste gen&#233;tico n&#227;o &#233; necess&#225;rio para o diagn&#243;stico&#44; podendo&#44; contudo&#44; ser &#250;til na confirma&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico em doentes com fen&#243;tipos duvidosos e em doentes com SBr estabelecida &#40;classe IIb&#91;3&#93; &#47; IIa&#91;2&#93;&#41;&#44; particularmente para facilitar o rastreio gen&#233;tico familiar &#40;classe IIb&#91;3&#93;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">S&#237;ndrome de repolariza&#231;&#227;o precoce</span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A SRP &#233; diagnosticada em pacientes com padr&#227;o de repolariza&#231;&#227;o precoce nas deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores e&#47;ou laterais e hist&#243;ria de MS abortada&#44; FV ou TV polim&#243;rfica documentadas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46; O padr&#227;o de repolariza&#231;&#227;o precoce &#233; definido pela presen&#231;a de 1&#41; entalhe na por&#231;&#227;o final do QRS &#40;onda J&#41; ou de empastamento no ramo descendente na onda R&#44; com ou sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST&#59; 2&#41; pico da onda J &#8805;0&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mV em &#8805;2 deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas&#44; exceto V1&#8208;3&#59; e 3&#41; dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS &#40;medida em deriva&#231;&#245;es sem entalhe ou empastamento do QRS&#41; &#60;120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; Na Tabela S2 &#40;Supl&#46;6&#41;&#44; apresenta&#8208;se um <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">score</span> de diagn&#243;stico da SRP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A SRP foi associada&#44; at&#233; &#224; data&#44; a variantes gen&#233;ticas em sete genes&#44; que codificam principalmente canais de c&#225;lcio &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CACNA1C&#44; CACNB2b</span> e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CACNA2D1</span>&#41;&#44; mas o seu papel etiol&#243;gico &#233; question&#225;vel<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> e&#44; consequentemente&#44; o teste gen&#233;tico n&#227;o est&#225; indicado<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">S&#237;ndromes do QT</span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">S&#237;ndrome do QT longo</span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O diagn&#243;stico da s&#237;ndrome do QT longo &#40;SQTL&#41; baseia&#8208;se na medi&#231;&#227;o do intervalo QTc&#44; ap&#243;s exclus&#227;o de causas secund&#225;rias de prolongamento deste intervalo&#44; como f&#225;rmacos e altera&#231;&#245;es eletrol&#237;ticas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0495"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46; Para auxiliar o diagn&#243;stico&#44; foi criado um <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">score</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0505"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> que&#44; para al&#233;m da dura&#231;&#227;o do QTc&#44; considera outras altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas&#44; sintomas e hist&#243;ria familiar &#40;Supl&#46;6&#44; Tabela S3&#41;&#46; Assim&#44; na aus&#234;ncia de causas secund&#225;rias&#44; o diagn&#243;stico de SQTL &#233; estabelecido se<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#58; 1&#41; QTc &#8805;480<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms em ECGs repetidos &#40;classe I&#41; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ou</span> 2&#41; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">score</span> de risco &#62; 3 &#40;classe I&#41; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ou</span> 3&#41; identifica&#231;&#227;o de variante patog&#233;nica&#44; independentemente da dura&#231;&#227;o do QTc &#40;classe I&#41; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ou</span> 4&#41; QTc &#8805;460<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms em ECGs repetidos e s&#237;ncope inexplicada &#40;classe IIa&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A SQTL est&#225; associada a variantes gen&#233;ticas documentadas em pelo menos 15 genes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0510"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46; O teste gen&#233;tico identifica variantes patog&#233;nicas em aproximadamente 75&#37; dos casos&#44; sendo que tr&#234;s genes s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por sensivelmente 90&#37; dos testes positivos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KCNQ1</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KCNH2</span> e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SCN5A</span> &#40;associados &#224;s SQTL tipo 1 a 3&#44; respetivamente&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46; Nestes casos em particular&#44; o diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico reveste&#8208;se de valor progn&#243;stico&#44; dado que os diferentes gen&#243;tipos associam&#8208;se a maior ou menor risco de morte s&#250;bita&#44; principalmente quando associado ao g&#233;nero e &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o do QTc&#44; sendo este risco particularmente elevado em mulheres com SQTL tipo 2 e homens com SQTL tipo 3 e com QTc &#62; 500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;14</span></a>&#44; e dado que os <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">triggers</span> para os eventos arr&#237;tmicos s&#227;o tamb&#233;m distintos &#40;na SQTL tipo 1&#44; a atividade f&#237;sica&#44; particularmente a nata&#231;&#227;o&#59; na SQTL tipo 2&#44; ru&#237;dos altos e s&#250;bitos&#59; na SQTL tipo 3&#44; o repouso ou sono&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;15</span></a>&#46; Cerca de 20&#8211;25&#37; dos doentes com SQTL confirmado geneticamente apresentam QTc com dura&#231;&#227;o normal<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0495"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;16</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O estudo molecular pode ser dirigido a um gene espec&#237;fico&#44; orientado pelo ECG&#44; fatores precipitantes da s&#237;ncope ou presen&#231;a de caracter&#237;sticas sindr&#243;micas&#46; Nos doentes com surdez cong&#233;nita&#44; cardiopatia cong&#233;nita&#44; d&#233;fice cognitivo&#44; perturba&#231;&#227;o do espetro de autismo e&#47;ou dismorfias&#44; deve ser considerada a hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica de s&#237;ndrome de Jervell e Lange&#8208;Nielson&#44; s&#237;ndrome de Timothy&#44; s&#237;ndrome de Andersen&#8208;Tawil ou considerar o uso de pain&#233;is gen&#233;ticos&#44; que incluam m&#250;ltiplos genes relacionados com o SQTL&#44; que permitam o diagn&#243;stico de formas mais raras de SQTL<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0530"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A s&#237;ndrome de Jervell e Lange&#8208;Nielson &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome autoss&#243;mica recessiva ou&#44; menos frequentemente&#44; heterozig&#243;tica composta&#44; envolvendo os genes <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KCNQ1</span> ou <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KCNE1</span>&#44; na qual a presen&#231;a de prolongamento do QTc&#44; habitualmente &#62; 500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms&#44; se associa surdez neurossensorial cong&#233;nita bilateral profunda e se manifesta habitualmente por s&#237;ncope em contexto de ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;18</span></a>&#59; a s&#237;ndrome de Timothy &#40;SQTL tipo 8&#41; associa&#8208;se a variantes patog&#233;nicas no gene <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CACNA1C</span> e caracteriza&#8208;se pela presen&#231;a adicional de perturba&#231;&#227;o da condu&#231;&#227;o aur&#237;culo ventricular&#44; taquiarritmias&#44; cardiopatias cong&#233;nitas&#44; dismorfias faciais&#44; das m&#227;os e dos p&#233;s e de perturba&#231;&#227;o do desenvolvimento do espectro do autismo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;19</span></a>&#59; a s&#237;ndrome de Andersen&#8208;Tawil &#40;SQTL tipo 7&#41; associa&#8208;se a variantes patog&#233;nicas no gene <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KCNJ2</span> e&#44; para al&#233;m do prolongamento do QTC &#233; caracterizada pela presen&#231;a de onda U&#44; epis&#243;dios de paralisia muscular peri&#243;dica hipocali&#233;mica&#44; dismorfias faciais e d&#233;fice neurocognitivo ligeiro e manifesta&#8208;se habitualmente por palpita&#231;&#245;es&#44; s&#237;ncope&#44; ou epis&#243;dios de paralisia&#44; ap&#243;s repouso prolongado ou ap&#243;s o repouso depois de esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;20</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O teste gen&#233;tico&#44; conjuntamente com aconselhamento gen&#233;tico&#44; est&#225; indicado em todos os pacientes com o diagn&#243;stico de SQTL ou com forte suspeita cl&#237;nica &#40;classe I&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a>&#44; podendo ser considerado em indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos com QTc prolongado &#40;&#62; 480<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms em adultos e &#62; 460<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms na pr&#233;&#8208;puberdade&#41; na aus&#234;ncia de causas secund&#225;rias &#40;classe IIb&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0100" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">S&#237;ndrome do QT curto</span><span id="sec0105" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O diagn&#243;stico da s&#237;ndrome do QT curto &#40;SQTC&#41; &#233; estabelecido na presen&#231;a de QTc &#8804;340<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms &#40;classe I&#41;&#44; devendo ser considerado &#40;classe IIa&#41;&#44; se QTc &#8804;360<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms e adicionalmente existir&#58; 1&#41; variante gen&#233;tica patog&#233;nica confirmada&#59; 2&#41; hist&#243;ria familiar de SQTC&#59; 3&#41; MS familiar antes dos 40 anos&#59; ou 4&#41; TV&#47;FV abortada&#44; sem cardiopatia estrutural<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0110" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A SQTC est&#225; associada a variantes gen&#233;ticas em tr&#234;s genes que codificam canais de pot&#225;ssio &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KCNH2</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KNCQ1</span> e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KCNJ2</span>&#41;&#44; os quais tamb&#233;m se associam &#224; SQTL&#44; mas com altera&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o destes canais em sentidos opostos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;10</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O teste gen&#233;tico pode ser considerado nos indiv&#237;duos com SQTC &#40;classe IIb&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a> para facilitar o rastreio nos familiares de primeiro grau<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46; Ao contr&#225;rio do que acontece no SQTL&#44; no SQTC o teste gen&#233;tico n&#227;o tem valor progn&#243;stico&#46;</p></span></span></span></span><span id="sec0115" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Taquicardia ventricular polim&#243;rfica catecolamin&#233;rgica</span><span id="sec0120" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A taquicardia ventricular polim&#243;rfica catecolamin&#233;rgica &#40;TVPC&#41; &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome arritmog&#233;nica heredit&#225;ria que tipicamente se manifesta por s&#237;ncope ou MS adrenergicamente mediadas e secund&#225;rias a taquiarritmias ventriculares<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0550"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#46; O diagn&#243;stico &#233; estabelecido na presen&#231;a de&#58; 1&#41; TV bidirecional ou polim&#243;rfica induzida pelo exerc&#237;cio ou <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">stress</span> emocional&#44; na presen&#231;a de cora&#231;&#227;o estruturalmente normal e ECG normal &#40;classe I&#41;&#59; ou 2&#41; variante patog&#233;nica nos genes <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">RYR2</span> ou <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CASQ2</span> &#40;classe I&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0125" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O teste gen&#233;tico est&#225; recomendado nos indiv&#237;duos com TVPC &#40;classe IIa&#40;3&#41; &#47; I&#40;2&#41;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0130" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Miocardiopatias</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As miocardiopatias s&#227;o doen&#231;as do mioc&#225;rdio caracterizadas por altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e&#47;ou funcionais do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco na aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria&#44; hipertens&#227;o&#44; doen&#231;a valvular ou cardiopatias cong&#233;nitas&#44; &#171;suficientes&#187; para provocar as altera&#231;&#245;es observadas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0555"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Atualmente o estudo molecular &#233; parte integrante da avalia&#231;&#227;o e orienta&#231;&#227;o de doentes&#47;fam&#237;lias com miocardiopatias&#44; sendo tamb&#233;m considerado um dos crit&#233;rios de diagn&#243;stico das formas familiares<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0560"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;24</span></a>&#46;</p><span id="sec0135" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0155">Miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica</span><span id="sec0140" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0160">Diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica &#40;MCH&#41; &#233; definida pela presen&#231;a de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda inapropriada e desproporcional &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es de carga na aus&#234;ncia de outra condi&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ou sist&#233;mica que justifique a magnitude de hipertrofia observada&#46; O crit&#233;rio de diagn&#243;stico consiste na presen&#231;a de espessura m&#225;xima da parede do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#8805;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm em qualquer segmento mioc&#225;rdico&#46; Em parentes de 1&#46;&#176; grau&#44; &#233; suficiente uma espessura da parede &#8805;13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; n&#227;o explicada de outra forma&#44; em qualquer segmento mioc&#225;rdico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0570"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0145" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0165">Diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O teste gen&#233;tico &#40;dirigido ou com pain&#233;is gen&#233;ticos alargados&#41; est&#225; recomendado em doentes com o diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de MCH &#40;classe I<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;25</span></a> &#47; classe IIa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;26</span></a> &#47; n&#237;vel A<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0560"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#41;&#44; principalmente quando se antev&#234; a realiza&#231;&#227;o de rastreio gen&#233;tico familiar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0570"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#44;26</span></a>&#46; O diagn&#243;stico molecular &#233; tamb&#233;m recomendado quando a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica sugere etiologia gen&#233;tica espec&#237;fica&#44; n&#227;o sarcom&#233;rica &#40;classe I&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0575"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em doentes cumprindo os crit&#233;rios de diagn&#243;stico de MCH&#44; a &#171;positividade&#187; estima&#8208;se entre 30&#37; a 60&#37; dos casos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0570"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#44;27&#8211;29</span></a>&#44; sendo mais elevada nos casos de doen&#231;a familiar e mais baixa em doentes idosos e em indiv&#237;duos com manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas n&#227;o cl&#225;ssicas &#40;in&#237;cio tardio da doen&#231;a&#44; menor gravidade da hipertrofia&#44; hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica ou septal sigm&#243;idea&#44; aus&#234;ncia de eventos adversos&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0570"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#44;28&#44;29</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em indiv&#237;duos com achados cl&#237;nicos equ&#237;vocos &#40;como espessura das paredes do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo entre 12&#8208;13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm e hipertens&#227;o arterial&#44; doen&#231;a valvular ou pr&#225;tica de desporto concomitantes&#41; o teste gen&#233;tico deve apenas ser realizado ap&#243;s uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e familiar exaustivas por equipas especializadas &#40;classe IIa&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0570"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#44; uma vez que o resultado pode igualmente ser equ&#237;voco&#58; um resultado negativo n&#227;o exclui o diagn&#243;stico e as VSI s&#227;o de dif&#237;cil interpreta&#231;&#227;o<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0570"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Tabela 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0150" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0170">Fenoc&#243;pias</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Doen&#231;as heredit&#225;rias do metabolismo e outras correspondem a uma pequena&#44; mas importante&#44; fra&#231;&#227;o de doentes genotipados para MCH&#44; sendo as condi&#231;&#245;es mais frequentemente encontradas na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta a doen&#231;a de Anderson&#8208;Fabry&#44; a doen&#231;a de Danon&#44; a amiloidose e a MCH devida a variantes no gene <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PRKAG2</span>&#46; O diagn&#243;stico diferencial &#233; crucial&#44; uma vez que estas patologias cursam com hist&#243;ria natural e progn&#243;stico muito diferentes e podem implicar atitudes terap&#234;uticas distintas&#46; Nos suplementos &#40;Supl&#46;7&#41; s&#227;o enumeradas manifesta&#231;&#245;es&#44; card&#237;acas e extracard&#237;acas&#44; que podem orientar o diagn&#243;stico molecular&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0155" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0175">Miocardiopatia dilatada</span><span id="sec0160" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0180">Diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A miocardiopatia dilatada &#40;MCD&#41; &#233; definida pela presen&#231;a de dilata&#231;&#227;o e compromisso da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ou de ambos os ventr&#237;culos&#44; na aus&#234;ncia de condi&#231;&#245;es de sobrecarga ou de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria &#171;suficientes&#187; para explicar o grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o&#46; Considera&#8208;se fenotipicamente relacionada a miocardiopatia hipocin&#233;tica n&#227;o dilatada &#40;MHND&#41;&#44; definida pela presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#40;FEVE &#60; 45&#37;&#41; ou de ambos os ventr&#237;culos&#44; na aus&#234;ncia de dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0565"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Com a melhoria das t&#233;cnicas de diagn&#243;stico molecular&#44; tem&#8208;se verificado que 25&#8208;50&#37; dos casos de MCD &#171;idiop&#225;tica&#187; apresentam uma base gen&#233;tica&#44; predominantemente com transmiss&#227;o autoss&#243;mica dominante<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0565"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24&#44;30&#44;31</span></a>&#44; pelo que &#233; fundamental a avalia&#231;&#227;o exaustiva da hist&#243;ria familiar&#44; envolvendo pelo menos tr&#234;s gera&#231;&#245;es&#44; nos casos de MCD <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">de novo</span>&#46; Na aus&#234;ncia de uma etiologia gen&#233;tica definitiva&#44; considera&#8208;se que a MCD &#40;ou MHND&#41; &#233; familiar se existirem dois ou mais indiv&#237;duos afetados na mesma fam&#237;lia ou na presen&#231;a de um indiv&#237;duo com diagn&#243;stico definitivo &#40;MCD ou MHND&#41; e um familiar de 1&#46;&#176; grau com diagn&#243;stico confirmado por aut&#243;psia e MS antes dos 50 anos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0565"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por outro lado&#44; a aus&#234;ncia de hist&#243;ria familiar n&#227;o exclui etiologia gen&#233;tica e esta deve ser particularmente considerada quando existe perturba&#231;&#227;o da condu&#231;&#227;o auriculo&#8208;ventricular pr&#233;via ou concomitante com a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular ou miopatia esquel&#233;tica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0595"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a>&#46; Para o diagn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a em familiares existem ainda outros crit&#233;rios de diagn&#243;stico &#40;Supl&#46; 8&#59; Tabela S4&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0565"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0165" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0185">Diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico</span><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O teste gen&#233;tico est&#225; recomendado &#40;classe I&#41; em doentes com MCD e doen&#231;a significativa do tecido de condu&#231;&#227;o &#40;bloqueio auriculo&#8208;ventricular de 1&#46;&#176;&#44; 2&#46;&#176; ou 3&#46;&#176; grau&#41; e com hist&#243;ria familiar de MS prematura inexplicada<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#59; em doentes com MCD familiar ou nos casos de MCD espor&#225;dica associada &#224; presen&#231;a de manifesta&#231;&#245;es particulares&#44; sugestivas de doen&#231;a gen&#233;tica&#47;rara<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0565"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#46; Nos indiv&#237;duos com o diagn&#243;stico de MCD&#44; deve ser testado o indiv&#237;duo com o fen&#243;tipo mais evidente &#40;n&#237;vel A&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0560"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Tabela 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nos suplementos &#40;Supl&#46;9&#41; s&#227;o enumeradas algumas manifesta&#231;&#245;es sugestivas de doen&#231;a gen&#233;tica&#47;rara&#44; orientadoras do diagn&#243;stico molecular&#46;</p><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A &#171;positividade&#187; do teste gen&#233;tico aproxima&#8208;se dos 30&#8208;40&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0600"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a>&#44; sendo mais elevada nos casos familiares do que nos casos isolados de MCD &#40;25&#8208;40&#37; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 10&#8208;25&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0560"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0170" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0190">Miocardiopatia arritmog&#233;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito</span><span id="sec0175" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0195">Diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico</span><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A miocardiopatia arritmog&#233;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito &#40;MAVD&#41; &#233; definida histologicamente pela substitui&#231;&#227;o progressiva do mioc&#225;rdio ventricular por tecido fibro&#8208;adiposo&#44; particularmente na regi&#227;o denominada &#171;tri&#226;ngulo da displasia&#187; &#40;entre a c&#226;mara de entrada&#44; c&#226;mara de sa&#237;da e &#225;pex do ventr&#237;culo direito&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0555"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46; A MAVD &#233; diagnosticada na presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita &#40;global ou regional&#41;&#44; associada ou n&#227;o a doen&#231;a ventricular esquerda&#44; na presen&#231;a de evid&#234;ncia histol&#243;gica da doen&#231;a e&#47;ou altera&#231;&#245;es do ECG&#44; ecocardiograma ou resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca &#40;RMC&#41; &#40;Supl&#46; 10&#59; Tabela S5&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0605"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Embora as anomalias estruturais predominem no ventr&#237;culo direito&#44; hoje &#233; bem reconhecido que o envolvimento pode ser biventricular e&#47;ou predominantemente do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0610"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&#46; Deve ser elevado o &#237;ndice de suspei&#231;&#227;o desta entidade cl&#237;nica aquando da coexist&#234;ncia de padr&#245;es de realce tardio n&#227;o isqu&#233;micos&#44; poupando o subendoc&#225;rdio na RMC&#44; de anomalias da onda T no ECG e de arritmias ventriculares&#44; particularmente na presen&#231;a de MS familiar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0615"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0180" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0200">Diagn&#243;stico em casos familiares</span><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico de MAVD&#44; o diagn&#243;stico em familiares de 1&#46;&#176; grau&#44; necessita apenas de um dos seguintes crit&#233;rios&#58; 1&#41; invers&#227;o da onda T em V1&#44; V2 e V3 &#40;&#62; 14 anos&#41;&#59; 2&#41; potenciais tardios&#59; 3&#41; TV com padr&#227;o de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo ou ectopia ventricular frequente &#40;&#62; 200 extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares em Holter de 24 horas&#41;&#59; 4&#41; ligeira dilata&#231;&#227;o ou disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita&#44; global ou segmentar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0605"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0185" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0205">Diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico</span><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O teste gen&#233;tico&#44; dirigido ou alargado&#44; pode ser &#250;til em indiv&#237;duos que cumpram os crit&#233;rios de diagn&#243;stico de MAVD &#40;classe IIa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a>&#47; n&#237;vel A<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0560"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#41;&#44; podendo ser considerado nos casos &#171;poss&#237;veis&#187; &#40;classe IIb&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46; Na MAVD a &#171;positividade&#187; do teste gen&#233;tico aproxima&#8208;se habitualmente dos 50&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0620"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Tabela 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0190" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0210">Miocardiopatia restritiva</span><span id="sec0195" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0215">Diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico</span><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A miocardiopatia restritiva &#40;MCR&#41; &#233; rara e pode ser idiop&#225;tica&#44; familiar ou secund&#225;ria a doen&#231;as sist&#233;micas&#46; Caracteriza&#8208;se por uma fisiologia restritiva&#44; detetada habitualmente por ecocardiografia&#44; na presen&#231;a de volumes ventriculares normais &#40;ou diminu&#237;dos&#41; e espessura n&#227;o significativamente aumentada das paredes ventriculares &#40;embora a espessura possa estar aumentada nas doen&#231;as infiltrativas&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0555"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0200" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0220">Diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico</span><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O teste gen&#233;tico pode ser considerado em doentes com MCR&#44; depois da pondera&#231;&#227;o dos achados da anamnese&#44; antecedentes familiares e fen&#243;tipo cl&#237;nico&#44; eletrocardiogr&#225;fico e ecocardiogr&#225;fico &#40;classe IIb<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#47; n&#237;vel B<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0560"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Tabela 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Antes do estudo gen&#233;tico devem ser considerados alguns diagn&#243;sticos diferenciais e testes diagn&#243;sticos espec&#237;ficos &#40;Supl&#46;11&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0205" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0225">N&#227;o&#8208;compacta&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</span><span id="sec0210" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0230">Diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico</span><p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A n&#227;o&#8208;compacta&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#40;NCVE&#41; caracteriza&#8208;se pela presen&#231;a de trab&#233;culas proeminentes&#44; com recessos intertrabeculares profundos em comunica&#231;&#227;o com o sangue da cavidade ventricular&#44; sem comunica&#231;&#227;o com a &#225;rvore coron&#225;ria&#44; sendo poss&#237;vel distinguir uma camada de mioc&#225;rdio compactado e outra de mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o compactado<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0555"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46; Em alguns indiv&#237;duos&#44; a NCVE associa&#8208;se a dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0555"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nem sempre &#233; consensual considerar a NCVE uma miocardiopatia prim&#225;ria e independente ou apenas um tra&#231;o fenot&#237;pico&#44; compartilhado por outras miocardiopatias&#44; outras condi&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas &#40;doen&#231;as neuromusculares&#44; miopatias&#44; doen&#231;as mitocondriais&#41; ou fisiol&#243;gicas &#40;como a gravidez ou pr&#225;tica desportiva&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0560"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;36&#44;37</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0275" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para o seu diagn&#243;stico&#44; existem v&#225;rios crit&#233;rios baseados nos achados imagiol&#243;gicos &#40;Supl&#46;12&#59; Tabela S6&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0635"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38&#8208;44</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0280" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A probabilidade de miocardiopatia aumenta quando s&#227;o cumpridos os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;stico quantitativos em eixo curto &#40;de Jenni<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0635"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a> ou de Jacquier<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0660"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a>&#41; na presen&#231;a adicional de um dos seguintes fatores&#58; outro familiar afetado &#40;ou hist&#243;ria familiar de miocardiopatia&#41;&#59; altera&#231;&#245;es da contractilidade&#47;compromisso da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular&#59; sintomas&#47;complica&#231;&#245;es&#59; doen&#231;a neuromuscular&#59; variante gen&#233;tica potencialmente causal descrita em v&#225;rias fam&#237;lias com NCVE<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0670"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45&#44;46</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0215" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0235">Diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico</span><p id="par0285" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O teste gen&#233;tico pode ser &#250;til em doentes com NCVE&#44; depois da pondera&#231;&#227;o dos achados da anamnese&#44; antecedentes familiares e fen&#243;tipo cl&#237;nico &#40;particularmente doen&#231;a neuromuscular&#41;&#44; eletrocardiogr&#225;fico e ecocardiogr&#225;fico &#40;classe IIa&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46; N&#227;o est&#225; recomendado em indiv&#237;duos com NCVE isolada&#44; sem outras altera&#231;&#245;es na estrutura ou fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular&#44; assintom&#225;ticos e sem hist&#243;ria familiar &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Tabela 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span></span></span><span id="sec0220" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0240">Rastreio familiar nas miocardiopatias</span><p id="par0290" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e molecular dos familiares de doentes com miocardiopatias encontra&#8208;se detalhada nos suplementos &#40;Supl&#46;13&#59; Tabela S7&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0225" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0245">Aortopatias heredit&#225;rias</span><p id="par0295" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As doen&#231;as heredit&#225;rias da aorta s&#227;o um grupo heterog&#233;neo de patologias caracterizadas pela ocorr&#234;ncia de aneurismas e&#47;ou disse&#231;&#245;es num ou mais segmentos da aorta&#44; habitualmente localizados entre o anel a&#243;rtico e o n&#237;vel do diafragma&#46; Dependendo da presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de manifesta&#231;&#245;es noutros &#243;rg&#227;os&#44; as aortopatias heredit&#225;rias podem ser sindr&#243;micas ou n&#227;o&#46; Os genes identificados codificam maioritariamente prote&#237;nas da matriz extracelular&#44; componentes da via TGF&#8208;&#946; ou do aparelho contr&#225;ctil do m&#250;sculo liso vascular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0680"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47&#44;48</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0300" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em doentes com aneurismas&#47;disse&#231;&#245;es da aorta tor&#225;cica est&#225; recomendado investigar os familiares de 1&#46;&#176; grau de forma a identificar poss&#237;veis formas familiares da doen&#231;a &#40;classe I&#41;&#46; Os casos familiares devem ser referenciados a um geneticista para aconselhamento familiar e estudo gen&#233;tico &#40;classe I&#41;&#46; Nos casos familiares n&#227;o sindr&#243;micos&#44; deve ser rastreada a presen&#231;a de aneurismas tamb&#233;m noutros territ&#243;rios arteriais&#44; incluindo as art&#233;rias cerebrais &#40;classe IIa&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0690"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0305" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As principais s&#237;ndromes associadas a aneurismas&#47;disse&#231;&#245;es da aorta e as indica&#231;&#245;es para a avalia&#231;&#227;o imagiol&#243;gica da aorta encontram&#8208;se nos suplementos &#40;Supl&#46;14&#59; Tabelas S8&#46;1&#44; S8&#46;2 e S8&#46;3&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0230" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0250">Hipercolesterolemia familiar</span><p id="par0310" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Embora o conhecimento da hipercolesterolemia familiar &#40;FH&#41; tenha aumentado nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas&#44; esta patologia gen&#233;tica comum&#44; potencialmente fatal&#44; mas trat&#225;vel&#44; permanece subdiagnosticada e subtratada<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0695"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a>&#46; &#201; cr&#237;tico fazer o diagn&#243;stico precoce da FH e instituir medidas terap&#234;uticas adequadas e individualizadas para prevenir a doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica prematura&#44; bem como identificar os parentes afetados e reduzir assim a carga das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares nestas fam&#237;lias&#46;</p><span id="sec0235" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0255">Diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico</span><p id="par0320" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Existem dois sistemas de crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos para o diagn&#243;stico da FH&#58; os Crit&#233;rios de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Simon Broome Heart Research Trust</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0700"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51</span></a> e os Crit&#233;rios da Cl&#237;nica de L&#237;pidos da Holanda<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0705"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">52</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span> Em Portugal&#44; s&#227;o habitualmente usados os crit&#233;rios adaptados de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Simon Broome Heart Research Trust</span>&#58;</p></span></span><span id="sec0240" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0260">Hipercolesterolemia familiar poss&#237;vel</span><p id="par0325" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#40;a&#41;</span><p id="par0330" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Crian&#231;as e jovens menores de 16 anos&#58; Colesterol total &#62; 260<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL ou colesterol LDL &#62;155<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#42;&#59; Adultos&#58; Colesterol total &#62; 290<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL ou colesterol LDL &#62;190<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#42;e</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#40;b&#41;</span><p id="par0335" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hist&#243;ria familiar de enfarte do mioc&#225;rdio antes dos 50 anos em av&#243;s e tios ou antes dos 60 anos nos pais&#44; irm&#227;os e filhose&#47;ou</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#40;c&#41;</span><p id="par0340" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hist&#243;ria familiar de n&#237;veis elevados de colesterol total &#40;&#62; 290<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL nos adultos e &#62; 260<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL nas crian&#231;as e jovens menores de 16 anos&#41; nos pais&#44; irm&#227;os ou filhos&#59; ou colesterol total &#62; 290<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL nos av&#243;s e&#47;ou tios&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0345" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#42; Valores verificados em duas ocasi&#245;es distintas&#44; preferencialmente ap&#243;s 3&#8208;6 meses de implementa&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es no estilo de vida apropriadas&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0245" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0265">Hipercolesterolemia familiar confirmada</span><p id="par0350" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Indiv&#237;duos que cumpram os crit&#233;rios acima mencionados e&#44; os pr&#243;prios ou familiares de 1&#46;&#176; ou 2&#46;&#176; grau &#40;pais&#44; filhos&#44; av&#243;s&#44; irm&#227;os&#44; tios&#41;&#44; apresentem xantomas tendinosos</p><p id="par0355" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ou</p><p id="par0360" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Presen&#231;a de uma variante patog&#233;nica&#47;provavelmente patog&#233;nica num dos tr&#234;s genes associados a HF&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">LDLR&#44; APOB&#44; PCSK9&#46;</span></p><span id="sec0250" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0270">Diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico</span><p id="par0365" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O teste gen&#233;tico da FH deve ser realizado em indiv&#237;duos com FH confirmada ou prov&#225;vel&#44; bem como nos familiares em risco&#44; conforme recomendado pelo painel de peritos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0710"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53</span></a>&#46; O teste deve incluir os genes <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">LDLR</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">APOB</span> e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PCSK9</span> e sempre que poss&#237;vel os genes associados a fenoc&#243;pias da FH&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">LDLRAP1</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">APOE</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">LIPA</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ABCG5</span> e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ABCG8</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0710"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53</span></a>&#46; O teste gen&#233;tico fornece informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas&#44; permitindo efetuar uma estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco mais refinada&#46;</p><p id="par0370" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O rastreio dos familiares em risco &#40;cascata gen&#233;tica&#41; &#233; altamente eficaz na identifica&#231;&#227;o dos indiv&#237;duos afetados&#44; que requerem tratamento adequado&#46;</p><p id="par0375" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os indiv&#237;duos com FH confirmada devem ser encaminhados para um especialista em FH&#44; particularmente aqueles com FH homozig&#243;tica&#46; Todas os indiv&#237;duos com FH devem ser avaliados pelo menos anualmente&#44; j&#225; que o seu seguimento regular e estruturado pode reduzir a morbilidade e mortalidade por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares&#44; atrav&#233;s de mudan&#231;as de h&#225;bitos de vida e medidas terap&#234;uticas precoces e adequadas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0715"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">54</span></a>&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0255" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0275">Cardiopatias cong&#233;nitas</span><p id="par0380" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As cardiopatias cong&#233;nitas &#40;CC&#41; correspondem a malforma&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares presentes desde o nascimento e ocorrem em 1&#8208;1&#44;2&#37; dos nados vivos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0720"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span> Como nem todos os casos s&#227;o diagnosticados precocemente&#44; a preval&#234;ncia &#233; dif&#237;cil de determinar&#44; estando estimada em 13&#44;1&#47;1000 crian&#231;as e 6&#44;1&#47;1000 adultos &#40;&#8764;90&#37; s&#227;o casos espor&#225;dicos&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0725"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56</span></a>&#46; A maioria das crian&#231;as com CC sobrevive at&#233; a idade adulta&#44; embora uma propor&#231;&#227;o significativa necessite de uma ou mais cirurgias ou desenvolva v&#225;rias complica&#231;&#245;es&#44; como arritmias ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca&#46;</p><p id="par0385" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os principais fatores etiol&#243;gicos das CC e a abordagem ao seu diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;ticos encontram&#8208;se pormenorizados nos suplementos &#40;Supl&#46;15&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0390" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada tem sido crescente o n&#250;mero de variantes gen&#233;ticas associadas a CC&#44; seja formas espor&#225;dicas ou heredit&#225;rias&#44; sindr&#243;micas ou n&#227;o&#46; O diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico definitivo pode permitir&#44; por exemplo&#44; a identifica&#231;&#227;o de um fen&#243;tipo n&#227;o card&#237;aco que implique um seguimento e terap&#234;utica particulares e otimizar o aconselhamento gen&#233;tico&#46; No suplemento 15 encontram&#8208;se alguns exemplos de CC sindr&#243;micas frequentes &#40;Tabela S9&#46;1&#41; e dados sobre o risco de recorr&#234;ncia de algumas CC &#40;Tabelas S9&#46;2 e S9&#46;3&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0260" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0280">Hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar</span><span id="sec0265" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0285">Diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico</span><p id="par0395" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar &#40;HAP&#41; define&#8208;se por press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia &#8805; 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; associada a press&#227;o de encravamento da art&#233;ria pulmonar &#8804;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg e resist&#234;ncias vasculares pulmonares &#62;3 UW&#44; em repouso&#44; avaliadas por cateterismo card&#237;aco direito<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0730"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">57</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0400" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cerca de 70&#8208;80&#37; dos doentes com HAP heredit&#225;ria autoss&#243;mica dominante<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0735"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58</span></a> e 10&#8208;20&#37; daqueles com HAP espor&#225;dica&#47;idiop&#225;tica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0740"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">59</span></a> apresentam variantes no gene <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BMPR2</span> &#40;membro da fam&#237;lia <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">TGF&#8208;&#946;</span>&#41;&#46; No caso de variantes neste gene&#44; a penetr&#226;ncia da doen&#231;a &#233; maior no sexo feminino<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0745"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">60</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0405" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Outros genes t&#234;m sido associados a HAP&#44; particularmente&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">TBX4</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ATP13A3</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">GDF2</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SOX17</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">AQP1</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ACVRL1</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SMAD9</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ENG</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KCNK3</span> e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CAV1</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0735"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58</span></a>&#46; Variantes no gene <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">EIF2AK4</span> est&#227;o associadas &#224; doen&#231;a pulmonar veno&#8208;oclusiva&#47;hemangiomatose capilar pulmonar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0750"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">61</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0270" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0290">Diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico</span><p id="par0410" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O aconselhamento e o diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico devem ser oferecidos aos doentes com HAP heredit&#225;ria ou espor&#225;dica&#47;idiop&#225;tica&#46; Os testes gen&#233;ticos permitem identificar portadores assintom&#225;ticos&#44; mas&#44; dada a penetr&#226;ncia incompleta&#44; n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel&#44; at&#233; &#224; data&#44; predizer quem ir&#225; desenvolver a doen&#231;a&#46; Nestes indiv&#237;duos deve ser considerada a vigil&#226;ncia ecocardiogr&#225;fica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0740"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">59&#44;62</span></a>&#46; A identifica&#231;&#227;o de variantes no gene <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">EIF2AK4</span> pode evitar a necessidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o de bi&#243;psia pulmonar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0735"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0415" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O rastreio pr&#233;&#8208;natal na HAP heredit&#225;ria pode permitir a sele&#231;&#227;o de embri&#245;es por reprodu&#231;&#227;o medicamente assistida<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0760"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">63</span></a>&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0275" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0295">Morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca e testes gen&#233;ticos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">post mortem</span> &#40;&#171;aut&#243;psia molecular&#187;&#41;</span><span id="sec0280" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0300">Defini&#231;&#245;es</span><p id="par0420" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A MS &#233; definida como a morte n&#227;o traum&#225;tica&#44; inesperada&#44; ocorrendo dentro de uma hora desde o in&#237;cio de sintomas num indiv&#237;duo aparentemente saud&#225;vel&#46; Nos casos n&#227;o testemunhados&#44; &#233; a morte que ocorre em 24 horas num indiv&#237;duo previamente saud&#225;vel<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0425" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O conceito de morte s&#250;bita arr&#237;tmica ou SADS &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sudden Arrhythmic Death Syndrome</span>&#41; &#233; utilizado quando a causa de morte permanece desconhecida ou incerta ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o da aut&#243;psia&#44; o que ocorre em cerca de 25&#37; a 50&#37; dos casos de MS em jovens<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0765"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">64&#44;65</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0430" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A morte s&#250;bita em crian&#231;as com idades inferiores a um ano denomina&#8208;se por s&#237;ndrome morte s&#250;bita infantil&#46; Neste per&#237;odo et&#225;rio&#44; considera&#8208;se existir uma inter&#8208;rela&#231;&#227;o complexa entre diversos fatores que promovem a ocorr&#234;ncia da MS&#58; o per&#237;odo cr&#237;tico de desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso aut&#243;nomo&#44; fatores ex&#243;genos &#40;ex&#46; posi&#231;&#227;o no leito&#41;&#44; e a vulnerabilidade individual&#44; incluindo fatores gen&#233;ticos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0775"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">66</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0435" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A MS &#233; respons&#225;vel por 15&#8208;25&#37; da mortalidade na popula&#231;&#227;o geral e a sua incid&#234;ncia aumenta significativamente com a idade<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0780"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">67&#8211;70</span></a>&#46; Acima dos 40 anos&#44; a doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria explica a maioria dos casos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0800"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">71</span></a>&#44; enquanto nos mais jovens as doen&#231;as card&#237;acas heredit&#225;rias&#44; como as miocardiopatias e as canalopatias&#44; s&#227;o mais frequentes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0790"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">69</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0440" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As doen&#231;as el&#233;tricas prim&#225;rias &#40;como SQTL&#44; SBr e TVPC&#41; s&#227;o dif&#237;ceis de identificar <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">post mortem</span> e &#233; para o seu diagn&#243;stico que &#233; particularmente &#250;til a &#171;aut&#243;psia molecular&#187;&#46; Na SADS&#44; o teste gen&#233;tico permite a identifica&#231;&#227;o da causa de morte numa percentagem adicional entre 20&#8208;30&#37; dos casos&#46; &#201; importante referir que em doentes previamente diagnosticados com epilepsia&#44; &#233; poss&#237;vel identificar variantes associadas a canalopatias &#40;nomeadamente SQTL e TVPC&#41; em cerca de 20&#37; dos casos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0805"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">72</span></a>&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0285" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0305">Aut&#243;psia e testes gen&#233;ticos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">post mortem</span></span><p id="par0445" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nos casos de MS&#44; a import&#226;ncia do diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas heredit&#225;rias reside na possibilidade de identificar familiares vivos em risco &#40;portadores assintom&#225;ticos&#41;&#44; de forma a intervir precocemente e modificar o curso de vida dos mesmos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0795"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">70</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0450" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#201; indica&#231;&#227;o classe I a realiza&#231;&#227;o de aut&#243;psia para investigar a causa de MS<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46; As recomenda&#231;&#245;es para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de aut&#243;psias nestes casos foram recentemente atualizadas pela Sociedade Europeia de Patologia Cardiovascular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0810"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">73</span></a>&#46; Idealmente&#44; deve ser recolhida informa&#231;&#227;o relativa &#224; hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica pessoal e familiar e &#224;s circunst&#226;ncias da morte&#46; O exame card&#237;aco deve ser realizado por um patologista experiente e deve ser obtido material biol&#243;gico para eventual estudo gen&#233;tico&#46; O manuseio deste material requer o consentimento familiar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0815"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">74</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0455" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O resultado da aut&#243;psia deve ser comunicado &#224; fam&#237;lia&#44; devendo existir redes de referencia&#231;&#227;o que possibilitem a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica adequada das fam&#237;lias&#46; Os testes gen&#233;ticos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">post mortem</span> s&#243; devem ser realizados ap&#243;s o aconselhamento gen&#233;tico dos familiares<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0820"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">75</span></a> e est&#227;o indicados quando se suspeita de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca heredit&#225;ria&#44; seja pelos achados na aut&#243;psia&#44; seja nos casos de SADS &#40;classe IIa&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0460" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No contexto de SADS&#44; o estudo gen&#233;tico deve incluir genes associados a canalopatias e a miocardiopatias&#46; Apesar das miocardiopatias condicionarem altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais no mioc&#225;rdio&#44; estas podem ser muito subtis e n&#227;o detetadas na aut&#243;psia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0825"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">76</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0465" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Como nos casos de MS n&#227;o existe um fen&#243;tipo definido <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a priori</span>&#44; a identifica&#231;&#227;o de uma variante gen&#233;tica n&#227;o &#233; muitas vezes suficiente para o estabelecimento da sua patogenicidade&#44; da&#237; a import&#226;ncia da integra&#231;&#227;o com os resultados da avalia&#231;&#227;o familiar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0805"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">72</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0290" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0310">Avalia&#231;&#227;o dos familiares</span><p id="par0470" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Independentemente da realiza&#231;&#227;o da aut&#243;psia molecular e de acordo com a Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia&#44; est&#225; recomendado o rastreio de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca nos familiares de 1&#46;&#176; grau de indiv&#237;duos com MS &#40;classe I&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46; Essa avalia&#231;&#227;o deve incluir primeiramente avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica&#44; ECG&#44; prova de esfor&#231;o e ecocardiograma e&#44; num segundo n&#237;vel &#40;dependendo da suspeita cl&#237;nica&#41;&#44; RMC&#44; Holter e prova farmacol&#243;gica com ajmalina&#47;flecainida<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0475" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Na aus&#234;ncia de um diagn&#243;stico definitivo&#44; depois de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica &#40;incluindo ou n&#227;o o estudo gen&#233;tico&#41;&#44; os familiares de 1&#46;&#176; grau devem ser acompanhados de forma peri&#243;dica e at&#233; &#224; idade adulta&#44; altura em que a maioria das doen&#231;as j&#225; se expressou fenotipicamente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46; No entanto&#44; nos casos de aut&#243;psias negativas e estudo molecular negativo a taxa de eventos entre os familiares parece ser baixa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0830"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">77</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0295" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0315">Conflitos de interesse</span><p id="par0480" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nada a declarar&#46;</p></span></span>"
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      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "pt" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumo"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Nos &#250;ltimos anos&#44; tem sido crescente o reconhecimento das causas gen&#233;ticas das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares resultado dos significativos progressos das t&#233;cnicas laboratoriais&#46; Este conhecimento tem permitido a identifica&#231;&#227;o de &#171;novos&#187; fen&#243;tipos e a subclassifica&#231;&#227;o das s&#237;ndromes cl&#237;nicas&#44; tendo impacto nas decis&#245;es terap&#234;uticas e no aconselhamento gen&#233;tico que &#233; facultado &#224;s fam&#237;lias&#46;</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">No presente documento descreve&#8208;se o &#171;estado da arte&#187; relativamente &#224;s principais recomenda&#231;&#245;es para testes gen&#233;ticos nas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares&#44; pretendendo&#8208;se providenciar uma ferramenta &#250;til de consulta para cardiologistas e outros profissionais envolvidos na presta&#231;&#227;o nos cuidados de sa&#250;de a doentes com cardiopatias heredit&#225;rias e respetivas fam&#237;lias&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In recent years&#44; the importance of genetic causes of cardiovascular diseases has been increasingly recognized&#44; as the result of significant advances in molecular diagnosis techniques&#46; This growing knowledge has enabled the identification of new phenotypes and the subclassification of clinical syndromes&#44; impacting the therapeutic approach and genetic counseling offered to affected families&#46;</p><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This paper describes the state of the art of genetic testing in the main cardiovascular diseases&#44; aiming to provide a useful tool to help cardiologists and other health professionals involved in the care of individuals with hereditary heart diseases and their families&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
    ]
    "apendice" => array:1 [
      0 => array:1 [
        "seccion" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "apendice" => "<p id="par0495" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p>"
            "etiqueta" => "Appendix B"
            "titulo" => "Material suplementar"
            "identificador" => "sec0310"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:3 [
      0 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabela 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at1"
            "detalle" => "Tabela "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ACC &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">American College of Cardiology</span>&#59; AHA &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">American Heart Association</span>&#59; ECG &#8211; eletrocardiograma&#59; EHRA &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">European Heart Rhythm Association</span>&#59; HRS &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Heart Rhythm Society</span>&#59; NE &#8211; n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia&#59; R &#8211; n&#237;vel de recomenda&#231;&#227;o&#59; SBr &#8211; S&#237;ndrome de Brugada&#59; SQTC &#8211; s&#237;ndrome do QT curto&#59; SQTL &#8211; s&#237;ndrome do QT longo&#59; TVPC &#8211; taquicardia ventricular polim&#243;rfica catecolamin&#233;rgica&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Doen&#231;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Recomenda&#231;&#227;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">R &#47; NE&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Fonte &#40;ano&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237;ndrome de Brugada&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico&#44; alargado ou dirigido &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SCN5A</span>&#41;&#44; pode ser &#250;til em doentes com SBr estabelecido com base na hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica&#44; hist&#243;ria familiar e achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos &#40;ECG de repouso ou ap&#243;s teste de provoca&#231;&#227;o&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IIa&#8208;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">EHRA&#47;HRS &#40;2011&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico pode ser considerado em doentes com SBr estabelecido ou suspeito&#44; para facilitar o rastreio gen&#233;tico familiar&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IIb&#8208;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AHA&#47;ACC&#47;HRS &#40;2017&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico n&#227;o est&#225; recomendado em casos isolados de padr&#227;o de Brugada tipo 2 ou tipo 3&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">III&#8208;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">EHRA&#47;HRS &#40;2011&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237;ndrome de repolariza&#231;&#227;o precoce&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico n&#227;o est&#225; indicado&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">III&#8208;B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AHA&#47;ACC&#47;HRS &#40;2017&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237;ndrome do QT longo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico&#44; alargado ou dirigido &#224;s SQTL 1&#8208;3 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KCNQ1</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KCNH2</span> e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SCN5A</span>&#41; est&#225; recomendado em indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos com QTc &#62; 480<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms &#40;na pr&#233;&#8208;puberdade&#41; ou &#62; 500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms &#40;adultos&#41;&#44; na aus&#234;ncia de causas secund&#225;rias&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&#8208;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">EHRA&#47;HRS &#40;2011&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico&#44; alargado ou dirigido &#224;s SQTL 1&#8208;3 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KCNQ1</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KCNH2</span> e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SCN5A</span>&#41; est&#225; recomendado em indiv&#237;duos com forte suspeita cl&#237;nica de SQTL com base na hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica&#44; hist&#243;ria familiar e achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos &#40;ECG de repouso ou ap&#243;s teste de provoca&#231;&#227;o &#8211; exerc&#237;cio ou infus&#227;o de catecolaminas&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&#8208;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">EHRA&#47;HRS &#40;2011&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&#8208;B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AHA&#47;ACC&#47;HRS &#40;2017&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico&#44; alargado ou dirigido &#224;s SQTL 1&#8208;3 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KCNQ1</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KCNH2</span> e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SCN5A</span>&#41; pode ser considerado em indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos com QTc &#62; 460<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms &#40;na pr&#233;&#8208;puberdade&#41; ou &#62; 480<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms &#40;adultos&#41;&#44; na aus&#234;ncia de causas secund&#225;rias&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IIb&#8208;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">EHRA&#47;HRS &#40;2011&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237;ndrome do QT curto&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico&#44; alargado ou dirigido &#224;s SQTC 1&#8208;3 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KCNH2&#44; KCNQ1</span> e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KCNJ25A</span>&#41; pode ser considerado em indiv&#237;duos com forte suspeita cl&#237;nica de SQTC com base na hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica&#44; hist&#243;ria familiar e achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IIb&#8208;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">EHRA&#47;HRS &#40;2011&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico pode ser considerado em doentes com SQTC para facilitar o rastreio gen&#233;tico familiar&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IIb&#8208;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AHA&#47;ACC&#47;HRS &#40;2017&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TVPC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico&#44; alargado ou dirigido a TVPC1 ou TVPC2 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">RYR2</span> e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CASQ2</span>&#41; est&#225; recomendado em indiv&#237;duos com forte suspeita cl&#237;nica de TVPC com base na hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica&#44; hist&#243;ria familiar e achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos durante testes provocativos &#40;exerc&#237;cio ou infus&#227;o de catecolaminas&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&#8208;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">EHRA&#47;HRS &#40;2011&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico pode ser &#250;til em doentes com TVPC e taquicardia ventricular ou s&#237;ncope no exerc&#237;cio&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IIa&#8208;B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AHA&#47;ACC&#47;HRS &#40;2017&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "pt" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de testes gen&#233;ticos nas canalopatias</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabela 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at2"
            "detalle" => "Tabela "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
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        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ACC &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">American College of Cardiology</span>&#59; AHA &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">American Heart Association</span>&#59; EHRA &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">European Heart Rhythm Association</span>&#59; HFSA &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Heart Failure Society of America</span>&#59; HRS &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Heart Rhythm Society</span>&#59; MCD &#8211; miocardiopatia dilatada&#59; MCH &#8211; miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica&#59; MCR &#8211; miocardiopatia restritiva&#59; mod &#8211; evid&#234;ncia moderada&#59; MS &#8211; morte s&#250;bita&#59; NCVE &#8211; n&#227;o&#8208;compacta&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo&#59; NE &#8211; n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia&#59; R &#8211; n&#237;vel de recomenda&#231;&#227;o&#46;</p><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#42; Mais recentemente&#44; tem sido reconhecida a diversidade e a sobreposi&#231;&#227;o de fen&#243;tipos &#40;entre MCD e MAVD&#41;&#44; que partilham o mesmo substrato gen&#233;tico e que se associam a risco arr&#237;tmico elevado&#44; originando um novo grupo denominado de &#8220;miocardiopatias arritmog&#233;nicas&#8221; &#40;disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular associada a arritmias auriculares&#44; ventriculares ou bloqueio aur&#237;culo&#8208;ventricular&#41;&#59; nestes casos est&#225; tamb&#233;m indicado o estudo gen&#233;tico&#44; que deve incluir genes potencialmente arritmog&#233;nicos &#40;ex&#46; DSP&#44; LMNA&#44; SCN5A&#44; PLN&#44; TMEM43&#44; FLNC&#44; RBM20&#44; DES&#41;&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Doen&#231;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Recomenda&#231;&#227;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">R &#47; NE&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Fonte &#40;ano&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico est&#225; recomendado em doentes com crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos de MCH para confirma&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&#8208;B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ESC &#40;2014&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0570"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico&#44; alargado ou dirigido &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">MYBPC3&#44; MYH7&#44; TNNI3&#44; TNNT2&#44; TPM1</span>&#41; est&#225; recomendado em indiv&#237;duos com diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de MCH com base na hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica&#44; hist&#243;ria familiar e achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&#8208;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">EHRA&#47;HRS &#40;2011&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico para MCH e outras causas de hipertrofia card&#237;aca inexplicada est&#225; recomendado em doentes com apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica at&#237;pica ou quando existe suspeita de outra etiologia gen&#233;tica espec&#237;fica&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&#8208;B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ACCF&#47;AHA &#40;2011&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0575"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico est&#225; recomendado em indiv&#237;duos com o diagn&#243;stico de MCH estabelecido ou clinicamente suspeito&#44; particularmente para facilitar o rastreio familiar&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IIa&#8208;B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AHA&#47;ACC&#47;HRS &#40;2017&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ACCF&#47;AHA &#40;2011&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0575"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico em indiv&#237;duos com o diagn&#243;stico <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">bordeline</span>&#44; deve ser efetuado apenas ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o exaustiva por equipas especializadas&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IIa&#8208;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ESC &#40;2014&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0570"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico deve ser considerado para o indiv&#237;duo mais claramente afetado dentro da fam&#237;lia para facilitar o rastreio e abordagem familiar&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">HFSA &#40;2018&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0560"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Miocardiopatia dilatada&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico&#44; alargado ou dirigido &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">LMNA</span> e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SCN5A</span>&#41; est&#225; recomendado em indiv&#237;duos com diagn&#243;stico de MCD e doen&#231;a significativa do tecido de condu&#231;&#227;o e hist&#243;ria familiar de MS prematura&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&#8208;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">EHRA&#47;HRS &#40;2011&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico &#233; recomendado nos casos de MCD familiar e nos casos de MCD espor&#225;dica com manifesta&#231;&#245;es particulares&#44; sugestiva de doen&#231;a gen&#233;tica&#47;rara&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&#8208;&#95;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ESC &#40;2016&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0565"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico pode ser &#250;til nos doentes com MCD familiar para confirmar o diagn&#243;stico e reconhecer aqueles com maior risco arr&#237;tmico e caracter&#237;sticas sindr&#243;micas&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IIa&#8208;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">EHRA&#47;HRS &#40;2011&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico pode ser &#250;til nos casos de MCD familiar para confirmar o diagn&#243;stico&#44; facilitar o rastreio e planeamento familiar&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">mod&#8208;A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AHA &#40;2016&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IIa&#8208;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">EHRA&#47;HRS &#40;2011&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico pode ser &#250;til em doentes com MCD familiar ou idiop&#225;tica juntamente com aconselhamento gen&#233;tico&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">mod&#8208;B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AHA &#40;2016&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0600"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico deve ser considerado para o indiv&#237;duo mais claramente afetado dentro da fam&#237;lia para facilitar o rastreio e abordagem familiar&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">HFSA &#40;2018&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0560"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Miocardiopatia arritmog&#233;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico&#44; alargado ou dirigido &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DSC2&#44; DSG2</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DSP&#44; JUP&#44; PKP2&#44; TMEM43</span>&#41;&#58;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">EHRA&#47;HRS &#40;2011&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208; pode ser &#250;til em indiv&#237;duos que cumpram os crit&#233;rios de diagn&#243;stico de MAVD &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Task Force 2010&#41;</span>&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208; IIa&#8208;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208; pode ser considerado em doentes com MAVD poss&#237;vel &#40;1 crit&#233;rio <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">major</span> ou 2 crit&#233;rios <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">minor</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Task Force 2010&#41;</span>&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208; IIb&#8208;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208; n&#227;o est&#225; recomendado com apenas um crit&#233;rio <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">minor</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Task Force 2010&#41;</span>&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208; III&#8208;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico pode ser &#250;til em doentes com MAVD clinicamente diagnosticada ou suspeita&#44; para o diagn&#243;stico e rastreio familiar dirigido&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IIa&#8208;B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AHA&#47;ACC&#47;HRS &#40;2017&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico deve ser considerado para o indiv&#237;duo mais claramente afetado dentro da fam&#237;lia para facilitar o rastreio e abordagem familiar&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">HFSA &#40;2018&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0560"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Miocardiopatia restritiva&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico pode ser considerado em indiv&#237;duos com diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de MCR com base na hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica&#44; hist&#243;ria familiar e achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IIb&#8208;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">EHRA&#47;HRS &#40;2011&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico deve ser considerado para o indiv&#237;duo mais claramente afetado dentro da fam&#237;lia para facilitar o rastreio e abordagem familiar&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">HFSA &#40;2018&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0560"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N&#227;o&#8208;compacta&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico pode ser considerado em indiv&#237;duos com diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de NCVE com base na hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica&#44; hist&#243;ria familiar e achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IIa&#8208;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">EHRA&#47;HRS &#40;2011&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                      "titulo" => "Standards and guidelines for the interpretation of sequence variants&#58; a joint consensus recommendation of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology"
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                      "titulo" => "HRS&#47;EHRA expert consensus statement on the state of genetic testing for the channelopathies and cardiomyopathies&#58; this document was developed as a partnership between the Heart Rhythm Society &#40;HRS&#41; and the European Heart Rhythm Association &#40;EHRA&#41;"
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Artigo de Revisão
Recomendações para a realização de testes genéticos em cardiologia – revisão das principais diretrizes internacionais
Recommendations for genetic testing in cardiology: Review of major international guidelines
Alexandra Sousaa,b,c,
Autor para correspondência
xanasousa81@gmail.com

Autor para correspondência.
, Oana Moldovand, Ana Lebreiroe, Mafalda Bourbonf, Natália Antóniog,h, Quitéria Ratoi, Patrícia Rodriguesj, Alexandra Tostek, Miguel Gonçalves Rochal, Renata Oliveiram, Sofia Granjan, Cristina Cruza,e, Jorge Almeidao, Elisabete Martinsa,e,p
a Departamento de Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
b CINTESIS, Cardiocare – Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Serviços de Saúde, Porto, Portugal
c Serviço de Cardiologia, Hospital de Santa Maria Maior, Barcelos, Portugal
d Departamento da Criança e da Família, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisboa, Portugal
e Serviço de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
f Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
g Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
h Serviço de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
i Serviço de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar de Setúbal, Setúbal, Portugal
j Serviço de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
k Hospital da Luz, Lisboa, Portugal
l Unidade de Genética Médica, Hospital de Braga, Braga, Portugal
m Serviço de Genética Humana, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
n Serviço de Cardiologia Pediátrica, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
o Serviço de Cirurgia Cardiotorácica, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
p i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introdu&#231;&#227;o</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nos &#250;ltimos anos&#44; tem sido reconhecida a crescente import&#226;ncia das causas gen&#233;ticas nas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e os progressos t&#233;cnicos t&#234;m permitido detalhar muitos dos mecanismos moleculares subjacentes&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os enormes avan&#231;os das t&#233;cnicas de sequencia&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">next&#8208;generation sequencing</span> &#8211; NGS&#41; aumentaram a capacidade de diagn&#243;stico molecular&#44; mas&#44; em muitos casos&#44; &#224; custa da dete&#231;&#227;o de variantes gen&#233;ticas de significado &#40;ainda&#41; incerto&#44; que condicionam o aconselhamento gen&#233;tico familiar&#46; Neste contexto&#44; torna&#8208;se fundamental que os cardiologistas e outros profissionais envolvidos na orienta&#231;&#227;o destes doentes&#47;fam&#237;lia estejam familiarizados com as indica&#231;&#245;es&#44; vantagens e limita&#231;&#245;es dos testes gen&#233;ticos&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ao longo deste documento&#44; descrevem&#8208;se as principais indica&#231;&#245;es para testes gen&#233;ticos das principais s&#237;ndromes&#47;doen&#231;as cardiovasculares heredit&#225;rias e para os testes gen&#233;ticos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">post mortem&#46;</span></p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Recomenda&#231;&#245;es gerais</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sempre que apropriado&#44; os m&#233;dicos devem informar aqueles que os consultam sobre os mecanismos de hereditariedade da doen&#231;a em causa e quais as implica&#231;&#245;es para os seus familiares e de os orientar para uma consulta de gen&#233;tica m&#233;dica&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O aconselhamento gen&#233;tico deve ser sempre efetuado antes e ap&#243;s um teste gen&#233;tico&#44; garantindo que os doentes compreendam todos os benef&#237;cios e as limita&#231;&#245;es dos resultados&#44; sendo que o teste gen&#233;tico s&#243; deve ser realizado ap&#243;s o consentimento informado do pr&#243;prio&#46; A comunica&#231;&#227;o dos resultados deve ser feita exclusivamente ao pr&#243;prio doente&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Menores</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No caso de menores de idade&#44; s&#243; podem ser pedidos testes gen&#233;ticos se houver benef&#237;cio imediato para estes&#44; com o consentimento informado dos seus pais ou tutores&#44; sendo de real&#231;ar que n&#227;o podem ser pedidos testes preditivos para doen&#231;as de in&#237;cio habitual na vida adulta&#44; sem preven&#231;&#227;o ou cura comprovadamente eficazes&#46; Sempre que adequado o&#47;a menor dever&#225; ser envolvido&#47;a na propor&#231;&#227;o da sua autonomia&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Testes pr&#233;&#8208;sintom&#225;ticos</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Consideram&#8208;se testes pr&#233;&#8208;sintom&#225;ticos os que permitam a identifica&#231;&#227;o da pessoa como portadora&#44; ainda que assintom&#225;tica&#44; de altera&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica inequivocamente respons&#225;vel por dada patologia&#46; Em pessoas saud&#225;veis&#44; o teste pr&#233;&#8208;sintom&#225;tico s&#243; pode ser executado no &#226;mbito de uma consulta de gen&#233;tica m&#233;dica&#44; na sequ&#234;ncia de aconselhamento gen&#233;tico&#44; ap&#243;s consentimento informado&#44; escrito&#46; Tamb&#233;m neste contexto&#44; os resultados devem ser comunicados ao pr&#243;prio e n&#227;o podem ser comunicados a terceiros&#44; incluindo m&#233;dicos n&#227;o envolvidos no processo de teste dessa pessoa&#47;fam&#237;lia&#44; sem autoriza&#231;&#227;o escrita&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os testes gen&#233;ticos encontram&#8208;se legislados no Decreto&#8208;Lei 12&#47;2005 de 26 de janeiro&#44; do qual se apresentam os excertos mais relevantes nos suplementos &#40;Supl&#46;1&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os principais testes utilizados na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e a lista de genes citados ao longo do documento de abreviaturas utilizadas encontram&#8208;se em suplementos &#40;Supl&#46;2&#8208;4&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Classifica&#231;&#227;o das variantes gen&#233;ticas</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As variantes devem ser classificadas em cinco categorias&#58; patog&#233;nicas&#44; provavelmente patog&#233;nicas&#44; de significado incerto &#40;VSI&#41;&#44; provavelmente benignas&#44; benignas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; De notar que apenas as variantes patog&#233;nicas e provavelmente patog&#233;nicas devem ser utilizadas para orientar o seguimento diferenciado e disponibilizar estudo de portador a familiares assintom&#225;ticos em risco&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">N&#237;veis de recomenda&#231;&#227;o</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A maioria da informa&#231;&#227;o dispon&#237;vel deriva de registos e de estudos n&#227;o aleatorizados &#8211; n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">C</span>&#46; Os n&#237;veis de recomenda&#231;&#227;o usados ao longo deste documento s&#227;o apresentados no material suplementar &#40;Supl&#46;5&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Testes gen&#233;ticos em familiares</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ap&#243;s a identifica&#231;&#227;o de uma variante gen&#233;tica espec&#237;fica&#44; patog&#233;nica ou provavelmente patog&#233;nica&#44; num caso &#237;ndice&#44; &#233; uma indica&#231;&#227;o classe I<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a>&#44; comum a todas as doen&#231;as card&#237;acas heredit&#225;rias&#44; a realiza&#231;&#227;o de teste gen&#233;tico em familiares&#44; conjuntamente com aconselhamento gen&#233;tico&#44; antes e ap&#243;s o teste gen&#233;tico&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Canalopatias</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As canalopatias s&#227;o doen&#231;as el&#233;tricas prim&#225;rias do cora&#231;&#227;o&#44; que n&#227;o se acompanham de altera&#231;&#245;es macrosc&#243;picas ou histopatol&#243;gicas identific&#225;veis pelas metodologias habituais&#44; dado que as altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais e estruturais se situam a n&#237;vel molecular&#44; na membrana celular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0465"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; S&#227;o um grupo heterog&#233;neo de patologias nas quais variantes patog&#233;nicas nos genes que codificam os canais i&#243;nicos originam altera&#231;&#245;es das correntes i&#243;nicas envolvidas no potencial de a&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas&#44; conduzindo a arritmias potencialmente fatais<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0470"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a>&#46;</p><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">S&#237;ndromes da onda J</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As s&#237;ndromes da onda J referem&#8208;se a situa&#231;&#245;es em que a acentua&#231;&#227;o da onda&#47;ponto J no ECG est&#225; associada a um risco acrescido de arritmias ventriculares<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0480"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46; A s&#237;ndrome de Brugada &#40;SBr&#41; e a s&#237;ndrome de repolariza&#231;&#227;o precoce &#40;SRP&#41; s&#227;o duas manifesta&#231;&#245;es destas s&#237;ndromes&#44; estando associadas ao desenvolvimento de taquicardia ventricular &#40;TV&#41; polim&#243;rfica&#44; fibrilha&#231;&#227;o ventricular &#40;FV&#41; e&#44; potencialmente&#44; a morte s&#250;bita &#40;MS&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46; As altera&#231;&#245;es na onda&#47;ponto J ocorrem em diferentes deriva&#231;&#245;es do ECG &#8211; na SBr nas deriva&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;&#8208;cordiais direitas&#44; na SRP essencialmente nas inferiores e laterais<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0480"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">S&#237;ndrome de Brugada</span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A SBr &#233; diagnosticada em doentes com padr&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de tipo 1 &#40;eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST &#8805;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; em c&#250;pula &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">coved type</span>&#41;&#44; numa ou mais deriva&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;&#8208;cordiais direitas&#44; V1 e&#47;ou V2&#44; posicionadas no 2&#46;&#176;&#44; 3&#46;&#176; ou 4&#46;&#176; espa&#231;o intercostal&#41;&#44; espontaneamente ou ap&#243;s teste de provoca&#231;&#227;o com f&#225;rmacos bloqueadores dos canais de s&#243;dio &#40;como flecainida ou ajmalina&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#8211;10</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para evitar o sobrediagn&#243;stico&#44; est&#225; recomendado que nos casos em que a documenta&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de tipo 1 tenha sido obtida apenas ap&#243;s provoca&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica&#44; para o diagn&#243;stico de SBr exista adicionalmente pelo menos um dos seguintes crit&#233;rios&#58; a&#41; FV &#47;TV polim&#243;rfica&#59; b&#41; s&#237;ncope de prov&#225;vel causa arr&#237;tmica&#59; c&#41; hist&#243;ria familiar de MS antes dos 45 anos na presen&#231;a de aut&#243;psia negativa&#59; d&#41; padr&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de tipo 1 em familiares&#59; e&#41; respira&#231;&#227;o ag&#243;nica noturna&#59; f&#41; indutibilidade de FV&#47;TV<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46; Na Tabela S1 &#40;Supl&#46;6&#41; apresenta&#8208;se um <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">score</span> diagn&#243;stico para a SBr<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A SBr tem sido associada a variantes gen&#233;ticas em m&#250;ltiplos genes&#44; que codificam principalmente canais de s&#243;dio &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SCN5A</span> em 11&#8208;28&#37; dos probandos&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SCN10A</span> em 5&#8208;17&#37;&#41; e de c&#225;lcio &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CACNA1C</span> em 7&#37; e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CACNB2b</span> em 5&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O teste gen&#233;tico n&#227;o &#233; necess&#225;rio para o diagn&#243;stico&#44; podendo&#44; contudo&#44; ser &#250;til na confirma&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico em doentes com fen&#243;tipos duvidosos e em doentes com SBr estabelecida &#40;classe IIb&#91;3&#93; &#47; IIa&#91;2&#93;&#41;&#44; particularmente para facilitar o rastreio gen&#233;tico familiar &#40;classe IIb&#91;3&#93;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">S&#237;ndrome de repolariza&#231;&#227;o precoce</span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A SRP &#233; diagnosticada em pacientes com padr&#227;o de repolariza&#231;&#227;o precoce nas deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores e&#47;ou laterais e hist&#243;ria de MS abortada&#44; FV ou TV polim&#243;rfica documentadas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46; O padr&#227;o de repolariza&#231;&#227;o precoce &#233; definido pela presen&#231;a de 1&#41; entalhe na por&#231;&#227;o final do QRS &#40;onda J&#41; ou de empastamento no ramo descendente na onda R&#44; com ou sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST&#59; 2&#41; pico da onda J &#8805;0&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mV em &#8805;2 deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas&#44; exceto V1&#8208;3&#59; e 3&#41; dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS &#40;medida em deriva&#231;&#245;es sem entalhe ou empastamento do QRS&#41; &#60;120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; Na Tabela S2 &#40;Supl&#46;6&#41;&#44; apresenta&#8208;se um <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">score</span> de diagn&#243;stico da SRP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A SRP foi associada&#44; at&#233; &#224; data&#44; a variantes gen&#233;ticas em sete genes&#44; que codificam principalmente canais de c&#225;lcio &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CACNA1C&#44; CACNB2b</span> e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CACNA2D1</span>&#41;&#44; mas o seu papel etiol&#243;gico &#233; question&#225;vel<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> e&#44; consequentemente&#44; o teste gen&#233;tico n&#227;o est&#225; indicado<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">S&#237;ndromes do QT</span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">S&#237;ndrome do QT longo</span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O diagn&#243;stico da s&#237;ndrome do QT longo &#40;SQTL&#41; baseia&#8208;se na medi&#231;&#227;o do intervalo QTc&#44; ap&#243;s exclus&#227;o de causas secund&#225;rias de prolongamento deste intervalo&#44; como f&#225;rmacos e altera&#231;&#245;es eletrol&#237;ticas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0495"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46; Para auxiliar o diagn&#243;stico&#44; foi criado um <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">score</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0505"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> que&#44; para al&#233;m da dura&#231;&#227;o do QTc&#44; considera outras altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas&#44; sintomas e hist&#243;ria familiar &#40;Supl&#46;6&#44; Tabela S3&#41;&#46; Assim&#44; na aus&#234;ncia de causas secund&#225;rias&#44; o diagn&#243;stico de SQTL &#233; estabelecido se<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#58; 1&#41; QTc &#8805;480<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms em ECGs repetidos &#40;classe I&#41; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ou</span> 2&#41; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">score</span> de risco &#62; 3 &#40;classe I&#41; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ou</span> 3&#41; identifica&#231;&#227;o de variante patog&#233;nica&#44; independentemente da dura&#231;&#227;o do QTc &#40;classe I&#41; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ou</span> 4&#41; QTc &#8805;460<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms em ECGs repetidos e s&#237;ncope inexplicada &#40;classe IIa&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A SQTL est&#225; associada a variantes gen&#233;ticas documentadas em pelo menos 15 genes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0510"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46; O teste gen&#233;tico identifica variantes patog&#233;nicas em aproximadamente 75&#37; dos casos&#44; sendo que tr&#234;s genes s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por sensivelmente 90&#37; dos testes positivos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KCNQ1</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KCNH2</span> e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SCN5A</span> &#40;associados &#224;s SQTL tipo 1 a 3&#44; respetivamente&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46; Nestes casos em particular&#44; o diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico reveste&#8208;se de valor progn&#243;stico&#44; dado que os diferentes gen&#243;tipos associam&#8208;se a maior ou menor risco de morte s&#250;bita&#44; principalmente quando associado ao g&#233;nero e &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o do QTc&#44; sendo este risco particularmente elevado em mulheres com SQTL tipo 2 e homens com SQTL tipo 3 e com QTc &#62; 500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;14</span></a>&#44; e dado que os <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">triggers</span> para os eventos arr&#237;tmicos s&#227;o tamb&#233;m distintos &#40;na SQTL tipo 1&#44; a atividade f&#237;sica&#44; particularmente a nata&#231;&#227;o&#59; na SQTL tipo 2&#44; ru&#237;dos altos e s&#250;bitos&#59; na SQTL tipo 3&#44; o repouso ou sono&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;15</span></a>&#46; Cerca de 20&#8211;25&#37; dos doentes com SQTL confirmado geneticamente apresentam QTc com dura&#231;&#227;o normal<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0495"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;16</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O estudo molecular pode ser dirigido a um gene espec&#237;fico&#44; orientado pelo ECG&#44; fatores precipitantes da s&#237;ncope ou presen&#231;a de caracter&#237;sticas sindr&#243;micas&#46; Nos doentes com surdez cong&#233;nita&#44; cardiopatia cong&#233;nita&#44; d&#233;fice cognitivo&#44; perturba&#231;&#227;o do espetro de autismo e&#47;ou dismorfias&#44; deve ser considerada a hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica de s&#237;ndrome de Jervell e Lange&#8208;Nielson&#44; s&#237;ndrome de Timothy&#44; s&#237;ndrome de Andersen&#8208;Tawil ou considerar o uso de pain&#233;is gen&#233;ticos&#44; que incluam m&#250;ltiplos genes relacionados com o SQTL&#44; que permitam o diagn&#243;stico de formas mais raras de SQTL<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0530"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A s&#237;ndrome de Jervell e Lange&#8208;Nielson &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome autoss&#243;mica recessiva ou&#44; menos frequentemente&#44; heterozig&#243;tica composta&#44; envolvendo os genes <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KCNQ1</span> ou <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KCNE1</span>&#44; na qual a presen&#231;a de prolongamento do QTc&#44; habitualmente &#62; 500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms&#44; se associa surdez neurossensorial cong&#233;nita bilateral profunda e se manifesta habitualmente por s&#237;ncope em contexto de ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;18</span></a>&#59; a s&#237;ndrome de Timothy &#40;SQTL tipo 8&#41; associa&#8208;se a variantes patog&#233;nicas no gene <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CACNA1C</span> e caracteriza&#8208;se pela presen&#231;a adicional de perturba&#231;&#227;o da condu&#231;&#227;o aur&#237;culo ventricular&#44; taquiarritmias&#44; cardiopatias cong&#233;nitas&#44; dismorfias faciais&#44; das m&#227;os e dos p&#233;s e de perturba&#231;&#227;o do desenvolvimento do espectro do autismo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;19</span></a>&#59; a s&#237;ndrome de Andersen&#8208;Tawil &#40;SQTL tipo 7&#41; associa&#8208;se a variantes patog&#233;nicas no gene <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KCNJ2</span> e&#44; para al&#233;m do prolongamento do QTC &#233; caracterizada pela presen&#231;a de onda U&#44; epis&#243;dios de paralisia muscular peri&#243;dica hipocali&#233;mica&#44; dismorfias faciais e d&#233;fice neurocognitivo ligeiro e manifesta&#8208;se habitualmente por palpita&#231;&#245;es&#44; s&#237;ncope&#44; ou epis&#243;dios de paralisia&#44; ap&#243;s repouso prolongado ou ap&#243;s o repouso depois de esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;20</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O teste gen&#233;tico&#44; conjuntamente com aconselhamento gen&#233;tico&#44; est&#225; indicado em todos os pacientes com o diagn&#243;stico de SQTL ou com forte suspeita cl&#237;nica &#40;classe I&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a>&#44; podendo ser considerado em indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos com QTc prolongado &#40;&#62; 480<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms em adultos e &#62; 460<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms na pr&#233;&#8208;puberdade&#41; na aus&#234;ncia de causas secund&#225;rias &#40;classe IIb&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0100" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">S&#237;ndrome do QT curto</span><span id="sec0105" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O diagn&#243;stico da s&#237;ndrome do QT curto &#40;SQTC&#41; &#233; estabelecido na presen&#231;a de QTc &#8804;340<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms &#40;classe I&#41;&#44; devendo ser considerado &#40;classe IIa&#41;&#44; se QTc &#8804;360<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms e adicionalmente existir&#58; 1&#41; variante gen&#233;tica patog&#233;nica confirmada&#59; 2&#41; hist&#243;ria familiar de SQTC&#59; 3&#41; MS familiar antes dos 40 anos&#59; ou 4&#41; TV&#47;FV abortada&#44; sem cardiopatia estrutural<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0110" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A SQTC est&#225; associada a variantes gen&#233;ticas em tr&#234;s genes que codificam canais de pot&#225;ssio &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KCNH2</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KNCQ1</span> e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KCNJ2</span>&#41;&#44; os quais tamb&#233;m se associam &#224; SQTL&#44; mas com altera&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o destes canais em sentidos opostos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;10</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O teste gen&#233;tico pode ser considerado nos indiv&#237;duos com SQTC &#40;classe IIb&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a> para facilitar o rastreio nos familiares de primeiro grau<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46; Ao contr&#225;rio do que acontece no SQTL&#44; no SQTC o teste gen&#233;tico n&#227;o tem valor progn&#243;stico&#46;</p></span></span></span></span><span id="sec0115" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Taquicardia ventricular polim&#243;rfica catecolamin&#233;rgica</span><span id="sec0120" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A taquicardia ventricular polim&#243;rfica catecolamin&#233;rgica &#40;TVPC&#41; &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome arritmog&#233;nica heredit&#225;ria que tipicamente se manifesta por s&#237;ncope ou MS adrenergicamente mediadas e secund&#225;rias a taquiarritmias ventriculares<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0550"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#46; O diagn&#243;stico &#233; estabelecido na presen&#231;a de&#58; 1&#41; TV bidirecional ou polim&#243;rfica induzida pelo exerc&#237;cio ou <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">stress</span> emocional&#44; na presen&#231;a de cora&#231;&#227;o estruturalmente normal e ECG normal &#40;classe I&#41;&#59; ou 2&#41; variante patog&#233;nica nos genes <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">RYR2</span> ou <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CASQ2</span> &#40;classe I&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0125" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O teste gen&#233;tico est&#225; recomendado nos indiv&#237;duos com TVPC &#40;classe IIa&#40;3&#41; &#47; I&#40;2&#41;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0130" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Miocardiopatias</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As miocardiopatias s&#227;o doen&#231;as do mioc&#225;rdio caracterizadas por altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e&#47;ou funcionais do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco na aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria&#44; hipertens&#227;o&#44; doen&#231;a valvular ou cardiopatias cong&#233;nitas&#44; &#171;suficientes&#187; para provocar as altera&#231;&#245;es observadas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0555"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Atualmente o estudo molecular &#233; parte integrante da avalia&#231;&#227;o e orienta&#231;&#227;o de doentes&#47;fam&#237;lias com miocardiopatias&#44; sendo tamb&#233;m considerado um dos crit&#233;rios de diagn&#243;stico das formas familiares<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0560"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;24</span></a>&#46;</p><span id="sec0135" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0155">Miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica</span><span id="sec0140" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0160">Diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica &#40;MCH&#41; &#233; definida pela presen&#231;a de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda inapropriada e desproporcional &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es de carga na aus&#234;ncia de outra condi&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ou sist&#233;mica que justifique a magnitude de hipertrofia observada&#46; O crit&#233;rio de diagn&#243;stico consiste na presen&#231;a de espessura m&#225;xima da parede do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#8805;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm em qualquer segmento mioc&#225;rdico&#46; Em parentes de 1&#46;&#176; grau&#44; &#233; suficiente uma espessura da parede &#8805;13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; n&#227;o explicada de outra forma&#44; em qualquer segmento mioc&#225;rdico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0570"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0145" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0165">Diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O teste gen&#233;tico &#40;dirigido ou com pain&#233;is gen&#233;ticos alargados&#41; est&#225; recomendado em doentes com o diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de MCH &#40;classe I<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;25</span></a> &#47; classe IIa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;26</span></a> &#47; n&#237;vel A<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0560"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#41;&#44; principalmente quando se antev&#234; a realiza&#231;&#227;o de rastreio gen&#233;tico familiar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0570"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#44;26</span></a>&#46; O diagn&#243;stico molecular &#233; tamb&#233;m recomendado quando a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica sugere etiologia gen&#233;tica espec&#237;fica&#44; n&#227;o sarcom&#233;rica &#40;classe I&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0575"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em doentes cumprindo os crit&#233;rios de diagn&#243;stico de MCH&#44; a &#171;positividade&#187; estima&#8208;se entre 30&#37; a 60&#37; dos casos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0570"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#44;27&#8211;29</span></a>&#44; sendo mais elevada nos casos de doen&#231;a familiar e mais baixa em doentes idosos e em indiv&#237;duos com manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas n&#227;o cl&#225;ssicas &#40;in&#237;cio tardio da doen&#231;a&#44; menor gravidade da hipertrofia&#44; hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica ou septal sigm&#243;idea&#44; aus&#234;ncia de eventos adversos&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0570"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#44;28&#44;29</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em indiv&#237;duos com achados cl&#237;nicos equ&#237;vocos &#40;como espessura das paredes do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo entre 12&#8208;13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm e hipertens&#227;o arterial&#44; doen&#231;a valvular ou pr&#225;tica de desporto concomitantes&#41; o teste gen&#233;tico deve apenas ser realizado ap&#243;s uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e familiar exaustivas por equipas especializadas &#40;classe IIa&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0570"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#44; uma vez que o resultado pode igualmente ser equ&#237;voco&#58; um resultado negativo n&#227;o exclui o diagn&#243;stico e as VSI s&#227;o de dif&#237;cil interpreta&#231;&#227;o<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0570"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Tabela 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0150" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0170">Fenoc&#243;pias</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Doen&#231;as heredit&#225;rias do metabolismo e outras correspondem a uma pequena&#44; mas importante&#44; fra&#231;&#227;o de doentes genotipados para MCH&#44; sendo as condi&#231;&#245;es mais frequentemente encontradas na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta a doen&#231;a de Anderson&#8208;Fabry&#44; a doen&#231;a de Danon&#44; a amiloidose e a MCH devida a variantes no gene <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PRKAG2</span>&#46; O diagn&#243;stico diferencial &#233; crucial&#44; uma vez que estas patologias cursam com hist&#243;ria natural e progn&#243;stico muito diferentes e podem implicar atitudes terap&#234;uticas distintas&#46; Nos suplementos &#40;Supl&#46;7&#41; s&#227;o enumeradas manifesta&#231;&#245;es&#44; card&#237;acas e extracard&#237;acas&#44; que podem orientar o diagn&#243;stico molecular&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0155" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0175">Miocardiopatia dilatada</span><span id="sec0160" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0180">Diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A miocardiopatia dilatada &#40;MCD&#41; &#233; definida pela presen&#231;a de dilata&#231;&#227;o e compromisso da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ou de ambos os ventr&#237;culos&#44; na aus&#234;ncia de condi&#231;&#245;es de sobrecarga ou de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria &#171;suficientes&#187; para explicar o grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o&#46; Considera&#8208;se fenotipicamente relacionada a miocardiopatia hipocin&#233;tica n&#227;o dilatada &#40;MHND&#41;&#44; definida pela presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#40;FEVE &#60; 45&#37;&#41; ou de ambos os ventr&#237;culos&#44; na aus&#234;ncia de dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0565"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Com a melhoria das t&#233;cnicas de diagn&#243;stico molecular&#44; tem&#8208;se verificado que 25&#8208;50&#37; dos casos de MCD &#171;idiop&#225;tica&#187; apresentam uma base gen&#233;tica&#44; predominantemente com transmiss&#227;o autoss&#243;mica dominante<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0565"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24&#44;30&#44;31</span></a>&#44; pelo que &#233; fundamental a avalia&#231;&#227;o exaustiva da hist&#243;ria familiar&#44; envolvendo pelo menos tr&#234;s gera&#231;&#245;es&#44; nos casos de MCD <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">de novo</span>&#46; Na aus&#234;ncia de uma etiologia gen&#233;tica definitiva&#44; considera&#8208;se que a MCD &#40;ou MHND&#41; &#233; familiar se existirem dois ou mais indiv&#237;duos afetados na mesma fam&#237;lia ou na presen&#231;a de um indiv&#237;duo com diagn&#243;stico definitivo &#40;MCD ou MHND&#41; e um familiar de 1&#46;&#176; grau com diagn&#243;stico confirmado por aut&#243;psia e MS antes dos 50 anos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0565"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por outro lado&#44; a aus&#234;ncia de hist&#243;ria familiar n&#227;o exclui etiologia gen&#233;tica e esta deve ser particularmente considerada quando existe perturba&#231;&#227;o da condu&#231;&#227;o auriculo&#8208;ventricular pr&#233;via ou concomitante com a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular ou miopatia esquel&#233;tica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0595"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a>&#46; Para o diagn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a em familiares existem ainda outros crit&#233;rios de diagn&#243;stico &#40;Supl&#46; 8&#59; Tabela S4&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0565"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0165" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0185">Diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico</span><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O teste gen&#233;tico est&#225; recomendado &#40;classe I&#41; em doentes com MCD e doen&#231;a significativa do tecido de condu&#231;&#227;o &#40;bloqueio auriculo&#8208;ventricular de 1&#46;&#176;&#44; 2&#46;&#176; ou 3&#46;&#176; grau&#41; e com hist&#243;ria familiar de MS prematura inexplicada<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#59; em doentes com MCD familiar ou nos casos de MCD espor&#225;dica associada &#224; presen&#231;a de manifesta&#231;&#245;es particulares&#44; sugestivas de doen&#231;a gen&#233;tica&#47;rara<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0565"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#46; Nos indiv&#237;duos com o diagn&#243;stico de MCD&#44; deve ser testado o indiv&#237;duo com o fen&#243;tipo mais evidente &#40;n&#237;vel A&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0560"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Tabela 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nos suplementos &#40;Supl&#46;9&#41; s&#227;o enumeradas algumas manifesta&#231;&#245;es sugestivas de doen&#231;a gen&#233;tica&#47;rara&#44; orientadoras do diagn&#243;stico molecular&#46;</p><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A &#171;positividade&#187; do teste gen&#233;tico aproxima&#8208;se dos 30&#8208;40&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0600"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a>&#44; sendo mais elevada nos casos familiares do que nos casos isolados de MCD &#40;25&#8208;40&#37; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 10&#8208;25&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0560"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0170" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0190">Miocardiopatia arritmog&#233;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito</span><span id="sec0175" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0195">Diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico</span><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A miocardiopatia arritmog&#233;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito &#40;MAVD&#41; &#233; definida histologicamente pela substitui&#231;&#227;o progressiva do mioc&#225;rdio ventricular por tecido fibro&#8208;adiposo&#44; particularmente na regi&#227;o denominada &#171;tri&#226;ngulo da displasia&#187; &#40;entre a c&#226;mara de entrada&#44; c&#226;mara de sa&#237;da e &#225;pex do ventr&#237;culo direito&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0555"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46; A MAVD &#233; diagnosticada na presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita &#40;global ou regional&#41;&#44; associada ou n&#227;o a doen&#231;a ventricular esquerda&#44; na presen&#231;a de evid&#234;ncia histol&#243;gica da doen&#231;a e&#47;ou altera&#231;&#245;es do ECG&#44; ecocardiograma ou resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca &#40;RMC&#41; &#40;Supl&#46; 10&#59; Tabela S5&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0605"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Embora as anomalias estruturais predominem no ventr&#237;culo direito&#44; hoje &#233; bem reconhecido que o envolvimento pode ser biventricular e&#47;ou predominantemente do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0610"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&#46; Deve ser elevado o &#237;ndice de suspei&#231;&#227;o desta entidade cl&#237;nica aquando da coexist&#234;ncia de padr&#245;es de realce tardio n&#227;o isqu&#233;micos&#44; poupando o subendoc&#225;rdio na RMC&#44; de anomalias da onda T no ECG e de arritmias ventriculares&#44; particularmente na presen&#231;a de MS familiar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0615"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0180" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0200">Diagn&#243;stico em casos familiares</span><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico de MAVD&#44; o diagn&#243;stico em familiares de 1&#46;&#176; grau&#44; necessita apenas de um dos seguintes crit&#233;rios&#58; 1&#41; invers&#227;o da onda T em V1&#44; V2 e V3 &#40;&#62; 14 anos&#41;&#59; 2&#41; potenciais tardios&#59; 3&#41; TV com padr&#227;o de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo ou ectopia ventricular frequente &#40;&#62; 200 extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares em Holter de 24 horas&#41;&#59; 4&#41; ligeira dilata&#231;&#227;o ou disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita&#44; global ou segmentar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0605"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0185" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0205">Diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico</span><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O teste gen&#233;tico&#44; dirigido ou alargado&#44; pode ser &#250;til em indiv&#237;duos que cumpram os crit&#233;rios de diagn&#243;stico de MAVD &#40;classe IIa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a>&#47; n&#237;vel A<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0560"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#41;&#44; podendo ser considerado nos casos &#171;poss&#237;veis&#187; &#40;classe IIb&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46; Na MAVD a &#171;positividade&#187; do teste gen&#233;tico aproxima&#8208;se habitualmente dos 50&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0620"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Tabela 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0190" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0210">Miocardiopatia restritiva</span><span id="sec0195" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0215">Diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico</span><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A miocardiopatia restritiva &#40;MCR&#41; &#233; rara e pode ser idiop&#225;tica&#44; familiar ou secund&#225;ria a doen&#231;as sist&#233;micas&#46; Caracteriza&#8208;se por uma fisiologia restritiva&#44; detetada habitualmente por ecocardiografia&#44; na presen&#231;a de volumes ventriculares normais &#40;ou diminu&#237;dos&#41; e espessura n&#227;o significativamente aumentada das paredes ventriculares &#40;embora a espessura possa estar aumentada nas doen&#231;as infiltrativas&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0555"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0200" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0220">Diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico</span><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O teste gen&#233;tico pode ser considerado em doentes com MCR&#44; depois da pondera&#231;&#227;o dos achados da anamnese&#44; antecedentes familiares e fen&#243;tipo cl&#237;nico&#44; eletrocardiogr&#225;fico e ecocardiogr&#225;fico &#40;classe IIb<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#47; n&#237;vel B<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0560"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Tabela 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Antes do estudo gen&#233;tico devem ser considerados alguns diagn&#243;sticos diferenciais e testes diagn&#243;sticos espec&#237;ficos &#40;Supl&#46;11&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0205" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0225">N&#227;o&#8208;compacta&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</span><span id="sec0210" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0230">Diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico</span><p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A n&#227;o&#8208;compacta&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#40;NCVE&#41; caracteriza&#8208;se pela presen&#231;a de trab&#233;culas proeminentes&#44; com recessos intertrabeculares profundos em comunica&#231;&#227;o com o sangue da cavidade ventricular&#44; sem comunica&#231;&#227;o com a &#225;rvore coron&#225;ria&#44; sendo poss&#237;vel distinguir uma camada de mioc&#225;rdio compactado e outra de mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o compactado<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0555"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46; Em alguns indiv&#237;duos&#44; a NCVE associa&#8208;se a dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0555"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nem sempre &#233; consensual considerar a NCVE uma miocardiopatia prim&#225;ria e independente ou apenas um tra&#231;o fenot&#237;pico&#44; compartilhado por outras miocardiopatias&#44; outras condi&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas &#40;doen&#231;as neuromusculares&#44; miopatias&#44; doen&#231;as mitocondriais&#41; ou fisiol&#243;gicas &#40;como a gravidez ou pr&#225;tica desportiva&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0560"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;36&#44;37</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0275" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para o seu diagn&#243;stico&#44; existem v&#225;rios crit&#233;rios baseados nos achados imagiol&#243;gicos &#40;Supl&#46;12&#59; Tabela S6&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0635"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38&#8208;44</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0280" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A probabilidade de miocardiopatia aumenta quando s&#227;o cumpridos os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;stico quantitativos em eixo curto &#40;de Jenni<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0635"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a> ou de Jacquier<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0660"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a>&#41; na presen&#231;a adicional de um dos seguintes fatores&#58; outro familiar afetado &#40;ou hist&#243;ria familiar de miocardiopatia&#41;&#59; altera&#231;&#245;es da contractilidade&#47;compromisso da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular&#59; sintomas&#47;complica&#231;&#245;es&#59; doen&#231;a neuromuscular&#59; variante gen&#233;tica potencialmente causal descrita em v&#225;rias fam&#237;lias com NCVE<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0670"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45&#44;46</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0215" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0235">Diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico</span><p id="par0285" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O teste gen&#233;tico pode ser &#250;til em doentes com NCVE&#44; depois da pondera&#231;&#227;o dos achados da anamnese&#44; antecedentes familiares e fen&#243;tipo cl&#237;nico &#40;particularmente doen&#231;a neuromuscular&#41;&#44; eletrocardiogr&#225;fico e ecocardiogr&#225;fico &#40;classe IIa&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46; N&#227;o est&#225; recomendado em indiv&#237;duos com NCVE isolada&#44; sem outras altera&#231;&#245;es na estrutura ou fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular&#44; assintom&#225;ticos e sem hist&#243;ria familiar &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Tabela 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span></span></span><span id="sec0220" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0240">Rastreio familiar nas miocardiopatias</span><p id="par0290" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e molecular dos familiares de doentes com miocardiopatias encontra&#8208;se detalhada nos suplementos &#40;Supl&#46;13&#59; Tabela S7&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0225" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0245">Aortopatias heredit&#225;rias</span><p id="par0295" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As doen&#231;as heredit&#225;rias da aorta s&#227;o um grupo heterog&#233;neo de patologias caracterizadas pela ocorr&#234;ncia de aneurismas e&#47;ou disse&#231;&#245;es num ou mais segmentos da aorta&#44; habitualmente localizados entre o anel a&#243;rtico e o n&#237;vel do diafragma&#46; Dependendo da presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de manifesta&#231;&#245;es noutros &#243;rg&#227;os&#44; as aortopatias heredit&#225;rias podem ser sindr&#243;micas ou n&#227;o&#46; Os genes identificados codificam maioritariamente prote&#237;nas da matriz extracelular&#44; componentes da via TGF&#8208;&#946; ou do aparelho contr&#225;ctil do m&#250;sculo liso vascular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0680"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47&#44;48</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0300" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em doentes com aneurismas&#47;disse&#231;&#245;es da aorta tor&#225;cica est&#225; recomendado investigar os familiares de 1&#46;&#176; grau de forma a identificar poss&#237;veis formas familiares da doen&#231;a &#40;classe I&#41;&#46; Os casos familiares devem ser referenciados a um geneticista para aconselhamento familiar e estudo gen&#233;tico &#40;classe I&#41;&#46; Nos casos familiares n&#227;o sindr&#243;micos&#44; deve ser rastreada a presen&#231;a de aneurismas tamb&#233;m noutros territ&#243;rios arteriais&#44; incluindo as art&#233;rias cerebrais &#40;classe IIa&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0690"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0305" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As principais s&#237;ndromes associadas a aneurismas&#47;disse&#231;&#245;es da aorta e as indica&#231;&#245;es para a avalia&#231;&#227;o imagiol&#243;gica da aorta encontram&#8208;se nos suplementos &#40;Supl&#46;14&#59; Tabelas S8&#46;1&#44; S8&#46;2 e S8&#46;3&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0230" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0250">Hipercolesterolemia familiar</span><p id="par0310" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Embora o conhecimento da hipercolesterolemia familiar &#40;FH&#41; tenha aumentado nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas&#44; esta patologia gen&#233;tica comum&#44; potencialmente fatal&#44; mas trat&#225;vel&#44; permanece subdiagnosticada e subtratada<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0695"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a>&#46; &#201; cr&#237;tico fazer o diagn&#243;stico precoce da FH e instituir medidas terap&#234;uticas adequadas e individualizadas para prevenir a doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica prematura&#44; bem como identificar os parentes afetados e reduzir assim a carga das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares nestas fam&#237;lias&#46;</p><span id="sec0235" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0255">Diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico</span><p id="par0320" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Existem dois sistemas de crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos para o diagn&#243;stico da FH&#58; os Crit&#233;rios de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Simon Broome Heart Research Trust</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0700"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51</span></a> e os Crit&#233;rios da Cl&#237;nica de L&#237;pidos da Holanda<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0705"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">52</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span> Em Portugal&#44; s&#227;o habitualmente usados os crit&#233;rios adaptados de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Simon Broome Heart Research Trust</span>&#58;</p></span></span><span id="sec0240" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0260">Hipercolesterolemia familiar poss&#237;vel</span><p id="par0325" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#40;a&#41;</span><p id="par0330" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Crian&#231;as e jovens menores de 16 anos&#58; Colesterol total &#62; 260<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL ou colesterol LDL &#62;155<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#42;&#59; Adultos&#58; Colesterol total &#62; 290<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL ou colesterol LDL &#62;190<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#42;e</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#40;b&#41;</span><p id="par0335" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hist&#243;ria familiar de enfarte do mioc&#225;rdio antes dos 50 anos em av&#243;s e tios ou antes dos 60 anos nos pais&#44; irm&#227;os e filhose&#47;ou</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#40;c&#41;</span><p id="par0340" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hist&#243;ria familiar de n&#237;veis elevados de colesterol total &#40;&#62; 290<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL nos adultos e &#62; 260<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL nas crian&#231;as e jovens menores de 16 anos&#41; nos pais&#44; irm&#227;os ou filhos&#59; ou colesterol total &#62; 290<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL nos av&#243;s e&#47;ou tios&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0345" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#42; Valores verificados em duas ocasi&#245;es distintas&#44; preferencialmente ap&#243;s 3&#8208;6 meses de implementa&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es no estilo de vida apropriadas&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0245" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0265">Hipercolesterolemia familiar confirmada</span><p id="par0350" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Indiv&#237;duos que cumpram os crit&#233;rios acima mencionados e&#44; os pr&#243;prios ou familiares de 1&#46;&#176; ou 2&#46;&#176; grau &#40;pais&#44; filhos&#44; av&#243;s&#44; irm&#227;os&#44; tios&#41;&#44; apresentem xantomas tendinosos</p><p id="par0355" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ou</p><p id="par0360" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Presen&#231;a de uma variante patog&#233;nica&#47;provavelmente patog&#233;nica num dos tr&#234;s genes associados a HF&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">LDLR&#44; APOB&#44; PCSK9&#46;</span></p><span id="sec0250" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0270">Diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico</span><p id="par0365" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O teste gen&#233;tico da FH deve ser realizado em indiv&#237;duos com FH confirmada ou prov&#225;vel&#44; bem como nos familiares em risco&#44; conforme recomendado pelo painel de peritos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0710"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53</span></a>&#46; O teste deve incluir os genes <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">LDLR</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">APOB</span> e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PCSK9</span> e sempre que poss&#237;vel os genes associados a fenoc&#243;pias da FH&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">LDLRAP1</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">APOE</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">LIPA</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ABCG5</span> e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ABCG8</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0710"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53</span></a>&#46; O teste gen&#233;tico fornece informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas&#44; permitindo efetuar uma estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco mais refinada&#46;</p><p id="par0370" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O rastreio dos familiares em risco &#40;cascata gen&#233;tica&#41; &#233; altamente eficaz na identifica&#231;&#227;o dos indiv&#237;duos afetados&#44; que requerem tratamento adequado&#46;</p><p id="par0375" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os indiv&#237;duos com FH confirmada devem ser encaminhados para um especialista em FH&#44; particularmente aqueles com FH homozig&#243;tica&#46; Todas os indiv&#237;duos com FH devem ser avaliados pelo menos anualmente&#44; j&#225; que o seu seguimento regular e estruturado pode reduzir a morbilidade e mortalidade por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares&#44; atrav&#233;s de mudan&#231;as de h&#225;bitos de vida e medidas terap&#234;uticas precoces e adequadas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0715"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">54</span></a>&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0255" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0275">Cardiopatias cong&#233;nitas</span><p id="par0380" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As cardiopatias cong&#233;nitas &#40;CC&#41; correspondem a malforma&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares presentes desde o nascimento e ocorrem em 1&#8208;1&#44;2&#37; dos nados vivos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0720"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span> Como nem todos os casos s&#227;o diagnosticados precocemente&#44; a preval&#234;ncia &#233; dif&#237;cil de determinar&#44; estando estimada em 13&#44;1&#47;1000 crian&#231;as e 6&#44;1&#47;1000 adultos &#40;&#8764;90&#37; s&#227;o casos espor&#225;dicos&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0725"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56</span></a>&#46; A maioria das crian&#231;as com CC sobrevive at&#233; a idade adulta&#44; embora uma propor&#231;&#227;o significativa necessite de uma ou mais cirurgias ou desenvolva v&#225;rias complica&#231;&#245;es&#44; como arritmias ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca&#46;</p><p id="par0385" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os principais fatores etiol&#243;gicos das CC e a abordagem ao seu diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;ticos encontram&#8208;se pormenorizados nos suplementos &#40;Supl&#46;15&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0390" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada tem sido crescente o n&#250;mero de variantes gen&#233;ticas associadas a CC&#44; seja formas espor&#225;dicas ou heredit&#225;rias&#44; sindr&#243;micas ou n&#227;o&#46; O diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico definitivo pode permitir&#44; por exemplo&#44; a identifica&#231;&#227;o de um fen&#243;tipo n&#227;o card&#237;aco que implique um seguimento e terap&#234;utica particulares e otimizar o aconselhamento gen&#233;tico&#46; No suplemento 15 encontram&#8208;se alguns exemplos de CC sindr&#243;micas frequentes &#40;Tabela S9&#46;1&#41; e dados sobre o risco de recorr&#234;ncia de algumas CC &#40;Tabelas S9&#46;2 e S9&#46;3&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0260" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0280">Hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar</span><span id="sec0265" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0285">Diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico</span><p id="par0395" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar &#40;HAP&#41; define&#8208;se por press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia &#8805; 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; associada a press&#227;o de encravamento da art&#233;ria pulmonar &#8804;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg e resist&#234;ncias vasculares pulmonares &#62;3 UW&#44; em repouso&#44; avaliadas por cateterismo card&#237;aco direito<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0730"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">57</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0400" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cerca de 70&#8208;80&#37; dos doentes com HAP heredit&#225;ria autoss&#243;mica dominante<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0735"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58</span></a> e 10&#8208;20&#37; daqueles com HAP espor&#225;dica&#47;idiop&#225;tica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0740"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">59</span></a> apresentam variantes no gene <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BMPR2</span> &#40;membro da fam&#237;lia <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">TGF&#8208;&#946;</span>&#41;&#46; No caso de variantes neste gene&#44; a penetr&#226;ncia da doen&#231;a &#233; maior no sexo feminino<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0745"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">60</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0405" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Outros genes t&#234;m sido associados a HAP&#44; particularmente&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">TBX4</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ATP13A3</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">GDF2</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SOX17</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">AQP1</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ACVRL1</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SMAD9</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ENG</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KCNK3</span> e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CAV1</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0735"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58</span></a>&#46; Variantes no gene <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">EIF2AK4</span> est&#227;o associadas &#224; doen&#231;a pulmonar veno&#8208;oclusiva&#47;hemangiomatose capilar pulmonar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0750"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">61</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0270" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0290">Diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico</span><p id="par0410" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O aconselhamento e o diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico devem ser oferecidos aos doentes com HAP heredit&#225;ria ou espor&#225;dica&#47;idiop&#225;tica&#46; Os testes gen&#233;ticos permitem identificar portadores assintom&#225;ticos&#44; mas&#44; dada a penetr&#226;ncia incompleta&#44; n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel&#44; at&#233; &#224; data&#44; predizer quem ir&#225; desenvolver a doen&#231;a&#46; Nestes indiv&#237;duos deve ser considerada a vigil&#226;ncia ecocardiogr&#225;fica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0740"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">59&#44;62</span></a>&#46; A identifica&#231;&#227;o de variantes no gene <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">EIF2AK4</span> pode evitar a necessidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o de bi&#243;psia pulmonar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0735"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0415" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O rastreio pr&#233;&#8208;natal na HAP heredit&#225;ria pode permitir a sele&#231;&#227;o de embri&#245;es por reprodu&#231;&#227;o medicamente assistida<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0760"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">63</span></a>&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0275" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0295">Morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca e testes gen&#233;ticos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">post mortem</span> &#40;&#171;aut&#243;psia molecular&#187;&#41;</span><span id="sec0280" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0300">Defini&#231;&#245;es</span><p id="par0420" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A MS &#233; definida como a morte n&#227;o traum&#225;tica&#44; inesperada&#44; ocorrendo dentro de uma hora desde o in&#237;cio de sintomas num indiv&#237;duo aparentemente saud&#225;vel&#46; Nos casos n&#227;o testemunhados&#44; &#233; a morte que ocorre em 24 horas num indiv&#237;duo previamente saud&#225;vel<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0425" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O conceito de morte s&#250;bita arr&#237;tmica ou SADS &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sudden Arrhythmic Death Syndrome</span>&#41; &#233; utilizado quando a causa de morte permanece desconhecida ou incerta ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o da aut&#243;psia&#44; o que ocorre em cerca de 25&#37; a 50&#37; dos casos de MS em jovens<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0765"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">64&#44;65</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0430" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A morte s&#250;bita em crian&#231;as com idades inferiores a um ano denomina&#8208;se por s&#237;ndrome morte s&#250;bita infantil&#46; Neste per&#237;odo et&#225;rio&#44; considera&#8208;se existir uma inter&#8208;rela&#231;&#227;o complexa entre diversos fatores que promovem a ocorr&#234;ncia da MS&#58; o per&#237;odo cr&#237;tico de desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso aut&#243;nomo&#44; fatores ex&#243;genos &#40;ex&#46; posi&#231;&#227;o no leito&#41;&#44; e a vulnerabilidade individual&#44; incluindo fatores gen&#233;ticos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0775"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">66</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0435" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A MS &#233; respons&#225;vel por 15&#8208;25&#37; da mortalidade na popula&#231;&#227;o geral e a sua incid&#234;ncia aumenta significativamente com a idade<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0780"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">67&#8211;70</span></a>&#46; Acima dos 40 anos&#44; a doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria explica a maioria dos casos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0800"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">71</span></a>&#44; enquanto nos mais jovens as doen&#231;as card&#237;acas heredit&#225;rias&#44; como as miocardiopatias e as canalopatias&#44; s&#227;o mais frequentes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0790"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">69</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0440" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As doen&#231;as el&#233;tricas prim&#225;rias &#40;como SQTL&#44; SBr e TVPC&#41; s&#227;o dif&#237;ceis de identificar <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">post mortem</span> e &#233; para o seu diagn&#243;stico que &#233; particularmente &#250;til a &#171;aut&#243;psia molecular&#187;&#46; Na SADS&#44; o teste gen&#233;tico permite a identifica&#231;&#227;o da causa de morte numa percentagem adicional entre 20&#8208;30&#37; dos casos&#46; &#201; importante referir que em doentes previamente diagnosticados com epilepsia&#44; &#233; poss&#237;vel identificar variantes associadas a canalopatias &#40;nomeadamente SQTL e TVPC&#41; em cerca de 20&#37; dos casos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0805"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">72</span></a>&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0285" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0305">Aut&#243;psia e testes gen&#233;ticos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">post mortem</span></span><p id="par0445" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nos casos de MS&#44; a import&#226;ncia do diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas heredit&#225;rias reside na possibilidade de identificar familiares vivos em risco &#40;portadores assintom&#225;ticos&#41;&#44; de forma a intervir precocemente e modificar o curso de vida dos mesmos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0795"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">70</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0450" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#201; indica&#231;&#227;o classe I a realiza&#231;&#227;o de aut&#243;psia para investigar a causa de MS<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46; As recomenda&#231;&#245;es para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de aut&#243;psias nestes casos foram recentemente atualizadas pela Sociedade Europeia de Patologia Cardiovascular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0810"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">73</span></a>&#46; Idealmente&#44; deve ser recolhida informa&#231;&#227;o relativa &#224; hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica pessoal e familiar e &#224;s circunst&#226;ncias da morte&#46; O exame card&#237;aco deve ser realizado por um patologista experiente e deve ser obtido material biol&#243;gico para eventual estudo gen&#233;tico&#46; O manuseio deste material requer o consentimento familiar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0815"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">74</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0455" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O resultado da aut&#243;psia deve ser comunicado &#224; fam&#237;lia&#44; devendo existir redes de referencia&#231;&#227;o que possibilitem a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica adequada das fam&#237;lias&#46; Os testes gen&#233;ticos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">post mortem</span> s&#243; devem ser realizados ap&#243;s o aconselhamento gen&#233;tico dos familiares<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0820"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">75</span></a> e est&#227;o indicados quando se suspeita de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca heredit&#225;ria&#44; seja pelos achados na aut&#243;psia&#44; seja nos casos de SADS &#40;classe IIa&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0460" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No contexto de SADS&#44; o estudo gen&#233;tico deve incluir genes associados a canalopatias e a miocardiopatias&#46; Apesar das miocardiopatias condicionarem altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais no mioc&#225;rdio&#44; estas podem ser muito subtis e n&#227;o detetadas na aut&#243;psia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0825"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">76</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0465" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Como nos casos de MS n&#227;o existe um fen&#243;tipo definido <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a priori</span>&#44; a identifica&#231;&#227;o de uma variante gen&#233;tica n&#227;o &#233; muitas vezes suficiente para o estabelecimento da sua patogenicidade&#44; da&#237; a import&#226;ncia da integra&#231;&#227;o com os resultados da avalia&#231;&#227;o familiar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0805"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">72</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0290" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0310">Avalia&#231;&#227;o dos familiares</span><p id="par0470" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Independentemente da realiza&#231;&#227;o da aut&#243;psia molecular e de acordo com a Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia&#44; est&#225; recomendado o rastreio de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca nos familiares de 1&#46;&#176; grau de indiv&#237;duos com MS &#40;classe I&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46; Essa avalia&#231;&#227;o deve incluir primeiramente avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica&#44; ECG&#44; prova de esfor&#231;o e ecocardiograma e&#44; num segundo n&#237;vel &#40;dependendo da suspeita cl&#237;nica&#41;&#44; RMC&#44; Holter e prova farmacol&#243;gica com ajmalina&#47;flecainida<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0475" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Na aus&#234;ncia de um diagn&#243;stico definitivo&#44; depois de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica &#40;incluindo ou n&#227;o o estudo gen&#233;tico&#41;&#44; os familiares de 1&#46;&#176; grau devem ser acompanhados de forma peri&#243;dica e at&#233; &#224; idade adulta&#44; altura em que a maioria das doen&#231;as j&#225; se expressou fenotipicamente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46; No entanto&#44; nos casos de aut&#243;psias negativas e estudo molecular negativo a taxa de eventos entre os familiares parece ser baixa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0830"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">77</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0295" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0315">Conflitos de interesse</span><p id="par0480" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nada a declarar&#46;</p></span></span>"
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                  "titulo" => "Diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico"
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              "titulo" => "N&#227;o&#8208;compacta&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "identificador" => "sec0210"
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                  "identificador" => "sec0215"
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          "identificador" => "sec0220"
          "titulo" => "Rastreio familiar nas miocardiopatias"
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        10 => array:2 [
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          "titulo" => "Aortopatias heredit&#225;rias"
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          "identificador" => "sec0230"
          "titulo" => "Hipercolesterolemia familiar"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0235"
              "titulo" => "Diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico"
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          "identificador" => "sec0240"
          "titulo" => "Hipercolesterolemia familiar poss&#237;vel"
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          "identificador" => "sec0245"
          "titulo" => "Hipercolesterolemia familiar confirmada"
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              "identificador" => "sec0250"
              "titulo" => "Diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico"
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          ]
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          "identificador" => "sec0255"
          "titulo" => "Cardiopatias cong&#233;nitas"
        ]
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          "identificador" => "sec0260"
          "titulo" => "Hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar"
          "secciones" => array:2 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0265"
              "titulo" => "Diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0270"
              "titulo" => "Diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        16 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0275"
          "titulo" => "Morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca e testes gen&#233;ticos post mortem &#40;&#171;aut&#243;psia molecular&#187;&#41;"
          "secciones" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0280"
              "titulo" => "Defini&#231;&#245;es"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        17 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0285"
          "titulo" => "Aut&#243;psia e testes gen&#233;ticos post mortem"
        ]
        18 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0290"
          "titulo" => "Avalia&#231;&#227;o dos familiares"
        ]
        19 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0295"
          "titulo" => "Conflitos de interesse"
        ]
        20 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Refer&#234;ncias"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2019-09-01"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2020-03-04"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "pt" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palavras&#8208;chave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1284205"
          "palabras" => array:2 [
            0 => "Doen&#231;as cardiovasculares heredit&#225;rias"
            1 => "Testes gen&#233;ticos"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1284206"
          "palabras" => array:2 [
            0 => "Inherited cardiovascular diseases"
            1 => "Genetic testing"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "pt" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumo"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Nos &#250;ltimos anos&#44; tem sido crescente o reconhecimento das causas gen&#233;ticas das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares resultado dos significativos progressos das t&#233;cnicas laboratoriais&#46; Este conhecimento tem permitido a identifica&#231;&#227;o de &#171;novos&#187; fen&#243;tipos e a subclassifica&#231;&#227;o das s&#237;ndromes cl&#237;nicas&#44; tendo impacto nas decis&#245;es terap&#234;uticas e no aconselhamento gen&#233;tico que &#233; facultado &#224;s fam&#237;lias&#46;</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">No presente documento descreve&#8208;se o &#171;estado da arte&#187; relativamente &#224;s principais recomenda&#231;&#245;es para testes gen&#233;ticos nas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares&#44; pretendendo&#8208;se providenciar uma ferramenta &#250;til de consulta para cardiologistas e outros profissionais envolvidos na presta&#231;&#227;o nos cuidados de sa&#250;de a doentes com cardiopatias heredit&#225;rias e respetivas fam&#237;lias&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In recent years&#44; the importance of genetic causes of cardiovascular diseases has been increasingly recognized&#44; as the result of significant advances in molecular diagnosis techniques&#46; This growing knowledge has enabled the identification of new phenotypes and the subclassification of clinical syndromes&#44; impacting the therapeutic approach and genetic counseling offered to affected families&#46;</p><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This paper describes the state of the art of genetic testing in the main cardiovascular diseases&#44; aiming to provide a useful tool to help cardiologists and other health professionals involved in the care of individuals with hereditary heart diseases and their families&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
    ]
    "apendice" => array:1 [
      0 => array:1 [
        "seccion" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "apendice" => "<p id="par0495" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p>"
            "etiqueta" => "Appendix B"
            "titulo" => "Material suplementar"
            "identificador" => "sec0310"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:3 [
      0 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabela 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at1"
            "detalle" => "Tabela "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ACC &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">American College of Cardiology</span>&#59; AHA &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">American Heart Association</span>&#59; ECG &#8211; eletrocardiograma&#59; EHRA &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">European Heart Rhythm Association</span>&#59; HRS &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Heart Rhythm Society</span>&#59; NE &#8211; n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia&#59; R &#8211; n&#237;vel de recomenda&#231;&#227;o&#59; SBr &#8211; S&#237;ndrome de Brugada&#59; SQTC &#8211; s&#237;ndrome do QT curto&#59; SQTL &#8211; s&#237;ndrome do QT longo&#59; TVPC &#8211; taquicardia ventricular polim&#243;rfica catecolamin&#233;rgica&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Doen&#231;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Recomenda&#231;&#227;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">R &#47; NE&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Fonte &#40;ano&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237;ndrome de Brugada&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico&#44; alargado ou dirigido &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SCN5A</span>&#41;&#44; pode ser &#250;til em doentes com SBr estabelecido com base na hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica&#44; hist&#243;ria familiar e achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos &#40;ECG de repouso ou ap&#243;s teste de provoca&#231;&#227;o&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IIa&#8208;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">EHRA&#47;HRS &#40;2011&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico pode ser considerado em doentes com SBr estabelecido ou suspeito&#44; para facilitar o rastreio gen&#233;tico familiar&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IIb&#8208;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AHA&#47;ACC&#47;HRS &#40;2017&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico n&#227;o est&#225; recomendado em casos isolados de padr&#227;o de Brugada tipo 2 ou tipo 3&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">III&#8208;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">EHRA&#47;HRS &#40;2011&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237;ndrome de repolariza&#231;&#227;o precoce&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico n&#227;o est&#225; indicado&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">III&#8208;B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AHA&#47;ACC&#47;HRS &#40;2017&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237;ndrome do QT longo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico&#44; alargado ou dirigido &#224;s SQTL 1&#8208;3 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KCNQ1</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KCNH2</span> e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SCN5A</span>&#41; est&#225; recomendado em indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos com QTc &#62; 480<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms &#40;na pr&#233;&#8208;puberdade&#41; ou &#62; 500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms &#40;adultos&#41;&#44; na aus&#234;ncia de causas secund&#225;rias&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&#8208;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">EHRA&#47;HRS &#40;2011&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico&#44; alargado ou dirigido &#224;s SQTL 1&#8208;3 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KCNQ1</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KCNH2</span> e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SCN5A</span>&#41; est&#225; recomendado em indiv&#237;duos com forte suspeita cl&#237;nica de SQTL com base na hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica&#44; hist&#243;ria familiar e achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos &#40;ECG de repouso ou ap&#243;s teste de provoca&#231;&#227;o &#8211; exerc&#237;cio ou infus&#227;o de catecolaminas&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&#8208;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">EHRA&#47;HRS &#40;2011&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&#8208;B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AHA&#47;ACC&#47;HRS &#40;2017&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico&#44; alargado ou dirigido &#224;s SQTL 1&#8208;3 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KCNQ1</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KCNH2</span> e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SCN5A</span>&#41; pode ser considerado em indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos com QTc &#62; 460<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms &#40;na pr&#233;&#8208;puberdade&#41; ou &#62; 480<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms &#40;adultos&#41;&#44; na aus&#234;ncia de causas secund&#225;rias&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IIb&#8208;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">EHRA&#47;HRS &#40;2011&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237;ndrome do QT curto&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico&#44; alargado ou dirigido &#224;s SQTC 1&#8208;3 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KCNH2&#44; KCNQ1</span> e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KCNJ25A</span>&#41; pode ser considerado em indiv&#237;duos com forte suspeita cl&#237;nica de SQTC com base na hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica&#44; hist&#243;ria familiar e achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IIb&#8208;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">EHRA&#47;HRS &#40;2011&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico pode ser considerado em doentes com SQTC para facilitar o rastreio gen&#233;tico familiar&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IIb&#8208;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AHA&#47;ACC&#47;HRS &#40;2017&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TVPC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico&#44; alargado ou dirigido a TVPC1 ou TVPC2 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">RYR2</span> e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CASQ2</span>&#41; est&#225; recomendado em indiv&#237;duos com forte suspeita cl&#237;nica de TVPC com base na hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica&#44; hist&#243;ria familiar e achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos durante testes provocativos &#40;exerc&#237;cio ou infus&#227;o de catecolaminas&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&#8208;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">EHRA&#47;HRS &#40;2011&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico pode ser &#250;til em doentes com TVPC e taquicardia ventricular ou s&#237;ncope no exerc&#237;cio&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IIa&#8208;B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AHA&#47;ACC&#47;HRS &#40;2017&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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                0 => "xTab2405849.png"
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          "pt" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de testes gen&#233;ticos nas canalopatias</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabela 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at2"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ACC &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">American College of Cardiology</span>&#59; AHA &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">American Heart Association</span>&#59; EHRA &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">European Heart Rhythm Association</span>&#59; HFSA &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Heart Failure Society of America</span>&#59; HRS &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Heart Rhythm Society</span>&#59; MCD &#8211; miocardiopatia dilatada&#59; MCH &#8211; miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica&#59; MCR &#8211; miocardiopatia restritiva&#59; mod &#8211; evid&#234;ncia moderada&#59; MS &#8211; morte s&#250;bita&#59; NCVE &#8211; n&#227;o&#8208;compacta&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo&#59; NE &#8211; n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia&#59; R &#8211; n&#237;vel de recomenda&#231;&#227;o&#46;</p><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#42; Mais recentemente&#44; tem sido reconhecida a diversidade e a sobreposi&#231;&#227;o de fen&#243;tipos &#40;entre MCD e MAVD&#41;&#44; que partilham o mesmo substrato gen&#233;tico e que se associam a risco arr&#237;tmico elevado&#44; originando um novo grupo denominado de &#8220;miocardiopatias arritmog&#233;nicas&#8221; &#40;disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular associada a arritmias auriculares&#44; ventriculares ou bloqueio aur&#237;culo&#8208;ventricular&#41;&#59; nestes casos est&#225; tamb&#233;m indicado o estudo gen&#233;tico&#44; que deve incluir genes potencialmente arritmog&#233;nicos &#40;ex&#46; DSP&#44; LMNA&#44; SCN5A&#44; PLN&#44; TMEM43&#44; FLNC&#44; RBM20&#44; DES&#41;&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Doen&#231;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Recomenda&#231;&#227;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">R &#47; NE&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Fonte &#40;ano&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico est&#225; recomendado em doentes com crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos de MCH para confirma&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&#8208;B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ESC &#40;2014&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0570"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico&#44; alargado ou dirigido &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">MYBPC3&#44; MYH7&#44; TNNI3&#44; TNNT2&#44; TPM1</span>&#41; est&#225; recomendado em indiv&#237;duos com diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de MCH com base na hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica&#44; hist&#243;ria familiar e achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&#8208;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">EHRA&#47;HRS &#40;2011&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico para MCH e outras causas de hipertrofia card&#237;aca inexplicada est&#225; recomendado em doentes com apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica at&#237;pica ou quando existe suspeita de outra etiologia gen&#233;tica espec&#237;fica&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&#8208;B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ACCF&#47;AHA &#40;2011&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0575"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico est&#225; recomendado em indiv&#237;duos com o diagn&#243;stico de MCH estabelecido ou clinicamente suspeito&#44; particularmente para facilitar o rastreio familiar&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IIa&#8208;B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AHA&#47;ACC&#47;HRS &#40;2017&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ACCF&#47;AHA &#40;2011&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0575"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico em indiv&#237;duos com o diagn&#243;stico <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">bordeline</span>&#44; deve ser efetuado apenas ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o exaustiva por equipas especializadas&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IIa&#8208;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ESC &#40;2014&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0570"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico deve ser considerado para o indiv&#237;duo mais claramente afetado dentro da fam&#237;lia para facilitar o rastreio e abordagem familiar&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">HFSA &#40;2018&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0560"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Miocardiopatia dilatada&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico&#44; alargado ou dirigido &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">LMNA</span> e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SCN5A</span>&#41; est&#225; recomendado em indiv&#237;duos com diagn&#243;stico de MCD e doen&#231;a significativa do tecido de condu&#231;&#227;o e hist&#243;ria familiar de MS prematura&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&#8208;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">EHRA&#47;HRS &#40;2011&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico &#233; recomendado nos casos de MCD familiar e nos casos de MCD espor&#225;dica com manifesta&#231;&#245;es particulares&#44; sugestiva de doen&#231;a gen&#233;tica&#47;rara&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&#8208;&#95;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ESC &#40;2016&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0565"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico pode ser &#250;til nos doentes com MCD familiar para confirmar o diagn&#243;stico e reconhecer aqueles com maior risco arr&#237;tmico e caracter&#237;sticas sindr&#243;micas&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IIa&#8208;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">EHRA&#47;HRS &#40;2011&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico pode ser &#250;til nos casos de MCD familiar para confirmar o diagn&#243;stico&#44; facilitar o rastreio e planeamento familiar&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">mod&#8208;A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AHA &#40;2016&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IIa&#8208;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">EHRA&#47;HRS &#40;2011&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico pode ser &#250;til em doentes com MCD familiar ou idiop&#225;tica juntamente com aconselhamento gen&#233;tico&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">mod&#8208;B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AHA &#40;2016&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0600"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico deve ser considerado para o indiv&#237;duo mais claramente afetado dentro da fam&#237;lia para facilitar o rastreio e abordagem familiar&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">HFSA &#40;2018&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0560"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Miocardiopatia arritmog&#233;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico&#44; alargado ou dirigido &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DSC2&#44; DSG2</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DSP&#44; JUP&#44; PKP2&#44; TMEM43</span>&#41;&#58;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">EHRA&#47;HRS &#40;2011&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208; pode ser &#250;til em indiv&#237;duos que cumpram os crit&#233;rios de diagn&#243;stico de MAVD &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Task Force 2010&#41;</span>&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208; IIa&#8208;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208; pode ser considerado em doentes com MAVD poss&#237;vel &#40;1 crit&#233;rio <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">major</span> ou 2 crit&#233;rios <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">minor</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Task Force 2010&#41;</span>&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208; IIb&#8208;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208; n&#227;o est&#225; recomendado com apenas um crit&#233;rio <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">minor</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Task Force 2010&#41;</span>&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208; III&#8208;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico pode ser &#250;til em doentes com MAVD clinicamente diagnosticada ou suspeita&#44; para o diagn&#243;stico e rastreio familiar dirigido&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IIa&#8208;B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AHA&#47;ACC&#47;HRS &#40;2017&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico deve ser considerado para o indiv&#237;duo mais claramente afetado dentro da fam&#237;lia para facilitar o rastreio e abordagem familiar&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">HFSA &#40;2018&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0560"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Miocardiopatia restritiva&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico pode ser considerado em indiv&#237;duos com diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de MCR com base na hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica&#44; hist&#243;ria familiar e achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IIb&#8208;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">EHRA&#47;HRS &#40;2011&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico deve ser considerado para o indiv&#237;duo mais claramente afetado dentro da fam&#237;lia para facilitar o rastreio e abordagem familiar&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">HFSA &#40;2018&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0560"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N&#227;o&#8208;compacta&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">O teste gen&#233;tico pode ser considerado em indiv&#237;duos com diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de NCVE com base na hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica&#44; hist&#243;ria familiar e achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">IIa&#8208;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">EHRA&#47;HRS &#40;2011&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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