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        "titulo" => "Redu&#231;&#227;o dram&#225;tica da carga da taquicardia ventricular ap&#243;s a dronedarona com tratamento com mexiletina num doente refrat&#225;rio a abla&#231;&#227;o h&#237;brida"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Graphical view of treated ventricular tachycardia&#47;ventricular fibrillation episodes&#47;day &#40;top&#41; and non-sustained ventricular tachycardia episodes&#47;day &#40;bottom&#41;&#46; The y-axis represents the number of episodes and the x-axis represents time in months&#46; The vertical downward red arrow indicates the visit when dronedarone was started&#44; in mid-October 2015&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Management of recurrent ventricular tachycardia &#40;VT&#41; in structural heart disease can be complex&#46; A stepwise approach with antiarrhythmic drugs &#40;AADs&#41; as well as catheter ablation is frequently required&#46; Amiodarone is the most effective AAD but its use is limited by its systemic adverse events&#46; Dronedarone is an analog of amiodarone with fewer side effects and with proven efficacy in atrial fibrillation&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> but it has not been approved for VT treatment&#46; Furthermore&#44; no evidence has been reported of dronedarone added to mexiletine&#46; We describe our experience with this combination&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Case report</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 62-year-old man with a mechanical aortic valve and an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator &#40;ICD&#41; implanted 13 years previously was referred to our arrhythmia unit due to episodes of refractory VT&#46; The patient did not have coronary artery disease and left ventricular ejection fraction was 48&#37;&#46; Recurrent device therapies due to VT episodes were refractory to sotalol and to amiodarone plus beta-blockers combined with mexiletine&#44; so in 2014 catheter ablation of the endocardial substrate was planned&#46; Although no inducibility was achieved&#44; one month later the patient experienced VT relapse that required intravenous procainamide&#46; At discharge&#44; amiodarone plus mexiletine was resumed&#44; but episodes continued and amiodarone had to be withdrawn because of hyperthyroidism&#46; After thyroid function was controlled&#44; the patient was referred to a specialist VT ablation unit&#46; Hybrid endocardial-epicardial ablation was performed with median sternotomy surgical access&#46; Epicardial submitral and septal intramyocardial substrates were identified&#46; Despite ablation&#44; clinical VT related to a septal subprosthetic substrate remained inducible&#46; Briefly&#44; after the procedure&#44; on beta-blockers plus mexiletine&#44; VT episodes recurred and were aborted by ICD antitachycardia pacing and shocks&#46; Given the setting of refractory VT&#44; the patient was referred for heart transplantation&#46; While he was on the waiting list&#44; 400 mg twice daily of dronedarone was initiated&#44; added to mexiletine 100 mg twice daily and bisoprolol 5 mg twice daily&#46; Eleven months after dronedarone was started&#44; the VT burden was dramatically reduced&#44; only one ICD therapy was delivered&#44; and the drug combination was well tolerated without adverse effects&#46; The lower cutoff for the VT detection zone had been programmed for 36 intervals above 140 bpm &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Discussion</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dronedarone is a class III antiarrhythmic drug&#44; a non-iodinated analog of amiodarone&#44; with proven efficacy in atrial fibrillation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Amiodarone is to date the most effective drug for the management of malignant VT in ICD carriers&#44; with a good cardiac safety profile&#46; Its combination with mexiletine has been shown to increase efficacy&#44; reducing the frequency of VT events in ICD carriers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> However&#44; its long-term use is limited by non-cardiac adverse effects that necessitate withdrawal&#46; Dronedarone has a better safety profile&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> but its efficacy has not been proven in humans for treating VT&#46; Animal trials have shown even higher efficacy in VT than that of amiodarone&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> In humans&#44; only isolated case reports suggest that it is likely to be effective in this setting&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> but no experience has been reported in combination with mexiletine&#46; Our case suggests very high mid-term efficacy of this combination in a patient refractory to all possible therapies excepting heart transplantation&#44; the only option for him before administration of dronedarone plus mexiletine&#46; These drugs dramatically reduced his VT burden&#44; and we were able to remove him from the transplantation waiting list&#46; The sparse but striking evidence of their efficacy in our patient suggests the need for human trials to confirm our finding and to lead to their on-label use&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Antiarrhythmic drugs are often the last resort for recurrent ventricular tachycardia refractory to catheter ablation in implantable cardioverter-defibrillator carriers&#46; Amiodarone&#44; alone or combined with mexiletine&#44; is usually but not always highly effective&#44; and its use is usually limited by systemic adverse effects&#46; We present the case of a 62 years old man with recurrent ICD shocks due to a VT refractory to an endo-epicardial hybrid ablation&#46; Starting of dronedarone plus mexiletine combination showed an excellent result&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">As drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas s&#227;o frequentemente o &#250;ltimo recurso para taquicardia ventricular &#40;TV&#41; recorrente refrat&#225;ria &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter em portadores de cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel &#40;CDI&#41;&#46; A amiodarona&#44; isolada ou combinada com mexiletina&#44; &#233; altamente&#44; mas nem sempre&#44; eficaz e o seu uso &#233; geralmente limitado por efeitos adversos sist&#233;micos&#46; Apresentamos o caso de um homem de 62 anos com choques recorrentes do CDI devido a uma TV refrat&#225;ria a uma abla&#231;&#227;o h&#237;brida endoepic&#225;rdica&#46; O in&#237;cio da combina&#231;&#227;o de dronedarona e mexiletina mostrou um excelente resultado&#46;</p></span>"
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Case report
Dramatic reduction of ventricular tachycardia burden after dronedarone plus mexiletine treatment in a patient refractory to hybrid ablation
Redução dramática da carga da taquicardia ventricular após a dronedarona com tratamento com mexiletina num doente refratário a ablação híbrida
Manuel Frutos-López
Autor para correspondência
berdigon@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Alonso Pedrote, Juan Acosta-Martínez, Eduardo Arana-Rueda
Arrhythmias Unit, Cardiology Department, Virgen Del Rocío University Hospital, Seville, Spain
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implanted 13 years previously was referred to our arrhythmia unit due to episodes of refractory VT&#46; The patient did not have coronary artery disease and left ventricular ejection fraction was 48&#37;&#46; Recurrent device therapies due to VT episodes were refractory to sotalol and to amiodarone plus beta-blockers combined with mexiletine&#44; so in 2014 catheter ablation of the endocardial substrate was planned&#46; Although no inducibility was achieved&#44; one month later the patient experienced VT relapse that required intravenous procainamide&#46; At discharge&#44; amiodarone plus mexiletine was resumed&#44; but episodes continued and amiodarone had to be withdrawn because of hyperthyroidism&#46; After thyroid function was controlled&#44; the patient was referred to a specialist VT ablation unit&#46; Hybrid endocardial-epicardial ablation was performed with median sternotomy surgical access&#46; Epicardial submitral and septal intramyocardial substrates were identified&#46; Despite ablation&#44; clinical VT related to a septal subprosthetic substrate remained inducible&#46; Briefly&#44; after the procedure&#44; on beta-blockers plus mexiletine&#44; VT episodes recurred and were aborted by ICD antitachycardia pacing and shocks&#46; Given the setting of refractory VT&#44; the patient was referred for heart transplantation&#46; While he was on the waiting list&#44; 400 mg twice daily of dronedarone was initiated&#44; added to mexiletine 100 mg twice daily and bisoprolol 5 mg twice daily&#46; Eleven months after dronedarone was started&#44; the VT burden was dramatically reduced&#44; only one ICD therapy was delivered&#44; and the drug combination was well tolerated without adverse effects&#46; The lower cutoff for the VT detection zone had been programmed for 36 intervals above 140 bpm &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Discussion</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dronedarone is a class III antiarrhythmic drug&#44; a non-iodinated analog of amiodarone&#44; with proven efficacy in atrial fibrillation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Amiodarone is to date the most effective drug for the management of malignant VT in ICD carriers&#44; with a good cardiac safety profile&#46; Its combination with mexiletine has been shown to increase efficacy&#44; reducing the frequency of VT events in ICD carriers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> However&#44; its long-term use is limited by non-cardiac adverse effects that necessitate withdrawal&#46; Dronedarone has a better safety profile&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> but its efficacy has not been proven in humans for treating VT&#46; Animal trials have shown even higher efficacy in VT than that of amiodarone&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> In humans&#44; only isolated case reports suggest that it is likely to be effective in this setting&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> but no experience has been reported in combination with mexiletine&#46; Our case suggests very high mid-term efficacy of this combination in a patient refractory to all possible therapies excepting heart transplantation&#44; the only option for him before administration of dronedarone plus mexiletine&#46; These drugs dramatically reduced his VT burden&#44; and we were able to remove him from the transplantation waiting list&#46; The sparse but striking evidence of their efficacy in our patient suggests the need for human trials to confirm our finding and to lead to their on-label use&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">As drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas s&#227;o frequentemente o &#250;ltimo recurso para taquicardia ventricular &#40;TV&#41; recorrente refrat&#225;ria &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter em portadores de cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel &#40;CDI&#41;&#46; A amiodarona&#44; isolada ou combinada com mexiletina&#44; &#233; altamente&#44; mas nem sempre&#44; eficaz e o seu uso &#233; geralmente limitado por efeitos adversos sist&#233;micos&#46; Apresentamos o caso de um homem de 62 anos com choques recorrentes do CDI devido a uma TV refrat&#225;ria a uma abla&#231;&#227;o h&#237;brida endoepic&#225;rdica&#46; O in&#237;cio da combina&#231;&#227;o de dronedarona e mexiletina mostrou um excelente resultado&#46;</p></span>"
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ISSN: 08702551
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