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cardioversores&#8208;desfibrilhadores implant&#225;veis&#44; sistemas de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca&#41;&#44; implantados entre janeiro de 2013 e janeiro de 2015 com algoritmo de dete&#231;&#227;o de eventos de apneia&#47;hipopneia de sono &#40;Kora&#8482;100DR&#44; Reply&#8482;200DR da Livanova&#59; Vitalio&#8482;Pacemaker&#44; Incepta&#8482;CRTD&#44;CRT&#8208;D&#44; Incepta&#8482;CDI e Invive&#8482; CRT&#8208;P&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Foi obtida autoriza&#231;&#227;o da Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica do Hospital&#44; assim como o consentimento informado dos doentes antes da sua inclus&#227;o no estudo&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Foram recolhidos dados demogr&#225;ficos&#44; antropom&#233;tricos e cl&#237;nicos dos doentes&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os dispositivos da Livanova t&#234;m o algoritmo SAM &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">sleep apnea monitoring</span> &#8211; monitoriza&#231;&#227;o de apneias do sono&#41; que deteta apneias&#44; definidas por per&#237;odo entre dois ciclos respirat&#243;rios com dez a 60 segundos de dura&#231;&#227;o&#44; e hipopneias&#44; caraterizadas por uma redu&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos 50&#37; na amplitude de um ciclo respirat&#243;rio&#46; O algoritmo SAM tem a capacidade de destacar os indiv&#237;duos com SAS grave&#44; sendo esses definidos pela presen&#231;a de mais de 20 eventos por hora &#40;correla&#231;&#227;o com IAH &#62; 30&#47;hora&#41;&#44; de acordo com resultados validados no estudo Dream<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os dispositivos da Boston Scientific utilizados t&#234;m a capacidade de detetar eventos de apneia e hipopneia atrav&#233;s do ApneaScan&#8482; e APScan&#8482;&#44; que t&#234;m tamb&#233;m a capacidade de distinguir os pacientes com SAS grave&#44; utilizando para isso um valor <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">cut&#8208;off</span> de 30 &#40;correlacionado com IAH &#62; 30&#41;&#46; Os doentes realizaram poligrafia simplificada com o equipamento ApneaLink plus<span class="elsevierStyleSup">tm</span> &#40;Resmed Corporation&#44; Powaym Calif&#41;&#44; capacitado de sensor de esfor&#231;o&#44; uma c&#226;nula de fluxo nasal e ox&#237;metro&#44; com monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar&#44; quantificando&#8208;se os eventos de apneia e hipopneia&#44; de roncopatia e presen&#231;a de padr&#227;o respirat&#243;rio de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cheyne&#8208;Stokes</span> &#40;CSB&#41;&#44; sempre com monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e da SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#46; Os resultados foram avaliados no Servi&#231;o de Pneumologia&#44; sempre pela mesma equipa cl&#237;nica&#46; Definiram&#8208;se como apneias&#44; eventos em que houve aus&#234;ncia de fluxo respirat&#243;rio com dura&#231;&#227;o igual ou superior a 10 segundos&#46; Foram igualmente definidas hipopneias redu&#231;&#245;es de 30&#37; na amplitude do fluxo de um ciclo respirat&#243;rio sempre que acompanhadas por queda de pelo menos 3&#37; na satura&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de O2&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O diagn&#243;stico de S&#237;ndrome de Apneia do Sono &#40;SAS&#41; foi ent&#227;o estabelecido sempre que se constatou um IAH superior a cinco eventos&#47;hora&#44; associado a sintomas carater&#237;sticos ou aumento de risco cardiovascular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> ou por um IAH superior a 15&#47;hora&#44; mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de sintomas&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nos doentes em quem foi confirmado o diagn&#243;stico de SAS e ap&#243;s observa&#231;&#227;o por pneumologia e confirma&#231;&#227;o nos casos discordantes&#44; por polissonografia tipo 2 &#40;estudo polissonogr&#225;fico em ambulat&#243;rio&#41;&#44; foi iniciado tratamento por press&#227;o positiva&#58; CPAP&#44; Bi&#8208;n&#237;vel ou Servoventila&#231;&#227;o autoadaptativa&#44; de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es internacionais e com a patologia identificada&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ap&#243;s confirma&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico os doentes foram monitorizados pelo DECI&#44; para avalia&#231;&#227;o da ades&#227;o &#224; terap&#234;utica&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Resultados</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Foram avaliados 29 doentes&#44; 21 do sexo masculino &#40;71&#44;4&#37;&#41; e 8 do sexo feminino &#40;27&#44;6&#37;&#41;&#44; com idade m&#233;dia de 76&#44;1 anos &#40;&#177; 9&#44;8&#41;&#46; O &#237;ndice de massa corporal &#40;IMC&#41; m&#233;dio foi de 26&#44;8 kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> &#40;&#177; 4&#44;2&#41;&#46; A <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Tabela 1</a> indica a preval&#234;ncia de comorbilidades e terap&#234;utica m&#233;dica dos doentes&#44; sendo a hipertens&#227;o arterial &#40;HTA&#41; a patologia mais frequente &#40;74&#44;2&#37;&#41;&#46; Na avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica 63&#44;3&#37; dos doentes apresentavam fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda normal&#46; O dispositivo implantado foi um <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pacemaker</span> definitivo em 23 doentes &#40;disfun&#231;&#227;o do n&#243; sinusal em 13 doentes e nos oito restantes dist&#250;rbios da condu&#231;&#227;o auriculoventricular&#41;&#44; todos de dupla c&#226;mara programados em modo DDDR&#44; sistema de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca com cardioversor&#8208;desfibrilhador implant&#225;vel em cinco doentes e um cardioversor&#8208;desfibrilhador implant&#225;vel de dupla c&#226;mara num doente&#46; Em 15 doentes o dispositivo era da empresa Livanova e em 14 doentes da empresa Boston Scientific<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#44;</span> havendo portanto uma distribui&#231;&#227;o equitativa&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Na an&#225;lise do dispositivo verificou&#8208;se que quatro doentes n&#227;o tinham registos de eventos&#44; sete apresentavam eventos com valores &#60; 20&#8208;30&#47;hora e 18 doentes valores &#62; 20&#8208;30&#47;hora &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Tabela 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No estudo poligr&#225;fico 18 doentes &#40;62&#37;&#41; apresentavam valores de IAH &#60; 30&#47;hora&#44; 20 doentes &#40;68&#44;9&#37;&#41; valores &#62; 15&#47;hora e 11 doentes &#40;37&#44;9&#37;&#41; valores de IAH &#62; 30&#47;hora&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Da an&#225;lise conjunta dos dados do dispositivo e do estudo poligr&#225;fico do sono &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Tabela 3</a>&#41;&#44; verificou&#8208;se que os 11 casos que na poligrafia tiveram um IAH superior ou igual a 30&#47;hora&#44; tinham todos valores do dispositivo &#8805; 20&#47;30&#47;hora&#46; No entanto h&#225; sete casos cujo resultado da poligrafia do sono foi inferior a 30&#47;hora e no dispositivo os valores s&#227;o &#8805; 20&#8208;30&#47;hora&#46; A concord&#226;ncia entre a poligrafia e o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pacemaker</span> foi de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Kappa</span> &#61; 0&#44;54 &#40;p &#61; 0&#44;001&#41;&#44; IC 95&#37; &#40;0&#44;28&#44; 0&#44;81&#41; &#40;concord&#226;ncia moderada&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Quando avaliada a concord&#226;ncia dos dois m&#233;todos&#44; de acordo com valores de IAH da poligrafia &#62; 15&#47;hora &#40;identificando doentes com SAOS moderada e grave&#41;&#44; observa&#8208;se que dos 20 casos com IAH &#62; 15&#47;hora&#44; 18 t&#234;m valores do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pacemake</span>r &#8805; 20&#47;30&#46; Houve dois casos em cujo resultado do estudo poligr&#225;fico do sono o IAH foi inferior a 15&#47;hora e no dispositivo os valores s&#227;o &#8805; 20&#47;30&#47;hora&#46; A concord&#226;ncia entre a poligrafia e o dispositivo foi de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Kappa</span> &#61; 0&#44;73 &#40;p &#60; 0&#44;001&#41;&#44; IC 95&#37; &#40;0&#44;49&#44; 0&#44;976&#41; &#40;concord&#226;ncia substancial&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Quando correlacionamos os valores do dispositivo &#62; 20&#47;30&#47;hora com valores de PSG &#62; 30&#47;hora destacamos&#58; sensibilidade 60&#37;&#44; especificidade de 100&#37;&#44; valor preditivo positivo de 100&#37;&#44; valor preditivo negativo de 60&#37; e acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica de 75&#37;&#59; para valores de poligrafia &#62; 15&#47;hora&#58; sensibilidade de 90&#37;&#44; especificidade de 83&#37;&#44; valores preditivo positivo de 90&#37; e negativo de 87&#44;5&#37;&#44; com acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica de 87&#44;5&#37;&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A m&#233;dia do &#237;ndice de massa corporal n&#227;o foi significativamente diferente para os indiv&#237;duos com poligrafia &#60; 30&#47;h e &#8805; 30&#47;h &#40;26&#44;75 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 26&#44;98&#44; p &#61; 0&#44;886&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Discuss&#227;o</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As recomenda&#231;&#245;es internacionais apontam a polissonografia &#40;PSG&#41; como o m&#233;todo de refer&#234;ncia para o diagn&#243;stico de pacientes com suspeita de SAS<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#44; sendo que o estudo em ambulat&#243;rio com monitor port&#225;til tamb&#233;m pode ser utilizado em pacientes com uma probabilidade pr&#233;&#8208;teste elevada de SAS moderada a grave&#44; sem outras patologias do sono e sem outras comorbilidades m&#233;dicas <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">major</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46; A polissonografia regista o n&#250;mero de apneias e hipopneias&#44; determinando um valor IAH e RDI&#44; enquanto que a poligrafia simplificada apenas apresenta o resultado em IAH&#46; Embora a poligrafia simplificada&#44; em regime de ambulat&#243;rio&#44; tenha minimizado os custos inerentes ao internamento destes doentes&#44; dada a elevada preval&#234;ncia desta patologia e n&#227;o exequibilidade atrav&#233;s dos cuidados de sa&#250;de prim&#225;rios&#44; a lista de espera para a sua realiza&#231;&#227;o mant&#233;m&#8208;se problem&#225;tica em muitos centros&#46; A associa&#231;&#227;o significativa da SAS a morbilidade cardiovascular&#44; nomeadamente&#44; hipertens&#227;o arterial<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#8211;10</span></a>&#44; s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> ou arritmias&#44; supraventriculares&#44; onde se incluiu a fibrilha&#231;&#227;o auricular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#8211;15</span></a>&#44; e mesmo ventriculares<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#44; doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria&#44; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e cerebrovascular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#8211;20</span></a> imp&#245;e a realiza&#231;&#227;o deste exame atempadamente quando existem sintomas sugestivos desta s&#237;ndrome&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Na popula&#231;&#227;o de doentes portadores de dispositivos eletr&#243;nicos card&#237;acos&#44; onde a preval&#234;ncia desta patologia &#233; significativa&#44; a sinaliza&#231;&#227;o de eventos de apneia e hipopneias pode ser uma triagem conveniente para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de polissonografia&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cerca de 37&#44;9&#37; dos doentes apresentaram na poligrafia valores de IAH &#8805; 30&#47;hora e 68&#44;9&#37; valores &#62; 15&#47;hora&#44; traduzindo uma preval&#234;ncia elevada de SAS nesta popula&#231;&#227;o de doentes&#44; o que est&#225; de acordo com os dados encontrados na literatura&#46; A m&#233;dia de idade da amostra em estudo foi de aproximadamente 76&#44;1 &#177; 9&#44;8 anos&#44; o que pode justificar a preval&#234;ncia elevada da SAS&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Defaye</span> et al&#46; estudaram uma amostra cuja m&#233;dia de idade era de 73&#44;8 &#177; 19&#44;1&#44; obtendo uma preval&#234;ncia de 78&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;6</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Curiosamente a m&#233;dia do IMC nos grupos com IAH &#8804; 30&#47;hora <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> &#62; 30&#47;hora&#44; n&#227;o foi estatisticamente distinta&#44; refor&#231;ando a import&#226;ncia de n&#227;o desvalorizar sintomas de SAOS em doente com IMC mais baixos&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Verificou&#8208;se uma concord&#226;ncia moderada entre os valores do dispositivo e de IAH &#62; 30&#47;hora na PSG&#44; aumentado esta concord&#226;ncia para um grau substancial&#44; quando se consideram valores de PSG &#62;15&#47;hora&#44; incluindo ent&#227;o doentes com SAS moderada&#44; com implica&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas&#46; Para valores de IAH na PSG &#62; 30&#47;hora o algoritmo do dispositivo teve uma sensibilidade 60&#37;&#44; especificidade de 100&#37;&#44; valor preditivo positivo de 100&#37;&#44; valor preditivo negativo de 60&#37; e acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica de 75&#37;&#59; para valores de polissonografia &#62; 15&#47;hora&#58; sensibilidade de 90&#37;&#44; especificidade de 83&#37;&#44; valores preditivo positivo de 90&#37;&#44; valor preditivo negativo de 87&#44;5&#37;&#44; com acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica de 87&#44;5&#37;&#46; Os valores s&#227;o concordantes com os reportados na literatura<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; Estes dados refor&#231;am o papel dos DEC no rastreio de SAS moderada a grave&#44; com implica&#231;&#245;es importantes no diagn&#243;stico&#44; tratamento e&#44; consequentemente&#44; qualidade de vida dos doentes&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A elevada preval&#234;ncia de SAS na popula&#231;&#227;o com DEC implantado traz duas implica&#231;&#245;es&#58; a necessidade de os cardiologistas estarem mais sensibilizados para o rastreio cl&#237;nico desta s&#237;ndrome e a confirma&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s de polissonografia e no caso espec&#237;ficos dos DEC com algoritmos de dete&#231;&#227;o&#44; o registo dos valores e o envio desta preciosa informa&#231;&#227;o&#44; muitas vezes subvalorizada&#44; para os cardiologistas assistentes dos doentes&#46; Por outro lado&#44; a possibilidade da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o pelo DEC ap&#243;s institui&#231;&#227;o da terap&#234;utica com CPAP&#47;BiN&#237;vel&#47; servoventila&#231;&#227;o &#233; de extrema utilidade cl&#237;nica&#44; no sentido de avaliarmos a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">compliance</span> do doentes &#224; terap&#234;utica institu&#237;da para a sua SAS&#44; com estudos a apontarem valores de ades&#227;o t&#227;o baixos como 65&#8208;80&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Embora de forma mais inequ&#237;voca&#44; h&#225; estudos que sugerem uma otimiza&#231;&#227;o da programa&#231;&#227;o do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pacemaker</span> no sentido de reduzir os eventos de apneia e hipopneia&#46; Uma metan&#225;lise de 2009 avaliou v&#225;rios ensaios que tinham por objetivos a avalia&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia de um <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">overdrive</span> auricular noturno no tratamento da SAS&#46; Os resultados foram d&#237;spares&#44; tendo uma parte dos estudos mostrado efic&#225;cia desta estrat&#233;gia&#44; e outra parte refutado esta possibilidade<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;23</span></a>&#46; Garrigue et al&#46; mostraram que um <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">overdrive</span> auricular noturno 15 batimentos por minuto acima da FC m&#233;dia do doente diminuiu em cerca de 60&#37; o IAH<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24&#44;25</span></a>&#46; Pensa&#8208;se que isto ocorra por dois mecanismos diferentes&#46; O primeiro prende&#8208;se com a melhoria associada do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">output</span> card&#237;aco e com uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da congest&#227;o pulmonar com consequente regulariza&#231;&#227;o da respira&#231;&#227;o&#46; O outro mecanismo traduz a invers&#227;o de um estado hipervagal noturno e estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da respira&#231;&#227;o ao atuar em neur&#243;nios aferentes simp&#225;ticos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46; Este estudo demonstrou&#44; no entanto&#44; que indiv&#237;duos sem sinais de IC e sem indica&#231;&#227;o para dispositivos de tratamento anti&#8208;bradicardizante n&#227;o beneficiam do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">overdrive</span> auricular como estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica e que os doentes com S&#237;ndrome de Apneia de Sono Central &#40;CSA&#41; eram os que mais beneficiavam desta terap&#234;utica alternativa&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Neste contexto&#44; os dispositivos eletr&#243;nicos com capacidade de dete&#231;&#227;o de eventos de apneia surgem como alternativa mais custo&#8208;efetiva para dete&#231;&#227;o da SAS e potencialmente para o seu tratamento<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26&#44;27</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Conclus&#245;es</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A preval&#234;ncia de SAS &#233; elevada nos doentes portadores de dispositivos eletr&#243;nicos card&#237;acos&#46; H&#225; v&#225;rios dispositivos&#44; at&#233; agora de duas empresas&#44; com algoritmos capazes de registar eventos de apneias e hipopneias&#44; que devem sinalizar doentes para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de polissonografias que permitam a confirma&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico&#46; Este estudo demonstrou uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre os valores registados nos dispositivos e na polissonografia&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Conflitos de interesse</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesse&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "titulo" => "Resumo"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introdu&#231;&#227;o</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A S&#237;ndrome da Apneia do Sono &#40;SAS&#41; &#233; uma doen&#231;a respirat&#243;ria prevalente&#44; com express&#227;o marcada na popula&#231;&#227;o com doen&#231;a cardiovascular&#46; O diagn&#243;stico &#233; baseado na polissonografia&#46; Nos doentes com dispositivos eletr&#243;nicos card&#237;acos &#40;DEC&#41;&#44; a preval&#234;ncia de SAS pode atingir 60&#37;&#46; O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o valor dos DEC no rastreio de SAS&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudo prospetivo que incluiu doentes com DEC com algoritmo de apneia do sono&#46; Foi ativada a fun&#231;&#227;o de resposta em frequ&#234;ncia e realizada a poligrafia simplificada&#46; Foram recolhidos os dados do dispositivo no dia em que foi realizada a poligrafia&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A amostra incluiu 29 doentes&#44; com uma idade m&#233;dia de 76&#44;1 anos&#44; 71&#44;4&#37; do g&#233;nero masculino&#46; A preval&#234;ncia de SAS foi de 77&#37;&#46; Para SAS grave a concord&#226;ncia entre a polissonografia e o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pacemaker</span> foi de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Kappa</span> &#61; 0&#44;54 &#40;p &#61; 0&#44;001&#41;&#44; IC 95&#37; &#40;0&#44;28&#44; 0&#44;81&#41; &#40;concord&#226;ncia moderada&#41;&#59; para SAS moderada a grave&#44; a concord&#226;ncia foi de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Kappa</span> &#61; 0&#44;73 &#40;p &#60; 0&#44;001&#41;&#44; IC 95&#37; &#40;0&#44;49&#44; 0&#44;976&#41; &#40;concord&#226;ncia substancial&#41;&#46; Para SAS grave obtiveram&#8208;se&#58; sensibilidade 60&#37;&#44; especificidade de 100&#37;&#44; valor preditivo positivo de 100&#37;&#44; valor preditivo negativo de 60&#37; e acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica de 75&#37;&#59; para SAS moderada a grave&#58; sensibilidade de 90&#37;&#44; especificidade de 83&#37;&#44; valores preditivo positivo de 90&#37; e negativo de 87&#44;5&#37;&#44; com acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica de 87&#44;5&#37;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A SAS &#233; altamente prevalente nos portadores de DEC&#46; Os valores obtidos atrav&#233;s destes dispositivos apresentam uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva forte com o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#237;ndice de Apneia&#8208;Hipopneia</span>&#44; o que faz deles uma boa ferramenta de rastreio de SAS grave&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Introdu&#231;&#227;o"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "M&#233;todos"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Conclus&#227;o"
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      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introduction</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Sleep Apnea Syndrome &#40;SAS&#41; is a prevalent respiratory disease with marked expression in the population with cardiovascular disease&#46; The diagnosis is based on polysomnography&#46; In patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices &#40;CIED&#41;&#44; the prevalence of SAS may reach 60&#37;&#46; The objective of this study was to evaluate the value of DEC in the SAS screening&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Methods</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prospective study that included patients with CIED with sleep apnea algorithm&#46; The frequency response function was activated and simplified polygraphy was performed&#46; The data of the device were collected on the day of the polygraph&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The sample included 29 patients&#44; with a mean age of 76&#46;1 years&#44; 71&#46;4&#37; of the male gender&#46; The prevalence of SAS was 77&#37;&#46; For SAS&#44; the agreement between polysomnography and the Pacemaker was Kappa &#61; 0&#46;54 &#40;p &#61; 0&#46;001&#41;&#44; 95&#37; CI &#40;0&#46;28&#44; 0&#46;81&#41; &#40;moderate agreement&#41;&#59; for moderate to severe SAS&#44; the agreement was Kappa &#61; 0&#46;73 &#40;p &#60;0&#46;001&#41;&#44; 95&#37; CI &#40;0&#46;49&#44; 0&#46;976&#41; &#40;substantial agreement&#41;&#46; Severe SAS was obtained&#58; sensitivity 60&#37;&#44; specificity 100&#37;&#44; positive predictive value 100&#37;&#44; negative predictive value 60&#37; and diagnostic accuracy 75&#37;&#59; for moderate to severe SAS&#58; sensitivity of 90&#37;&#44; specificity of 83&#37;&#44; positive predictive values of 90&#37; and negative of 87&#46;5&#37;&#44; with a diagnostic accuracy of 87&#46;5&#37;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">SAS is highly prevalent in patients with CIED&#46; The values obtained through these devices have a strong positive correlation with the Apnea&#8208;Hypopnea &#205;ndex&#44; which makes them a good tool for the screening of severe SAS&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Introduction"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Methods"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Results"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclusion"
          ]
        ]
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Comorbilidades&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hipertens&#227;o arterial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;74&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Dislipidemia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;54&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fibrilha&#231;&#227;o auricular parox&#237;stica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;25&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;25&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;19&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Diabetes <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">mellitus</span> tipo 2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;19&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tabagismo ou ex&#8208;tabagismo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;19&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">DPOC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;15&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Medica&#231;&#227;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IECA&#47;ARA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;62&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Diur&#233;tico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;59&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Estatina&#47;Fibrato&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;59&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Bloqueadores beta&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;37&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Antiagregantes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;31&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Anticoagulante&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;28&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Anti&#8208;arr&#237;tmicos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;12&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Anti&#8208;diab&#233;ticos orais&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;6&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#62;&#61;20&#47;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;62&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Estudo do sono&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#62;&#61;20&#47;30&#47;h&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;30&#47;h&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#60;20&#8208;30&#47;hora&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#62;&#61;20&#8208;30&#47;hora&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;&#61;15&#47;hora&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#62;15&#47;hora&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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Artigo Original
Importância dos dispositivos eletrónicos cardíacos implantáveis no diagnóstico da Síndrome da Apneia do Sono
Importance of cardiac implantable eletronic devices in the diagnosis of Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Sílvia Ribeiroa,
Autor para correspondência
silviamartinsribeiro@gmail.com

Autor para correspondência.
, Laura Bonitob, Maria José Guimarãesc, João Portuguêsa, Bernardete Rodriguesa, Assunção Alvesa, Célia Durãesc, Daniela Ferreirac, Victor Sanfinsa, António Lourençoa
a Serviço de Cardiologia, Hospital Nossa Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães, Portugal
b Serviço de Medicina Interna, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central, Hospital de São José, Lisboa, Portugal
c Serviço de Pneumologia, Hospital Nossa Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães, Portugal
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introdu&#231;&#227;o</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A S&#237;ndrome da Apneia do Sono &#40;SAS&#41; &#233; uma doen&#231;a respirat&#243;ria prevalente&#44; provocada por colapsos intermitentes da via a&#233;rea&#44; que originam interrup&#231;&#245;es ou altera&#231;&#245;es no normal fluxo respirat&#243;rio durante o sono &#40;apneias ou hipopneias&#41;&#46; A soma de apneias e hipopneias por hora permite a determina&#231;&#227;o do &#205;ndice de Apneia&#8208;hipopneia &#40;IAH&#41; e estas associadas a RERAs &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">respiratory effort&#8208;related arousals&#41;</span>&#44; do &#205;ndice de dist&#250;rbio respirat&#243;rio &#40;RDI&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As apneias podem ser de causa obstrutiva &#40;SAOS&#41;&#44; entidade mais prevalente&#44; ou de causa central &#40;CSA&#41;&#44; quando o n&#250;mero de eventos de causa central &#233; superior a 50&#37; da totalidade dos eventos respirat&#243;rios detetado pelo estudo poligr&#225;fico do sono<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A SAS &#233; uma patologia muito prevalente&#44; havendo estudos que demonstram que a preval&#234;ncia de IAH &#62; 5 pode atingir os 20&#37; e que a preval&#234;ncia de IAH&#62;15 pode chegar a afetar mais de 15&#37; da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46; Na popula&#231;&#227;o com mais de 70 anos&#44; h&#225; registo de uma preval&#234;ncia de S&#237;ndrome de Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono &#40;SAOS&#41; t&#227;o alta quando 20&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46; No subgrupo de doentes com doen&#231;a cardiovascular&#44; a SAS pode atingir 47&#8208;83&#37; dos doentes&#44; dependendo da patologia espec&#237;fica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; No caso particular dos doentes portadores de dispositivos eletr&#243;nicos card&#237;acos implant&#225;veis &#40;DECI&#41;&#44; a preval&#234;ncia da SAS pode atingir os 60&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o valor dos dispositivos eletr&#243;nicos card&#237;acos implant&#225;veis no rastreio da SAS&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">M&#233;todos</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Foram inclu&#237;dos 29 doentes&#44; com dispositivos eletr&#243;nicos card&#237;acos &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pacemakers</span>&#44; cardioversores&#8208;desfibrilhadores implant&#225;veis&#44; sistemas de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca&#41;&#44; implantados entre janeiro de 2013 e janeiro de 2015 com algoritmo de dete&#231;&#227;o de eventos de apneia&#47;hipopneia de sono &#40;Kora&#8482;100DR&#44; Reply&#8482;200DR da Livanova&#59; Vitalio&#8482;Pacemaker&#44; Incepta&#8482;CRTD&#44;CRT&#8208;D&#44; Incepta&#8482;CDI e Invive&#8482; CRT&#8208;P&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Foi obtida autoriza&#231;&#227;o da Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica do Hospital&#44; assim como o consentimento informado dos doentes antes da sua inclus&#227;o no estudo&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Foram recolhidos dados demogr&#225;ficos&#44; antropom&#233;tricos e cl&#237;nicos dos doentes&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os dispositivos da Livanova t&#234;m o algoritmo SAM &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">sleep apnea monitoring</span> &#8211; monitoriza&#231;&#227;o de apneias do sono&#41; que deteta apneias&#44; definidas por per&#237;odo entre dois ciclos respirat&#243;rios com dez a 60 segundos de dura&#231;&#227;o&#44; e hipopneias&#44; caraterizadas por uma redu&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos 50&#37; na amplitude de um ciclo respirat&#243;rio&#46; O algoritmo SAM tem a capacidade de destacar os indiv&#237;duos com SAS grave&#44; sendo esses definidos pela presen&#231;a de mais de 20 eventos por hora &#40;correla&#231;&#227;o com IAH &#62; 30&#47;hora&#41;&#44; de acordo com resultados validados no estudo Dream<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os dispositivos da Boston Scientific utilizados t&#234;m a capacidade de detetar eventos de apneia e hipopneia atrav&#233;s do ApneaScan&#8482; e APScan&#8482;&#44; que t&#234;m tamb&#233;m a capacidade de distinguir os pacientes com SAS grave&#44; utilizando para isso um valor <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">cut&#8208;off</span> de 30 &#40;correlacionado com IAH &#62; 30&#41;&#46; Os doentes realizaram poligrafia simplificada com o equipamento ApneaLink plus<span class="elsevierStyleSup">tm</span> &#40;Resmed Corporation&#44; Powaym Calif&#41;&#44; capacitado de sensor de esfor&#231;o&#44; uma c&#226;nula de fluxo nasal e ox&#237;metro&#44; com monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar&#44; quantificando&#8208;se os eventos de apneia e hipopneia&#44; de roncopatia e presen&#231;a de padr&#227;o respirat&#243;rio de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cheyne&#8208;Stokes</span> &#40;CSB&#41;&#44; sempre com monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e da SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#46; Os resultados foram avaliados no Servi&#231;o de Pneumologia&#44; sempre pela mesma equipa cl&#237;nica&#46; Definiram&#8208;se como apneias&#44; eventos em que houve aus&#234;ncia de fluxo respirat&#243;rio com dura&#231;&#227;o igual ou superior a 10 segundos&#46; Foram igualmente definidas hipopneias redu&#231;&#245;es de 30&#37; na amplitude do fluxo de um ciclo respirat&#243;rio sempre que acompanhadas por queda de pelo menos 3&#37; na satura&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de O2&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O diagn&#243;stico de S&#237;ndrome de Apneia do Sono &#40;SAS&#41; foi ent&#227;o estabelecido sempre que se constatou um IAH superior a cinco eventos&#47;hora&#44; associado a sintomas carater&#237;sticos ou aumento de risco cardiovascular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> ou por um IAH superior a 15&#47;hora&#44; mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de sintomas&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nos doentes em quem foi confirmado o diagn&#243;stico de SAS e ap&#243;s observa&#231;&#227;o por pneumologia e confirma&#231;&#227;o nos casos discordantes&#44; por polissonografia tipo 2 &#40;estudo polissonogr&#225;fico em ambulat&#243;rio&#41;&#44; foi iniciado tratamento por press&#227;o positiva&#58; CPAP&#44; Bi&#8208;n&#237;vel ou Servoventila&#231;&#227;o autoadaptativa&#44; de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es internacionais e com a patologia identificada&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ap&#243;s confirma&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico os doentes foram monitorizados pelo DECI&#44; para avalia&#231;&#227;o da ades&#227;o &#224; terap&#234;utica&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Resultados</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Foram avaliados 29 doentes&#44; 21 do sexo masculino &#40;71&#44;4&#37;&#41; e 8 do sexo feminino &#40;27&#44;6&#37;&#41;&#44; com idade m&#233;dia de 76&#44;1 anos &#40;&#177; 9&#44;8&#41;&#46; O &#237;ndice de massa corporal &#40;IMC&#41; m&#233;dio foi de 26&#44;8 kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> &#40;&#177; 4&#44;2&#41;&#46; A <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Tabela 1</a> indica a preval&#234;ncia de comorbilidades e terap&#234;utica m&#233;dica dos doentes&#44; sendo a hipertens&#227;o arterial &#40;HTA&#41; a patologia mais frequente &#40;74&#44;2&#37;&#41;&#46; Na avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica 63&#44;3&#37; dos doentes apresentavam fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda normal&#46; O dispositivo implantado foi um <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pacemaker</span> definitivo em 23 doentes &#40;disfun&#231;&#227;o do n&#243; sinusal em 13 doentes e nos oito restantes dist&#250;rbios da condu&#231;&#227;o auriculoventricular&#41;&#44; todos de dupla c&#226;mara programados em modo DDDR&#44; sistema de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca com cardioversor&#8208;desfibrilhador implant&#225;vel em cinco doentes e um cardioversor&#8208;desfibrilhador implant&#225;vel de dupla c&#226;mara num doente&#46; Em 15 doentes o dispositivo era da empresa Livanova e em 14 doentes da empresa Boston Scientific<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#44;</span> havendo portanto uma distribui&#231;&#227;o equitativa&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Na an&#225;lise do dispositivo verificou&#8208;se que quatro doentes n&#227;o tinham registos de eventos&#44; sete apresentavam eventos com valores &#60; 20&#8208;30&#47;hora e 18 doentes valores &#62; 20&#8208;30&#47;hora &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Tabela 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No estudo poligr&#225;fico 18 doentes &#40;62&#37;&#41; apresentavam valores de IAH &#60; 30&#47;hora&#44; 20 doentes &#40;68&#44;9&#37;&#41; valores &#62; 15&#47;hora e 11 doentes &#40;37&#44;9&#37;&#41; valores de IAH &#62; 30&#47;hora&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Da an&#225;lise conjunta dos dados do dispositivo e do estudo poligr&#225;fico do sono &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Tabela 3</a>&#41;&#44; verificou&#8208;se que os 11 casos que na poligrafia tiveram um IAH superior ou igual a 30&#47;hora&#44; tinham todos valores do dispositivo &#8805; 20&#47;30&#47;hora&#46; No entanto h&#225; sete casos cujo resultado da poligrafia do sono foi inferior a 30&#47;hora e no dispositivo os valores s&#227;o &#8805; 20&#8208;30&#47;hora&#46; A concord&#226;ncia entre a poligrafia e o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pacemaker</span> foi de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Kappa</span> &#61; 0&#44;54 &#40;p &#61; 0&#44;001&#41;&#44; IC 95&#37; &#40;0&#44;28&#44; 0&#44;81&#41; &#40;concord&#226;ncia moderada&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Quando avaliada a concord&#226;ncia dos dois m&#233;todos&#44; de acordo com valores de IAH da poligrafia &#62; 15&#47;hora &#40;identificando doentes com SAOS moderada e grave&#41;&#44; observa&#8208;se que dos 20 casos com IAH &#62; 15&#47;hora&#44; 18 t&#234;m valores do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pacemake</span>r &#8805; 20&#47;30&#46; Houve dois casos em cujo resultado do estudo poligr&#225;fico do sono o IAH foi inferior a 15&#47;hora e no dispositivo os valores s&#227;o &#8805; 20&#47;30&#47;hora&#46; A concord&#226;ncia entre a poligrafia e o dispositivo foi de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Kappa</span> &#61; 0&#44;73 &#40;p &#60; 0&#44;001&#41;&#44; IC 95&#37; &#40;0&#44;49&#44; 0&#44;976&#41; &#40;concord&#226;ncia substancial&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Quando correlacionamos os valores do dispositivo &#62; 20&#47;30&#47;hora com valores de PSG &#62; 30&#47;hora destacamos&#58; sensibilidade 60&#37;&#44; especificidade de 100&#37;&#44; valor preditivo positivo de 100&#37;&#44; valor preditivo negativo de 60&#37; e acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica de 75&#37;&#59; para valores de poligrafia &#62; 15&#47;hora&#58; sensibilidade de 90&#37;&#44; especificidade de 83&#37;&#44; valores preditivo positivo de 90&#37; e negativo de 87&#44;5&#37;&#44; com acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica de 87&#44;5&#37;&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A m&#233;dia do &#237;ndice de massa corporal n&#227;o foi significativamente diferente para os indiv&#237;duos com poligrafia &#60; 30&#47;h e &#8805; 30&#47;h &#40;26&#44;75 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 26&#44;98&#44; p &#61; 0&#44;886&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Discuss&#227;o</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As recomenda&#231;&#245;es internacionais apontam a polissonografia &#40;PSG&#41; como o m&#233;todo de refer&#234;ncia para o diagn&#243;stico de pacientes com suspeita de SAS<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#44; sendo que o estudo em ambulat&#243;rio com monitor port&#225;til tamb&#233;m pode ser utilizado em pacientes com uma probabilidade pr&#233;&#8208;teste elevada de SAS moderada a grave&#44; sem outras patologias do sono e sem outras comorbilidades m&#233;dicas <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">major</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46; A polissonografia regista o n&#250;mero de apneias e hipopneias&#44; determinando um valor IAH e RDI&#44; enquanto que a poligrafia simplificada apenas apresenta o resultado em IAH&#46; Embora a poligrafia simplificada&#44; em regime de ambulat&#243;rio&#44; tenha minimizado os custos inerentes ao internamento destes doentes&#44; dada a elevada preval&#234;ncia desta patologia e n&#227;o exequibilidade atrav&#233;s dos cuidados de sa&#250;de prim&#225;rios&#44; a lista de espera para a sua realiza&#231;&#227;o mant&#233;m&#8208;se problem&#225;tica em muitos centros&#46; A associa&#231;&#227;o significativa da SAS a morbilidade cardiovascular&#44; nomeadamente&#44; hipertens&#227;o arterial<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#8211;10</span></a>&#44; s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> ou arritmias&#44; supraventriculares&#44; onde se incluiu a fibrilha&#231;&#227;o auricular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#8211;15</span></a>&#44; e mesmo ventriculares<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#44; doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria&#44; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e cerebrovascular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#8211;20</span></a> imp&#245;e a realiza&#231;&#227;o deste exame atempadamente quando existem sintomas sugestivos desta s&#237;ndrome&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Na popula&#231;&#227;o de doentes portadores de dispositivos eletr&#243;nicos card&#237;acos&#44; onde a preval&#234;ncia desta patologia &#233; significativa&#44; a sinaliza&#231;&#227;o de eventos de apneia e hipopneias pode ser uma triagem conveniente para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de polissonografia&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cerca de 37&#44;9&#37; dos doentes apresentaram na poligrafia valores de IAH &#8805; 30&#47;hora e 68&#44;9&#37; valores &#62; 15&#47;hora&#44; traduzindo uma preval&#234;ncia elevada de SAS nesta popula&#231;&#227;o de doentes&#44; o que est&#225; de acordo com os dados encontrados na literatura&#46; A m&#233;dia de idade da amostra em estudo foi de aproximadamente 76&#44;1 &#177; 9&#44;8 anos&#44; o que pode justificar a preval&#234;ncia elevada da SAS&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Defaye</span> et al&#46; estudaram uma amostra cuja m&#233;dia de idade era de 73&#44;8 &#177; 19&#44;1&#44; obtendo uma preval&#234;ncia de 78&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;6</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Curiosamente a m&#233;dia do IMC nos grupos com IAH &#8804; 30&#47;hora <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> &#62; 30&#47;hora&#44; n&#227;o foi estatisticamente distinta&#44; refor&#231;ando a import&#226;ncia de n&#227;o desvalorizar sintomas de SAOS em doente com IMC mais baixos&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Verificou&#8208;se uma concord&#226;ncia moderada entre os valores do dispositivo e de IAH &#62; 30&#47;hora na PSG&#44; aumentado esta concord&#226;ncia para um grau substancial&#44; quando se consideram valores de PSG &#62;15&#47;hora&#44; incluindo ent&#227;o doentes com SAS moderada&#44; com implica&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas&#46; Para valores de IAH na PSG &#62; 30&#47;hora o algoritmo do dispositivo teve uma sensibilidade 60&#37;&#44; especificidade de 100&#37;&#44; valor preditivo positivo de 100&#37;&#44; valor preditivo negativo de 60&#37; e acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica de 75&#37;&#59; para valores de polissonografia &#62; 15&#47;hora&#58; sensibilidade de 90&#37;&#44; especificidade de 83&#37;&#44; valores preditivo positivo de 90&#37;&#44; valor preditivo negativo de 87&#44;5&#37;&#44; com acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica de 87&#44;5&#37;&#46; Os valores s&#227;o concordantes com os reportados na literatura<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; Estes dados refor&#231;am o papel dos DEC no rastreio de SAS moderada a grave&#44; com implica&#231;&#245;es importantes no diagn&#243;stico&#44; tratamento e&#44; consequentemente&#44; qualidade de vida dos doentes&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A elevada preval&#234;ncia de SAS na popula&#231;&#227;o com DEC implantado traz duas implica&#231;&#245;es&#58; a necessidade de os cardiologistas estarem mais sensibilizados para o rastreio cl&#237;nico desta s&#237;ndrome e a confirma&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s de polissonografia e no caso espec&#237;ficos dos DEC com algoritmos de dete&#231;&#227;o&#44; o registo dos valores e o envio desta preciosa informa&#231;&#227;o&#44; muitas vezes subvalorizada&#44; para os cardiologistas assistentes dos doentes&#46; Por outro lado&#44; a possibilidade da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o pelo DEC ap&#243;s institui&#231;&#227;o da terap&#234;utica com CPAP&#47;BiN&#237;vel&#47; servoventila&#231;&#227;o &#233; de extrema utilidade cl&#237;nica&#44; no sentido de avaliarmos a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">compliance</span> do doentes &#224; terap&#234;utica institu&#237;da para a sua SAS&#44; com estudos a apontarem valores de ades&#227;o t&#227;o baixos como 65&#8208;80&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Embora de forma mais inequ&#237;voca&#44; h&#225; estudos que sugerem uma otimiza&#231;&#227;o da programa&#231;&#227;o do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pacemaker</span> no sentido de reduzir os eventos de apneia e hipopneia&#46; Uma metan&#225;lise de 2009 avaliou v&#225;rios ensaios que tinham por objetivos a avalia&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia de um <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">overdrive</span> auricular noturno no tratamento da SAS&#46; Os resultados foram d&#237;spares&#44; tendo uma parte dos estudos mostrado efic&#225;cia desta estrat&#233;gia&#44; e outra parte refutado esta possibilidade<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;23</span></a>&#46; Garrigue et al&#46; mostraram que um <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">overdrive</span> auricular noturno 15 batimentos por minuto acima da FC m&#233;dia do doente diminuiu em cerca de 60&#37; o IAH<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24&#44;25</span></a>&#46; Pensa&#8208;se que isto ocorra por dois mecanismos diferentes&#46; O primeiro prende&#8208;se com a melhoria associada do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">output</span> card&#237;aco e com uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da congest&#227;o pulmonar com consequente regulariza&#231;&#227;o da respira&#231;&#227;o&#46; O outro mecanismo traduz a invers&#227;o de um estado hipervagal noturno e estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da respira&#231;&#227;o ao atuar em neur&#243;nios aferentes simp&#225;ticos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46; Este estudo demonstrou&#44; no entanto&#44; que indiv&#237;duos sem sinais de IC e sem indica&#231;&#227;o para dispositivos de tratamento anti&#8208;bradicardizante n&#227;o beneficiam do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">overdrive</span> auricular como estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica e que os doentes com S&#237;ndrome de Apneia de Sono Central &#40;CSA&#41; eram os que mais beneficiavam desta terap&#234;utica alternativa&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Neste contexto&#44; os dispositivos eletr&#243;nicos com capacidade de dete&#231;&#227;o de eventos de apneia surgem como alternativa mais custo&#8208;efetiva para dete&#231;&#227;o da SAS e potencialmente para o seu tratamento<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26&#44;27</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Conclus&#245;es</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A preval&#234;ncia de SAS &#233; elevada nos doentes portadores de dispositivos eletr&#243;nicos card&#237;acos&#46; H&#225; v&#225;rios dispositivos&#44; at&#233; agora de duas empresas&#44; com algoritmos capazes de registar eventos de apneias e hipopneias&#44; que devem sinalizar doentes para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de polissonografias que permitam a confirma&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico&#46; Este estudo demonstrou uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre os valores registados nos dispositivos e na polissonografia&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Conflitos de interesse</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesse&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "palabras" => array:6 [
            0 => "S&#237;ndromes de apneia do sono"
            1 => "Dispositivos de terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca"
            2 => "Desfibrilhadores implant&#225;veis"
            3 => "Polissonografia"
            4 => "Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca"
            5 => "&#205;ndice apneia&#8208;hipopneia"
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            0 => "Sleep apnea syndrome"
            1 => "Cardiac resynchronization therapy devices"
            2 => "Implantable defibrillators"
            3 => "Polysomnography"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introdu&#231;&#227;o</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A S&#237;ndrome da Apneia do Sono &#40;SAS&#41; &#233; uma doen&#231;a respirat&#243;ria prevalente&#44; com express&#227;o marcada na popula&#231;&#227;o com doen&#231;a cardiovascular&#46; O diagn&#243;stico &#233; baseado na polissonografia&#46; Nos doentes com dispositivos eletr&#243;nicos card&#237;acos &#40;DEC&#41;&#44; a preval&#234;ncia de SAS pode atingir 60&#37;&#46; O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o valor dos DEC no rastreio de SAS&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudo prospetivo que incluiu doentes com DEC com algoritmo de apneia do sono&#46; Foi ativada a fun&#231;&#227;o de resposta em frequ&#234;ncia e realizada a poligrafia simplificada&#46; Foram recolhidos os dados do dispositivo no dia em que foi realizada a poligrafia&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A amostra incluiu 29 doentes&#44; com uma idade m&#233;dia de 76&#44;1 anos&#44; 71&#44;4&#37; do g&#233;nero masculino&#46; A preval&#234;ncia de SAS foi de 77&#37;&#46; Para SAS grave a concord&#226;ncia entre a polissonografia e o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pacemaker</span> foi de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Kappa</span> &#61; 0&#44;54 &#40;p &#61; 0&#44;001&#41;&#44; IC 95&#37; &#40;0&#44;28&#44; 0&#44;81&#41; &#40;concord&#226;ncia moderada&#41;&#59; para SAS moderada a grave&#44; a concord&#226;ncia foi de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Kappa</span> &#61; 0&#44;73 &#40;p &#60; 0&#44;001&#41;&#44; IC 95&#37; &#40;0&#44;49&#44; 0&#44;976&#41; &#40;concord&#226;ncia substancial&#41;&#46; Para SAS grave obtiveram&#8208;se&#58; sensibilidade 60&#37;&#44; especificidade de 100&#37;&#44; valor preditivo positivo de 100&#37;&#44; valor preditivo negativo de 60&#37; e acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica de 75&#37;&#59; para SAS moderada a grave&#58; sensibilidade de 90&#37;&#44; especificidade de 83&#37;&#44; valores preditivo positivo de 90&#37; e negativo de 87&#44;5&#37;&#44; com acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica de 87&#44;5&#37;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A SAS &#233; altamente prevalente nos portadores de DEC&#46; Os valores obtidos atrav&#233;s destes dispositivos apresentam uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva forte com o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#237;ndice de Apneia&#8208;Hipopneia</span>&#44; o que faz deles uma boa ferramenta de rastreio de SAS grave&#46;</p></span>"
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          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Introdu&#231;&#227;o"
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          1 => array:2 [
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            "titulo" => "M&#233;todos"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introduction</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Sleep Apnea Syndrome &#40;SAS&#41; is a prevalent respiratory disease with marked expression in the population with cardiovascular disease&#46; The diagnosis is based on polysomnography&#46; In patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices &#40;CIED&#41;&#44; the prevalence of SAS may reach 60&#37;&#46; The objective of this study was to evaluate the value of DEC in the SAS screening&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Methods</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prospective study that included patients with CIED with sleep apnea algorithm&#46; The frequency response function was activated and simplified polygraphy was performed&#46; The data of the device were collected on the day of the polygraph&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The sample included 29 patients&#44; with a mean age of 76&#46;1 years&#44; 71&#46;4&#37; of the male gender&#46; The prevalence of SAS was 77&#37;&#46; For SAS&#44; the agreement between polysomnography and the Pacemaker was Kappa &#61; 0&#46;54 &#40;p &#61; 0&#46;001&#41;&#44; 95&#37; CI &#40;0&#46;28&#44; 0&#46;81&#41; &#40;moderate agreement&#41;&#59; for moderate to severe SAS&#44; the agreement was Kappa &#61; 0&#46;73 &#40;p &#60;0&#46;001&#41;&#44; 95&#37; CI &#40;0&#46;49&#44; 0&#46;976&#41; &#40;substantial agreement&#41;&#46; Severe SAS was obtained&#58; sensitivity 60&#37;&#44; specificity 100&#37;&#44; positive predictive value 100&#37;&#44; negative predictive value 60&#37; and diagnostic accuracy 75&#37;&#59; for moderate to severe SAS&#58; sensitivity of 90&#37;&#44; specificity of 83&#37;&#44; positive predictive values of 90&#37; and negative of 87&#46;5&#37;&#44; with a diagnostic accuracy of 87&#46;5&#37;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">SAS is highly prevalent in patients with CIED&#46; The values obtained through these devices have a strong positive correlation with the Apnea&#8208;Hypopnea &#205;ndex&#44; which makes them a good tool for the screening of severe SAS&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;54&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fibrilha&#231;&#227;o auricular parox&#237;stica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;25&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;19&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Diabetes <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">mellitus</span> tipo 2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;19&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tabagismo ou ex&#8208;tabagismo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;19&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">DPOC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Medica&#231;&#227;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">IECA&#47;ARA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;62&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Diur&#233;tico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;59&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Estatina&#47;Fibrato&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;59&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Bloqueadores beta&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;37&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Antiagregantes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Anticoagulante&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;28&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Bloqueadores dos canais de Ca<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#43;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;15&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Anti&#8208;arr&#237;tmicos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;12&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Anti&#8208;diab&#233;ticos orais&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Valores dispositivo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Estudo do sono&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:3 [
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                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.hrthm.2014.02.011"
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                0 => array:2 [
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                      "titulo" => "Clinical Guideline for the Evaluation&#44; Management and Long&#8208;term Care of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults"
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                          "autores" => array:3 [
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                            2 => "P&#46;J&#46; Strollo"
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