Evaluation of QT dispersion and T-peak to T-end interval in patients with early-stage sarcoidosis

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It is a worldwide disease, with a prevalence of about 4.7-64 per 100000.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">1</a> Non-caseating granulomas are the pathological hallmark and are most often associated with pulmonary involvement, but may also involve the heart, liver, peripheral lymph nodes, spleen, skin, eyes, phalangeal bones, parotid glands or other organs and tissues. Recent studies suggest that the disease may be an immunological response to an unidentified antigenic trigger.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">2</a> Given the multisystem nature of the disease, its systemic presentations are myriad. Even the cardiac manifestations of the disease vary widely from patient to patient. Symptomatic cardiac involvement is detected clinically in perhaps 5% of patients with pulmonary or systemic sarcoidosis, although cardiac granulomas are found in as many as 30% at autopsy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">2</a> Imaging studies have found asymptomatic cardiac involvement in 3.7-54.9% of patients with extracardiac sarcoidosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">3</a> In particular, early-stage sarcoidosis has a silent progression in most patients despite the presence of cardiac involvement. Clinicians have come to recognize cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) as an uncommon but potentially fatal condition.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">4</a> The clinical manifestations of CS are dependent on the location, extent, and activity of the disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">5</a> The three principal sequelae of CS are conduction abnormalities, ventricular arrhythmias, and heart failure.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140">3,5</a>A potential clinical application of interlead QT difference, termed QT dispersion (QTd), was proposed in 1990 by Day et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">6</a> Increased QTd on the surface electrocardiogram (ECG) has been linked to increased heterogeneity of ventricular repolarization, which is implicated in the genesis of ventricular arrhythmias, and has been associated with an adverse prognosis in a variety of patient populations.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160">7–9</a> Myocardial repolarization has been assessed by various methods, including QT dispersion, corrected QT dispersion (cQTd), and transmural dispersion of repolarization. Studies have shown that T-peak to T-end interval (Tpe), the interval between the peak and the end of the T wave on the ECG, can be used as an index of total dispersion of repolarization (TDR).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">10</a> TDR reflects the heterogeneity rather than the total duration of repolarization.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">10</a> Recently, a new index, the Tpe/QT ratio, has been proposed as a more accurate measure of the dispersion of ventricular repolarization compared to QTd, cQTd and Tpe intervals, and is independent of alterations in heart rate.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">11</a>Changes in QTd in the course of sarcoidosis have been investigated before. Previous studies show that QTd, cQTd, maximum QT interval (QTmax), and maximum corrected QT interval (cQT) are affected in patients with CS.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">12</a> To our knowledge, the present study is the first to use Tpe interval analysis in patients without cardiac involvement in sarcoidosis. The present study hypothesized that QT and Tpe intervals are significantly prolonged in sarcoidosis patients without cardiac involvement.MethodsPatient selectionA total of 54 patients (37 female; mean age 43.4±10.6 years) under follow-up for sarcoidosis and 56 healthy subjects (37 female; mean age 42.4±8.6 years) were included in the study. In the patient group, sarcoidosis was diagnosed by means of transbronchial ultrasound-guided lymph node biopsy. Chest X-ray was performed in all patients and staging was performed according to the Scadding classification,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">13</a> in which stage I was defined as bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy (BHL) with normal pulmonary parenchyma, stage II as parenchymal infiltration and BHL, stage III as bilateral parenchymal infiltration without BHL, and stage IV as pulmonary fibrosis or fibrocystic parenchymal involvement. The patients with sarcoidosis had no organ involvement other than the lungs. During the course of the study, none of the patients exhibited clinical signs or symptoms potentially associated with CS. None were being or had been treated with corticosteroids. Exclusion criteria were coronary artery disease, systemic hypertension, renal failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart failure, diabetes, left ventricular systolic dysfunction previously determined by echocardiography (left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] <55%), moderate or severe heart valve disease, atrial fibrillation, thyroid and parathyroid conditions, stage III-IV sarcoidosis and connective tissue disorders. All patients underwent a physical examination, and medication histories were recorded. The study was approved by the ethics committee of our hospital, informed consent forms were signed by all participants, and the study was conducted in accordance with the 2008 Helsinki Declaration.Echocardiographic assessmentTransthoracic echocardiography (TTE) was performed by one of the authors using a Philips iE33 ultrasound system with a 2.5-3.5 mHz transducer (Philips Medical Systems, Andover, MA, USA) with all subjects in left lateral decubitus position. M-mode measurements were obtained in parasternal view and two-dimensional (2D) and Doppler measurements in parasternal and apical views. M-mode and 2D assessments were performed according to the American Society of Echocardiography criteria.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">14</a> Left ventricular wall motion was assessed in standard apical 2- and 4-chamber views. Simpson's method was used to measure LVEF. The echocardiographic evaluation was performed by the same individual for each subject.ElectrocardiographyAll standard 12-lead ECGs were obtained at rest in supine position simultaneously using a recorder (Nihon Kohden Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) set at 50 mm/s paper speed and 1 mV/cm standardization. The ECGs were numbered and presented to the analyzing investigators without name or date information. They were each assessed by two cardiologists and to reduce measurement error, QT and Tpe intervals were assessed with calipers and magnifying glass.The QT interval in each precordial lead was measured from the first deflection of QRS onset to the end of the T wave as it merged with the isoelectric TP baseline. In the presence of a U wave, the end of the QT interval was taken as the nadir between the T-wave peak and the U-wave peak. Correction of the QT interval for heart rate (QTc) was performed using Bazett's formula.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">15</a> QT and QTc interval dispersion was calculated as the difference between maximum and minimum precordial values.T-wave variables, including T-wave duration and amplitude and Tpe interval, were manually measured. T-wave variables were only assessed in lead V5. T-wave duration was determined by the intersection of the base line with the line that followed the steepest part of the T wave, before and after its peak. Tpe was defined as the difference between the QT interval and the QT-peak interval. The peak of the T wave was defined as the highest amplitude of the T-wave deflection. T-wave amplitude was measured from the base line to the peak of the T wave. Two consecutive QT intervals and T waves were measured for each ECG recording, and the arithmetic mean was calculated.Statistical analysisSPSS version 20 (IBM SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) was used to assess the data. Quantitative data were presented as means ± standard deviation, median value, and qualitative data were presented as percentages. The Mann-Whitney U test was used for the paired comparison of qualitative data, and the Student's t test was used for comparison of quantitative data. The results were analyzed with a 95% confidence interval at a significance level of p<0.05 or with a 99% confidence interval at a high significance level of p<0.01.ResultsAmong the 110 participants included in the study, 54 had stage I or II sarcoidosis (49 stage I, five stage II) and 56 were healthy. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups regarding age, gender, systolic or diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, body mass index or smoking (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). None of the patients with sarcoidosis was receiving oral or inhaled steroids. There was no clinical finding suggestive of cardiac involvement in any of the patients.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Echocardiographic assessment revealed no significant differences between the two groups regarding left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic diameters, LVEF, or annular velocity determined by tissue Doppler (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). LVEF calculated by the modified Simpson's method was 61.8±7.8% in the sarcoidosis group vs. 64.1±2.7% in the control group (p=0.04). Left ventricular interventricular septum thickness, posterior wall thickness and relative wall thickness were significantly greater in the sarcoidosis group than in the control group (p<0.001).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>The electrocardiographic parameters of the groups are presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>. Although QTmax, QT dispersion and QTc intervals were not different between groups, QTc dispersion and Tpe interval were significantly greater in the sarcoidosis group compared to the control group (59.9±22.5 vs. 44.4±23.8, p=0.001, and 79.4±9.3 vs. 70.7±7.03, p<0.001, respectively). We also found that the Tpe/QT ratio was significantly higher in sarcoidosis patients compared to controls (0.21±0.02 vs. 0.18±0.23, p<0.001).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia>DiscussionCS is a rare clinical entity, affecting perhaps 5% of patients with systemic sarcoidosis; however, it is associated with a spectrum of clinically significant conduction abnormalities and arrhythmias.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">1</a> Cardiac involvement remains a morbid and potentially lethal manifestation of sarcoidosis. Clinicians should maintain a high degree of suspicion for cardiac involvement in patients with extracardiac sarcoidosis and likewise should consider CS in patients with unexplained ventricular tachyarrhythmia, high-degree heart block, or cardiomyopathy. The first manifestation of CS may be high-degree atrioventricular block, sustained atrial arrhythmias, or malignant ventricular arrhythmia (including sudden death). The substrate for arrhythmias may be active granuloma formation in the myocardium or myocardial fibrosis.Dispersion of repolarization of the ventricular myocardium is thought to be an important factor in the pathogenesis of arrhythmias.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">16</a> Electrical instability of the heart muscle can be detected by QTd on the surface ECG<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">17</a> but simple QTd provides only an imperfect estimate of the degree of heterogeneity of repolarization. Several studies have suggested that QTd helps identify patients at increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias or clinical events in a variety of clinical settings.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">10</a> However, the value of QTd in risk stratification is the subject of debate.In the Rotterdam Study, de Bruyne et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">8</a> studied cQTd using the Modular ECG Analysis System. During follow-up, risk for cardiac death, sudden cardiac death, and total mortality were higher in the highest cQTd tertile. In a study of patients with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), Nussinovitch et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">18</a> reported that amyloidosis of FMF is associated with increased QT variability index compared with controls, but it remains unknown whether this finding is solely amyloidosis-related or whether it has any prognostic significance. Kunisek et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">19</a> studying 187 patients with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), found no significant association of QTc interval with the degree and type of LVH. Analysis by gender showed that men with severe concentric and eccentric LVH had higher QTc interval and QTd values than those with asymmetric LVH (not significant). In another study,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">12</a> QTd, cQTd, QTmax, and maximum cQT were prolonged in patients with CS compared to patients with noncardiac sarcoidosis and control subjects. This study highlights the importance of the ECG, a useful, simple, noninvasive, broadly accessible, easily repeatable and applied, and affordable tool in the differentiation of patients with and without cardiac involvement in sarcoidosis. Unlike this study, we investigated Tpe interval, Tpe/QT and Tpe/QTc ratio in sarcoidosis patients compared to control subjects.Tpe interval is a measure of transmural dispersion of left ventricular repolarization and is accepted as a surrogate for increased risk of ventricular arrhythmogenesis. The underlying mechanism of Tpe prolongation and ventricular repolarization abnormalities was proposed by Antzelevitch et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">20</a> and other authors to be related to the different types of cells in ventricular myocardium. Previous studies showed that Tpe interval prolongation is associated with increased mortality in Brugada syndrome, long QT syndrome, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and myocardial infarction.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">21</a> Recently, Tpe interval and Tpe/QT ratio have emerged as novel electrocardiographic markers of increased dispersion of ventricular repolarization.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">10</a> Tpe/QT ratio has been shown to be a more sensitive index of ventricular repolarization and arrhythmogenesis than Tpe interval and, unlike the latter, was found to remain constant despite dynamic changes in heart rate.Yan et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">22</a> proposed that changes in Tpe interval may predict the risk of ventricular arrhythmia, while Demir et al. showed that Tpe interval and Tpe/QT ratio were prolonged in nondipper patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">23</a> Zehir et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245">24</a> found that slow coronary flow (SCF) is associated with increased Tpe interval and Tpe/QT ratio and that measurement of these two parameters ratio can be used to indicate increased risk of SCF-related adverse cardiovascular events.Our results demonstrated that QTc dispersion, Tpe interval, and Tpe/QT and Tpe/QTc ratios were increased in sarcoidosis patients compared to the control group. To our knowledge, the present study is the first to use analysis of Tpe intervals and the Tpe/QT ratio in patients with sarcoidosis.In conclusion, cardiac involvement is an independent predictor of mortality in sarcoidosis, and is associated with poor prognosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">25</a> It is therefore important to detect cardiac involvement during the subclinical stage, before the occurrence of symptoms. Variability in clinical presentation, disease severity, organ involvement, and response to steroids make it difficult to determine the natural history and prognosis of sarcoidosis. The risk of arrhythmia in this disease should be borne in mind, and consideration should be given to prophylactic implantation of a cardioverter-defibrillator, particularly in the presence of ventricular arrhythmias or reduced LVEF.The measurement of Tpe interval and Tpe/QT ratio may be used to indicate increased risk of sarcoidosis-related adverse cardiovascular events. According to the current study's findings, the risk of development of ventricular arrhythmia may be increased in sarcoidosis patients due to myocardial voltage gradients resulting from heterogeneity of repolarization.Further studies are required to determine the relation between Tpe interval and Tpe/QT ratio and ventricular arrhythmia in patients with sarcoidosis.ConclusionOur study revealed that QTc dispersion, Tpe interval, and Tpe/QT and Tpe/QTc ratios were greater in sarcoidosis patients compared to the control group. Tpe interval and Tpe/QT ratio may be promising markers for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality due to ventricular arrhythmias in patients with and without cardiac involvement in sarcoidosis.Conflicts of interestThe authors report no conflicts of interest, sources of financial support or corporate involvement, and confirm that the contents have not been partially or wholly published elsewhere." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres959004" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction and Aim" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec929920" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres959003" "titulo" => "Resumo" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introdução e Objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusão" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec929919" "titulo" => "Palavras-chave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Methods" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Patient selection" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Echocardiographic assessment" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Electrocardiography" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 10 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2016-09-20" "fechaAceptado" => "2017-05-08" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec929920" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "T-peak to T-end interval" 1 => "Early-stage sarcoidosis" 2 => "QT dispersion" 3 => "Electrocardiography" ] ] ] "pt" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palavras-chave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec929919" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Intervalo pico-fim da onda T" 1 => "Sarcoidose em fase inicial" 2 => "Dispersão QT" 3 => "Eletrocardiografia" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "Introduction and AimSarcoidosis increases inhomogeneity in ventricular repolarization due to the presence of sarcoid granuloma, which significantly correlates with ventricular fibrillation. Various studies have suggested that the interval from the peak to the end of the electrocardiographic T wave (T-peak to T-end [Tpe] interval) may correspond to the transmural dispersion of repolarization and that increased Tpe interval and Tpe/QT ratio are associated with malignant ventricular arrhythmias. The present study hypothesized that QT and Tpe intervals are significantly prolonged in sarcoidosis patients without apparent cardiac involvement. MethodsThe study population consisted of 54 patients (37 female; mean age 43.4±10.6 years) under follow-up for sarcoidosis and 56 healthy subjects (37 female; mean age 42.4±8.6 years). ResultsThere was no statistically significant difference between the groups in maximum QT interval, QT dispersion or corrected QT (QTc) interval, but QTc dispersion and Tpe interval were significantly prolonged in the sarcoidosis group compared to the control group (QTc dispersion 59.9±22.5 and 44.4±23.8, respectively, p=0.001; Tpe interval 79.4±9.3 and 70.7±7.03, respectively, p<0.001). We also found that the Tpe/QT ratio was significantly higher in sarcoidosis patients compared to the control group (0.21±0.02 and 0.18±0.23, respectively, p<0.001). ConclusionOur study revealed that QTc dispersion, Tpe and Tpe/QT ratio were greater in sarcoidosis patients compared to the control group. To our knowledge, the present study is the first to use Tpe interval analysis in patients without cardiac involvement in sarcoidosis. Tpe interval and Tpe/QT ratio may be promising markers for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality due to ventricular arrhythmias in patients with and without cardiac involvement in sarcoidosis." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction and Aim" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] "pt" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumo" "resumen" => "Introdução e ObjetivoA sarcoidose aumenta a heterogeneidade na repolarização pelo granuloma sarcoide, aspeto que se correlaciona significativamente com a fibrilhação ventricular. Vários estudos sugeriram que o intervalo do pico ao fim da onda T no eletrocardiograma (Tpe) pode corresponder à dispersão transmural da repolarização e que um intervalo Tpe aumentado e o rácio Tpe/QT poderiam estar associados com o risco de arritmias ventriculares malignas. O presente trabalho coloca como hipótese que os intervalos QT e Tpe possam estar significativamente prolongados nos doentes com sarcoidose sem aparente envolvimento cardíaco. MétodosA população do estudo foi constituída por 54 doentes (37 do sexo feminino, média de 43,4±10,6 anos) seguidos por sarcoidose e 56 indivíduos saudáveis (37 do sexo feminino; média de 42,4±8,6 anos). ResultadosNão se encontraram diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos nos parâmetros intervalo QT máximo, dispersão QT e intervalo QTc. A dispersão do QTc e o intervalo TPE estavam significativamente mais prolongados no grupo de doentes com sarcoidose (dispersão do QTc 59,9±22,5 versus 44,4±23,8, p=0,001; Tpe 79,4±9,3 versus 70,7±7,03, p<0,001). Foi ainda possível demonstrar que o rácio Tpe/QT era significativamente mais alto nos doentes com sarcoidose em relação ao grupo de controlo (0,21±0,02; 0,18±0,23; p<0,001). ConclusãoO nosso estudo revela que a dispersão do QTc, o intervalo Tpe e o rácio Tpe/QT são mais altos nos doentes com sarcoidose, quando comparados com um grupo de controlo. No nosso conhecimento, o presente estudo é o primeiro a usar a análise do intervalo Tpe em doentes sem envolvimento cardíaco na sarcoidose. O intervalo Tpe e o rácio Tpe/QT poderão vir a ser marcadores promissores para prever a morbilidade e a mortalidade cardiovascular por arritmias ventriculares em doentes com e sem envolvimento cardíaco da sarcoidose." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introdução e Objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusão" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "BMI: body mass index; bpm: beats per minute; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; F: female; HR: heart rate; M: male; SBP: systolic blood pressure." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sarcoidosis patients (n=54) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Controls (n=56) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age, years \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">43.4±10.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">42.4±8.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Gender, M/F \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">17/37 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">19/37 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.78 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Smoking, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">12 (22.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">11 (19.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.74 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Family history, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">12 (22.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">13 (23.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.90 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Dyslipidemia, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">6 (11.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">6 (10.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.94 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">BMI, kg/m2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">27.9±4.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">27.6±4.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HR, bpm \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">80.2±11.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">77.8±8.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">SBP, mmHg \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">119±8.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">116.9±8.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">DBP, mmHg \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">75.5±8.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">70.1±8.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.002 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Disease stage I or II, n \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">49/5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1624703.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Clinical characteristics of patients with sarcoidosis and healthy subjects included in the study." ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "2D: two dimensional echocardiography; DT: deceleration time; IVSD: interventricular septum diameter; LVDD: left ventricular diastolic diameter; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVSD: left ventricular systolic diameter; PWD: posterior wall diameter; RWT: relative wall thickness." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sarcoidosis patients (n=54) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Controls (n=56) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LVDD, mm \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.3±0.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.1±0.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.003 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LVSD, mm \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.8±0.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.7±0.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">IVSD, mm \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.04±0.08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.94±0.12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">PWD, mm \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.04±0.08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.93±0.12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">RWT \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.43±0.06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.49±0.04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LVEF (2D), % \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">63.6±4.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">63.1±2.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.55 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LVEF (Simpson), % \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">61.8±7.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">64.1±2.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Mitral inflow E velocity \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.92±0.17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1±0.09 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Mitral inflow A velocity \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.67±0.18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.57±0.13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.006 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">DT, ms \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">179.7±68.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">174.5±15.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.59 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Septal E \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.09±0.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.11±0.10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Septal A \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.09±0.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.09±0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Septal S \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.10±0.09 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.09±0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1624701.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Two-dimensional and conventional Doppler echocardiographic parameters in the sarcoidosis and control groups." ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at3" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "QTc: corrected QT interval; Tpe: T-peak to T-end interval." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sarcoidosis patients (n=54) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Controls (n=56) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Maximum QT, ms \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">379±33.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">392.5±39.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.056 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Minimum QT, ms \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">322.1±50.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">350±41.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.002 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">QT dispersion, ms \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">59.2±56.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">42.5±27.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Maximum QTc, ms \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">430.6±34 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">415.9±64.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Minimum QTc, ms \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">366.1±52.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">376.7±37.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">QTc dispersion, ms \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">59.9±22.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">44.4±23.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Tpe, ms \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">79.4±9.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">70.7±7.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Tpe/QT ratio \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.21±0.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.18±0.23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1624702.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Electrocardiographic parameters of the sarcoidosis and control groups." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:25 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0130" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "HRS expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and management of arrhythmias associated with cardiac sarcoidosis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "D.H. 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Estatísticas

Original Article

Avaliação da dispersão QT e do intervalo pico-fim da onda T em doentes com sarcoidose na fase inicial

Hacı Ahmet Kasapkaraa, Ayşegül Şentürkb, Emine Bilenc, Hüseyin Ayhana,

Autor para correspondência

huseyinayhan44@yahoo.com

Corresponding author.

, Bilge Duran Karadumanc, Zeynep Şeyma Turinaya, Murat Can Güneya, Tahir Durmaza, Telat Keleşa, Engin Bozkurta

a Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Ankara, Turkey

b Ankara Ataturk Education and Research Hospital, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Ankara, Turkey

c Ankara Ataturk Education and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Ankara, Turkey

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6311

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    "titulo" => "Evaluation of QT dispersion and T-peak to T-end interval in patients with early-stage sarcoidosis"
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        "titulo" => "Avalia&#231;&#227;o da dispers&#227;o QT e do intervalo pico-fim da onda T em doentes com sarcoidose na fase inicial"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sarcoidosis is a chronic multisystem disorder of unknown etiology<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> that is most commonly seen in young and middle-aged adults&#46; It is a worldwide disease&#44; with a prevalence of about 4&#46;7-64 per 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>000&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Non-caseating granulomas are the pathological hallmark and are most often associated with pulmonary involvement&#44; but may also involve the heart&#44; liver&#44; peripheral lymph nodes&#44; spleen&#44; skin&#44; eyes&#44; phalangeal bones&#44; parotid glands or other organs and tissues&#46; Recent studies suggest that the disease may be an immunological response to an unidentified antigenic trigger&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Given the multisystem nature of the disease&#44; its systemic presentations are myriad&#46; Even the cardiac manifestations of the disease vary widely from patient to patient&#46; Symptomatic cardiac involvement is detected clinically in perhaps 5&#37; of patients with pulmonary or systemic sarcoidosis&#44; although cardiac granulomas are found in as many as 30&#37; at autopsy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Imaging studies have found asymptomatic cardiac involvement in 3&#46;7-54&#46;9&#37; of patients with extracardiac sarcoidosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> In particular&#44; early-stage sarcoidosis has a silent progression in most patients despite the presence of cardiac involvement&#46; Clinicians have come to recognize cardiac sarcoidosis &#40;CS&#41; as an uncommon but potentially fatal condition&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The clinical manifestations of CS are dependent on the location&#44; extent&#44; and activity of the disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The three principal sequelae of CS are conduction abnormalities&#44; ventricular arrhythmias&#44; and heart failure&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;5</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A potential clinical application of interlead QT difference&#44; termed QT dispersion &#40;QTd&#41;&#44; was proposed in 1990 by Day et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Increased QTd on the surface electrocardiogram &#40;ECG&#41; has been linked to increased heterogeneity of ventricular repolarization&#44; which is implicated in the genesis of ventricular arrhythmias&#44; and has been associated with an adverse prognosis in a variety of patient populations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;9</span></a> Myocardial repolarization has been assessed by various methods&#44; including QT dispersion&#44; corrected QT dispersion &#40;cQTd&#41;&#44; and transmural dispersion of repolarization&#46; Studies have shown that T-peak to T-end interval &#40;Tpe&#41;&#44; the interval between the peak and the end of the T wave on the ECG&#44; can be used as an index of total dispersion of repolarization &#40;TDR&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> TDR reflects the heterogeneity rather than the total duration of repolarization&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Recently&#44; a new index&#44; the Tpe&#47;QT ratio&#44; has been proposed as a more accurate measure of the dispersion of ventricular repolarization compared to QTd&#44; cQTd and Tpe intervals&#44; and is independent of alterations in heart rate&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Changes in QTd in the course of sarcoidosis have been investigated before&#46; Previous studies show that QTd&#44; cQTd&#44; maximum QT interval &#40;QTmax&#41;&#44; and maximum corrected QT interval &#40;cQT&#41; are affected in patients with CS&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> To our knowledge&#44; the present study is the first to use Tpe interval analysis in patients without cardiac involvement in sarcoidosis&#46; The present study hypothesized that QT and Tpe intervals are significantly prolonged in sarcoidosis patients without cardiac involvement&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Patient selection</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 54 patients &#40;37 female&#59; mean age 43&#46;4&#177;10&#46;6 years&#41; under follow-up for sarcoidosis and 56 healthy subjects &#40;37 female&#59; mean age 42&#46;4&#177;8&#46;6 years&#41; were included in the study&#46; In the patient group&#44; sarcoidosis was diagnosed by means of transbronchial ultrasound-guided lymph node biopsy&#46; Chest X-ray was performed in all patients and staging was performed according to the Scadding classification&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> in which stage I was defined as bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy &#40;BHL&#41; with normal pulmonary parenchyma&#44; stage II as parenchymal infiltration and BHL&#44; stage III as bilateral parenchymal infiltration without BHL&#44; and stage IV as pulmonary fibrosis or fibrocystic parenchymal involvement&#46; The patients with sarcoidosis had no organ involvement other than the lungs&#46; During the course of the study&#44; none of the patients exhibited clinical signs or symptoms potentially associated with CS&#46; None were being or had been treated with corticosteroids&#46; Exclusion criteria were coronary artery disease&#44; systemic hypertension&#44; renal failure&#44; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease&#44; heart failure&#44; diabetes&#44; left ventricular systolic dysfunction previously determined by echocardiography &#40;left ventricular ejection fraction &#91;LVEF&#93; &#60;55&#37;&#41;&#44; moderate or severe heart valve disease&#44; atrial fibrillation&#44; thyroid and parathyroid conditions&#44; stage III-IV sarcoidosis and connective tissue disorders&#46; All patients underwent a physical examination&#44; and medication histories were recorded&#46; The study was approved by the ethics committee of our hospital&#44; informed consent forms were signed by all participants&#44; and the study was conducted in accordance with the 2008 Helsinki Declaration&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Echocardiographic assessment</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Transthoracic echocardiography &#40;TTE&#41; was performed by one of the authors using a Philips iE33 ultrasound system with a 2&#46;5-3&#46;5 mHz transducer &#40;Philips Medical Systems&#44; Andover&#44; MA&#44; USA&#41; with all subjects in left lateral decubitus position&#46; M-mode measurements were obtained in parasternal view and two-dimensional &#40;2D&#41; and Doppler measurements in parasternal and apical views&#46; M-mode and 2D assessments were performed according to the American Society of Echocardiography criteria&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Left ventricular wall motion was assessed in standard apical 2- and 4-chamber views&#46; Simpson&#39;s method was used to measure LVEF&#46; The echocardiographic evaluation was performed by the same individual for each subject&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Electrocardiography</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All standard 12-lead ECGs were obtained at rest in supine position simultaneously using a recorder &#40;Nihon Kohden Corporation&#44; Tokyo&#44; Japan&#41; set at 50 mm&#47;s paper speed and 1 mV&#47;cm standardization&#46; The ECGs were numbered and presented to the analyzing investigators without name or date information&#46; They were each assessed by two cardiologists and to reduce measurement error&#44; QT and Tpe intervals were assessed with calipers and magnifying glass&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The QT interval in each precordial lead was measured from the first deflection of QRS onset to the end of the T wave as it merged with the isoelectric TP baseline&#46; In the presence of a U wave&#44; the end of the QT interval was taken as the nadir between the T-wave peak and the U-wave peak&#46; Correction of the QT interval for heart rate &#40;QTc&#41; was performed using Bazett&#39;s formula&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> QT and QTc interval dispersion was calculated as the difference between maximum and minimum precordial values&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">T-wave variables&#44; including T-wave duration and amplitude and Tpe interval&#44; were manually measured&#46; T-wave variables were only assessed in lead V5&#46; T-wave duration was determined by the intersection of the base line with the line that followed the steepest part of the T wave&#44; before and after its peak&#46; Tpe was defined as the difference between the QT interval and the QT-peak interval&#46; The peak of the T wave was defined as the highest amplitude of the T-wave deflection&#46; T-wave amplitude was measured from the base line to the peak of the T wave&#46; Two consecutive QT intervals and T waves were measured for each ECG recording&#44; and the arithmetic mean was calculated&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">SPSS version 20 &#40;IBM SPSS&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#44; USA&#41; was used to assess the data&#46; Quantitative data were presented as means &#177; standard deviation&#44; median value&#44; and qualitative data were presented as percentages&#46; The Mann-Whitney U test was used for the paired comparison of qualitative data&#44; and the Student&#39;s t test was used for comparison of quantitative data&#46; The results were analyzed with a 95&#37; confidence interval at a significance level of p&#60;0&#46;05 or with a 99&#37; confidence interval at a high significance level of p&#60;0&#46;01&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Results</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Among the 110 participants included in the study&#44; 54 had stage I or II sarcoidosis &#40;49 stage I&#44; five stage II&#41; and 56 were healthy&#46; There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups regarding age&#44; gender&#44; systolic or diastolic blood pressure&#44; heart rate&#44; body mass index or smoking &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; None of the patients with sarcoidosis was receiving oral or inhaled steroids&#46; There was no clinical finding suggestive of cardiac involvement in any of the patients&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Echocardiographic assessment revealed no significant differences between the two groups regarding left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic diameters&#44; LVEF&#44; or annular velocity determined by tissue Doppler &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; LVEF calculated by the modified Simpson&#39;s method was 61&#46;8&#177;7&#46;8&#37; in the sarcoidosis group vs&#46; 64&#46;1&#177;2&#46;7&#37; in the control group &#40;p&#61;0&#46;04&#41;&#46; Left ventricular interventricular septum thickness&#44; posterior wall thickness and relative wall thickness were significantly greater in the sarcoidosis group than in the control group &#40;p&#60;0&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The electrocardiographic parameters of the groups are presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#46; Although QTmax&#44; QT dispersion and QTc intervals were not different between groups&#44; QTc dispersion and Tpe interval were significantly greater in the sarcoidosis group compared to the control group &#40;59&#46;9&#177;22&#46;5 vs&#46; 44&#46;4&#177;23&#46;8&#44; p&#61;0&#46;001&#44; and 79&#46;4&#177;9&#46;3 vs&#46; 70&#46;7&#177;7&#46;03&#44; p&#60;0&#46;001&#44; respectively&#41;&#46; We also found that the Tpe&#47;QT ratio was significantly higher in sarcoidosis patients compared to controls &#40;0&#46;21&#177;0&#46;02 vs&#46; 0&#46;18&#177;0&#46;23&#44; p&#60;0&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Discussion</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CS is a rare clinical entity&#44; affecting perhaps 5&#37; of patients with systemic sarcoidosis&#59; however&#44; it is associated with a spectrum of clinically significant conduction abnormalities and arrhythmias&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Cardiac involvement remains a morbid and potentially lethal manifestation of sarcoidosis&#46; Clinicians should maintain a high degree of suspicion for cardiac involvement in patients with extracardiac sarcoidosis and likewise should consider CS in patients with unexplained ventricular tachyarrhythmia&#44; high-degree heart block&#44; or cardiomyopathy&#46; The first manifestation of CS may be high-degree atrioventricular block&#44; sustained atrial arrhythmias&#44; or malignant ventricular arrhythmia &#40;including sudden death&#41;&#46; The substrate for arrhythmias may be active granuloma formation in the myocardium or myocardial fibrosis&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dispersion of repolarization of the ventricular myocardium is thought to be an important factor in the pathogenesis of arrhythmias&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Electrical instability of the heart muscle can be detected by QTd on the surface ECG<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> but simple QTd provides only an imperfect estimate of the degree of heterogeneity of repolarization&#46; Several studies have suggested that QTd helps identify patients at increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias or clinical events in a variety of clinical settings&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> However&#44; the value of QTd in risk stratification is the subject of debate&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the Rotterdam Study&#44; de Bruyne et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> studied cQTd using the Modular ECG Analysis System&#46; During follow-up&#44; risk for cardiac death&#44; sudden cardiac death&#44; and total mortality were higher in the highest cQTd tertile&#46; In a study of patients with familial Mediterranean fever &#40;FMF&#41;&#44; Nussinovitch et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> reported that amyloidosis of FMF is associated with increased QT variability index compared with controls&#44; but it remains unknown whether this finding is solely amyloidosis-related or whether it has any prognostic significance&#46; Kunisek et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> studying 187 patients with left ventricular hypertrophy &#40;LVH&#41;&#44; found no significant association of QTc interval with the degree and type of LVH&#46; Analysis by gender showed that men with severe concentric and eccentric LVH had higher QTc interval and QTd values than those with asymmetric LVH &#40;not significant&#41;&#46; In another study&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> QTd&#44; cQTd&#44; QTmax&#44; and maximum cQT were prolonged in patients with CS compared to patients with noncardiac sarcoidosis and control subjects&#46; This study highlights the importance of the ECG&#44; a useful&#44; simple&#44; noninvasive&#44; broadly accessible&#44; easily repeatable and applied&#44; and affordable tool in the differentiation of patients with and without cardiac involvement in sarcoidosis&#46; Unlike this study&#44; we investigated Tpe interval&#44; Tpe&#47;QT and Tpe&#47;QTc ratio in sarcoidosis patients compared to control subjects&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tpe interval is a measure of transmural dispersion of left ventricular repolarization and is accepted as a surrogate for increased risk of ventricular arrhythmogenesis&#46; The underlying mechanism of Tpe prolongation and ventricular repolarization abnormalities was proposed by Antzelevitch et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> and other authors to be related to the different types of cells in ventricular myocardium&#46; Previous studies showed that Tpe interval prolongation is associated with increased mortality in Brugada syndrome&#44; long QT syndrome&#44; hypertrophic cardiomyopathy&#44; and myocardial infarction&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> Recently&#44; Tpe interval and Tpe&#47;QT ratio have emerged as novel electrocardiographic markers of increased dispersion of ventricular repolarization&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Tpe&#47;QT ratio has been shown to be a more sensitive index of ventricular repolarization and arrhythmogenesis than Tpe interval and&#44; unlike the latter&#44; was found to remain constant despite dynamic changes in heart rate&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Yan et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> proposed that changes in Tpe interval may predict the risk of ventricular arrhythmia&#44; while Demir et al&#46; showed that Tpe interval and Tpe&#47;QT ratio were prolonged in nondipper patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> Zehir et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> found that slow coronary flow &#40;SCF&#41; is associated with increased Tpe interval and Tpe&#47;QT ratio and that measurement of these two parameters ratio can be used to indicate increased risk of SCF-related adverse cardiovascular events&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our results demonstrated that QTc dispersion&#44; Tpe interval&#44; and Tpe&#47;QT and Tpe&#47;QTc ratios were increased in sarcoidosis patients compared to the control group&#46; To our knowledge&#44; the present study is the first to use analysis of Tpe intervals and the Tpe&#47;QT ratio in patients with sarcoidosis&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; cardiac involvement is an independent predictor of mortality in sarcoidosis&#44; and is associated with poor prognosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> It is therefore important to detect cardiac involvement during the subclinical stage&#44; before the occurrence of symptoms&#46; Variability in clinical presentation&#44; disease severity&#44; organ involvement&#44; and response to steroids make it difficult to determine the natural history and prognosis of sarcoidosis&#46; The risk of arrhythmia in this disease should be borne in mind&#44; and consideration should be given to prophylactic implantation of a cardioverter-defibrillator&#44; particularly in the presence of ventricular arrhythmias or reduced LVEF&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The measurement of Tpe interval and Tpe&#47;QT ratio may be used to indicate increased risk of sarcoidosis-related adverse cardiovascular events&#46; According to the current study&#39;s findings&#44; the risk of development of ventricular arrhythmia may be increased in sarcoidosis patients due to myocardial voltage gradients resulting from heterogeneity of repolarization&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Further studies are required to determine the relation between Tpe interval and Tpe&#47;QT ratio and ventricular arrhythmia in patients with sarcoidosis&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conclusion</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study revealed that QTc dispersion&#44; Tpe interval&#44; and Tpe&#47;QT and Tpe&#47;QTc ratios were greater in sarcoidosis patients compared to the control group&#46; Tpe interval and Tpe&#47;QT ratio may be promising markers for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality due to ventricular arrhythmias in patients with and without cardiac involvement in sarcoidosis&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors report no conflicts of interest&#44; sources of financial support or corporate involvement&#44; and confirm that the contents have not been partially or wholly published elsewhere&#46;</p></span></span>"
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              "titulo" => "Echocardiographic assessment"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2016-09-20"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2017-05-08"
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          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec929920"
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            0 => "T-peak to T-end interval"
            1 => "Early-stage sarcoidosis"
            2 => "QT dispersion"
            3 => "Electrocardiography"
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          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Intervalo pico-fim da onda T"
            1 => "Sarcoidose em fase inicial"
            2 => "Dispers&#227;o QT"
            3 => "Eletrocardiografia"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction and Aim</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Sarcoidosis increases inhomogeneity in ventricular repolarization due to the presence of sarcoid granuloma&#44; which significantly correlates with ventricular fibrillation&#46; Various studies have suggested that the interval from the peak to the end of the electrocardiographic T wave &#40;T-peak to T-end &#91;Tpe&#93; interval&#41; may correspond to the transmural dispersion of repolarization and that increased Tpe interval and Tpe&#47;QT ratio are associated with malignant ventricular arrhythmias&#46; The present study hypothesized that QT and Tpe intervals are significantly prolonged in sarcoidosis patients without apparent cardiac involvement&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The study population consisted of 54 patients &#40;37 female&#59; mean age 43&#46;4&#177;10&#46;6 years&#41; under follow-up for sarcoidosis and 56 healthy subjects &#40;37 female&#59; mean age 42&#46;4&#177;8&#46;6 years&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in maximum QT interval&#44; QT dispersion or corrected QT &#40;QTc&#41; interval&#44; but QTc dispersion and Tpe interval were significantly prolonged in the sarcoidosis group compared to the control group &#40;QTc dispersion 59&#46;9&#177;22&#46;5 and 44&#46;4&#177;23&#46;8&#44; respectively&#44; p&#61;0&#46;001&#59; Tpe interval 79&#46;4&#177;9&#46;3 and 70&#46;7&#177;7&#46;03&#44; respectively&#44; p&#60;0&#46;001&#41;&#46; We also found that the Tpe&#47;QT ratio was significantly higher in sarcoidosis patients compared to the control group &#40;0&#46;21&#177;0&#46;02 and 0&#46;18&#177;0&#46;23&#44; respectively&#44; p&#60;0&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Our study revealed that QTc dispersion&#44; Tpe and Tpe&#47;QT ratio were greater in sarcoidosis patients compared to the control group&#46; To our knowledge&#44; the present study is the first to use Tpe interval analysis in patients without cardiac involvement in sarcoidosis&#46; Tpe interval and Tpe&#47;QT ratio may be promising markers for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality due to ventricular arrhythmias in patients with and without cardiac involvement in sarcoidosis&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introdu&#231;&#227;o e Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A sarcoidose aumenta a heterogeneidade na repolariza&#231;&#227;o pelo granuloma sarcoide&#44; aspeto que se correlaciona significativamente com a fibrilha&#231;&#227;o ventricular&#46; V&#225;rios estudos sugeriram que o intervalo do pico ao fim da onda T no eletrocardiograma &#40;Tpe&#41; pode corresponder &#224; dispers&#227;o transmural da repolariza&#231;&#227;o e que um intervalo Tpe aumentado e o r&#225;cio Tpe&#47;QT poderiam estar associados com o risco de arritmias ventriculares malignas&#46; O presente trabalho coloca como hip&#243;tese que os intervalos QT e Tpe possam estar significativamente prolongados nos doentes com sarcoidose sem aparente envolvimento card&#237;aco&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi constitu&#237;da por 54 doentes &#40;37 do sexo feminino&#44; m&#233;dia de 43&#44;4&#177;10&#44;6 anos&#41; seguidos por sarcoidose e 56 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis &#40;37 do sexo feminino&#59; m&#233;dia de 42&#44;4&#177;8&#44;6 anos&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">N&#227;o se encontraram diferen&#231;as significativas entre os dois grupos nos par&#226;metros intervalo QT m&#225;ximo&#44; dispers&#227;o QT e intervalo QTc&#46; A dispers&#227;o do QTc e o intervalo TPE estavam significativamente mais prolongados no grupo de doentes com sarcoidose &#40;dispers&#227;o do QTc 59&#44;9&#177;22&#44;5 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 44&#44;4&#177;23&#44;8&#44; p&#61;0&#44;001&#59; Tpe 79&#44;4&#177;9&#44;3 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 70&#44;7&#177;7&#44;03&#44; p&#60;0&#44;001&#41;&#46; Foi ainda poss&#237;vel demonstrar que o r&#225;cio Tpe&#47;QT era significativamente mais alto nos doentes com sarcoidose em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo de controlo &#40;0&#44;21&#177;0&#44;02&#59; 0&#44;18&#177;0&#44;23&#59; p&#60;0&#44;001&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O nosso estudo revela que a dispers&#227;o do QTc&#44; o intervalo Tpe e o r&#225;cio Tpe&#47;QT s&#227;o mais altos nos doentes com sarcoidose&#44; quando comparados com um grupo de controlo&#46; No nosso conhecimento&#44; o presente estudo &#233; o primeiro a usar a an&#225;lise do intervalo Tpe em doentes sem envolvimento card&#237;aco na sarcoidose&#46; O intervalo Tpe e o r&#225;cio Tpe&#47;QT poder&#227;o vir a ser marcadores promissores para prever a morbilidade e a mortalidade cardiovascular por arritmias ventriculares em doentes com e sem envolvimento card&#237;aco da sarcoidose&#46;</p></span>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">BMI&#58; body mass index&#59; bpm&#58; beats per minute&#59; DBP&#58; diastolic blood pressure&#59; F&#58; female&#59; HR&#58; heart rate&#59; M&#58; male&#59; SBP&#58; systolic blood pressure&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sarcoidosis patients &#40;n&#61;54&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Controls &#40;n&#61;56&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age&#44; years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">43&#46;4&#177;10&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">42&#46;4&#177;8&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Gender&#44; M&#47;F&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">17&#47;37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&#47;37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;78&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Smoking&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12 &#40;22&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11 &#40;19&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Family history&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12 &#40;22&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13 &#40;23&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Dyslipidemia&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6 &#40;11&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6 &#40;10&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">BMI&#44; kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">27&#46;9&#177;4&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">27&#46;6&#177;4&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HR&#44; bpm&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">80&#46;2&#177;11&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">77&#46;8&#177;8&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">SBP&#44; mmHg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">119&#177;8&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">116&#46;9&#177;8&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">DBP&#44; mmHg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">75&#46;5&#177;8&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">70&#46;1&#177;8&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;002&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Disease stage I or II&#44; n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Clinical characteristics of patients with sarcoidosis and healthy subjects included in the study&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">2D&#58; two dimensional echocardiography&#59; DT&#58; deceleration time&#59; IVSD&#58; interventricular septum diameter&#59; LVDD&#58; left ventricular diastolic diameter&#59; LVEF&#58; left ventricular ejection fraction&#59; LVSD&#58; left ventricular systolic diameter&#59; PWD&#58; posterior wall diameter&#59; RWT&#58; relative wall thickness&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sarcoidosis patients &#40;n&#61;54&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;93&#177;0&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;49&#177;0&#46;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">63&#46;1&#177;2&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">61&#46;8&#177;7&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">64&#46;1&#177;2&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;92&#177;0&#46;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#177;0&#46;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Mitral inflow A velocity&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;67&#177;0&#46;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;57&#177;0&#46;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;006&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">DT&#44; ms&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">174&#46;5&#177;15&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;11&#177;0&#46;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;09&#177;0&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;09&#177;0&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">392&#46;5&#177;39&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;056&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;002&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">415&#46;9&#177;64&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">376&#46;7&#177;37&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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      "titulo" => "References"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "HRS expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and management of arrhythmias associated with cardiac sarcoidosis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "D&#46;H&#46; Birnie"
                            1 => "W&#46;H&#46; Sauer"
                            2 => "F&#46; Bogun"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.hrthm.2014.03.043"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Heart Rhythm"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "11"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1305"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1323"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24819193"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
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                ]
              ]
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            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0135"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "titulo" => "Statement on sarcoidosis&#46; Joint Statement of the American Thoracic Society &#40;ATS&#41;&#44; the European Respiratory Society &#40;ERS&#41; and the World Association of Sarcoidosis and Other Granulomatous Disorders &#40;WASOG&#41; adopted by the ATS Board of Directors and by the ERS Executive Committee&#44; February 1999"
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1164/ajrccm.160.2.ats4-99"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Respir Crit Care Med"
                        "fecha" => "1999"
                        "volumen" => "160"
                        "paginaInicial" => "736"
                        "paginaFinal" => "755"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10430755"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
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                ]
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              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Cardiac sarcoidosis&#58; a retrospective study of 41 cases"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
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                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Chapelon-Abric"
                            1 => "D&#46; de Zuttere"
                            2 => "P&#46; Duhaut"
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                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Medicine &#40;Baltimore&#41;"
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "volumen" => "83"
                        "paginaInicial" => "315"
                        "paginaFinal" => "334"
                      ]
                    ]
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            3 => array:3 [
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              "etiqueta" => "4"
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Informação do artigo

ISSN: 08702551
Idioma original: Inglês

DOI:10.1016/j.repc.2017.05.011

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Ano/Mês	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 Novembro	9	4	13
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2024 Julho	46	26	72
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2023 Dezembro	32	27	59
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2023 Outubro	30	11	41
2023 Setembro	35	23	58
2023 Agosto	48	23	71
2023 Julho	26	12	38
2023 Junho	44	23	67
2023 Maio	64	25	89
2023 Abril	38	4	42
2023 Mar�o	54	22	76
2023 Fevereiro	56	22	78
2023 Janeiro	16	15	31
2022 Dezembro	80	34	114
2022 Novembro	92	44	136
2022 Outubro	72	24	96
2022 Setembro	62	44	106
2022 Agosto	71	32	103
2022 Julho	73	49	122
2022 Junho	28	42	70
2022 Maio	29	41	70
2022 Abril	32	32	64
2022 Mar�o	53	29	82
2022 Fevereiro	37	33	70
2022 Janeiro	34	29	63
2021 Dezembro	30	31	61
2021 Novembro	50	48	98
2021 Outubro	33	44	77
2021 Setembro	35	28	63
2021 Agosto	45	35	80
2021 Julho	33	26	59
2021 Junho	37	33	70
2021 Maio	46	33	79
2021 Abril	50	46	96
2021 Mar�o	57	27	84
2021 Fevereiro	77	29	106
2021 Janeiro	28	21	49
2020 Dezembro	37	17	54
2020 Novembro	43	29	72
2020 Outubro	19	21	40
2020 Setembro	66	14	80
2020 Agosto	26	13	39
2020 Julho	77	20	97
2020 Junho	53	26	79
2020 Maio	64	20	84
2020 Abril	91	8	99
2020 Mar�o	63	21	84
2020 Fevereiro	109	92	201
2020 Janeiro	42	10	52
2019 Dezembro	43	27	70
2019 Novembro	57	35	92
2019 Outubro	61	34	95
2019 Setembro	45	10	55
2019 Agosto	59	13	72
2019 Julho	48	15	63
2019 Junho	41	11	52
2019 Maio	71	28	99
2019 Abril	43	16	59
2019 Mar�o	130	17	147
2019 Fevereiro	103	17	120
2019 Janeiro	84	12	96
2018 Dezembro	105	17	122
2018 Novembro	76	20	96
2018 Outubro	96	9	105
2018 Setembro	33	12	45
2018 Agosto	19	11	30
2018 Julho	12	8	20
2018 Junho	31	8	39
2018 Maio	24	17	41
2018 Abril	37	10	47
2018 Mar�o	61	19	80
2018 Fevereiro	43	24	67
2018 Janeiro	72	59	131
2017 Dezembro	45	46	91

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