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e em diferentes concentra&#231;&#245;es e per&#237;odos de ingest&#227;o&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A frutose ou levulose &#233; um monossacar&#237;deo&#44; quimicamente formado por seis &#225;tomos de carbono unidos em liga&#231;&#245;es covalentes simples e apresentando um grupamento cetona na posi&#231;&#227;o dois da sua cadeia de carbono &#8208;&#171;C6H12O6&#187;&#44; sendo considerada uma cetohexose&#46; Esta &#233; oferecida na dieta atrav&#233;s do xarope de milho&#44; sacarose&#44; refrigerantes&#44; frutas e derivados&#46; Seu consumo na forma de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">soft drinks</span> &#233; considerado um problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Embora a frutose tenha a mesma f&#243;rmula e massa molecular da glicose&#44; do ponto de vista fisiol&#243;gico&#44; ambas s&#227;o processadas de formas distintas&#46; A frutose n&#227;o necessita de est&#237;mulo da insulina para internaliza&#231;&#227;o celular&#46; A fosforila&#231;&#227;o da frutose em frutose&#8208;1&#8208;fosfato ocorre pela a&#231;&#227;o da frutoquinase&#44; levando a forma&#231;&#227;o de duas trioses&#44; a dihidroxicetona e a gliceralde&#237;do&#46; Esta enzima n&#227;o &#233; regulat&#243;ria e&#44; portanto&#44; pode favorecer a forma&#231;&#227;o de produtos lipog&#234;nicos&#46; De forma semelhante&#44; a glicose &#233; fosforilada por duas vezes antes do acesso &#224; via da frutose at&#233; seu desdobramento a di&#8208;hidroxicetona e gliceralde&#237;do&#44; por&#233;m seu metabolismo depende de uma enzima limitante&#44; a fosfofrutoquinase&#44; que &#233; inibida pelo ATP e pelo citrato&#44; dificultando o ac&#250;mulo de intermedi&#225;rios ricos em carbono para entrar no ciclo de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Krebs</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dentre as desordens metab&#243;licas associadas &#224; frutose est&#227;o a hipertrigliceridemia&#44; hiperuricemia&#44; hiperinsulinemia&#44; esteatose hep&#225;tica&#44; comprometimento vascular&#44; resist&#234;ncia perif&#233;rica &#224; insulina e aumento de adiposidade visceral&#44; podendo haver ou n&#227;o aumento do consumo alimentar&#44; da massa corporal e obesidade<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Estes efeitos t&#234;m despertado interesse sobre as repercuss&#245;es da frutose &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e DCV&#44; de maneira que a elucida&#231;&#227;o dos mecanismos envolvidos no metabolismo desse monossacar&#237;deo torna&#8208;se importante&#46; Desta forma&#44; o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do consumo cr&#244;nico de frutose sobre o consumo alimentar ganho de massa corporal e de tecido adiposo&#44; al&#233;m de n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de glicose e triglicer&#237;deos&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Metodologia</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Desenho experimental</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Todos os procedimentos experimentais foram aprovados pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro&#46; No qual&#44; ratos machos da linhagem Wistar &#40;aproximadamente 85<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#41; oriundos do biot&#233;rio local&#44; aos 30 dias de idade&#44; foram distribu&#237;dos em grupo controle &#40;C&#41; e grupo frutose &#40;F&#41;&#44; cada grupo com 10 animais que tiveram livre acesso a ra&#231;&#227;o comercial e &#225;gua &#40;C&#41; ou solu&#231;&#227;o de frutose a 20&#37; &#40;F&#41;&#44; durante 60 dias&#44; sob ciclo de luz de 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h &#40;6<span class="elsevierStyleMonospace">&#8208;</span>18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#41; em temperatura constante &#40;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Consumo alimentar</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para avaliar a ingest&#227;o alimentar&#44; os ratos foram mantidos em gaiolas individuais e ambas as ingest&#245;es foram medidas pela diferen&#231;a entre a oferta e a sobra de ra&#231;&#227;o ou frutose&#47;&#225;gua num per&#237;odo de 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; aos 30 dias &#40;no in&#237;cio do tratamento&#41;&#44; 60 dias &#40;metade do tempo de tratamento&#41; e 90 dias &#40;final do tratamento&#41;&#46; A ingest&#227;o energ&#233;tica foi estimada considerando 9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kcal&#47;g de lip&#237;dios&#44; e 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kcal&#47;g de prote&#237;na e carboidrato&#44; este &#250;ltimo proveniente do consumo da ra&#231;&#227;o e da solu&#231;&#227;o de frutose a 20&#37;&#46; Os dados foram expressos por 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g de peso corporal&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A efici&#234;ncia alimentar foi estimada considerando a f&#243;rmula&#58; &#40;ganho de peso &#91;g&#93;&#47;energia ingerida &#91;kcal&#93;&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>x<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100&#44; adaptada de Novelli et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#44; sendo o resultado apresentado na forma de percentual&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Massa corporal e dep&#243;sitos de gordura</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A massa corporal foi avaliada semanalmente&#44; a partir do in&#237;cio do tratamento e estimado o ganho de cada grupo&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os dep&#243;sitos epididimal&#44; mesent&#233;rico e retroperitoneal foram avaliados por gravimetria&#46; O tecido adiposo total foi o somat&#243;rio dos tr&#234;s compartimentos descritos anteriormente&#46; Os resultados foram expressos em gramas de gordura por 100 gramas de carca&#231;a &#40;g&#47;100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Glicemia e trigliceridemia</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ap&#243;s 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h de jejum&#44; os animais foram eutanasiados em guilhotina e o sangue coletado e centrifugado a 2500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>rpm por 15 minutos a 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46; Em seguida&#44; o soro foi utilizado para dosagem da glicose pelo m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico&#44; utilizando <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">kit</span> comercial &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Glicose PAP Liquiform</span>&#44; Labtest Diagn&#243;stica&#44; BH&#8208;MG&#41;&#46; A dosagem de triglicer&#237;deos foi determinada por m&#233;todo colorim&#233;trico&#44; utilizando <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">kit</span> comercial &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Triglic&#233;rides Liquiform</span>&#44; Labtest Diagn&#243;stica&#44; MG&#44; Brasil&#41;&#46; Ambas as absorb&#226;ncias foram determinadas em 505<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os resultados foram expressos como m&#233;dia<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia &#40;EPM&#41; e utilizou&#8208;se o teste <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t&#39;Student</span>&#44; empregando o pacote SPSS &#40;vers&#227;o 20&#46;0&#41;&#46; Foi adotado o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Resultados</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os grupos come&#231;aram o tratamento com a massa corporal equivalente e&#44; ao final de oito semanas de tratamento&#44; n&#227;o foi verificada diferen&#231;a significativa tanto semanal &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figura 1</a>&#41;&#44; quanto no ganho de massa final &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Tabela 1</a>&#41;&#44; entre os grupos&#46; Entretanto&#44; o grupo F apresentou maior teor de tecido adiposo total&#44; al&#233;m de significativamente maiores percentuais de tecido adiposo epididimal e retroperitoneal&#46; O tecido adiposo mesent&#233;rico teve um n&#227;o significativo &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao consumo alimentar&#44; o grupo F apresentou menor ingest&#227;o de ra&#231;&#227;o nos per&#237;odos de 60 e 90 dias&#44; entretanto o valor energ&#233;tico total&#44; o consumo da solu&#231;&#227;o de frutose foram maiores nos cortes de 30 e 60 dias&#44; e a efici&#234;ncia alimentar foi menor no grupo F durante estes dois per&#237;odos &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Tabela 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos avaliados&#44; n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de glicose entre os grupos&#46; Todavia&#44; o triglicer&#237;deo foi maior no grupo F &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Discuss&#227;o</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No presente estudo foi estabelecida a hip&#243;tese de que o consumo de solu&#231;&#227;o de frutose a 20&#37; por ratos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Wistar</span> seria capaz de promover aumento de massa corporal&#44; tecido adiposo e modifica&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de glicose e triglicer&#237;deos&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A frutose parece interferir nos mecanismos de homeostase energ&#233;tica&#44; por&#233;m n&#227;o diretamente no consumo alimentar&#46; De qualquer modo&#44; a altera&#231;&#227;o destes par&#226;metros &#233; ainda controversa e neste estudo n&#227;o foi verificada diferen&#231;a entre os grupos&#46; Tal resultado sinaliza uma inefici&#234;ncia no metabolismo da frutose em contribuir com energia efetiva e resultar em ganho de massa corporal&#44; muito embora seja esperado que&#44; como carboidrato&#44; a frutose possa numa an&#225;lise direta contribuir com 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kcal&#47;g<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este resultado corrobora com o estudo de Dai e McNeill &#40;1995&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#44; que n&#227;o encontraram aumento progressivo na massa corporal entre os grupos C e F&#44; mesmo num tratamento de 14 semanas&#46; Entretanto&#44; estudos utilizando solu&#231;&#227;o de frutose a 10 e 20&#37; encontraram associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre a ingest&#227;o deste monossacar&#237;deo por longos per&#237;odos e ganho de massa corporal em hamster<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Embora n&#227;o tenha sido verificado neste estudo altera&#231;&#227;o na massa corporal&#44; &#233; dito que a frutose promove rompimento no complexo mecanismo de regula&#231;&#227;o do peso corporal e balan&#231;o energ&#233;tico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; Ademais&#44; foi verificada que a massa adiposa total e dos dep&#243;sitos epipididimal e retroperitoneal foram significativamente maiores no grupo F&#44; demonstrando que a frutose pura pode contribuir para a adipog&#234;nse&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Interessantemente&#44; alguns estudos apontam que a ingest&#227;o de frutose&#44; em ratos&#44; promove ac&#250;mulo maior de gordura corporal comparado com &#225;gua e outros tipos de bebidas ado&#231;adas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#44; al&#233;m de aumentar o tamanho dos adip&#243;cito<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> e aumentar a adiposidade visceral<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46; Em ratos&#44; as gorduras retroperitoneal e epididimal correspondem &#224; adiposidade central e visceral&#44; respectivamente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#44; e essa adiposidade localizada na regi&#227;o abdominal &#233; considerada um dos componentes da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e tem um papel importante no risco para DCV<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No come&#231;o do tratamento observamos um maior consumo de bebida ado&#231;ada aumentando juntamente a ingest&#227;o cal&#243;rica&#44; exemplificado por um consumo da solu&#231;&#227;o de frutose maior nos cortes de 30 e 60 dias de vida&#44; com equaliza&#231;&#227;o no final do tratamento&#46; Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao consumo de ra&#231;&#227;o&#44; o grupo F apresentou menor ingest&#227;o aos 60 e 90 dias de vida&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Do ponto de vista da concentra&#231;&#227;o de energia molecular&#44; a frutose se equivale &#224; glicose&#44; mas n&#227;o &#233; um carboidrato utilizado diretamente por c&#233;lulas extra&#8208;hep&#225;ticas para esta finalidade&#44; visto que tais tecidos n&#227;o expressam enzimas&#8208;chave para os passos catab&#243;licos iniciais da produ&#231;&#227;o de energia a partir da frutose<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46; Assim&#44; a baixa efici&#234;ncia energ&#233;tica da frutose pode ser a raz&#227;o do tratamento n&#227;o ter contribu&#237;do para ganho de massa corporal&#44; caracterizada pela efici&#234;ncia alimentar&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A ingest&#227;o alimentar &#233; modulada por estruturas l&#237;mbico&#8208;corticais do c&#233;rebro que estabelecem mecanismos de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">feedback</span> com o hipot&#225;lamo&#44; os quais est&#227;o relacionadas ao valor hed&#244;nico do alimento<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46; Neste contexto&#44; &#233; poss&#237;vel considerar que o consumo de frutose&#44; em fun&#231;&#227;o da palatabilidade&#44; pode levar a altera&#231;&#245;es nos mecanismos de fome e saciedade e dos sinais de recompensa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> de maneira direta&#44; e motivar o consumo de energia independente da necessidade cal&#243;rica&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; o consumo de frutose leva &#224; resist&#234;ncia a leptina e insulina&#44; que s&#227;o horm&#244;nios implicados na modula&#231;&#227;o da resposta hed&#244;nica &#224; ingest&#227;o alimentar e de outros est&#237;mulos de prazer<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">V&#225;rios estudos t&#234;m investigado o efeito da frutose em misturas como xarope de milho ou sacarose&#59; n&#243;s utilizamos frutose pura em solu&#231;&#227;o aquosa a 20&#37; como &#250;nica fonte de l&#237;quido oferecida aos ratos tratados com frutose&#44; enquanto o grupo controle consumiu apenas &#225;gua e n&#227;o uma solu&#231;&#227;o contendo outro produto edulcorante&#46; H&#225; diferentes formas de oferta de frutose e de per&#237;odos de tratamento aplicado nos estudos&#44; e&#44; por isso&#44; a dificuldade de compara&#231;&#227;o entre resultados&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A glicose s&#233;rica foi avaliada&#44; mas n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a entre os grupos e&#44; embora a insulina n&#227;o tenha sido verificada&#44; h&#225; a possibilidade de se ter um aumento compensat&#243;rio para manter a euglicemia&#46; A resposta glic&#234;mica frente &#224; frutose tem sugerido resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#44; mas o que se observa s&#227;o dados ainda contradit&#243;rios&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Estudo com humanos&#44; corroborando com nossos dados em ratos&#44; demonstrou que a ingest&#227;o de frutose comparada &#224; glicose n&#227;o promoveu aumento sist&#234;mico dos n&#237;veis de glicose<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#44; embora estudo anterior em ratos e humanos tenha sinalizado que o consumo elevado de frutose provoca altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas perif&#233;ricas que conjugam para a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos triglicer&#237;deos&#44; o grupo F apresentou maiores teores em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo C&#46; A hipertrigliceridemia &#233; uma das desordens mais comuns causada pela dieta rica em frutose&#46; O consumo aumentado de frutose provoca uma taxa maior de lipog&#234;nese de novo&#44; este processo pode aumentar a disponibilidade de &#225;cidos graxos por efeito direto na s&#237;ntese destes compostos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4&#44;6</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mais estudos devem ser realizados para avaliar o efeito potencial da frutose pura ou em misturas de carboidratos&#44; bem como comparar com outros a&#231;&#250;cares para tentar elucidar se os efeitos descritos acima s&#227;o pelo consumo de frutose <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">per se</span> ou energ&#233;tico que este consumo acarreta&#44; visto que os dados na literatura ainda s&#227;o controversos&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; &#233; poss&#237;vel identificar neste estudo potenciais altera&#231;&#245;es deste a&#231;&#250;car na adiposidade abdominal e no aumento dos n&#237;veis de triglicer&#237;deo s&#233;rico&#44; e estes dois fatores podem favorecer a um risco elevado para desenvolvimento de DCV&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Responsabilidades &#233;ticas</span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Prote&#231;&#227;o de pessoas e animais</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram que os procedimentos seguidos estavam de acordo com os regulamentos estabelecidos pelos respons&#225;veis da Comiss&#227;o de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica e &#233;tica e de acordo com os da Associa&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica Mundial e da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Confidencialidade dos dados</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram que n&#227;o aparecem dados de pacientes nesteartigo&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Direito &#224; privacidade e consentimento escrito</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram que n&#227;o aparecem dados depacientes neste artigo&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Conflito de interesses</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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              "titulo" => "Consumo alimentar"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0025"
              "titulo" => "Massa corporal e dep&#243;sitos de gordura"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0030"
              "titulo" => "Glicemia e trigliceridemia"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0035"
              "titulo" => "An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        6 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0040"
          "titulo" => "Resultados"
        ]
        7 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0045"
          "titulo" => "Discuss&#227;o"
        ]
        8 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0050"
          "titulo" => "Conclus&#227;o"
        ]
        9 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0055"
          "titulo" => "Responsabilidades &#233;ticas"
          "secciones" => array:3 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0060"
              "titulo" => "Prote&#231;&#227;o de pessoas e animais"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0065"
              "titulo" => "Confidencialidade dos dados"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0070"
              "titulo" => "Direito &#224; privacidade e consentimento escrito"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        10 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0075"
          "titulo" => "Conflito de interesses"
        ]
        11 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Bibliografia"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2016-09-24"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2017-04-19"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "pt" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palavras&#8208;chave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec929929"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Frutose"
            1 => "Tecido adiposo"
            2 => "Glicose"
            3 => "Triglicer&#237;deo"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec929928"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Fructose"
            1 => "Adipose tissue"
            2 => "Glucose"
            3 => "Triglycerides"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "pt" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumo"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introdu&#231;&#227;o e objetivos</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O aumento do consumo de frutose pela popula&#231;&#227;o vem sendo associado &#224;s diversas altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas&#44; que favorecem ao aparecimento da obesidade e suas comorbidades&#46; O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do consumo cr&#244;nico de frutose sobre a ingest&#227;o alimentar&#44; ganho de massa corporal e de tecido adiposo&#44; al&#233;m de n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de glicose e triglicer&#237;deos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ratos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Wistar</span> com 30 dias de vida foram divididos em dois grupos&#58; frutose &#40;F&#41; e controle &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">C</span>&#41;&#44; os quais receberam um tratamento com livre acesso a ra&#231;&#227;o comercial&#44; &#225;gua ou solu&#231;&#227;o a 20&#37; de frutose&#46; A massa corporal foi avaliada semanalmente e o consumo alimentar aos 30&#44; 60 e 90 dias&#46; Aos 90 dias de vida&#44; os animais foram eutanasiados por decapita&#231;&#227;o e retirados os dep&#243;sitos de gordura &#40;mesent&#233;rico&#44; retroperitoneal e epididimal&#41;&#44; e coletado o sangue para dosagem da glicose e triglicer&#237;deos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre o ganho de massa corporal&#44; todavia os percentuais de gordura corporal foram maiores nos grupos que consumiram bebidas ado&#231;adas&#46; O grupo F consumiu menor quantidade de ra&#231;&#227;o aos 60 e 90 dias e maior consumo de solu&#231;&#227;o de frutose comparado ao controle h&#237;drico nos per&#237;odos de 30 e 60 dias&#44; e isso significou maior consumo cal&#243;rico do grupo F e menor efici&#234;ncia alimentar&#46; Os dep&#243;sitos de gordura retroperitoneal e epididimal&#44; bem como a trigliceridemia apresentaram&#8208;se elevados no grupo F quando comparado ao grupo C&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O tratamento por 60 dias com solu&#231;&#227;o de frutose&#44; apesar de n&#227;o ter influenciado diretamente no ganho de massa corporal&#44; foi capaz de aumentar a gordura corporal na regi&#227;o abdominal neste grupo&#44; quando comparado com o grupo C&#44; al&#233;m de alterar n&#237;veis de triglicer&#237;deos&#46; E estes dois fatores implicam risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Introdu&#231;&#227;o e objetivos"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "M&#233;todos"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Conclus&#227;o"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introdution and objective</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Increased fructose consumption is associated with various metabolic changes that favor the onset of obesity and related comorbidities&#46; The objective of this study was to assess the effects of chronic fructose consumption on body weight and adipose tissue&#44; as well as on serum glucose and triglyceride levels&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Methods</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Thirty&#8208;day&#8208;old Wistar rats were divided into two groups&#58; fructose &#40;F&#41; and control &#40;C&#41;&#44; which had free access to commercial chow and either water or a 20&#37; fructose solution&#46; Body mass was measured weekly and food consumption at 30&#44; 60 and 90 days&#46; At 90 days&#44; the animals were killed by decapitation and fat deposits &#40;mesenteric&#44; epididymal and retroperitoneal&#41; were removed and blood collected for measurement of glucose and triglyceride levels&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">There was no significant difference in body weight gain&#44; but the percentage of body fat was higher in group F&#46; This group also consumed less feed at 60 and 90 days and had higher consumption of fructose solution than water in group C at 30 and 60 days&#46; This meant higher calorie intake in group F and lower feed efficiency&#46; Retroperitoneal and epididymal fat deposits and triglycerides were higher in group F than in group C&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Consumption of fructose solution for eight weeks&#44; while not directly reflected in body weight gain&#44; did increase abdominal fat in group F compared to group C&#44; as well as changing triglyceride levels&#46; These two factors increase risk of cardiovascular disease&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
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            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Introdution and objective"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Methods"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Results"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclusion"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
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        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Figura 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "pt" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Evolu&#231;&#227;o do ganho de massa corporal durante oito semanas dos grupos frutose &#40;F&#41; e controle &#40;C&#41;&#46;</p>"
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            "identificador" => "at1"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Controle &#40;C&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">269&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#44;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Tecido adiposo retroperitoneal &#40;g&#47;100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#41; &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;58<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;94<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;07<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Tecido adiposo mesent&#233;rico &#40;g&#47;100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#41; &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;67<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;87<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Tecido epididimal &#40;g&#47;100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#41; &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;74<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;97<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;06<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Tecido adiposo total &#40;g&#47;100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#41; &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Glicemia &#40;mg&#47;dL&#41; &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Trigliceridemia &#40;mg&#47;dL&#41; &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "pt" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Massa corporal&#44; tecido adiposo e n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de glicose e triglicer&#237;deo</p>"
        ]
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        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">n<span class="elsevierStyleMonospace">&#58;</span>n&#250;mero de ratos&#46;</p>"
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              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="table-head ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Par&#226;metros&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="6" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Dias de vida</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Controle &#40;C&#41;</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Frutose &#40;F&#41;</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">30 dias&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">30 dias&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">60 dias&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">90 dias&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Consumo alimentar &#40;g&#47;100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#41; &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#8208;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&#44;88<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&#44;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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