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com valores superiores a 60&#37; a dois anos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#59; no entanto&#44; o progn&#243;stico pode ser positivamente alterado se houver uma preven&#231;&#227;o e uma dete&#231;&#227;o precoce&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As antraciclinas como a doxorrubicina&#44; daunorrubicina&#44; epirrubicina&#44; mitoxantrona e idarrubicina s&#227;o os quimioter&#225;picos mais usados na terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica do cancro e constituem uma reconhecida causa de cardiotoxicidade &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46; Os efeitos agudos ou subagudos que se podem manifestar sob a forma de altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas&#44; arritmias ventriculares e supraventriculares&#44; perturba&#231;&#227;o da condu&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca &#40;bloqueios auriculoventriculares ou bloqueios de ramo&#41;&#44; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular&#44; aumento do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral &#40;BNP&#41; &#40;marcador do aumento da pr&#233;&#8208;carga e de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#91;IC&#93;&#41;&#44; miocardite e pericardite&#44; podem ocorrer desde o in&#237;cio do tratamento at&#233; duas semanas ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do mesmo&#46; Estes eventos s&#227;o relativamente incomuns e&#44; na sua maioria&#44; revertem uma semana ap&#243;s a suspens&#227;o do tratamento&#46; J&#225; a cardiotoxicidade cr&#243;nica pode ser de in&#237;cio precoce&#44; se decorrer no per&#237;odo de um ano ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino da quimioterapia&#44; ou de in&#237;cio tardio&#44; se ocorrer depois deste per&#237;odo&#46; Em qualquer um dos casos&#44; pode verificar&#8208;se disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica ou diast&#243;lica &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Tabela 2</a>&#41;&#44; que poder&#225; evoluir para cardiomiopatia grave e&#44; inclusivamente&#44; ser causa de morte<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46; Embora alguns estudos sugiram a possibilidade de&#44; atrav&#233;s das les&#245;es agudas no mioc&#225;rdio<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#44; se prever o risco de desenvolvimento e gravidade de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular&#44; ainda n&#227;o est&#225; esclarecida a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a toxicidade aguda e a cr&#243;nica&#46; A quest&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico de disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca relacionada com a terap&#234;utica oncol&#243;gica&#44; que tem sido abordada em algumas publica&#231;&#245;es<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;5</span></a>&#44; baseia&#8208;se&#44; sobretudo&#44; na avalia&#231;&#227;o de&#58; sintomatologia de IC&#44; exame f&#237;sico e par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda&#59; uma dessas publica&#231;&#245;es<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> poder&#225; ser considerada refer&#234;ncia nesta &#225;rea&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Existe uma proposta de classifica&#231;&#227;o para a cardiomiopatia associada ao uso de quimioter&#225;picos&#44; que divide os agentes antineopl&#225;sicos em dois tipos&#58; o tipo <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>&#44; onde se encontram inseridos f&#225;rmacos&#44; como as antraciclinas&#44; que provocam essencialmente les&#245;es irrevers&#237;veis dependentes da dose utilizada&#44; e o tipo <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span>&#44; que abrange agentes como o trastuzumab&#44; que n&#227;o se encontra dependente da dose utilizada e que &#233;&#44; habitualmente&#44; revers&#237;vel ap&#243;s a descontinua&#231;&#227;o do tratamento<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0625"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; Este segundo tipo n&#227;o ser&#225; objeto de abordagem neste artigo&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Neste trabalho&#44; propomo&#8208;nos a abordar poss&#237;veis estrat&#233;gias a aplicar em doentes submetidos a tratamento com antraciclinas&#44; para prevenir ou minorar os seus principais efeitos adversos a n&#237;vel do card&#237;aco&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dada a cardiotoxicidade das antraciclinas&#44; todos os doentes candidatos &#224; institui&#231;&#227;o de um tratamento quimioter&#225;pico devem ser avaliados do ponto de vista card&#237;aco para estabelecer um padr&#227;o basal cardiovascular&#44; que permita a compara&#231;&#227;o durante o regime terap&#234;utico&#46; Esta avalia&#231;&#227;o deve incluir&#58; elabora&#231;&#227;o de hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica e exame f&#237;sico&#59; realiza&#231;&#227;o de um eletrocardiograma &#40;avalia&#231;&#227;o do ritmo card&#237;aco e dete&#231;&#227;o de sinais de isquemia&#41;&#59; exame de imagem card&#237;aca&#44; habitualmente ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico com estudo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Doppler</span> completo &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0015">Tabelas 3 e 4</a>&#41;&#46; Nos casos em que o ecocardiograma n&#227;o seja esclarecedor&#44; recomenda&#8208;se a realiza&#231;&#227;o de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca &#40;RMC&#41;&#46; Os n&#237;veis basais de troponinas tamb&#233;m devem ser obtidos para futuras compara&#231;&#245;es<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Durante os regimes terap&#234;uticos &#233; importante monitorizar os sinais e sintomas de cardiotoxicidade &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Tabela 5</a>&#41;&#46; O <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">eletrocardiograma</span> de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es pode ser rotineiramente utilizado na monitoriza&#231;&#227;o de arritmias card&#237;acas decorrentes do efeito t&#243;xico das antraciclinas&#46; No que diz respeito ao acompanhamento e esclarecimento da etiologia de s&#237;ncopes&#44; que se presumem decorrentes de arritmias ou de bloqueios auriculoventriculares avan&#231;ados&#44; o recurso ao registo de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Holter cl&#225;ssico</span> &#40;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#41; ou ao <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">registo de eventos</span> poder&#225; ser &#250;til<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46; A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca&#44; nomeadamente com <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ecocardiograma</span>&#44; &#233; aconselhada nos doentes que se encontram a cumprir regimes com antraciclinas&#46; O <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">global longitudinal strain</span> &#40;GLS&#41;&#44; obtido atrav&#233;s da metodologia 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">strain&#8208;speckle tracking</span>&#44; tem&#8208;se revelado um preditor mais sens&#237;vel de IC do que a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#40;FEVE&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#44; uma vez que&#44; durante o tratamento com antraciclinas&#44; a altera&#231;&#227;o do primeiro precede a diminui&#231;&#227;o do segundo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; N&#227;o obstante&#44; na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica a fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento e a FEVE t&#234;m sido os par&#226;metros mais amplamente utilizados<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#59; no entanto&#44; pela sua &#171;fragilidade&#187;&#44; a fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento tem vindo a ser menos validada neste contexto&#46; Estas medidas&#44; por se encontrarem dependentes da pr&#233; e p&#243;s&#8208;carga&#44; n&#227;o s&#227;o t&#227;o sens&#237;veis na dete&#231;&#227;o precoce da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca pr&#233;&#8208;cl&#237;nica&#46; Diversos estudos sugerem que a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">eco&#8208;Doppler</span> pode constituir um m&#233;todo de dete&#231;&#227;o precoce de cardiotoxicidade<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11</span></a>&#46; Na presen&#231;a de uma FEVE &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>53&#37; e GLS abaixo do limite do normal &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0030">Tabela 6</a>&#41;&#44; e&#47;ou n&#237;veis aumentados de troponinas&#44; &#233; aconselh&#225;vel o encaminhamento para consulta de Cardiologia&#44; para que seja efetuada uma avalia&#231;&#227;o conjunta do risco <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> benef&#237;cio do tratamento antineopl&#225;sico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; No decorrer do regime terap&#234;utico com antraciclinas&#44; considera&#8208;se que uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da FEVE em rela&#231;&#227;o ao valor basal se encontra associada ao aumento do risco de eventos card&#237;acos&#46; J&#225; no que diz respeito ao GLS&#44; apesar de uma redu&#231;&#227;o&#44; relativa ao valor basal&#44; de &#8208;8&#37; parecer desprovida de significado&#44; uma redu&#231;&#227;o superior a &#8208;15&#37; &#233;&#44; muito provavelmente&#44; sin&#243;nimo de cardiotoxicidade<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; No entanto&#44; para comprovar o diagn&#243;stico&#44; torna&#8208;se essencial a sua confirma&#231;&#227;o&#44; por repeti&#231;&#227;o do estudo duas a tr&#234;s semanas ap&#243;s primeira dete&#231;&#227;o&#46; Com o uso da <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">RMC</span> &#233; poss&#237;vel detetar altera&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas subtis e aumento do volume extracelular&#44; achados consistentes com edema ou fibrose difusa&#46; Apesar de este ser um m&#233;todo bastante sens&#237;vel e reprodut&#237;vel para a medi&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e carateriza&#231;&#227;o do tecido mioc&#225;rdico&#44; tem disponibilidade limitada e custo elevado<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46; J&#225; a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">angiografia com radionucl&#237;deos</span> &#233; um m&#233;todo dispon&#237;vel e reprodut&#237;vel mas&#44; como exp&#245;e os doentes a radia&#231;&#245;es ionizantes&#44; contribuindo para um aumento da dose cumulativa de radia&#231;&#227;o&#44; especialmente quando a medi&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica &#233; requerida&#44; e fornece informa&#231;&#227;o limitada da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e da morfologia valvular&#44; n&#227;o dever&#225; ser o m&#233;todo de elei&#231;&#227;o<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46; A <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica</span> surge como o exame de maior sensibilidade e especificidade na dete&#231;&#227;o e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos adversos provocados pelas antraciclinas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Com este m&#233;todo &#233; poss&#237;vel visualizar&#8208;se a perda de miofibrilas&#44; a vacuoliza&#231;&#227;o do citoplasma&#44; dilata&#231;&#227;o do ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico&#44; aumento do n&#250;mero de lisossomas e edema das mitoc&#244;ndrias<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46; No entanto&#44; o car&#225;ter invasivo deste procedimento limita o seu uso na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica&#46; Os <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">biomarcadores</span> t&#234;m sido validados em diversos estudos&#44; uma vez que constituem n&#227;o s&#243; m&#233;todos espec&#237;ficos de dete&#231;&#227;o de dano cardiovascular&#44; mas tamb&#233;m permitem a determina&#231;&#227;o da extens&#227;o e reversibilidade do mesmo&#46; Assim&#44; enquanto o aumento dos n&#237;veis de troponina T e <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span> &#233; um indicador de les&#227;o nos cardiomi&#243;citos&#44; os n&#237;veis de BNP e de por&#231;&#227;o N&#8208;terminal do proBNP &#40;NT&#8208;proBNP&#41; podem refletir um aumento do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">stress</span> mioc&#225;rdio<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14</span></a>&#46; Da&#237; que&#44; segundo a literatura&#44; a eleva&#231;&#227;o das troponinas pode ser considerada uma medida precoce de dete&#231;&#227;o de cardiotoxicidade&#44; ao passo que o BNP parece ser menos consistente&#46; Por &#250;ltimo&#44; refere&#8208;se que&#44; no caso de a dose de antraciclinas administradas exceder os 240<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; &#233; aconselh&#225;vel a realiza&#231;&#227;o de avalia&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas antes da administra&#231;&#227;o de ciclos adicionais &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figura 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0030"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Preven&#231;&#227;o da cardiotoxicidade</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A redu&#231;&#227;o da cardiotoxicidade das antraciclinas associada &#224; manuten&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia terap&#234;utica pode ser obtida atrav&#233;s de medidas de preven&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas e farmacol&#243;gicas&#46;</p><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Preven&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os fatores de risco cardiovascular devem ser detetados e adequadamente tratados aquando do diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a neopl&#225;sica&#46; Os doentes devem ser incentivados a adotar um estilo de vida saud&#225;vel&#44; composto por uma dieta com baixo teor em gorduras saturadas e com restri&#231;&#227;o salina at&#233; 2&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g de s&#243;dio por dia&#44; a evitar o consumo de agentes t&#243;xicos como &#225;lcool e tabaco&#44; e a manter o &#237;ndice de massa corporal em valores pr&#243;ximos dos 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; A pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica&#44; de alta ou baixa intensidade&#44; durante o tratamento com antraciclinas aumenta a reserva cardiovascular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#46; Estudos&#44; em modelos animais&#44; t&#234;m demonstrado que o exerc&#237;cio pode reduzir a cardiotoxicidade destes agentes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46; Embora o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico se tenha mostrado promissor na melhoria da fun&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar em sobreviventes de cancro da mama<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;18</span></a>&#44; ainda n&#227;o existem ensaios cl&#237;nicos no homem que comprovem o seu papel cardioprotetor&#46; Outra estrat&#233;gia envolve reduzir&#44; ou mesmo evitar&#44; o uso de f&#225;rmacos que provocam prolongamento do intervalo QT&#44; nomeadamente antagonistas da 5&#8208;hidroxitriptamina &#40;frequentemente utilizados na preven&#231;&#227;o de efeitos adversos da quimioterapia como n&#225;useas ou v&#243;mitos&#41;&#44; e de anti&#8208;histam&#237;nicos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#44;20</span></a>&#46; Salienta&#8208;se&#44; tamb&#233;m&#44; a import&#226;ncia de minimizar a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o&#44; da corre&#231;&#227;o de dist&#250;rbios hidroeletrol&#237;ticos e do tratamento de comorbilidades &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0035">Tabela 7</a>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0035"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A diminui&#231;&#227;o da dose de antraciclinas administrada &#233; uma das formas de reduzir a incid&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda &#40;DSVE&#41;&#44; como comprovam os resultados obtidos pelo estudo realizado com doses de doxorrubicina de 400&#44; 500 e 550<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; onde se verificaram incid&#234;ncias de 5&#44; 16 e 26&#37;&#44; respetivamente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46; Apesar de as antraciclinas parecerem ter um efeito cardiot&#243;xico independente da dose administrada&#44; v&#225;rios estudos comprovam que a administra&#231;&#227;o de doses inferiores&#44; e de forma cont&#237;nua&#44; durante 24&#8208;92<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0630"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#44; reduz o risco de les&#245;es card&#237;acas&#44; sendo inclusivamente descrita como a medida mais efetiva<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#46; O aumento do tempo de dura&#231;&#227;o da infus&#227;o reduz a cardiotoxicidade sem comprometer a efic&#225;cia do tratamento oncol&#243;gico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#44; mas uma infus&#227;o com dura&#231;&#227;o superior a 96<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h est&#225; associada a maior incid&#234;ncia de estomatite&#46; A &#250;nica exce&#231;&#227;o&#44; onde a infus&#227;o cont&#237;nua de doxorrubicina parece n&#227;o ter um efeito cardioprotetor comparativamente com a dose intravenosa r&#225;pida&#44; verifica&#8208;se em crian&#231;as com leucemia linfobl&#225;stica aguda &#40;LLA&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&#46; Outros ensaios cl&#237;nicos avaliaram&#44; atrav&#233;s de bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica&#44; os danos provocados pela administra&#231;&#227;o de antraciclinas em diferentes esquemas e conclu&#237;ram que a perfus&#227;o cont&#237;nua provocava danos muito menos significativos&#44; quando comparada com a administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa r&#225;pida<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#46; Estes ensaios cl&#237;nicos mostraram&#44; tamb&#233;m&#44; que os doentes que receberam doses cont&#237;nuas tiveram maior toler&#226;ncia para doses cumulativas superiores de doxorrubicina&#46; Embora estudos em modelos animais tenham demonstrado que as concentra&#231;&#245;es de antraciclinas em tecidos tumorais eram as mesmas&#44; independentemente do m&#233;todo de administra&#231;&#227;o&#44; cont&#237;nua ou intravenosa r&#225;pida&#44; o mesmo n&#227;o se verificava no tecido card&#237;aco&#44; onde a infus&#227;o r&#225;pida atingia concentra&#231;&#245;es superiores&#44; provocando maior toxicidade<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Preven&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica</span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Antioxidantes</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Apesar de os antioxidantes terem a capacidade de neutralizar a forma&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres provocada pelas antraciclinas e&#44; teoricamente&#44; reduzirem ou prevenirem a cardiotoxicidade&#44; ensaios cl&#237;nicos com N&#8208;acetilciste&#237;na&#44; coezima Q&#44; L&#8208;carnitina&#44; feniletilamina&#44; amifostina e combina&#231;&#227;o de vitamina E&#44; vitamina C e N&#8208;acetilciste&#237;na n&#227;o foram capazes de comprovar o efeito cardioprotetor<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&#46; J&#225; a eritropoetina e o iloprost<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> mostraram&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span>&#44; ser protetoras contra os efeitos cardiot&#243;xicos da doxorrubicina&#44; sem afetar a sua efic&#225;cia antitumoral&#46; Ser&#225;&#44; no entanto&#44; necess&#225;rio documentar o seu papel cardioprotetor <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vivo</span>&#46;</p></span></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Derivados lipossomais</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Uma das op&#231;&#245;es para a redu&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos adversos card&#237;acos das antraciclinas &#233; a altera&#231;&#227;o da apresenta&#231;&#227;o do f&#225;rmaco ou a associa&#231;&#227;o com outras subst&#226;ncias&#44; como&#44; por exemplo&#44; os derivados lipossomais<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0465"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a>&#46; Em estudos que compararam a efic&#225;cia da doxorrubicina com a doxorrubicina encapsulada em lisossomas&#44; apesar de n&#227;o se observarem diferen&#231;as na taxa de resposta tumoral&#44; na sobrevida global ou no tempo livre de progress&#227;o&#44; verificou&#8208;se que a incid&#234;ncia de IC e de DSVE era inferior nos doentes tratados com a formula&#231;&#227;o lisossomal&#46; Para al&#233;m disso&#44; este grupo apresentava menor incid&#234;ncia de outros efeitos adversos&#44; nomeadamente de neutropenia&#44; n&#225;useas&#44; v&#243;mitos e diarreia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#46; Dado o seu elevado custo&#44; estes f&#225;rmacos n&#227;o s&#227;o utilizados com frequ&#234;ncia e a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Food and Drug Administration</span> &#40;FDA&#41; aprovou a sua administra&#231;&#227;o apenas para o cancro do ov&#225;rio&#44; sarcoma de Kaposi associado &#224; s&#237;ndrome da imunodefici&#234;ncia adquirida e mieloma m&#250;ltiplo ap&#243;s um ano de tratamento n&#227;o responsivo a outros f&#225;rmacos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Dexrazoxane</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A administra&#231;&#227;o concomitante de dexrazoxane nos regimes terap&#234;uticos antitumorais manifesta&#8208;se como um mecanismo cardioprotetor&#44; prevenindo o aumento das troponinas e reduzindo a incid&#234;ncia de IC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0480"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a>&#46; Alguns autores atribu&#237;am o efeito cardioprotetor deste quelante do ferro &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da quantidade de ferro intracelular&#44; o que poderia reduzir a forma&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres induzida pela administra&#231;&#227;o de antraciclinas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0480"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a>&#46; No entanto&#44; estudos efetuados com outros quelantes do ferro n&#227;o se demostraram eficazes na cardioprote&#231;&#227;o<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35&#44;36</span></a>&#46; Tem&#44; tamb&#233;m&#44; sido sugerido que o efeito cardioprotetor do dexrazoxane se deve&#44; n&#227;o s&#243; &#224; antagoniza&#231;&#227;o da forma&#231;&#227;o do complexo de clivagem da topoisomerase <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span>&#44; como tamb&#233;m &#224; r&#225;pida degrada&#231;&#227;o da topoisomerase <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span> beta&#44; sugerindo o envolvimento desta enzima na cardiotoxicidade induzida pela doxorrubicina<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0495"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>&#46; Quando se avaliou a efic&#225;cia da dexrazoxane num estudo com mais 200 crian&#231;as com LLA&#44; verificou&#8208;se que limitava a eleva&#231;&#227;o da troponina T em ambos os sexos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>&#44; e que tinha efeito atenuador na redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento do VE e na manuten&#231;&#227;o do r&#225;cio espessura&#8208;dimens&#227;o do VE a cinco anos&#44; mas apenas em crian&#231;as do sexo feminino<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0505"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a>&#46; Mais recentemente&#44; foram reportados tr&#234;s casos de adultos que realizavam tratamento antineopl&#225;sico para o cancro da mama em combina&#231;&#227;o com dexrazoxane e que desenvolveram leucemia mieloide aguda&#46; No entanto&#44; dois estudos comparativos&#44; placebo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> dexrazoxane&#44; em crian&#231;as com LLA seguidas durante cinco e dez anos&#44; n&#227;o revelaram diferen&#231;as na incid&#234;ncia de malignidade secund&#225;ria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0510"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40&#44;41</span></a>&#46; Apesar disso&#44; e tendo por base os efeitos adversos detetados&#44; a FDA e a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">European Medicines Agency</span> restringiram o uso de dexrazoxane a adultos do sexo feminino&#44; com cancro da mama metast&#225;tico&#44; tratados com doses cumulativas de doxorrubicina superiores a 300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> e que beneficiariam de tratamento adicional com antraciclinas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0520"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Bloqueadores&#8208;beta</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A cardioprote&#231;&#227;o conferida pelos bloqueadores&#8208;beta &#40;BB&#41; sobre a toxicidade da quimioterapia parece advir do seu efeito antioxidante e das suas propriedades antiapopt&#243;ticas&#44; sendo um exemplo de destaque o carvedilol<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0525"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a>&#46; Este f&#225;rmaco tem mostrado resultados promissores na diminui&#231;&#227;o da incid&#234;ncia de cardiomiopatia induzida por antraciclinas&#44; preservando a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica&#46; Em crian&#231;as&#44; o carvedilol limitou a eleva&#231;&#227;o da troponina <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span> e aumentou&#44; quer a fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento quer o pico sist&#243;lico de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">strain rate</span> global<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0530"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a>&#46; Segundo alguns estudos&#44; os BB e os inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina &#40;IECA&#41;&#44; dos quais falaremos de seguida&#44; poderiam prevenir a remodela&#231;&#227;o verificada na IC atrav&#233;s da redu&#231;&#227;o da resposta adren&#233;rgica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0535"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45&#44;46</span></a>&#46; Contudo&#44; n&#227;o foram observados efeitos cardioprotetores&#44; quer no tratamento com metoprolol quer no tratamento com enalapril<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0545"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina e antagonistas do recetor da angiotensina</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os IECA e os antagonistas do recetor da angiotensina &#40;ARA&#41; t&#234;m mostrado propriedades cardioprotetoras&#44; atrav&#233;s de mecanismos potenciais&#44; como a redu&#231;&#227;o do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">stress</span> oxidativo&#44; a limita&#231;&#227;o da remodela&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#40;VE&#41; e a diminui&#231;&#227;o da apoptose<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0550"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a>&#46; Em crian&#231;as&#44; e quando administrado por pelo menos dois anos ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do regime antineopl&#225;sico&#44; o enalapril n&#227;o demonstrou benef&#237;cios na limita&#231;&#227;o do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">stress</span> telessist&#243;lico da parede ventricular esquerda&#44; nem na diminui&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento em crian&#231;as com DSVE provocada por antraciclinas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0555"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a>&#46; Contrariamente&#44; em adultos tratados com altas doses de antraciclinas&#44; este f&#225;rmaco revelou efic&#225;cia na preven&#231;&#227;o da IC e na preven&#231;&#227;o do decl&#237;nio de par&#226;metros de avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca como a FEVE<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0560"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a>&#46; Estudos em ratos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">knock&#8208;out</span> para o gene do recetor tipo <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span> da angiotensina tipo <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span> evidenciaram que a doxorrubicina n&#227;o provoca cardiotoxicidade neste animais e que a administra&#231;&#227;o de ARA em ratos pode prevenir a cardiomiopatia induzida pela daunorrubicina<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0550"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a>&#46; Apesar de s&#243; serem conhecidos dois estudos aleatorizados abordando a fun&#231;&#227;o dos ARA&#44; foi demonstrado que o valsartan &#233; capaz de prevenir o prolongamento agudo do intervalo QT corrigido&#44; a dilata&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE e a eleva&#231;&#227;o do BNP&#44; durante uma semana de quimioterapia&#44; embora sem efeitos na FEVE<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0570"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51</span></a> e que o telmisartan &#233; capaz de prevenir a diminui&#231;&#227;o do pico de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">strain rate</span> durante a administra&#231;&#227;o de altas doses de antraciclinas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0575"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">52</span></a>&#46; No entanto&#44; s&#227;o necess&#225;rios mais estudos&#44; com tempo de seguimento superior&#44; para que essa efic&#225;cia seja comprovada&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Estatinas</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As estatinas t&#234;m mostrado propriedades antioxidantes e anti&#8208;inflamat&#243;rias<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0580"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53</span></a>&#46; Estudos em modelos animais revelaram que a fluvastatina &#233; capaz de atenuar o efeito cardiot&#243;xico induzido pelas antraciclinas&#44; reduzindo o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">stress</span> oxidativo&#44; aumentando a express&#227;o da enzima antioxidante mitocondrial super&#243;xido dismutase 2&#44; contribuindo&#44; assim&#44; para menor inflama&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0580"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53</span></a>&#46; Num ensaio cl&#237;nico&#44; onde foi avaliada a efic&#225;cia do tratamento cont&#237;nuo com estatinas em doentes com cancro da mama&#44; em tratamento com antraciclinas&#44; verificou&#8208;se que a incid&#234;ncia de IC era inferior com o uso desses f&#225;rmacos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0585"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">54</span></a>&#46; Noutro estudo efetuado em doentes com FEVE previamente normal&#44; que foram submetidos a tratamento antineopl&#225;sico com antraciclinas&#44; observou&#8208;se&#44; ap&#243;s seis meses&#44; que a FEVE se mantinha inalterada nos doentes tratados com atorvastatina&#44; em compara&#231;&#227;o com redu&#231;&#227;o de 8&#37; no grupo controlo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0590"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Deve&#44; e como ideia final&#44; ser salientado que a evid&#234;ncia da efic&#225;cia da preven&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica &#233;&#44; atualmente&#44; ainda pouco consistente&#44; pelo que a principal estrat&#233;gia preventiva continua a residir na adequada avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via dos doentes e na monitoriza&#231;&#227;o&#44; sele&#231;&#227;o e adapta&#231;&#227;o da dose da terap&#234;utica antioncol&#243;gica&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Tratamento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ap&#243;s o desenvolvimento de sinais ou sintomas de IC ou da diminui&#231;&#227;o da FEVE&#44; decorrentes da cardiotoxicidade&#44; o tratamento deve ser feito com base nas <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">guidelines</span> das sociedades cient&#237;ficas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0595"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56</span></a>&#46; Apesar da sele&#231;&#227;o do tratamento a ser aplicado nestas circunst&#226;ncias ser importante&#44; um estudo demostrou que o fator preponderante no sucesso diz respeito ao intervalo de tempo decorrido entre o tratamento antineopl&#225;sico e o in&#237;cio da institui&#231;&#227;o da terap&#234;utica para a IC&#44; uma vez que&#44; se este intervalo for superior a seis meses&#44; parece n&#227;o se verificar recupera&#231;&#227;o completa da FEVE<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0600"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">57</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Perspetivas futuras</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Encontram&#8208;se&#44; atualmente&#44; em curso diversos estudos com o objetivo de avaliar o grau de prote&#231;&#227;o conferido por determinadas estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas&#44; farmacol&#243;gicas ou n&#227;o&#44; na preven&#231;&#227;o da toxicidade induzida por antraciclinas &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0040">Tabela 8</a>&#41;&#46; Ser&#225; necess&#225;rio&#44; no entanto&#44; um per&#237;odo de alguns anos para que sejam conhecidos os respetivos resultados&#46; Torna&#8208;se&#44; ainda&#44; premente a cria&#231;&#227;o de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">guidelines</span>&#44; cientificamente reconhecidas&#44; que orientem na avalia&#231;&#227;o e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica destes doentes&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0040"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O aumento da sobrevida dos doentes submetidos a tratamentos antineopl&#225;sicos e o consequente incremento da incid&#234;ncia de cardiotoxicidade induzida pelas antraciclinas estimulam a necessidade de investigar e comprovar os exatos mecanismos que levam a efeitos adversos verificados a n&#237;vel card&#237;aco&#44; para que estes sejam evitados&#46; A investiga&#231;&#227;o adicional permitir&#225; que planos de preven&#231;&#227;o&#44; espec&#237;ficos e validados&#44; sejam estabelecidos&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Conflito de interesses</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O crescente uso de antraciclinas&#44; aliado ao aumento da sobrevida dos doentes oncol&#243;gicos&#44; motiva a necessidade de monitorizar os efeitos t&#243;xicos destes f&#225;rmacos&#46; Para que a sua cardiotoxicidade possa ser detetada&#44; prevenida ou atenuada&#44; torna&#8208;se essencial que todos os doentes sejam&#44; do ponto de vista cardiovascular&#44; submetidos a uma rigorosa avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial e a um estreito acompanhamento&#46; Diversos ensaios cl&#237;nicos comprovaram o efeito cardioprotetor produzido por medidas n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas como o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico&#44; a ado&#231;&#227;o de um estilo de vida saud&#225;vel&#44; o controlo de fatores de risco e o tratamento de comorbilidades&#59; foi tamb&#233;m verificado um efeito cardioprotetor com estrat&#233;gias farmacol&#243;gicas como o uso de bloqueadores&#8208;beta&#44; inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina&#44; antagonistas do recetor da angiotensina&#44; estatinas&#44; dexrazoxane ou derivados lipossomais&#46; No entanto&#44; atualmente n&#227;o existe qualquer diretriz cient&#237;fica que oriente as estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o nestes doentes&#46; Com esta revis&#227;o propomo&#8208;nos abordar o estado da arte relativo &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o&#44; monitoriza&#231;&#227;o e&#44; principalmente&#44; &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o da cardiotoxicidade provocada pelas antraciclinas&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The increasing use of anthracyclines&#44; together with the longer survival of cancer patients&#44; means the toxic effects of these drugs need to be monitored&#46; In order to detect&#44; prevent or mitigate anthracycline&#8208;induced cardiomyopathy&#44; it is essential that all patients undergo a rigorous initial cardiovascular assessment&#44; followed by close monitoring&#46; Several clinical trials have shown the cardioprotective effect of non&#8208;pharmacological measures such as exercise&#44; healthy lifestyles&#44; control of risk factors and treatment of comorbidities&#59; a cardioprotective effect has also been observed with pharmacological measures such as beta&#8208;blockers&#44; angiotensin&#8208;converting enzyme inhibitors&#44; angiotensin receptor antagonists&#44; statins&#44; dexrazoxane and liposomal formulations&#46; However&#44; there are currently no guidelines for managing prevention in these patients&#46; In this review the authors discuss the state of the art of the assessment&#44; monitoring&#44; and&#44; above all&#44; the prevention of anthracycline&#8208;induced cardiotoxicity&#46;</p></span>"
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          "pt" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Inicia&#231;&#227;o de um regime potencialmente associado a cardiotoxicidade por antraciclinas&#46;</p> <p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Eco2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D&#58; ecocardiograma 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D&#59; Eco3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D&#58; ecocardiograma 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D&#59; FEVE&#58; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo&#59; GLS&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">global longitudinal strain&#59;</span> LIN&#58; limite inferior do normal&#46;</p>"
        ]
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Adaptado de Adao et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#44; Liu e Wang<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0605"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58</span></a>&#44; Machado et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0610"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">59</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ca&#58; carcinoma&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mecanismos de cardiotoxicidade&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mecanismos de a&#231;&#227;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Antraciclinas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Utiliza&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cardiotoxicidade&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="5" align="left" valign="middle">Principais mecanismos&#58;<br>&#8208; topoisomerase <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span> beta<br>&#8208; peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica<br>&#8208; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">stress</span>&#160;oxidativo<br>&#8208; apoptose e necrose das c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas<br><br>Comprometimento da s&#237;ntese de DNA&#44; RNA e prote&#237;nas&#44; e de fatores de transcri&#231;&#227;o envolvidos na regula&#231;&#227;o de genes espec&#237;ficos do cora&#231;&#227;o<br><br>Balan&#231;o negativo das prote&#237;nas sarcom&#233;ricas&#44; nas c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas provocado pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o proteica e pelo aumento da degrada&#231;&#227;o de miofilamentos&#46; Utiliza&#231;&#227;o de terap&#234;uticas combinadas potencia a redu&#231;&#227;o miofilamentar<br><br>Les&#245;es no DNA e altera&#231;&#227;o da bioenerg&#233;tica&#160;ao n&#237;vel mitocondrial&#46;<br><br>Desequil&#237;brio na regula&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca&#44; com altera&#231;&#245;es na atividade adren&#233;rgica&#44; na adenilc&#237;clase e na homeostasia do c&#225;lcio&#46;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="5" align="left" valign="middle">A forma&#231;&#227;o de um complexo com DNA por conjuga&#231;&#227;o dos an&#233;is planos com pares de bases de nucle&#243;tidos provoca inibi&#231;&#227;o dos &#225;cidos nucleicos &#40;DNA e RNA&#41; e a s&#237;ntese de prote&#237;nas&#46; Esta conjuga&#231;&#227;o desencadeia a clivagem do DNA pela topoisomerase <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span>&#44; resultando em atividade citot&#243;xica<br>Inibem a atividade da helicase impedindo a clivagem enzim&#225;tica da cadeia dupla de DNA&#44; interferindo&#44; assim&#44; com a sua replica&#231;&#227;o e transcri&#231;&#227;o<br><br>Est&#227;o envolvidas em rea&#231;&#245;es de oxida&#231;&#227;o&#47;redu&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s da forma&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres citot&#243;xicos</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Doxorrubicina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ca avan&#231;ado do est&#244;mago<br>Ca bexiga<br>Ca mama<br>Ca ov&#225;rios<br>Ca pequenas c&#233;lulas do pulm&#227;o<br>Ca tiroide<br>Doen&#231;a de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hodgkin</span><br>Leucemia aguda<br>Linfoma n&#227;o&#8208;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hodgkin</span><br>Neuroblastoma<br>Sarcoma<br>Tumor de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Wilms</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aguda&#58;</span> hipotens&#227;o<br>Arritmias<br>Taquicardia<br>Tromboembolismo<br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Subaguda&#58;</span> pericardite<br>Miocardite<br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cr&#243;nica&#58;</span> cardiomiopatia dilatada<br>Disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til<br>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Daunorrubicina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Leucemia linfobl&#225;stica aguda<br>Leucemia mieloide aguda&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Agudas&#58;</span> taquicardia sinusal<br>Taquiarritmias<br>Extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares<br>Bloqueio AV<br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cr&#243;nica&#58;</span> cardiomiopatia dilatada<br>Disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til<br>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Epirrubicina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ca avan&#231;ado do ov&#225;rio<br>Ca est&#244;mago<br>Ca mama<br>Ca pulm&#227;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aguda&#58;</span> taquicardia ventricular<br>Bloqueio auriculoventricular<br>Bloqueio de ramo<br>Bradicardia<br>Tromboembolismo<br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cr&#243;nica&#58;</span> cardiomiopatia dilatada<br>Disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til<br>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Idarrubicina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Leucemia linfoc&#237;tica aguda<br>Leucemia mieloide aguda&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aguda&#58;</span> arritmias<br>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o auricular<br>Enfarte agudo do mioc&#225;rdio<br>Tromboembolismo<br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cr&#243;nica&#58;</span> cardiomiopatia dilatada<br>Disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til<br>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Mitoxantrona&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ca avan&#231;ado da mama<br>Leucemia mieloide aguda em adultos<br>Linfomas n&#227;o&#8208;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hodgkin</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aguda&#58;</span> arritmias<br>Miocardite<br>Hipertens&#227;o arterial<br>Isquemia mioc&#225;rdica<br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cr&#243;nica&#58;</span> cardiomiopatia dilatada<br>Disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til<br>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "pt" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cardiotoxicidade&#44; farmacocin&#233;tica e utiliza&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica das antraciclinas</p>"
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      ]
      2 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabela 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
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            "identificador" => "at2"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Adaptado de Albini et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#44; Seidman et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0615"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">60</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">FEVE&#58; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo&#59; IC&#58; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca&#46;</p>"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">A presen&#231;a de um dos crit&#233;rios apresentados &#233; suficiente para que se estabele&#231;a o diagn&#243;stico de cardiotoxicidade&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Presen&#231;a de cardiomiopatia com redu&#231;&#227;o da FEVE&#44; com compromisso global ou com altera&#231;&#245;es segmentares mais evidentes na regi&#227;o septal&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Sintomatologia associada a IC&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Dete&#231;&#227;o de galope S3&#44; taquicardia&#44; ou ambos&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Redu&#231;&#227;o da FEVE de&#44; pelo menos&#44; 5&#37; para n&#237;veis inferiores a 55&#37;&#44; com sinais ou sintomas de IC&#44; ou uma queda na FEVE de&#44; pelo menos&#44; 10&#37; para n&#237;veis inferiores a 55&#37;&#44; na aus&#234;ncia de sinais ou sintomas&#44; comparativamente com os valores basais do indiv&#237;duo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "pt" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Crit&#233;rios utilizados para confirmar ou classificar um diagn&#243;stico preliminar de disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca&#44; definidos pelo Comit&#233; de Avalia&#231;&#227;o e Revis&#227;o Card&#237;aca</p>"
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        "etiqueta" => "Tabela 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "detalles" => array:1 [
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Adaptado de Plana et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ASE&#58; American Society of Echocardiography&#59; EAE&#58; European Association of Echocardiography&#59; FC&#58; frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca&#59; FEVE&#58; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo&#59; GLS&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">global longitudinal strain</span>&#59; IAC&#8208;Echo&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Intersocietal Accreditation Commission Echocardiography</span>&#59; MAPSE&#58; excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano do anel mitral&#59; PA&#58; press&#227;o arterial&#59; TAPSE&#58; excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano do anel tric&#250;spide&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica padr&#227;o</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; De acordo com as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">guidelines</span> ASE&#47;EAE e IAC&#8208;Echo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagem 2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D strain</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; Incid&#234;ncia apical&#58; tr&#234;s&#44; quatro e duas c&#226;maras&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; Obter &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3 ciclos card&#237;acos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; Imagens obtidas simultaneamente mantendo o mesmo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">frame rate</span> e profundidade&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Frame rate</span> entre 40&#8208;90 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">frames</span>&#47;segundo ou &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>40&#37; da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; Integral velocidade&#8208;tempo a&#243;rtico &#40;tempo&#47;per&#237;odo de eje&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtico&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">An&#225;lise da imagem 2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D strain</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; Quantificar a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">strain</span> segmentar e global &#40;GLS&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; Mostrar as curvas de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">strain</span> segmentar na incid&#234;ncia apical num formato quadrangular&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; Mostrar o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">strain</span> global em perspetiva <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">bull&#39;s&#8208;eye</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Artefactos da imagem 2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D strain</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; Ectopia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; Respira&#231;&#227;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagem 3</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; Apical de quatro c&#226;maras&#44; volume total&#44; para avaliar o volume ventricular esquerdo e calcular a FEVE&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; Resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial e temporal otimizadas para batimentos &#250;nicos ou m&#250;ltiplos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Relat&#243;rio</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; Momento da ecocardiografia em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; infus&#227;o <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">IV</span> &#40;n&#250;mero de dias antes ou depois&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; Sinais vitais &#40;FC&#44; PA&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D FEVE&#47;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D m&#233;todo de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Simpson</span> biplano&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; GLS &#40;ecocardi&#243;grafo&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">software</span> e vers&#227;o utilizadas&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; Na aus&#234;ncia de GLS&#44; medi&#231;&#227;o do MAPSE medial e lateral&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; Ventr&#237;culo direito&#58; TAPSE&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "pt" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o protocolo ecocardiogr&#225;fico cardio&#8208;oncol&#243;gico</p>"
        ]
      ]
      4 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0020"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabela 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at4"
            "detalle" => "Tabela "
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        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Adaptado de Plana et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ASE&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">American Society of Echocardiography</span>&#59; EAE&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">European Association of Echocardiography</span>&#59; Eco2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D&#58; ecocardiograma 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D&#59; Eco3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D&#58; ecocardiograma 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D&#59; FEVE&#58; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo&#59; VE&#58; ventr&#237;culo esquerdo&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
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              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; O ecocardiograma &#233; o m&#233;todo de elei&#231;&#227;o para a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos doentes antes&#44; durante e ap&#243;s tratamento oncol&#243;gico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; Devem ser realizados c&#225;lculos precisos da FEVE atrav&#233;s do melhor m&#233;todo dispon&#237;vel no laborat&#243;rio de ecocardiografia &#40;idealmente Eco3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; Quando utilizado o Eco2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D&#44; o m&#233;todo biplano de Simpson modificado deve ser a t&#233;cnica de escolha&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; A FEVE deve ser combinada com o c&#225;lculo do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">wall motion score &#237;ndex</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; Na aus&#234;ncia do GLS por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">speckle&#8208;tracking</span>&#44; &#233; recomendado quantificar a fun&#231;&#227;o longitudinal do VE usando a excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano do anel mitral e&#47;ou o pico de velocidade sist&#243;lica &#40;s&#8217;&#41; do anel mitral por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Doppler</span> tecidular pulsado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; A FEVE calculada por Eco2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D falha frequentemente na dete&#231;&#227;o de pequenas altera&#231;&#245;es da contratilidade do VE&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; Apesar dos par&#226;metros diast&#243;licos n&#227;o terem valor progn&#243;stico comprovado na cardiomiopatia induzida por terap&#234;utica com antraciclinas&#44; a avalia&#231;&#227;o convencional da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica VE&#44; incluindo a estimativa n&#227;o invasiva das press&#245;es de enchimento do VE&#44; deve ser acrescentada &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica VE&#44; segundo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da ASE&#47;EAE para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica com ecocardiografia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "pt" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica num doente com cancro</p>"
        ]
      ]
      5 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0025"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabela 5"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at5"
            "detalle" => "Tabela "
            "rol" => "short"
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        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Adaptado de Plana et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#44; Raschi et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#44; Kongbundansuk e Hundley<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0620"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">61</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CV&#58; cardiovascular&#59; DAC&#58; doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria&#59; FEVE&#58; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo&#59; IC&#58; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca&#59; TFG&#58; taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular&#59; VE&#58; ventr&#237;culo esquerdo&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
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              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Exames auxiliares de diagn&#243;stico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Vantagens&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Desvantagens&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Eletrocardiograma</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">N&#227;o invasivo&#59;<br>Baixo custo&#59;<br>Permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o do intervalo QT&#59; o seu<br>prolongamento &#233; um reconhecido marcador de cardiotoxicidade&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">N&#227;o avalia a FEVE&#59;<br>Variabilidade intra e interobservador na avalia&#231;&#227;o do intervalo QT&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ecocardiograma&#47;Doppler</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">N&#227;o invasivo&#59;<br>Baixo custo&#59;<br>Permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional e morfol&#243;gica de par&#226;metros diast&#243;licos &#40;padr&#227;o do fluxo venoso pulmonar&#44; raz&#227;o E&#47;A&#44; tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico&#41;&#44; sist&#243;licos &#40;espessamento da parede durante a s&#237;stole&#44; FEVE&#44; fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento do VE&#41; e a avalia&#231;&#227;o da estrutura valvular e do peric&#225;rdio&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Variabilidade inter e intraobservador&#59;<br>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da FEVE sujeita a variabilidade e &#233; dependente da qualidade de imagem&#59;<br>Valor preditivo pouco claro na dete&#231;&#227;o precoce de les&#245;es subcl&#237;nicas&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Doppler tecidular</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Excelente resolu&#231;&#227;o temporal&#59;<br>Permite dete&#231;&#227;o precoce de les&#245;es subcl&#237;nicas &#40;atrav&#233;s da combina&#231;&#227;o com marcadores inflamat&#243;rios&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">stress</span> oxidativo&#41;&#59;<br>Permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional das press&#245;es de enchimento &#40;raz&#227;o E&#47;e&#8217;&#41;&#44; velocidades&#44; deforma&#231;&#227;o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;strain&#41;</span> e taxa de deforma&#231;&#227;o das paredes ventriculares <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;strain rate&#41; na</span> s&#237;stole e na di&#225;stole&#59;<br>Permite a dete&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica isolada&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Tempo de an&#225;lise superior&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2D strain&#47;speckle tracking &#8211; GLS</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Superioridade em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; FEVE na previs&#227;o de mortalidade cardiovascular na popula&#231;&#227;o geral&#59;<br>Melhor estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco em pacientes com IC&#59;<br>Capacidade de reconhecer disfun&#231;&#227;o VE precoce em doentes submetidos a terap&#234;utica cardiot&#243;xica<br>Reprodut&#237;vel quando realizado por operador experiente&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Grande depend&#234;ncia da qualidade de imagem do Eco2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D&#59;<br>Car&#234;ncia de ensaios cl&#237;nicos a longo prazo que avaliem a capacidade do GLS prever decr&#233;scimos persistentes da FEVE ou IC sintom&#225;tica&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ecocardiograma</span><br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">de stress</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o da reserva contr&#225;til do mioc&#225;rdio&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Semi&#8208;invasivo&#59;<br>Dados controversos e limitados na dete&#231;&#227;o precoce de cardiotoxicidade&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Angiografia de radionucl&#237;deos</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Alta reprodutibilidade&#59;<br>Baixa variabilidade interobservador e intraobservador&#59;<br>Validado na determina&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Exposi&#231;&#227;o a radia&#231;&#227;o&#59;<br>Baixa resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial e temporal&#59;<br>Volumes ventriculares subestimados&#59;<br>FEVE &#233; sobrestimada em ventr&#237;culos com dimens&#245;es mais pequenas &#40;crian&#231;as e mulheres&#41;&#59;<br>N&#227;o avalia a fun&#231;&#227;o valvular&#59;<br>Informa&#231;&#245;es parcas sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica&#59;<br>Valor preditivo limitado na dete&#231;&#227;o precoce de les&#245;es subcl&#237;nicas e de altera&#231;&#245;es na FEVE&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Reprodut&#237;vel&#59;<br>Aus&#234;ncia de exposi&#231;&#227;o a radia&#231;&#227;o&#59;<br>Permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o e fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica&#44; peric&#225;rdio e dete&#231;&#227;o de massas mioc&#225;rdicas&#59;<br>&#218;til em doentes com m&#225; janela ecocardiogr&#225;fica&#59;<br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gold standard</span> para o c&#225;lculo dos volumes do VE e da FEVE&#59;<br>Sequ&#234;ncia T2&#58; sens&#237;vel a aumentos segmentares ou globais do teor de &#225;gua mioc&#225;rdico resultante de inflama&#231;&#227;o&#44; les&#227;o microvascular e dos mi&#243;citos&#59; Sequencia T1&#58; fornece informa&#231;&#227;o relativa &#224; les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e fibrose&#59;<br>Contraste &#40;gadol&#237;nio&#41; sequ&#234;ncia T1&#58; dete&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es histopatol&#243;gicas &#40;vacuoliza&#231;&#227;o intracelular&#41;&#44; que permitem prever redu&#231;&#227;o da FEVE subsequente&#59;<br>Realce tardio &#40;gadol&#237;nio&#41;&#58; dete&#231;&#227;o de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica associada a progn&#243;stico adverso em doentes com DAC&#44; cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica e doen&#231;as infiltrativas&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Custo elevado&#59;<br>Disponibilidade limitada&#59;<br>Contraindicado em doentes com dispositivos n&#227;o compat&#237;veis com resson&#226;ncia &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pacemakers</span>&#44; dispositivos de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e desfibrilhadores implant&#225;veis&#41;&#59;<br>Risco de nefrotoxicidade do contraste em doentes com insufici&#234;ncia renal &#40;TFG &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tomografia</span><br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">computorizada</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Imagem com boa acuidade&#59;<br>Permite identificar calcifica&#231;&#227;o ou espessamento peric&#225;rdico em doentes submetidos a radia&#231;&#227;o ou cirurgia&#59;<br>Permite visualiza&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e avalia&#231;&#227;o da sua calcifica&#231;&#227;o&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Exposi&#231;&#227;o a radia&#231;&#227;o&#59;<br>Presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria pr&#233;via ao tratamento antineopl&#225;sico n&#227;o se mostrou preditora de risco CV nos doentes submetidos a quimioterapia<br>Pouco utilizado para seguimento e dete&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es subcl&#237;nicas da fun&#231;&#227;o CV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cintigrafia</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">N&#227;o invasiva&#59;<br>Permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional e estrutural&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Exposi&#231;&#227;o a radia&#231;&#227;o&#59;<br>Disponibilidade limitada&#59;<br>Baixa resolu&#231;&#227;o temporal&#59;<br>Natureza dos dados limitada&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Biomarcadores</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">N&#227;o invasivo&#59;<br>Baixa variabilidade interobservador&#59;<br>Permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular e de potenciais sinais de les&#227;o card&#237;aca&#59;<br>Promissores marcadores na dete&#231;&#227;o precoce<br>de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Valor preditivo indefinido&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bi&#243;psia</span><br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">endomioc&#225;rdica</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Permite detetar evid&#234;ncias histol&#243;gicas de les&#227;o card&#237;aca&#58; perda de miofibrilas&#44; vacuoliza&#231;&#227;o do citoplasma&#44; dilata&#231;&#227;o do ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico&#44; aumento do n&#250;mero de lisossomas e edema das mitoc&#244;ndrias&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Invasivo&#59;<br>Interpreta&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica requer especialista&#59;<br>N&#227;o fornece informa&#231;&#227;o funcional&#59;<br>Limita&#231;&#227;o dos resultados pela quantidade e qualidade da amostra recolhida&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Despiste les&#227;o endotelial</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Avalia&#231;&#227;o alternativa da toxicidade cardiovascular atrav&#233;s par&#226;metros alternativos como as citocinas&#44; as mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o e a rela&#231;&#227;o &#237;ntima&#47;m&#233;dia da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Valor preditivo desconhecido&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">An&#225;lise gen&#233;tica</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Minimamente invasiva&#59;<br>Permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o da suscetibilidade individual &#224; cardiotoxicidade&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Valor preditivo desconhecido&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0105" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Adaptado de Takigiku et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0635"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">62</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="spar0110" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">V1&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Vivid 7</span> ou <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Vivid E9</span> &#40;GE <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Healthcare</span>&#41;&#59; V2&#58; iE33 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Philips Medical Systems</span>&#41;&#59; V3&#58; Artida ou Aplio &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Toshiba Medical Systems</span>&#41;&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="7" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Idade</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">0&#8208;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">20&#8208;29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">30&#8208;39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">50&#8208;59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="8" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">V1</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Global&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;22&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;21&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;21&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;21&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;21&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;20&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Homem&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;21&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;20&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;20&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;20&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;21&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;19&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;1982&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mulher&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;22&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;22&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;22&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;22&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;23&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;20&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;0348&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>p &#40;homem <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs&#46;</span> mulher&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;0316&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;0178&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="8" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">V2</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Global&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;19&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;19&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;19&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;18&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;17&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;16&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Homem&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;19&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;18&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;19&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;17&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;16&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;15&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;0019&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mulher&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;20&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;20&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;20&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;19&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;20&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;17&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;0002&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>p &#40;homem <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs&#46;</span> mulher&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;1349&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;0248&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;1083&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;4316&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;0294&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;0928&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="8" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">V3</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Global&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;21&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;20&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;20&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;19&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;18&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;17&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Homem&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;21&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;20&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;20&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;19&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;18&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;16&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mulher&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;21&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;20&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;20&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;18&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;18&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;18&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;0141&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>p &#40;homem <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs&#46;</span> mulher&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;6076&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;9787&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;9201&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;1415&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;7374&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;0668&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "pt" => "<p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Varia&#231;&#227;o do GLS em fun&#231;&#227;o do g&#233;nero&#44; da idade e do ec&#243;grafo</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 ano&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Dezembro 2015&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Cipolla C ClinicalTrials&#46;gov<br>NCT01968200&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cancro&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Antraciclinas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Enalapril ap&#243;s aparecimento de les&#227;o card&#237;aca <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> enalapril concomitante &#224; quimioterapia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">268&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">At&#233; um ano ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino tratamento antineopl&#225;sico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">N&#237;veis de troponinas card&#237;acas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Julho 2016&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Virani S ClinicalTrials&#46;gov<br>NCT01708798&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Duplamente cego<br>fase 2&#44; 3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ca mama&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Antraciclinas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Eplerenona <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> placebo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">78&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6 meses&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">FDVE&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Maio 2015&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Bocchi E ClinicalTrials&#46;gov<br>NCT01724450&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Duplamente cego<br>fase 3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ca mama&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Antraciclinas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Carvedilol <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> placebo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">200&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 anos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">DSVE &#40;10&#37; redu&#231;&#227;o FEVE&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Outubro 2016&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Livi L<br>ClinicalTrials&#46;gov<br>NCT02236806&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cego<br>fase 3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ca mama&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Antraciclinas e Trastuzumab&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Bisoprolol <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> ramipril<br>Bisoprolol <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> placebo<br>Ramipril <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> placebo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">480&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 ano&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">FEVE&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Novembro 2017&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Smith K ClinicalTrials&#46;gov<br>NCT02096588&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Distribui&#231;&#227;o aleat&#243;ria<br>fase 2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ca mama&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Antraciclinas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sinvastatina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5 anos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Global longitudinal strain</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Abril 2021&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "pt" => "<p id="spar0130" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ensaios cl&#237;nicos em curso</p>"
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      ]
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      "titulo" => "Bibliografia"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
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Artigo de revisão
Cardiotoxicidade na terapêutica com antraciclinas: estratégias de prevenção
Cardiotoxicity in anthracycline therapy: Prevention strategies
Margarida Cruza, Joana Duarte‐Rodriguesb, Manuel Campelob,c,
Autor para correspondência
mcampelo@hotmail.com

Autor para correspondência.
a Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
b Serviço de Cardiologia, Hospital de S. João, Porto, Portugal
c Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Serviços de Saúde (CINTESIS), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introdu&#231;&#227;o</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Segundo os dados da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de&#44; as patologias do foro oncol&#243;gico constituem&#44; na atualidade&#44; a segunda maior causa de morte no mundo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Os enormes e cont&#237;nuos desenvolvimentos verificados a n&#237;vel terap&#234;utico nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas permitiram um aumento da sobrevida destes doentes&#59; todavia&#44; os efeitos adversos causados pelos quimioter&#225;picos&#44; nomeadamente a n&#237;vel card&#237;aco&#44; passaram a constituir uma importante causa de morbimortalidade&#46; Estima&#8208;se que a taxa de mortalidade entre doentes oncol&#243;gicos que desenvolvem cardiotoxicidade seja elevada&#44; com valores superiores a 60&#37; a dois anos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#59; no entanto&#44; o progn&#243;stico pode ser positivamente alterado se houver uma preven&#231;&#227;o e uma dete&#231;&#227;o precoce&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As antraciclinas como a doxorrubicina&#44; daunorrubicina&#44; epirrubicina&#44; mitoxantrona e idarrubicina s&#227;o os quimioter&#225;picos mais usados na terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica do cancro e constituem uma reconhecida causa de cardiotoxicidade &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46; Os efeitos agudos ou subagudos que se podem manifestar sob a forma de altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas&#44; arritmias ventriculares e supraventriculares&#44; perturba&#231;&#227;o da condu&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca &#40;bloqueios auriculoventriculares ou bloqueios de ramo&#41;&#44; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular&#44; aumento do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral &#40;BNP&#41; &#40;marcador do aumento da pr&#233;&#8208;carga e de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#91;IC&#93;&#41;&#44; miocardite e pericardite&#44; podem ocorrer desde o in&#237;cio do tratamento at&#233; duas semanas ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do mesmo&#46; Estes eventos s&#227;o relativamente incomuns e&#44; na sua maioria&#44; revertem uma semana ap&#243;s a suspens&#227;o do tratamento&#46; J&#225; a cardiotoxicidade cr&#243;nica pode ser de in&#237;cio precoce&#44; se decorrer no per&#237;odo de um ano ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino da quimioterapia&#44; ou de in&#237;cio tardio&#44; se ocorrer depois deste per&#237;odo&#46; Em qualquer um dos casos&#44; pode verificar&#8208;se disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica ou diast&#243;lica &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Tabela 2</a>&#41;&#44; que poder&#225; evoluir para cardiomiopatia grave e&#44; inclusivamente&#44; ser causa de morte<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46; Embora alguns estudos sugiram a possibilidade de&#44; atrav&#233;s das les&#245;es agudas no mioc&#225;rdio<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#44; se prever o risco de desenvolvimento e gravidade de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular&#44; ainda n&#227;o est&#225; esclarecida a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a toxicidade aguda e a cr&#243;nica&#46; A quest&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico de disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca relacionada com a terap&#234;utica oncol&#243;gica&#44; que tem sido abordada em algumas publica&#231;&#245;es<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;5</span></a>&#44; baseia&#8208;se&#44; sobretudo&#44; na avalia&#231;&#227;o de&#58; sintomatologia de IC&#44; exame f&#237;sico e par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda&#59; uma dessas publica&#231;&#245;es<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> poder&#225; ser considerada refer&#234;ncia nesta &#225;rea&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Existe uma proposta de classifica&#231;&#227;o para a cardiomiopatia associada ao uso de quimioter&#225;picos&#44; que divide os agentes antineopl&#225;sicos em dois tipos&#58; o tipo <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>&#44; onde se encontram inseridos f&#225;rmacos&#44; como as antraciclinas&#44; que provocam essencialmente les&#245;es irrevers&#237;veis dependentes da dose utilizada&#44; e o tipo <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span>&#44; que abrange agentes como o trastuzumab&#44; que n&#227;o se encontra dependente da dose utilizada e que &#233;&#44; habitualmente&#44; revers&#237;vel ap&#243;s a descontinua&#231;&#227;o do tratamento<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0625"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; Este segundo tipo n&#227;o ser&#225; objeto de abordagem neste artigo&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Neste trabalho&#44; propomo&#8208;nos a abordar poss&#237;veis estrat&#233;gias a aplicar em doentes submetidos a tratamento com antraciclinas&#44; para prevenir ou minorar os seus principais efeitos adversos a n&#237;vel do card&#237;aco&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dada a cardiotoxicidade das antraciclinas&#44; todos os doentes candidatos &#224; institui&#231;&#227;o de um tratamento quimioter&#225;pico devem ser avaliados do ponto de vista card&#237;aco para estabelecer um padr&#227;o basal cardiovascular&#44; que permita a compara&#231;&#227;o durante o regime terap&#234;utico&#46; Esta avalia&#231;&#227;o deve incluir&#58; elabora&#231;&#227;o de hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica e exame f&#237;sico&#59; realiza&#231;&#227;o de um eletrocardiograma &#40;avalia&#231;&#227;o do ritmo card&#237;aco e dete&#231;&#227;o de sinais de isquemia&#41;&#59; exame de imagem card&#237;aca&#44; habitualmente ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico com estudo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Doppler</span> completo &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0015">Tabelas 3 e 4</a>&#41;&#46; Nos casos em que o ecocardiograma n&#227;o seja esclarecedor&#44; recomenda&#8208;se a realiza&#231;&#227;o de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca &#40;RMC&#41;&#46; Os n&#237;veis basais de troponinas tamb&#233;m devem ser obtidos para futuras compara&#231;&#245;es<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Durante os regimes terap&#234;uticos &#233; importante monitorizar os sinais e sintomas de cardiotoxicidade &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Tabela 5</a>&#41;&#46; O <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">eletrocardiograma</span> de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es pode ser rotineiramente utilizado na monitoriza&#231;&#227;o de arritmias card&#237;acas decorrentes do efeito t&#243;xico das antraciclinas&#46; No que diz respeito ao acompanhamento e esclarecimento da etiologia de s&#237;ncopes&#44; que se presumem decorrentes de arritmias ou de bloqueios auriculoventriculares avan&#231;ados&#44; o recurso ao registo de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Holter cl&#225;ssico</span> &#40;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#41; ou ao <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">registo de eventos</span> poder&#225; ser &#250;til<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46; A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca&#44; nomeadamente com <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ecocardiograma</span>&#44; 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para que seja efetuada uma avalia&#231;&#227;o conjunta do risco <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> benef&#237;cio do tratamento antineopl&#225;sico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; No decorrer do regime terap&#234;utico com antraciclinas&#44; considera&#8208;se que uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da FEVE em rela&#231;&#227;o ao valor basal se encontra associada ao aumento do risco de eventos card&#237;acos&#46; J&#225; no que diz respeito ao GLS&#44; apesar de uma redu&#231;&#227;o&#44; relativa ao valor basal&#44; de &#8208;8&#37; parecer desprovida de significado&#44; uma redu&#231;&#227;o superior a &#8208;15&#37; &#233;&#44; muito provavelmente&#44; sin&#243;nimo de cardiotoxicidade<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; No entanto&#44; para comprovar o diagn&#243;stico&#44; torna&#8208;se essencial a sua confirma&#231;&#227;o&#44; por repeti&#231;&#227;o do estudo duas a tr&#234;s semanas ap&#243;s primeira dete&#231;&#227;o&#46; Com o uso da <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">RMC</span> &#233; poss&#237;vel detetar altera&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas subtis e aumento do volume extracelular&#44; achados consistentes com edema ou fibrose difusa&#46; Apesar de este ser um m&#233;todo bastante sens&#237;vel e reprodut&#237;vel para a medi&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e carateriza&#231;&#227;o do tecido mioc&#225;rdico&#44; tem disponibilidade limitada e custo elevado<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46; J&#225; a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">angiografia com radionucl&#237;deos</span> &#233; um m&#233;todo dispon&#237;vel e reprodut&#237;vel mas&#44; como exp&#245;e os doentes a radia&#231;&#245;es ionizantes&#44; contribuindo para um aumento da dose cumulativa de radia&#231;&#227;o&#44; especialmente quando a medi&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica &#233; requerida&#44; e fornece informa&#231;&#227;o limitada da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e da morfologia valvular&#44; n&#227;o dever&#225; ser o m&#233;todo de elei&#231;&#227;o<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46; A <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica</span> surge como o exame de maior sensibilidade e especificidade na dete&#231;&#227;o e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos adversos provocados pelas antraciclinas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Com este m&#233;todo &#233; poss&#237;vel visualizar&#8208;se a perda de miofibrilas&#44; a vacuoliza&#231;&#227;o do citoplasma&#44; dilata&#231;&#227;o do ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico&#44; aumento do n&#250;mero de lisossomas e edema das mitoc&#244;ndrias<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46; No entanto&#44; o car&#225;ter invasivo deste procedimento limita o seu uso na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica&#46; Os <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">biomarcadores</span> t&#234;m sido validados em diversos estudos&#44; uma vez que constituem n&#227;o s&#243; m&#233;todos espec&#237;ficos de dete&#231;&#227;o de dano cardiovascular&#44; mas tamb&#233;m permitem a determina&#231;&#227;o da extens&#227;o e reversibilidade do mesmo&#46; Assim&#44; enquanto o aumento dos n&#237;veis de troponina T e <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span> &#233; um indicador de les&#227;o nos cardiomi&#243;citos&#44; os n&#237;veis de BNP e de por&#231;&#227;o N&#8208;terminal do proBNP &#40;NT&#8208;proBNP&#41; podem refletir um aumento do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">stress</span> mioc&#225;rdio<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14</span></a>&#46; Da&#237; que&#44; segundo a literatura&#44; a eleva&#231;&#227;o das troponinas pode ser considerada uma medida precoce de dete&#231;&#227;o de cardiotoxicidade&#44; ao passo que o BNP parece ser menos consistente&#46; Por &#250;ltimo&#44; refere&#8208;se que&#44; no caso de a dose de antraciclinas administradas exceder os 240<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; &#233; aconselh&#225;vel a realiza&#231;&#227;o de avalia&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas antes da administra&#231;&#227;o de ciclos adicionais &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figura 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0030"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Preven&#231;&#227;o da cardiotoxicidade</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A redu&#231;&#227;o da cardiotoxicidade das antraciclinas associada &#224; manuten&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia terap&#234;utica pode ser obtida atrav&#233;s de medidas de preven&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas e farmacol&#243;gicas&#46;</p><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Preven&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os fatores de risco cardiovascular devem ser detetados e adequadamente tratados aquando do diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a neopl&#225;sica&#46; Os doentes devem ser incentivados a adotar um estilo de vida saud&#225;vel&#44; composto por uma dieta com baixo teor em gorduras saturadas e com restri&#231;&#227;o salina at&#233; 2&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g de s&#243;dio por dia&#44; a evitar o consumo de agentes t&#243;xicos como &#225;lcool e tabaco&#44; e a manter o &#237;ndice de massa corporal em valores pr&#243;ximos dos 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; A pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica&#44; de alta ou baixa intensidade&#44; durante o tratamento com antraciclinas aumenta a reserva cardiovascular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#46; Estudos&#44; em modelos animais&#44; t&#234;m demonstrado que o exerc&#237;cio pode reduzir a cardiotoxicidade destes agentes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46; Embora o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico se tenha mostrado promissor na melhoria da fun&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar em sobreviventes de cancro da mama<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;18</span></a>&#44; ainda n&#227;o existem ensaios cl&#237;nicos no homem que comprovem o seu papel cardioprotetor&#46; Outra estrat&#233;gia envolve reduzir&#44; ou mesmo evitar&#44; o uso de f&#225;rmacos que provocam prolongamento do intervalo QT&#44; nomeadamente antagonistas da 5&#8208;hidroxitriptamina &#40;frequentemente utilizados na preven&#231;&#227;o de efeitos adversos da quimioterapia como n&#225;useas ou v&#243;mitos&#41;&#44; e de anti&#8208;histam&#237;nicos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#44;20</span></a>&#46; Salienta&#8208;se&#44; tamb&#233;m&#44; a import&#226;ncia de minimizar a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o&#44; da corre&#231;&#227;o de dist&#250;rbios hidroeletrol&#237;ticos e do tratamento de comorbilidades &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0035">Tabela 7</a>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0035"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A diminui&#231;&#227;o da dose de antraciclinas administrada &#233; uma das formas de reduzir a incid&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda &#40;DSVE&#41;&#44; como comprovam os resultados obtidos pelo estudo realizado com doses de doxorrubicina de 400&#44; 500 e 550<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; onde se verificaram incid&#234;ncias de 5&#44; 16 e 26&#37;&#44; respetivamente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46; Apesar de as antraciclinas parecerem ter um efeito cardiot&#243;xico independente da dose administrada&#44; v&#225;rios estudos comprovam que a administra&#231;&#227;o de doses inferiores&#44; e de forma cont&#237;nua&#44; durante 24&#8208;92<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0630"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#44; reduz o risco de les&#245;es card&#237;acas&#44; sendo inclusivamente descrita como a medida mais efetiva<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#46; O aumento do tempo de dura&#231;&#227;o da infus&#227;o reduz a cardiotoxicidade sem comprometer a efic&#225;cia do tratamento oncol&#243;gico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#44; mas uma infus&#227;o com dura&#231;&#227;o superior a 96<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h est&#225; associada a maior incid&#234;ncia de estomatite&#46; A &#250;nica exce&#231;&#227;o&#44; onde a infus&#227;o cont&#237;nua de doxorrubicina parece n&#227;o ter um efeito cardioprotetor comparativamente com a dose intravenosa r&#225;pida&#44; verifica&#8208;se em crian&#231;as com leucemia linfobl&#225;stica aguda &#40;LLA&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&#46; Outros ensaios cl&#237;nicos avaliaram&#44; atrav&#233;s de bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica&#44; os danos provocados pela administra&#231;&#227;o de antraciclinas em diferentes esquemas e conclu&#237;ram que a perfus&#227;o cont&#237;nua provocava danos muito menos significativos&#44; quando comparada com a administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa r&#225;pida<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#46; Estes ensaios cl&#237;nicos mostraram&#44; tamb&#233;m&#44; que os doentes que receberam doses cont&#237;nuas tiveram maior toler&#226;ncia para doses cumulativas superiores de doxorrubicina&#46; Embora estudos em modelos animais tenham demonstrado que as concentra&#231;&#245;es de antraciclinas em tecidos tumorais eram as mesmas&#44; independentemente do m&#233;todo de administra&#231;&#227;o&#44; cont&#237;nua ou intravenosa r&#225;pida&#44; o mesmo n&#227;o se verificava no tecido card&#237;aco&#44; onde a infus&#227;o r&#225;pida atingia concentra&#231;&#245;es superiores&#44; provocando maior toxicidade<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Preven&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica</span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Antioxidantes</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Apesar de os antioxidantes terem a capacidade de neutralizar a forma&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres provocada pelas antraciclinas e&#44; teoricamente&#44; reduzirem ou prevenirem a cardiotoxicidade&#44; ensaios cl&#237;nicos com N&#8208;acetilciste&#237;na&#44; coezima Q&#44; L&#8208;carnitina&#44; feniletilamina&#44; amifostina e combina&#231;&#227;o de vitamina E&#44; vitamina C e N&#8208;acetilciste&#237;na n&#227;o foram capazes de comprovar o efeito cardioprotetor<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&#46; J&#225; a eritropoetina e o iloprost<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> mostraram&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span>&#44; ser protetoras contra os efeitos cardiot&#243;xicos da doxorrubicina&#44; sem afetar a sua efic&#225;cia antitumoral&#46; Ser&#225;&#44; no entanto&#44; necess&#225;rio documentar o seu papel cardioprotetor <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vivo</span>&#46;</p></span></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Derivados lipossomais</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Uma das op&#231;&#245;es para a redu&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos adversos card&#237;acos das antraciclinas &#233; a altera&#231;&#227;o da apresenta&#231;&#227;o do f&#225;rmaco ou a associa&#231;&#227;o com outras subst&#226;ncias&#44; como&#44; por exemplo&#44; os derivados lipossomais<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0465"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a>&#46; Em estudos que compararam a efic&#225;cia da doxorrubicina com a doxorrubicina encapsulada em lisossomas&#44; apesar de n&#227;o se observarem diferen&#231;as na taxa de resposta tumoral&#44; na sobrevida global ou no tempo livre de progress&#227;o&#44; verificou&#8208;se que a incid&#234;ncia de IC e de DSVE era inferior nos doentes tratados com a formula&#231;&#227;o lisossomal&#46; Para al&#233;m disso&#44; este grupo apresentava menor incid&#234;ncia de outros efeitos adversos&#44; nomeadamente de neutropenia&#44; n&#225;useas&#44; v&#243;mitos e diarreia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#46; Dado o seu elevado custo&#44; estes f&#225;rmacos n&#227;o s&#227;o utilizados com frequ&#234;ncia e a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Food and Drug Administration</span> &#40;FDA&#41; aprovou a sua administra&#231;&#227;o apenas para o cancro do ov&#225;rio&#44; sarcoma de Kaposi associado &#224; s&#237;ndrome da imunodefici&#234;ncia adquirida e mieloma m&#250;ltiplo ap&#243;s um ano de tratamento n&#227;o responsivo a outros f&#225;rmacos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Dexrazoxane</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A administra&#231;&#227;o concomitante de dexrazoxane nos regimes terap&#234;uticos antitumorais manifesta&#8208;se como um mecanismo cardioprotetor&#44; prevenindo o aumento das troponinas e reduzindo a incid&#234;ncia de IC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0480"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a>&#46; Alguns autores atribu&#237;am o efeito cardioprotetor deste quelante do ferro &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da quantidade de ferro intracelular&#44; o que poderia reduzir a forma&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres induzida pela administra&#231;&#227;o de antraciclinas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0480"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a>&#46; No entanto&#44; estudos efetuados com outros quelantes do ferro n&#227;o se demostraram eficazes na cardioprote&#231;&#227;o<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35&#44;36</span></a>&#46; Tem&#44; tamb&#233;m&#44; sido sugerido que o efeito cardioprotetor do dexrazoxane se deve&#44; n&#227;o s&#243; &#224; antagoniza&#231;&#227;o da forma&#231;&#227;o do complexo de clivagem da topoisomerase <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span>&#44; como tamb&#233;m &#224; r&#225;pida degrada&#231;&#227;o da topoisomerase <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span> beta&#44; sugerindo o envolvimento desta enzima na cardiotoxicidade induzida pela doxorrubicina<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0495"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>&#46; Quando se avaliou a efic&#225;cia da dexrazoxane num estudo com mais 200 crian&#231;as com LLA&#44; verificou&#8208;se que limitava a eleva&#231;&#227;o da troponina T em ambos os sexos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>&#44; e que tinha efeito atenuador na redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento do VE e na manuten&#231;&#227;o do r&#225;cio espessura&#8208;dimens&#227;o do VE a cinco anos&#44; mas apenas em crian&#231;as do sexo feminino<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0505"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a>&#46; Mais recentemente&#44; foram reportados tr&#234;s casos de adultos que realizavam tratamento antineopl&#225;sico para o cancro da mama em combina&#231;&#227;o com dexrazoxane e que desenvolveram leucemia mieloide aguda&#46; No entanto&#44; dois estudos comparativos&#44; placebo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> dexrazoxane&#44; em crian&#231;as com LLA seguidas durante cinco e dez anos&#44; n&#227;o revelaram diferen&#231;as na incid&#234;ncia de malignidade secund&#225;ria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0510"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40&#44;41</span></a>&#46; Apesar disso&#44; e tendo por base os efeitos adversos detetados&#44; a FDA e a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">European Medicines Agency</span> restringiram o uso de dexrazoxane a adultos do sexo feminino&#44; com cancro da mama metast&#225;tico&#44; tratados com doses cumulativas de doxorrubicina superiores a 300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> e que beneficiariam de tratamento adicional com antraciclinas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0520"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Bloqueadores&#8208;beta</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A cardioprote&#231;&#227;o conferida pelos bloqueadores&#8208;beta &#40;BB&#41; sobre a toxicidade da quimioterapia parece advir do seu efeito antioxidante e das suas propriedades antiapopt&#243;ticas&#44; sendo um exemplo de destaque o carvedilol<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0525"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a>&#46; Este f&#225;rmaco tem mostrado resultados promissores na diminui&#231;&#227;o da incid&#234;ncia de cardiomiopatia induzida por antraciclinas&#44; preservando a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica&#46; Em crian&#231;as&#44; o carvedilol limitou a eleva&#231;&#227;o da troponina <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span> e aumentou&#44; quer a fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento quer o pico sist&#243;lico de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">strain rate</span> global<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0530"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a>&#46; Segundo alguns estudos&#44; os BB e os inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina &#40;IECA&#41;&#44; dos quais falaremos de seguida&#44; poderiam prevenir a remodela&#231;&#227;o verificada na IC atrav&#233;s da redu&#231;&#227;o da resposta adren&#233;rgica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0535"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45&#44;46</span></a>&#46; Contudo&#44; n&#227;o foram observados efeitos cardioprotetores&#44; quer no tratamento com metoprolol quer no tratamento com enalapril<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0545"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina e antagonistas do recetor da angiotensina</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os IECA e os antagonistas do recetor da angiotensina &#40;ARA&#41; t&#234;m mostrado propriedades cardioprotetoras&#44; atrav&#233;s de mecanismos potenciais&#44; como a redu&#231;&#227;o do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">stress</span> oxidativo&#44; a limita&#231;&#227;o da remodela&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#40;VE&#41; e a diminui&#231;&#227;o da apoptose<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0550"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a>&#46; Em crian&#231;as&#44; e quando administrado por pelo menos dois anos ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do regime antineopl&#225;sico&#44; o enalapril n&#227;o demonstrou benef&#237;cios na limita&#231;&#227;o do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">stress</span> telessist&#243;lico da parede ventricular esquerda&#44; nem na diminui&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento em crian&#231;as com DSVE provocada por antraciclinas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0555"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a>&#46; Contrariamente&#44; em adultos tratados com altas doses de antraciclinas&#44; este f&#225;rmaco revelou efic&#225;cia na preven&#231;&#227;o da IC e na preven&#231;&#227;o do decl&#237;nio de par&#226;metros de avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca como a FEVE<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0560"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a>&#46; Estudos em ratos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">knock&#8208;out</span> para o gene do recetor tipo <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span> da angiotensina tipo <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span> evidenciaram que a doxorrubicina n&#227;o provoca cardiotoxicidade neste animais e que a administra&#231;&#227;o de ARA em ratos pode prevenir a cardiomiopatia induzida pela daunorrubicina<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0550"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a>&#46; Apesar de s&#243; serem conhecidos dois estudos aleatorizados abordando a fun&#231;&#227;o dos ARA&#44; foi demonstrado que o valsartan &#233; capaz de prevenir o prolongamento agudo do intervalo QT corrigido&#44; a dilata&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE e a eleva&#231;&#227;o do BNP&#44; durante uma semana de quimioterapia&#44; embora sem efeitos na FEVE<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0570"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51</span></a> e que o telmisartan &#233; capaz de prevenir a diminui&#231;&#227;o do pico de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">strain rate</span> durante a administra&#231;&#227;o de altas doses de antraciclinas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0575"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">52</span></a>&#46; No entanto&#44; s&#227;o necess&#225;rios mais estudos&#44; com tempo de seguimento superior&#44; para que essa efic&#225;cia seja comprovada&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Estatinas</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As estatinas t&#234;m mostrado propriedades antioxidantes e anti&#8208;inflamat&#243;rias<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0580"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53</span></a>&#46; Estudos em modelos animais revelaram que a fluvastatina &#233; capaz de atenuar o efeito cardiot&#243;xico induzido pelas antraciclinas&#44; reduzindo o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">stress</span> oxidativo&#44; aumentando a express&#227;o da enzima antioxidante mitocondrial super&#243;xido dismutase 2&#44; contribuindo&#44; assim&#44; para menor inflama&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0580"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53</span></a>&#46; Num ensaio cl&#237;nico&#44; onde foi avaliada a efic&#225;cia do tratamento cont&#237;nuo com estatinas em doentes com cancro da mama&#44; em tratamento com antraciclinas&#44; verificou&#8208;se que a incid&#234;ncia de IC era inferior com o uso desses f&#225;rmacos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0585"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">54</span></a>&#46; Noutro estudo efetuado em doentes com FEVE previamente normal&#44; que foram submetidos a tratamento antineopl&#225;sico com antraciclinas&#44; observou&#8208;se&#44; ap&#243;s seis meses&#44; que a FEVE se mantinha inalterada nos doentes tratados com atorvastatina&#44; em compara&#231;&#227;o com redu&#231;&#227;o de 8&#37; no grupo controlo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0590"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Deve&#44; e como ideia final&#44; ser salientado que a evid&#234;ncia da efic&#225;cia da preven&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica &#233;&#44; atualmente&#44; ainda pouco consistente&#44; pelo que a principal estrat&#233;gia preventiva continua a residir na adequada avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via dos doentes e na monitoriza&#231;&#227;o&#44; sele&#231;&#227;o e adapta&#231;&#227;o da dose da terap&#234;utica antioncol&#243;gica&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Tratamento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ap&#243;s o desenvolvimento de sinais ou sintomas de IC ou da diminui&#231;&#227;o da FEVE&#44; decorrentes da cardiotoxicidade&#44; o tratamento deve ser feito com base nas <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">guidelines</span> das sociedades cient&#237;ficas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0595"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56</span></a>&#46; Apesar da sele&#231;&#227;o do tratamento a ser aplicado nestas circunst&#226;ncias ser importante&#44; um estudo demostrou que o fator preponderante no sucesso diz respeito ao intervalo de tempo decorrido entre o tratamento antineopl&#225;sico e o in&#237;cio da institui&#231;&#227;o da terap&#234;utica para a IC&#44; uma vez que&#44; se este intervalo for superior a seis meses&#44; parece n&#227;o se verificar recupera&#231;&#227;o completa da FEVE<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0600"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">57</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Perspetivas futuras</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Encontram&#8208;se&#44; atualmente&#44; em curso diversos estudos com o objetivo de avaliar o grau de prote&#231;&#227;o conferido por determinadas estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas&#44; farmacol&#243;gicas ou n&#227;o&#44; na preven&#231;&#227;o da toxicidade induzida por antraciclinas &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0040">Tabela 8</a>&#41;&#46; Ser&#225; necess&#225;rio&#44; no entanto&#44; um per&#237;odo de alguns anos para que sejam conhecidos os respetivos resultados&#46; Torna&#8208;se&#44; ainda&#44; premente a cria&#231;&#227;o de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">guidelines</span>&#44; cientificamente reconhecidas&#44; que orientem na avalia&#231;&#227;o e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica destes doentes&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0040"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O aumento da sobrevida dos doentes submetidos a tratamentos antineopl&#225;sicos e o consequente incremento da incid&#234;ncia de cardiotoxicidade induzida pelas antraciclinas estimulam a necessidade de investigar e comprovar os exatos mecanismos que levam a efeitos adversos verificados a n&#237;vel card&#237;aco&#44; para que estes sejam evitados&#46; A investiga&#231;&#227;o adicional permitir&#225; que planos de preven&#231;&#227;o&#44; espec&#237;ficos e validados&#44; sejam estabelecidos&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Conflito de interesses</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O crescente uso de antraciclinas&#44; aliado ao aumento da sobrevida dos doentes oncol&#243;gicos&#44; motiva a necessidade de monitorizar os efeitos t&#243;xicos destes f&#225;rmacos&#46; Para que a sua cardiotoxicidade possa ser detetada&#44; prevenida ou atenuada&#44; torna&#8208;se essencial que todos os doentes sejam&#44; do ponto de vista cardiovascular&#44; submetidos a uma rigorosa avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial e a um estreito acompanhamento&#46; Diversos ensaios cl&#237;nicos comprovaram o efeito cardioprotetor produzido por medidas n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas como o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico&#44; a ado&#231;&#227;o de um estilo de vida saud&#225;vel&#44; o controlo de fatores de risco e o tratamento de comorbilidades&#59; foi tamb&#233;m verificado um efeito cardioprotetor com estrat&#233;gias farmacol&#243;gicas como o uso de bloqueadores&#8208;beta&#44; inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina&#44; antagonistas do recetor da angiotensina&#44; estatinas&#44; dexrazoxane ou derivados lipossomais&#46; No entanto&#44; atualmente n&#227;o existe qualquer diretriz cient&#237;fica que oriente as estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o nestes doentes&#46; Com esta revis&#227;o propomo&#8208;nos abordar o estado da arte relativo &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o&#44; monitoriza&#231;&#227;o e&#44; principalmente&#44; &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o da cardiotoxicidade provocada pelas antraciclinas&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The increasing use of anthracyclines&#44; together with the longer survival of cancer patients&#44; means the toxic effects of these drugs need to be monitored&#46; In order to detect&#44; prevent or mitigate anthracycline&#8208;induced cardiomyopathy&#44; it is essential that all patients undergo a rigorous initial cardiovascular assessment&#44; followed by close monitoring&#46; Several clinical trials have shown the cardioprotective effect of non&#8208;pharmacological measures such as exercise&#44; healthy lifestyles&#44; control of risk factors and treatment of comorbidities&#59; a cardioprotective effect has also been observed with pharmacological measures such as beta&#8208;blockers&#44; angiotensin&#8208;converting enzyme inhibitors&#44; angiotensin receptor antagonists&#44; statins&#44; dexrazoxane and liposomal formulations&#46; However&#44; there are currently no guidelines for managing prevention in these patients&#46; In this review the authors discuss the state of the art of the assessment&#44; monitoring&#44; and&#44; above all&#44; the prevention of anthracycline&#8208;induced cardiotoxicity&#46;</p></span>"
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          "pt" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Inicia&#231;&#227;o de um regime potencialmente associado a cardiotoxicidade por antraciclinas&#46;</p> <p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Eco2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D&#58; ecocardiograma 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D&#59; Eco3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D&#58; ecocardiograma 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D&#59; FEVE&#58; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo&#59; GLS&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">global longitudinal strain&#59;</span> LIN&#58; limite inferior do normal&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Adaptado de Adao et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#44; Liu e Wang<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0605"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58</span></a>&#44; Machado et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0610"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">59</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ca&#58; carcinoma&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mecanismos de cardiotoxicidade&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mecanismos de a&#231;&#227;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Antraciclinas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Utiliza&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cardiotoxicidade&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="5" align="left" valign="middle">Principais mecanismos&#58;<br>&#8208; topoisomerase <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span> beta<br>&#8208; peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica<br>&#8208; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">stress</span>&#160;oxidativo<br>&#8208; apoptose e necrose das c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas<br><br>Comprometimento da s&#237;ntese de DNA&#44; RNA e prote&#237;nas&#44; e de fatores de transcri&#231;&#227;o envolvidos na regula&#231;&#227;o de genes espec&#237;ficos do cora&#231;&#227;o<br><br>Balan&#231;o negativo das prote&#237;nas sarcom&#233;ricas&#44; nas c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas provocado pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o proteica e pelo aumento da degrada&#231;&#227;o de miofilamentos&#46; Utiliza&#231;&#227;o de terap&#234;uticas combinadas potencia a redu&#231;&#227;o miofilamentar<br><br>Les&#245;es no DNA e altera&#231;&#227;o da bioenerg&#233;tica&#160;ao n&#237;vel mitocondrial&#46;<br><br>Desequil&#237;brio na regula&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca&#44; com altera&#231;&#245;es na atividade adren&#233;rgica&#44; na adenilc&#237;clase e na homeostasia do c&#225;lcio&#46;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="5" align="left" valign="middle">A forma&#231;&#227;o de um complexo com DNA por conjuga&#231;&#227;o dos an&#233;is planos com pares de bases de nucle&#243;tidos provoca inibi&#231;&#227;o dos &#225;cidos nucleicos &#40;DNA e RNA&#41; e a s&#237;ntese de prote&#237;nas&#46; Esta conjuga&#231;&#227;o desencadeia a clivagem do DNA pela topoisomerase <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span>&#44; resultando em atividade citot&#243;xica<br>Inibem a atividade da helicase impedindo a clivagem enzim&#225;tica da cadeia dupla de DNA&#44; interferindo&#44; assim&#44; com a sua replica&#231;&#227;o e transcri&#231;&#227;o<br><br>Est&#227;o envolvidas em rea&#231;&#245;es de oxida&#231;&#227;o&#47;redu&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s da forma&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres citot&#243;xicos</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Doxorrubicina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ca avan&#231;ado do est&#244;mago<br>Ca bexiga<br>Ca mama<br>Ca ov&#225;rios<br>Ca pequenas c&#233;lulas do pulm&#227;o<br>Ca tiroide<br>Doen&#231;a de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hodgkin</span><br>Leucemia aguda<br>Linfoma n&#227;o&#8208;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hodgkin</span><br>Neuroblastoma<br>Sarcoma<br>Tumor de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Wilms</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aguda&#58;</span> hipotens&#227;o<br>Arritmias<br>Taquicardia<br>Tromboembolismo<br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Subaguda&#58;</span> pericardite<br>Miocardite<br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cr&#243;nica&#58;</span> cardiomiopatia dilatada<br>Disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til<br>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Daunorrubicina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Leucemia linfobl&#225;stica aguda<br>Leucemia mieloide aguda&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Agudas&#58;</span> taquicardia sinusal<br>Taquiarritmias<br>Extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares<br>Bloqueio AV<br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cr&#243;nica&#58;</span> cardiomiopatia dilatada<br>Disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til<br>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Epirrubicina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ca avan&#231;ado do ov&#225;rio<br>Ca est&#244;mago<br>Ca mama<br>Ca pulm&#227;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aguda&#58;</span> taquicardia ventricular<br>Bloqueio auriculoventricular<br>Bloqueio de ramo<br>Bradicardia<br>Tromboembolismo<br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cr&#243;nica&#58;</span> cardiomiopatia dilatada<br>Disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til<br>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Idarrubicina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Leucemia linfoc&#237;tica aguda<br>Leucemia mieloide aguda&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aguda&#58;</span> arritmias<br>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o auricular<br>Enfarte agudo do mioc&#225;rdio<br>Tromboembolismo<br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cr&#243;nica&#58;</span> cardiomiopatia dilatada<br>Disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til<br>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Mitoxantrona&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ca avan&#231;ado da mama<br>Leucemia mieloide aguda em adultos<br>Linfomas n&#227;o&#8208;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hodgkin</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aguda&#58;</span> arritmias<br>Miocardite<br>Hipertens&#227;o arterial<br>Isquemia mioc&#225;rdica<br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cr&#243;nica&#58;</span> cardiomiopatia dilatada<br>Disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til<br>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab1103759.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "pt" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cardiotoxicidade&#44; farmacocin&#233;tica e utiliza&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica das antraciclinas</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabela 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at2"
            "detalle" => "Tabela "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Adaptado de Albini et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#44; Seidman et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0615"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">60</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">FEVE&#58; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo&#59; IC&#58; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">A presen&#231;a de um dos crit&#233;rios apresentados &#233; suficiente para que se estabele&#231;a o diagn&#243;stico de cardiotoxicidade&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Presen&#231;a de cardiomiopatia com redu&#231;&#227;o da FEVE&#44; com compromisso global ou com altera&#231;&#245;es segmentares mais evidentes na regi&#227;o septal&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Sintomatologia associada a IC&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Dete&#231;&#227;o de galope S3&#44; taquicardia&#44; ou ambos&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Redu&#231;&#227;o da FEVE de&#44; pelo menos&#44; 5&#37; para n&#237;veis inferiores a 55&#37;&#44; com sinais ou sintomas de IC&#44; ou uma queda na FEVE de&#44; pelo menos&#44; 10&#37; para n&#237;veis inferiores a 55&#37;&#44; na aus&#234;ncia de sinais ou sintomas&#44; comparativamente com os valores basais do indiv&#237;duo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab1103757.png"
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          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "pt" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Crit&#233;rios utilizados para confirmar ou classificar um diagn&#243;stico preliminar de disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca&#44; definidos pelo Comit&#233; de Avalia&#231;&#227;o e Revis&#227;o Card&#237;aca</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabela 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at3"
            "detalle" => "Tabela "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Adaptado de Plana et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ASE&#58; American Society of Echocardiography&#59; EAE&#58; European Association of Echocardiography&#59; FC&#58; frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca&#59; FEVE&#58; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo&#59; GLS&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">global longitudinal strain</span>&#59; IAC&#8208;Echo&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Intersocietal Accreditation Commission Echocardiography</span>&#59; MAPSE&#58; excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano do anel mitral&#59; PA&#58; press&#227;o arterial&#59; TAPSE&#58; excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano do anel tric&#250;spide&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica padr&#227;o</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; De acordo com as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">guidelines</span> ASE&#47;EAE e IAC&#8208;Echo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagem 2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D strain</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; Incid&#234;ncia apical&#58; tr&#234;s&#44; quatro e duas c&#226;maras&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; Obter &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3 ciclos card&#237;acos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; Imagens obtidas simultaneamente mantendo o mesmo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">frame rate</span> e profundidade&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Frame rate</span> entre 40&#8208;90 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">frames</span>&#47;segundo ou &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>40&#37; da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; Integral velocidade&#8208;tempo a&#243;rtico &#40;tempo&#47;per&#237;odo de eje&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtico&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">An&#225;lise da imagem 2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D strain</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; Quantificar a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">strain</span> segmentar e global &#40;GLS&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; Mostrar as curvas de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">strain</span> segmentar na incid&#234;ncia apical num formato quadrangular&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; Mostrar o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">strain</span> global em perspetiva <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">bull&#39;s&#8208;eye</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Artefactos da imagem 2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D strain</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; Ectopia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; Respira&#231;&#227;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagem 3</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; Apical de quatro c&#226;maras&#44; volume total&#44; para avaliar o volume ventricular esquerdo e calcular a FEVE&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; Resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial e temporal otimizadas para batimentos &#250;nicos ou m&#250;ltiplos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Relat&#243;rio</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; Momento da ecocardiografia em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; infus&#227;o <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">IV</span> &#40;n&#250;mero de dias antes ou depois&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; Sinais vitais &#40;FC&#44; PA&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D FEVE&#47;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D m&#233;todo de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Simpson</span> biplano&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; GLS &#40;ecocardi&#243;grafo&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">software</span> e vers&#227;o utilizadas&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; Na aus&#234;ncia de GLS&#44; medi&#231;&#227;o do MAPSE medial e lateral&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; Ventr&#237;culo direito&#58; TAPSE&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab1103760.png"
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "pt" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o protocolo ecocardiogr&#225;fico cardio&#8208;oncol&#243;gico</p>"
        ]
      ]
      4 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0020"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabela 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at4"
            "detalle" => "Tabela "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Adaptado de Plana et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ASE&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">American Society of Echocardiography</span>&#59; EAE&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">European Association of Echocardiography</span>&#59; Eco2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D&#58; ecocardiograma 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D&#59; Eco3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D&#58; ecocardiograma 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D&#59; FEVE&#58; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo&#59; VE&#58; ventr&#237;culo esquerdo&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; O ecocardiograma &#233; o m&#233;todo de elei&#231;&#227;o para a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos doentes antes&#44; durante e ap&#243;s tratamento oncol&#243;gico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; Devem ser realizados c&#225;lculos precisos da FEVE atrav&#233;s do melhor m&#233;todo dispon&#237;vel no laborat&#243;rio de ecocardiografia &#40;idealmente Eco3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; Quando utilizado o Eco2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D&#44; o m&#233;todo biplano de Simpson modificado deve ser a t&#233;cnica de escolha&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; A FEVE deve ser combinada com o c&#225;lculo do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">wall motion score &#237;ndex</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; Na aus&#234;ncia do GLS por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">speckle&#8208;tracking</span>&#44; &#233; recomendado quantificar a fun&#231;&#227;o longitudinal do VE usando a excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano do anel mitral e&#47;ou o pico de velocidade sist&#243;lica &#40;s&#8217;&#41; do anel mitral por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Doppler</span> tecidular pulsado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; A FEVE calculada por Eco2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D falha frequentemente na dete&#231;&#227;o de pequenas altera&#231;&#245;es da contratilidade do VE&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8226; Apesar dos par&#226;metros diast&#243;licos n&#227;o terem valor progn&#243;stico comprovado na cardiomiopatia induzida por terap&#234;utica com antraciclinas&#44; a avalia&#231;&#227;o convencional da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica VE&#44; incluindo a estimativa n&#227;o invasiva das press&#245;es de enchimento do VE&#44; deve ser acrescentada &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica VE&#44; segundo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da ASE&#47;EAE para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica com ecocardiografia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab1103755.png"
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "pt" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica num doente com cancro</p>"
        ]
      ]
      5 => array:8 [
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Adaptado de Plana et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#44; Raschi et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#44; Kongbundansuk e Hundley<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0620"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">61</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CV&#58; cardiovascular&#59; DAC&#58; doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria&#59; FEVE&#58; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo&#59; IC&#58; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca&#59; TFG&#58; taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular&#59; VE&#58; ventr&#237;culo esquerdo&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Exames auxiliares de diagn&#243;stico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Vantagens&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Desvantagens&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Eletrocardiograma</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">N&#227;o invasivo&#59;<br>Baixo custo&#59;<br>Permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o do intervalo QT&#59; o seu<br>prolongamento &#233; um reconhecido marcador de cardiotoxicidade&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">N&#227;o avalia a FEVE&#59;<br>Variabilidade intra e interobservador na avalia&#231;&#227;o do intervalo QT&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ecocardiograma&#47;Doppler</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">N&#227;o invasivo&#59;<br>Baixo custo&#59;<br>Permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional e morfol&#243;gica de par&#226;metros diast&#243;licos &#40;padr&#227;o do fluxo venoso pulmonar&#44; raz&#227;o E&#47;A&#44; tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico&#41;&#44; sist&#243;licos &#40;espessamento da parede durante a s&#237;stole&#44; FEVE&#44; fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento do VE&#41; e a avalia&#231;&#227;o da estrutura valvular e do peric&#225;rdio&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Variabilidade inter e intraobservador&#59;<br>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da FEVE sujeita a variabilidade e &#233; dependente da qualidade de imagem&#59;<br>Valor preditivo pouco claro na dete&#231;&#227;o precoce de les&#245;es subcl&#237;nicas&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Doppler tecidular</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Excelente resolu&#231;&#227;o temporal&#59;<br>Permite dete&#231;&#227;o precoce de les&#245;es subcl&#237;nicas &#40;atrav&#233;s da combina&#231;&#227;o com marcadores inflamat&#243;rios&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">stress</span> oxidativo&#41;&#59;<br>Permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional das press&#245;es de enchimento &#40;raz&#227;o E&#47;e&#8217;&#41;&#44; velocidades&#44; deforma&#231;&#227;o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;strain&#41;</span> e taxa de deforma&#231;&#227;o das paredes ventriculares <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;strain rate&#41; na</span> s&#237;stole e na di&#225;stole&#59;<br>Permite a dete&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica isolada&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Tempo de an&#225;lise superior&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2D strain&#47;speckle tracking &#8211; GLS</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Superioridade em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; FEVE na previs&#227;o de mortalidade cardiovascular na popula&#231;&#227;o geral&#59;<br>Melhor estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco em pacientes com IC&#59;<br>Capacidade de reconhecer disfun&#231;&#227;o VE precoce em doentes submetidos a terap&#234;utica cardiot&#243;xica<br>Reprodut&#237;vel quando realizado por operador experiente&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Grande depend&#234;ncia da qualidade de imagem do Eco2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D&#59;<br>Car&#234;ncia de ensaios cl&#237;nicos a longo prazo que avaliem a capacidade do GLS prever decr&#233;scimos persistentes da FEVE ou IC sintom&#225;tica&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ecocardiograma</span><br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">de stress</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o da reserva contr&#225;til do mioc&#225;rdio&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Semi&#8208;invasivo&#59;<br>Dados controversos e limitados na dete&#231;&#227;o precoce de cardiotoxicidade&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Angiografia de radionucl&#237;deos</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Alta reprodutibilidade&#59;<br>Baixa variabilidade interobservador e intraobservador&#59;<br>Validado na determina&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Exposi&#231;&#227;o a radia&#231;&#227;o&#59;<br>Baixa resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial e temporal&#59;<br>Volumes ventriculares subestimados&#59;<br>FEVE &#233; sobrestimada em ventr&#237;culos com dimens&#245;es mais pequenas &#40;crian&#231;as e mulheres&#41;&#59;<br>N&#227;o avalia a fun&#231;&#227;o valvular&#59;<br>Informa&#231;&#245;es parcas sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica&#59;<br>Valor preditivo limitado na dete&#231;&#227;o precoce de les&#245;es subcl&#237;nicas e de altera&#231;&#245;es na FEVE&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Reprodut&#237;vel&#59;<br>Aus&#234;ncia de exposi&#231;&#227;o a radia&#231;&#227;o&#59;<br>Permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o e fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica&#44; peric&#225;rdio e dete&#231;&#227;o de massas mioc&#225;rdicas&#59;<br>&#218;til em doentes com m&#225; janela ecocardiogr&#225;fica&#59;<br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gold standard</span> para o c&#225;lculo dos volumes do VE e da FEVE&#59;<br>Sequ&#234;ncia T2&#58; sens&#237;vel a aumentos segmentares ou globais do teor de &#225;gua mioc&#225;rdico resultante de inflama&#231;&#227;o&#44; les&#227;o microvascular e dos mi&#243;citos&#59; Sequencia T1&#58; fornece informa&#231;&#227;o relativa &#224; les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e fibrose&#59;<br>Contraste &#40;gadol&#237;nio&#41; sequ&#234;ncia T1&#58; dete&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es histopatol&#243;gicas &#40;vacuoliza&#231;&#227;o intracelular&#41;&#44; que permitem prever redu&#231;&#227;o da FEVE subsequente&#59;<br>Realce tardio &#40;gadol&#237;nio&#41;&#58; dete&#231;&#227;o de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica associada a progn&#243;stico adverso em doentes com DAC&#44; cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica e doen&#231;as infiltrativas&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Custo elevado&#59;<br>Disponibilidade limitada&#59;<br>Contraindicado em doentes com dispositivos n&#227;o compat&#237;veis com resson&#226;ncia &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pacemakers</span>&#44; dispositivos de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e desfibrilhadores implant&#225;veis&#41;&#59;<br>Risco de nefrotoxicidade do contraste em doentes com insufici&#234;ncia renal &#40;TFG &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tomografia</span><br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">computorizada</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Imagem com boa acuidade&#59;<br>Permite identificar calcifica&#231;&#227;o ou espessamento peric&#225;rdico em doentes submetidos a radia&#231;&#227;o ou cirurgia&#59;<br>Permite visualiza&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e avalia&#231;&#227;o da sua calcifica&#231;&#227;o&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Exposi&#231;&#227;o a radia&#231;&#227;o&#59;<br>Presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria pr&#233;via ao tratamento antineopl&#225;sico n&#227;o se mostrou preditora de risco CV nos doentes submetidos a quimioterapia<br>Pouco utilizado para seguimento e dete&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es subcl&#237;nicas da fun&#231;&#227;o CV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cintigrafia</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">N&#227;o invasiva&#59;<br>Permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional e estrutural&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Exposi&#231;&#227;o a radia&#231;&#227;o&#59;<br>Disponibilidade limitada&#59;<br>Baixa resolu&#231;&#227;o temporal&#59;<br>Natureza dos dados limitada&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Biomarcadores</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">N&#227;o invasivo&#59;<br>Baixa variabilidade interobservador&#59;<br>Permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular e de potenciais sinais de les&#227;o card&#237;aca&#59;<br>Promissores marcadores na dete&#231;&#227;o precoce<br>de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Valor preditivo indefinido&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bi&#243;psia</span><br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">endomioc&#225;rdica</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Permite detetar evid&#234;ncias histol&#243;gicas de les&#227;o card&#237;aca&#58; perda de miofibrilas&#44; vacuoliza&#231;&#227;o do citoplasma&#44; dilata&#231;&#227;o do ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico&#44; aumento do n&#250;mero de lisossomas e edema das mitoc&#244;ndrias&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Invasivo&#59;<br>Interpreta&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica requer especialista&#59;<br>N&#227;o fornece informa&#231;&#227;o funcional&#59;<br>Limita&#231;&#227;o dos resultados pela quantidade e qualidade da amostra recolhida&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Despiste les&#227;o endotelial</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Avalia&#231;&#227;o alternativa da toxicidade cardiovascular atrav&#233;s par&#226;metros alternativos como as citocinas&#44; as mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o e a rela&#231;&#227;o &#237;ntima&#47;m&#233;dia da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Valor preditivo desconhecido&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">An&#225;lise gen&#233;tica</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Minimamente invasiva&#59;<br>Permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o da suscetibilidade individual &#224; cardiotoxicidade&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Valor preditivo desconhecido&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0105" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Adaptado de Takigiku et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0635"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">62</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="spar0110" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">V1&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Vivid 7</span> ou <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Vivid E9</span> &#40;GE <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Healthcare</span>&#41;&#59; V2&#58; iE33 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Philips Medical Systems</span>&#41;&#59; V3&#58; Artida ou Aplio &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Toshiba Medical Systems</span>&#41;&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="7" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Idade</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">0&#8208;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">20&#8208;29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">30&#8208;39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">40&#8208;49&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">50&#8208;59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="8" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">V1</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Global&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;22&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;21&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;21&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;21&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;21&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;20&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;0218&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Homem&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;21&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;20&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;20&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;20&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;21&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;19&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;1982&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mulher&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;22&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;22&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;22&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;22&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;23&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;20&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;0348&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>p &#40;homem <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs&#46;</span> mulher&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;4292&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;0316&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;0178&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;0029&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;1381&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="8" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">V2</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Global&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;19&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;19&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;19&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;18&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;17&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;16&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Homem&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;19&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;18&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;19&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;17&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;16&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;15&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;0019&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mulher&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;20&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;20&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;20&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;19&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;20&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;17&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;0002&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>p &#40;homem <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs&#46;</span> mulher&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;1349&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;0248&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;1083&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;4316&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;0294&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;0928&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="8" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">V3</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Global&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;21&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;20&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;20&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;19&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;18&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;17&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Homem&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;21&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;20&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;20&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;19&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;18&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;16&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mulher&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;21&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;20&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;20&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;18&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;18&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8208;18&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;0141&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>p &#40;homem <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs&#46;</span> mulher&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;6076&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;9787&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;9201&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;1415&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;7374&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;0668&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Doses m&#225;ximas recomendadas &#40;mg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a></th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Doxorrubicina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">400&#8208;550&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Daunorrubicina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">550&#8208;800&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Epirrubicina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">900&#8208;1000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Idarrubicina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">150&#8208;225&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Mitoxantrona&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">100&#8208;140&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Doen&#231;as CV pr&#233;&#8208;existentes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Diabetes</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top">Predisposi&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica&#58; sexo feminino&#44; ra&#231;a negra</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top">Terap&#234;utica com irradia&#231;&#227;o mediast&#237;nica pr&#233;via ou concomitante</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top">Administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa em b&#243;lus</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top">Combina&#231;&#227;o com outros agentes&#44; tais como&#58; ciclofosfamida&#44; trastuzumab e paclitaxel</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top">Per&#237;odo de tempo decorrido desde a conclus&#227;o da quimioterapia</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top">Dist&#250;rbios eletrol&#237;ticos&#58; hipocalcemia e hipomagnesemia</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top">Hemocromatose &#40;muta&#231;&#227;o C282Y&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top">Hipertermia</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top">Hepatopatia</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0005"
              "etiqueta" => "&#42;"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Doentes com mais de 65 anos ou crian&#231;as que podem desenvolver cardiotoxicidade com doses cumulativas inferiores&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Adaptado de Raschi et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#44; Adao et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">CV&#58; cardiovasculares&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "pt" => "<p id="spar0115" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Fatores de risco de cardiotoxicidade com antraciclinas</p>"
        ]
      ]
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        "identificador" => "tbl0040"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabela 8"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
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            "identificador" => "at8"
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        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0135" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ca&#58; cancro&#59; DSVE&#58; disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda&#59; FDVE&#58; fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo&#59; FEVE&#58; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo&#59; RM&#58; resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica&#59; TC&#58; tomografia computorizada&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Autor &#40;refer&#234;ncias&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tipo de estudo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Doen&#231;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Quimioter&#225;pico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Interven&#231;&#227;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">N&#250;mero&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Per&#237;odo de seguimento&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Dados preliminares&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Data prevista de conclus&#227;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Mavrudis D ClinicalTrials&#46;gov<br>NCT01120171&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Distribui&#231;&#227;o aleat&#243;ria<br>fase 2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ca mama&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Antraciclinas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ciclofosfamida <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> doxorrubicina lipossomal encapsulada&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 anos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">TC e RM&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Maio 2015&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Campbell k ClinicalTrials&#46;gov<br>NCT02006979&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cego<br>fase 2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ca mama&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Antraciclinas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico agudo 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h antes da infus&#227;o de antraciclinas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 ano&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Global longitudinal strain</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Dezembro 2015&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Cipolla C ClinicalTrials&#46;gov<br>NCT01968200&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Distribui&#231;&#227;o aleat&#243;ria<br>fase 3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cancro&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Antraciclinas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Enalapril ap&#243;s aparecimento de les&#227;o card&#237;aca <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> enalapril concomitante &#224; quimioterapia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">268&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">At&#233; um ano ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino tratamento antineopl&#225;sico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">N&#237;veis de troponinas card&#237;acas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Julho 2016&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Virani S ClinicalTrials&#46;gov<br>NCT01708798&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Duplamente cego<br>fase 2&#44; 3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ca mama&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Antraciclinas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Eplerenona <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> placebo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">78&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6 meses&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">FDVE&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Maio 2015&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Bocchi E ClinicalTrials&#46;gov<br>NCT01724450&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Duplamente cego<br>fase 3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ca mama&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Antraciclinas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Carvedilol <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> placebo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">200&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 anos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">DSVE &#40;10&#37; redu&#231;&#227;o FEVE&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Outubro 2016&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Livi L<br>ClinicalTrials&#46;gov<br>NCT02236806&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cego<br>fase 3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ca mama&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Antraciclinas e Trastuzumab&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Bisoprolol <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> ramipril<br>Bisoprolol <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> placebo<br>Ramipril <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> placebo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">480&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 ano&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">FEVE&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Novembro 2017&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Smith K ClinicalTrials&#46;gov<br>NCT02096588&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Distribui&#231;&#227;o aleat&#243;ria<br>fase 2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ca mama&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Antraciclinas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sinvastatina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5 anos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Global longitudinal strain</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Abril 2021&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "pt" => "<p id="spar0130" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ensaios cl&#237;nicos em curso</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Bibliografia"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:62 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0315"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "C&#46;D&#46; Mathers"
                            1 => "D&#46; Loncar"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "PLoS Med&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "e442"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17132052"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0320"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "EACVI&#47;HFA Cardiac Oncology Toxicity Registry in breast cancer patients&#58; rationale&#44; study design&#44; and methodology &#40;EACVI&#47;HFACOT Registry&#41; &#8208; EURObservational Research Program of the European Society of Cardiology"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "P&#46; Lancellotti"
                            1 => "S&#46;D&#46; Anker"
                            2 => "E&#46; Donal"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Am Soc Echocardiogr&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "16"
                        "paginaInicial" => "466"
                        "paginaFinal" => "470"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
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Informação do artigo
ISSN: 08702551
Idioma original: Português
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