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the wavelength used in OCT is shorter&#44; enabling higher spatial resolution &#40;10&#8211;20 &#956;m axial resolution and 20&#8211;30 &#956;m lateral resolution&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;5&#44;6</span></a> However&#44; except for calcium&#44; penetration depth of OCT is lower than with IVUS&#44; particularly for thrombotic and lipid components&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Coronary OCT systems have evolved from first-generation time-domain systems to second-generation frequency-domain OCT&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The latter produces images at higher frame rates with slightly deeper penetration&#44; using a short&#44; non-occlusive flush and rapid spiral pullback&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;4</span></a> We had the opportunity to perform the first OCT studies in Portugal&#46; In addition to research purposes&#44; we recognize the invaluable potential of OCT as a diagnostic technique and as an adjunctive tool for percutaneous coronary intervention &#40;PCI&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data relevant to this topic have recently been published and we review the evidence on current clinical applications of OCT from a practical perspective&#46; The potential use of OCT in the successive stages in coronary artery disease management is discussed&#44; including morphologic lesion characterization and quantification of stenosis&#44; guidance for the decision to perform percutaneous coronary intervention and subsequent planning&#44; and evaluation of immediate and long-term results following PCI&#46;</p><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Morphologic lesion characterization</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Animal and human post-mortem studies have shown the ability of OCT to accurately characterize coronary atherosclerotic plaques&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;5</span></a> Due to its high spatial resolution&#44; OCT has proved superior to other imaging modalities&#44; including IVUS&#44; for detecting different plaque components&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;5&#44;6</span></a> A landmark post-mortem study showed a high sensitivity and specificity for detecting fibrous&#44; fibrocalcific and lipid-rich plaques in histological specimens&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> OCT is currently the only method with sufficient resolution to accurately measure the fibrous cap&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Historically&#44; thin-cap fibroatheromas &#40;TCFAs&#41; are the substrate of approximately two-thirds of acute myocardial infarctions as presented in pathology series&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Recently&#44; this has been validated in vivo in the OCTAVIA study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Furthermore&#44; macrophage infiltration&#44; which is a marker of plaque instability&#44; may be identified using OCT&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> In acute coronary syndrome &#40;ACS&#41; OCT is useful for identification of plaque dissection&#44; ulceration&#44; and erosion&#44; calcified nodules and thrombus<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figures 1 and 2</a>&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; OCT can differentiate between red and white thrombi&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> A complete description of the appearance of atherosclerotic and thrombotic components on OCT is beyond the scope of this review and is reported elsewhere&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">OCT is particularly valuable in providing insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of ACS and may help with the development of individualized therapeutic strategies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> TCFA&#44; plaque rupture and red thrombus have been detected in most patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction and are more frequent in comparison to non-ST elevation ACS&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span></a> However&#44; not all ACS lesions showed plaque rupture and the presence of intact fibrous cap was associated with better prognosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a> Moreover&#44; plaque rupture&#44; intracoronary thrombi&#44; lipid-rich plaques and TCFAs were more frequent in culprit compared to nonculprit lesions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are&#44; however&#44; some pitfalls in plaque characterization&#44; mainly related to the low penetration depth&#46; Penetration is lowest for thrombotic material&#44; which may lead to signal-free shadowing&#44; and non-protruding red thrombi may be misinterpreted as necrotic lipid pools due to a similar OCT signal pattern&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Furthermore&#44; in the majority of lesions an accurate measurement of lipid pool thickness cannot be performed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Stable coronary syndrome&#58; predicting physiology and assessing stenosis severity</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">OCT may be used to assess lesions of intermediate stenosis severity in vessels without a large size&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The proposed thresholds of minimal luminal area &#40;MLA&#41; and minimal luminal diameter &#40;MLD&#41; for detecting a hemodynamically significant lesion are based on recent validations against fractional flow reserve &#40;FFR&#41;&#44; which is considered the gold standard for assessing hemodynamic significance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#8211;22</span></a> In most studies&#44; FFR &#8804;0&#46;80 was taken as the threshold and the derived cut-offs of MLA and MLD ranged from 1&#46;59 mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> to 2&#46;54 mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> and from 1&#46;23 mm to 1&#46;77 mm&#44; respectively&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#8211;22</span></a> Taking FFR &#60;0&#46;75 as the threshold&#44; an MLA &#60;1&#46;91 mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> and an MLD &#60;1&#46;35 mm have been identified as the best cut-off values&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> A recent consensus report suggests a MLA threshold of 1&#46;95 mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; which has moderate sensitivity and negative predictive value for hemodynamic significance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;24</span></a> In small vessels lower thresholds should probably be used&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> In most studies&#44; however&#44; the correlation between FFR- and OCT-derived measurements was only moderate&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#44;21&#44;23</span></a> Despite potentially higher precision in determining MLA&#44; this simple cross-section value cannot predict physiology accurately&#44; as shown in a recent meta-analysis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> The ability of OCT to automatically segment the lumen through the entire pullback enables volumetric analysis of the vessel for the first time&#46; Applying the physical principles of fluid dynamics&#44; a better correlation with FFR was obtained by deriving virtual flow reserve&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Importantly&#44; MLA values obtained with OCT are consistently lower than with IVUS&#46; It has been speculated that the absence of non-uniform rotation distortion on OCT allows for a more precise contour of the lumen&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Percutaneous coronary intervention guided by optical coherence tomography</span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Adjunctive tool in decision-making for percutaneous coronary intervention</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Few data are available on the clinical impact of using OCT for guiding the decision to perform PCI&#44; but the results are encouraging&#46; In a single-center study&#44; 90 patients with ambiguous or intermediate lesions underwent PCI if MLA was &#60;3&#46;5 mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> or in the presence of thrombus&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> Post-dilatation or additional stent implantation was performed in cases of stent underexpansion&#44; incomplete stent apposition &#40;ISA&#41;&#44; significant intraluminal tissue prolapse&#44; or edge dissection extending beyond 200 &#956;m&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> In addition to high procedural success&#44; good clinical outcomes were reported at 4&#46;6&#177;3&#46;2 months of follow-up&#44; with 2&#46;2&#37; repeat revascularization and no stent thrombosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> An ongoing randomized trial &#40;FORZA&#41; is evaluating the feasibility of PCI guided by OCT in angiographically intermediate lesions with stenosis area &#8805;75&#37; assessed by OCT&#44; or 50&#8211;75&#37; with MLA &#60;2&#46;5 mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; or if a major plaque ulceration is detected&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0465"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recently&#44; OCT has been used to guide treatment in ACS in a different way&#46; The unique ability of the method to detect thrombus and plaque rupture adds an unprecedented level of confidence in determining the underlying mechanism of plaque instability&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> In a small study of 100 patients treated with thrombus aspiration followed by OCT&#44; no stent was implanted if the occlusion was mostly thrombotic and no significant coronary narrowing was detected by OCT&#44; provided that the patient was symptom-free and TIMI flow was &#8805;2 &#40;20 patients&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> Follow-up OCT studies showed a &#8220;normal vessel&#8221; and there were no adverse events at 12-month follow-up&#46; The safety and feasibility of medical management without stent placement in selected ACS patients with large thrombus burden detected by OCT has also been reported in other studies&#44; in which OCT revealed lesion characteristics that were not disclosed by angiography and facilitated treatment decisions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31&#44;32</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Adjunctive tool for planning percutaneous coronary intervention</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Similarly to IVUS&#44; OCT may be used to help plan the intervention and&#44; when used systematically&#44; it has been reported to alter procedural strategy in over 80&#37; of cases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> OCT can provide highly reproducible measurements of lesion length and reference vessel lumen diameter&#44; which may guide stent selection&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Information on plaque components such as calcification may suggest the use of ancillary devices such as rotational atherectomy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> OCT is the only method that can accurately image calcium thickness&#44; and a combination of high thickness and circumferential distribution may identify non-dilatable lesions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Moreover&#44; a lower calcium angle depicted by OCT correlates with asymmetric &#40;eccentric&#41; stent expansion and a higher calcium angle correlates with stent underexpansion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> OCT may also be useful during complex procedures such as PCI of chronic total occlusions&#44; where it may identify subintimal wire entrapment or double channels&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another potential use of OCT regarding PCI planning is risk stratification&#46; Previous OCT studies have linked lesion morphology with periprocedural microvascular damage or myocardial infarction&#46; In non-ST-elevation ACS&#44; the presence of TCFA and the size of the lipid arc at the culprit plaque were predictors of no-reflow&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0495"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> The presence of TCFA was also associated with elevation of post-PCI myocardial necrosis markers&#44; particularly if colocalized with spotty calcification&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> In addition&#44; in-stent thrombus or dissection detected by OCT after PCI also predicted periprocedural myocardial infarction&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0505"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> Although these OCT findings could aid risk stratification before or during PCI&#44; larger studies are needed to confirm the role of this clinical application&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Adjunctive tool for post-stenting assessment</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One of the main contributions of OCT is in assessing stent expansion&#44; sizing and apposition &#40;defined elsewhere<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;38</span></a>&#41; more accurately and with lower interobserver variability than angiography or IVUS&#46; Stent underexpansion and undersizing have been linked to stent restenosis and stent thrombosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0515"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a> The minimum stent area and lumen area of the reference vessel can be measured using OCT&#44; enabling accurate estimation of stent expansion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> ISA &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>&#41; delays neointimal coverage of the struts and is associated with stent thrombosis&#44; although neointimal hyperplasia usually tends to reduce ISA over time&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;40</span></a> OCT can measure the distance between the struts and the vessel wall and quantify the number of struts with incomplete apposition&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0525"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41&#44;42</span></a> Stent apposition is thus assessed at the strut level&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0530"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding vascular injury after PCI&#44; intimal dissection at the stent edges&#44; small thrombi and tissue prolapse commonly occur following stent deployment &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 4</a>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0535"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a> OCT is much more sensitive than IVUS for detecting these vascular responses&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0535"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a> Nevertheless&#44; their prognostic impact is controversial&#44; as discussed below&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">OCT may thus be useful after stent deployment&#44; as it may prompt optimization with further stenting or high-pressure or larger-sized balloon inflation&#44; with low procedural complication rates&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0540"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44&#44;45</span></a> Angiographic guidance for PCI in 335 patients was compared with angiographic plus OCT guidance in 335 patients in a propensity-score adjusted analysis &#40;the CLI-OPCI study&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0545"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a> OCT disclosed adverse features&#44; including stent malapposition&#44; stent underexpansion&#44; lumen narrowing&#44; thrombus&#44; or edge dissection&#44; requiring further stenting or additional balloon dilatation in 34&#46;7&#37; of patients&#46; The OCT-guided approach resulted in lower adjusted risk of cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction at 12 months of follow-up &#40;OR 0&#46;49&#44; 95&#37; confidence interval 0&#46;25&#8211;0&#46;96&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0545"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a> In another study&#44; even after achieving an optimal angiographic result following stenting&#44; removal of in-stent thrombus detected by OCT using balloon dilatation was shown to be a safe approach&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0550"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a> Of note&#44; left main intervention can be performed with OCT guidance&#44; and in a head-to-head comparison against IVUS&#44; OCT identified more findings that prompted additional interventions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0555"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a> The DOCTORS trial is currently evaluating the utility of OCT for optimizing the results of coronary angioplasty in non-ST-segment elevation ACS&#44; beyond angiography alone&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0560"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a></p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nevertheless&#44; following stent deployment&#44; minor stent malapposition with a short distance between the struts and the vessel wall&#44; small thrombus&#44; mild tissue prolapse&#44; or minor stent edge dissection do not seem to be associated with worse prognosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0565"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a> Improvement is expected during follow-up when these small non-flow limiting abnormalities are left untreated&#44; without adverse impact on clinical outcome&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0565"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a> Conversely&#44; a dissection flap thickness &#62;0&#46;31 mm carries an adverse clinical impact in the long term&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0570"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a> Regarding malapposition&#44; some operators recommend no additional post-dilatation unless there is &#62;200 &#956;m distance between the stent and wall vessel at multiple strut locations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Follow-up evaluation</span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Stent coverage</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">OCT has been used extensively to assess neointimal hyperplasia and strut coverage with different types of stents&#44; placed using different stenting techniques&#44; with or without adjunctive techniques&#46; Different quantitative measurements may be obtained&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;51&#8211;55</span></a> Accuracy is greater than with IVUS&#59; not only the completeness of individual strut coverage but also the thickness of coverage can be assessed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;51</span></a> OCT studies have shown that a greater percentage of uncovered struts is associated with increased risk of major adverse events after drug-eluting stent &#40;DES&#41; implantation&#44; a cut-off of &#8805;5&#46;9&#37; of uncovered struts on follow-up OCT having been reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0600"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Stent restenosis</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Quantitative measurements such as percentage lumen obstruction can be obtained by OCT&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> In addition&#44; different tissue patterns of in-stent restenosis &#40;ISR&#41; have been described&#44; including layered&#44; homogeneous and heterogeneous patterns&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0605"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">57</span></a> A heterogeneous pattern is more frequent in focal than in diffuse ISR and has been associated with the presence of fibrinoid or proteoglycans&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0605"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">57</span></a> In bare-metal stents&#44; early ISR is usually homogeneous due to neointimal proliferation&#44; which is rich in smooth muscle cells&#44; while late ISR may have a heterogeneous appearance due to lipid pools&#44; calcification and neovascularization&#44; suggesting that neoatherosclerosis is the underlying mechanism&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0610"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58</span></a> ISR of DES is typically characterized by a layered or heterogeneous intrastent tissue band and may be part of the spectrum of in-stent neoatherosclerotic changes&#44; such as TCFA-containing neointima&#44; particularly if the stent had been placed for at least 20 months&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0610"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58</span></a></p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In a recent study on ISR&#44; morphological assessment using OCT was useful for identifying lesions favorable for paclitaxel-coated balloon dilatation or DES placement&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0615"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">59</span></a> Of the 428 treated ISR lesions&#44; a homogenous structure was associated with higher rates of repeated ISR and target lesion revascularization using plain balloon angioplasty alone compared with paclitaxel-coated balloon dilatation or DES placement &#40;target lesion revascularization rates of 38&#46;7&#37;&#44; 10&#46;6&#37; and 10&#46;7&#37;&#44; respectively&#44; in a follow-up of 211&#177;40 days&#41;&#59; conversely&#44; no differences were found between the three treatment approaches in ISR lesions of heterogeneous appearance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0615"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">59</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Stent thrombosis</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mechanisms for stent thrombosis may be readily elucidated by OCT&#44; as mentioned above&#46; Strut malapposition or underexpansion&#44; incomplete strut coverage&#44; stent fracture&#44; incomplete lesion coverage by the stent&#44; edge dissection&#44; in-stent neoatherosclerosis and ruptured neointima&#44; particularly in areas of lipid-laden neointima&#44; may be detected by OCT&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;60&#44;61</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Future directions</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As a clinical tool&#44; OCT is currently potentially able to replace IVUS in every situation with the exception of diagnosis of lesions in the ostial left main or right coronary arteries&#44; in which the flow in the aorta prevents adequate blood clearance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4</span></a> However&#44; most of these patients should be assessed with FFR&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4</span></a> Another exception is chronic total occlusions in which antegrade injections are of potential concern&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4</span></a></p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The method continues to evolve&#44; with pullback speeds now reaching 40 mm&#47;s<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0630"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">62</span></a> and the potential for a paradigm shift&#44; with opportunities to save contrast compared to conventional angiography&#46; The introduction of angiographic frame co-registration enables precise spatial location for stent implantation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0635"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">63</span></a></p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">OCT can replicate IVUS metrics that are essentially cross-sectionally derived&#44; but most importantly allows for full volumetric analysis of the vessel&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> Virtual fractional flow reserve derived from OCT is a potentially disruptive technology in predicting physiology and assessing results after stenting&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a></p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally&#44; OCT is the most accurate method for follow-up assessment after placement of bioresorbable stents&#44; considering their low opacity at fluoroscopy and the lower accuracy of IVUS&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0640"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">64</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Conclusion</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The current clinical applications of OCT encompass the successive stages in coronary artery disease management&#44; from initial lesion evaluation to assessment of the final results of PCI&#44; including accurate lesion characterization and quantification of stenosis&#44; guidance for the decision to perform PCI and subsequent planning&#44; and evaluation of immediate and long-term results following PCI&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "identificador" => "xres604824"
          "titulo" => "Abstract"
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              "identificador" => "abst0005"
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        1 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec618928"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
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        2 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "xres604823"
          "titulo" => "Resumo"
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            0 => array:1 [
              "identificador" => "abst0010"
            ]
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        3 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec618929"
          "titulo" => "Palavras-chave"
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        4 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Introduction"
          "secciones" => array:2 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0010"
              "titulo" => "Morphologic lesion characterization"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0015"
              "titulo" => "Stable coronary syndrome&#58; predicting physiology and assessing stenosis severity"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        5 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0020"
          "titulo" => "Percutaneous coronary intervention guided by optical coherence tomography"
          "secciones" => array:3 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0025"
              "titulo" => "Adjunctive tool in decision-making for percutaneous coronary intervention"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0030"
              "titulo" => "Adjunctive tool for planning percutaneous coronary intervention"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0035"
              "titulo" => "Adjunctive tool for post-stenting assessment"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        6 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0040"
          "titulo" => "Follow-up evaluation"
          "secciones" => array:3 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0045"
              "titulo" => "Stent coverage"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0050"
              "titulo" => "Stent restenosis"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0055"
              "titulo" => "Stent thrombosis"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        7 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0060"
          "titulo" => "Future directions"
        ]
        8 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0065"
          "titulo" => "Conclusion"
        ]
        9 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0070"
          "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest"
        ]
        10 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2015-06-22"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2015-09-13"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec618928"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Clinical application"
            1 => "Coronary artery disease"
            2 => "Percutaneous coronary intervention"
            3 => "Optical coherence tomography"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "pt" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palavras-chave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec618929"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Aplica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica"
            1 => "Doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria"
            2 => "Interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea"
            3 => "Tomografia de coer&#234;ncia &#243;tica"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Coronary optical coherence tomography has emerged as the most powerful in-vivo imaging modality to evaluate vessel structure in detail&#46; It is a useful research tool that provides insights into the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease&#46; This technology has an important clinical role that is still being developed&#46; We review the evidence on the wide spectrum of potential clinical applications for coronary optical coherence tomography&#44; which encompass the successive stages in coronary artery disease management&#58; accurate lesion characterization and quantification of stenosis&#44; guidance for the decision to perform percutaneous coronary intervention and subsequent planning&#44; and evaluation of immediate and long-term results following intervention&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
      "pt" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumo"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A tomografia de coer&#234;ncia &#243;tica coron&#225;ria surgiu como a modalidade de imagem <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in-vivo</span> que permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o estrutural vascular mais detalhada&#46; Trata-se de uma ferramenta valiosa em investiga&#231;&#227;o&#44; tendo contribu&#237;do para melhor entendimento da patog&#233;nese da doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria&#46; Apresenta igualmente um papel importante na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica&#44; e o leque de sua aplicabilidade tem aumentado&#46; Enquadrando na evid&#234;ncia dispon&#237;vel&#44; discutimos neste artigo as principais aplica&#231;&#245;es da tomografia de coer&#234;ncia &#243;tica coron&#225;ria na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica&#44; que englobam as diferentes etapas na abordagem da doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria&#44; incluindo a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o e quantifica&#231;&#227;o da estenose&#44; o papel na decis&#227;o de realizar angioplastia&#44; o contributo na planifica&#231;&#227;o da mesma e a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos resultados a curto e a longo prazo ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
    ]
    "nomenclatura" => array:1 [
      0 => array:3 [
        "identificador" => "nom0005"
        "titulo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">List of abbreviations</span>"
        "listaDefinicion" => array:1 [
          0 => array:1 [
            "definicion" => array:11 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "ACS"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">acute coronary syndrome</p>"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "DES"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">drug-eluting stent</p>"
              ]
              2 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "FFR"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">fractional flow reserve</p>"
              ]
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Review article
Coronary optical coherence tomography: A practical overview of current clinical applications
Tomografia de coerência ótica coronária: uma revisão prática das aplicações clínicas atuais
Rui Cruz Ferreiraa, Tiago Pereira-da-Silvaa,
Autor para correspondência
tiagopsilva@sapo.pt

Corresponding author.
, Lino Patrícioa, Hiram Bezerrab, Marco Costab
a Department of Cardiology, Hospital de Santa Marta, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
b University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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    "titulo" => "Coronary optical coherence tomography&#58; A practical overview of current clinical applications"
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        "titulo" => "Tomografia de coer&#234;ncia &#243;tica coron&#225;ria&#58; uma revis&#227;o pr&#225;tica das aplica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas atuais"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Optical coherence tomography revealing stent malapposition with a large distance between struts and vessel wall&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Introduction</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Coronary angiography is the standard invasive imaging method for diagnosis of coronary artery disease and for guiding coronary interventional procedures&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> In addition to intravascular ultrasound &#40;IVUS&#41;&#44; optical coherence tomography &#40;OCT&#41; has emerged as an imaging modality able to evaluate the vessel structure in detail&#44; for which angiography may not suffice&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4</span></a> The OCT image is formed by the backscattering of emitted near-infrared light&#44; creating cross-sectional images of the coronary vessel&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Compared to IVUS&#44; the wavelength used in OCT is shorter&#44; enabling higher spatial resolution &#40;10&#8211;20 &#956;m axial resolution and 20&#8211;30 &#956;m lateral resolution&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;5&#44;6</span></a> However&#44; except for calcium&#44; penetration depth of OCT is lower than with IVUS&#44; particularly for thrombotic and lipid components&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Coronary OCT systems have evolved from first-generation time-domain systems to second-generation frequency-domain OCT&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The latter produces images at higher frame rates with slightly deeper penetration&#44; using a short&#44; non-occlusive flush and rapid spiral pullback&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;4</span></a> We had the opportunity to perform the first OCT studies in Portugal&#46; In addition to research purposes&#44; we recognize the invaluable potential of OCT as a diagnostic technique and as an adjunctive tool for percutaneous coronary intervention &#40;PCI&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data relevant to this topic have recently been published and we review the evidence on current clinical applications of OCT from a practical perspective&#46; The potential use of OCT in the successive stages in coronary artery disease management is discussed&#44; including morphologic lesion characterization and quantification of stenosis&#44; guidance for the decision to perform percutaneous coronary intervention and subsequent planning&#44; and evaluation of immediate and long-term results following PCI&#46;</p><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Morphologic lesion characterization</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Animal and human post-mortem studies have shown the ability of OCT to accurately characterize coronary atherosclerotic plaques&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;5</span></a> Due to its high spatial resolution&#44; OCT has proved superior to other imaging modalities&#44; including IVUS&#44; for detecting different plaque components&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;5&#44;6</span></a> A landmark post-mortem study showed a high sensitivity and specificity for detecting fibrous&#44; fibrocalcific and lipid-rich plaques in histological specimens&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> OCT is currently the only method with sufficient resolution to accurately measure the fibrous cap&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Historically&#44; thin-cap fibroatheromas &#40;TCFAs&#41; are the substrate of approximately two-thirds of acute myocardial infarctions as presented in pathology series&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Recently&#44; this has been validated in vivo in the OCTAVIA study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Furthermore&#44; macrophage infiltration&#44; which is a marker of plaque instability&#44; may be identified using OCT&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> In acute coronary syndrome &#40;ACS&#41; OCT is useful for identification of plaque dissection&#44; ulceration&#44; and erosion&#44; calcified nodules and thrombus<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figures 1 and 2</a>&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; OCT can differentiate between red and white thrombi&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> A complete description of the appearance of atherosclerotic and thrombotic components on OCT is beyond the scope of this review and is reported elsewhere&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">OCT is particularly valuable in providing insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of ACS and may help with the development of individualized therapeutic strategies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> TCFA&#44; plaque rupture and red thrombus have been detected in most patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction and are more frequent in comparison to non-ST elevation ACS&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span></a> However&#44; not all ACS lesions showed plaque rupture and the presence of intact fibrous cap was associated with better prognosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a> Moreover&#44; plaque rupture&#44; intracoronary thrombi&#44; lipid-rich plaques and TCFAs were more frequent in culprit compared to nonculprit lesions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are&#44; however&#44; some pitfalls in plaque characterization&#44; mainly related to the low penetration depth&#46; Penetration is lowest for thrombotic material&#44; which may lead to signal-free shadowing&#44; and non-protruding red thrombi may be misinterpreted as necrotic lipid pools due to a similar OCT signal pattern&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Furthermore&#44; in the majority of lesions an accurate measurement of lipid pool thickness cannot be performed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Stable coronary syndrome&#58; predicting physiology and assessing stenosis severity</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">OCT may be used to assess lesions of intermediate stenosis severity in vessels without a large size&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The proposed thresholds of minimal luminal area &#40;MLA&#41; and minimal luminal diameter &#40;MLD&#41; for detecting a hemodynamically significant lesion are based on recent validations against fractional flow reserve &#40;FFR&#41;&#44; which is considered the gold standard for assessing hemodynamic significance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#8211;22</span></a> In most studies&#44; FFR &#8804;0&#46;80 was taken as the threshold and the derived cut-offs of MLA and MLD ranged from 1&#46;59 mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> to 2&#46;54 mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> and from 1&#46;23 mm to 1&#46;77 mm&#44; respectively&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#8211;22</span></a> Taking FFR &#60;0&#46;75 as the threshold&#44; an MLA &#60;1&#46;91 mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> and an MLD &#60;1&#46;35 mm have been identified as the best cut-off values&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> A recent consensus report suggests a MLA threshold of 1&#46;95 mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; which has moderate sensitivity and negative predictive value for hemodynamic significance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;24</span></a> In small vessels lower thresholds should probably be used&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> In most studies&#44; however&#44; the correlation between FFR- and OCT-derived measurements was only moderate&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#44;21&#44;23</span></a> Despite potentially higher precision in determining MLA&#44; this simple cross-section value cannot predict physiology accurately&#44; as shown in a recent meta-analysis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> The ability of OCT to automatically segment the lumen through the entire pullback enables volumetric analysis of the vessel for the first time&#46; Applying the physical principles of fluid dynamics&#44; a better correlation with FFR was obtained by deriving virtual flow reserve&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Importantly&#44; MLA values obtained with OCT are consistently lower than with IVUS&#46; It has been speculated that the absence of non-uniform rotation distortion on OCT allows for a more precise contour of the lumen&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Percutaneous coronary intervention guided by optical coherence tomography</span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Adjunctive tool in decision-making for percutaneous coronary intervention</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Few data are available on the clinical impact of using OCT for guiding the decision to perform PCI&#44; but the results are encouraging&#46; In a single-center study&#44; 90 patients with ambiguous or intermediate lesions underwent PCI if MLA was &#60;3&#46;5 mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> or in the presence of thrombus&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> Post-dilatation or additional stent implantation was performed in cases of stent underexpansion&#44; incomplete stent apposition &#40;ISA&#41;&#44; significant intraluminal tissue prolapse&#44; or edge dissection extending beyond 200 &#956;m&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> In addition to high procedural success&#44; good clinical outcomes were reported at 4&#46;6&#177;3&#46;2 months of follow-up&#44; with 2&#46;2&#37; repeat revascularization and no stent thrombosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> An ongoing randomized trial &#40;FORZA&#41; is evaluating the feasibility of PCI guided by OCT in angiographically intermediate lesions with stenosis area &#8805;75&#37; assessed by OCT&#44; or 50&#8211;75&#37; with MLA &#60;2&#46;5 mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; or if a major plaque ulceration is detected&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0465"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recently&#44; OCT has been used to guide treatment in ACS in a different way&#46; The unique ability of the method to detect thrombus and plaque rupture adds an unprecedented level of confidence in determining the underlying mechanism of plaque instability&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> In a small study of 100 patients treated with thrombus aspiration followed by OCT&#44; no stent was implanted if the occlusion was mostly thrombotic and no significant coronary narrowing was detected by OCT&#44; provided that the patient was symptom-free and TIMI flow was &#8805;2 &#40;20 patients&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> Follow-up OCT studies showed a &#8220;normal vessel&#8221; and there were no adverse events at 12-month follow-up&#46; The safety and feasibility of medical management without stent placement in selected ACS patients with large thrombus burden detected by OCT has also been reported in other studies&#44; in which OCT revealed lesion characteristics that were not disclosed by angiography and facilitated treatment decisions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31&#44;32</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Adjunctive tool for planning percutaneous coronary intervention</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Similarly to IVUS&#44; OCT may be used to help plan the intervention and&#44; when used systematically&#44; it has been reported to alter procedural strategy in over 80&#37; of cases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> OCT can provide highly reproducible measurements of lesion length and reference vessel lumen diameter&#44; which may guide stent selection&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Information on plaque components such as calcification may suggest the use of ancillary devices such as rotational atherectomy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> OCT is the only method that can accurately image calcium thickness&#44; and a combination of high thickness and circumferential distribution may identify non-dilatable lesions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Moreover&#44; a lower calcium angle depicted by OCT correlates with asymmetric &#40;eccentric&#41; stent expansion and a higher calcium angle correlates with stent underexpansion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> OCT may also be useful during complex procedures such as PCI of chronic total occlusions&#44; where it may identify subintimal wire entrapment or double channels&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another potential use of OCT regarding PCI planning is risk stratification&#46; Previous OCT studies have linked lesion morphology with periprocedural microvascular damage or myocardial infarction&#46; In non-ST-elevation ACS&#44; the presence of TCFA and the size of the lipid arc at the culprit plaque were predictors of no-reflow&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0495"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> The presence of TCFA was also associated with elevation of post-PCI myocardial necrosis markers&#44; particularly if colocalized with spotty calcification&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> In addition&#44; in-stent thrombus or dissection detected by OCT after PCI also predicted periprocedural myocardial infarction&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0505"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> Although these OCT findings could aid risk stratification before or during PCI&#44; larger studies are needed to confirm the role of this clinical application&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Adjunctive tool for post-stenting assessment</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One of the main contributions of OCT is in assessing stent expansion&#44; sizing and apposition &#40;defined elsewhere<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;38</span></a>&#41; more accurately and with lower interobserver variability than angiography or IVUS&#46; Stent underexpansion and undersizing have been linked to stent restenosis and stent thrombosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0515"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a> The minimum stent area and lumen area of the reference vessel can be measured using OCT&#44; enabling accurate estimation of stent expansion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> ISA &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>&#41; delays neointimal coverage of the struts and is associated with stent thrombosis&#44; although neointimal hyperplasia usually tends to reduce ISA over time&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;40</span></a> OCT can measure the distance between the struts and the vessel wall and quantify the number of struts with incomplete apposition&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0525"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41&#44;42</span></a> Stent apposition is thus assessed at the strut level&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0530"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding vascular injury after PCI&#44; intimal dissection at the stent edges&#44; small thrombi and tissue prolapse commonly occur following stent deployment &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 4</a>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0535"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a> OCT is much more sensitive than IVUS for detecting these vascular responses&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0535"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a> Nevertheless&#44; their prognostic impact is controversial&#44; as discussed below&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">OCT may thus be useful after stent deployment&#44; as it may prompt optimization with further stenting or high-pressure or larger-sized balloon inflation&#44; with low procedural complication rates&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0540"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44&#44;45</span></a> Angiographic guidance for PCI in 335 patients was compared with angiographic plus OCT guidance in 335 patients in a propensity-score adjusted analysis &#40;the CLI-OPCI study&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0545"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a> OCT disclosed adverse features&#44; including stent malapposition&#44; stent underexpansion&#44; lumen narrowing&#44; thrombus&#44; or edge dissection&#44; requiring further stenting or additional balloon dilatation in 34&#46;7&#37; of patients&#46; The OCT-guided approach resulted in lower adjusted risk of cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction at 12 months of follow-up &#40;OR 0&#46;49&#44; 95&#37; confidence interval 0&#46;25&#8211;0&#46;96&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0545"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a> In another study&#44; even after achieving an optimal angiographic result following stenting&#44; removal of in-stent thrombus detected by OCT using balloon dilatation was shown to be a safe approach&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0550"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a> Of note&#44; left main intervention can be performed with OCT guidance&#44; and in a head-to-head comparison against IVUS&#44; OCT identified more findings that prompted additional interventions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0555"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a> The DOCTORS trial is currently evaluating the utility of OCT for optimizing the results of coronary angioplasty in non-ST-segment elevation ACS&#44; beyond angiography alone&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0560"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a></p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nevertheless&#44; following stent deployment&#44; minor stent malapposition with a short distance between the struts and the vessel wall&#44; small thrombus&#44; mild tissue prolapse&#44; or minor stent edge dissection do not seem to be associated with worse prognosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0565"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a> Improvement is expected during follow-up when these small non-flow limiting abnormalities are left untreated&#44; without adverse impact on clinical outcome&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0565"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a> Conversely&#44; a dissection flap thickness &#62;0&#46;31 mm carries an adverse clinical impact in the long term&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0570"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a> Regarding malapposition&#44; some operators recommend no additional post-dilatation unless there is &#62;200 &#956;m distance between the stent and wall vessel at multiple strut locations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Follow-up evaluation</span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Stent coverage</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">OCT has been used extensively to assess neointimal hyperplasia and strut coverage with different types of stents&#44; placed using different stenting techniques&#44; with or without adjunctive techniques&#46; Different quantitative measurements may be obtained&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;51&#8211;55</span></a> Accuracy is greater than with IVUS&#59; not only the completeness of individual strut coverage but also the thickness of coverage can be assessed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;51</span></a> OCT studies have shown that a greater percentage of uncovered struts is associated with increased risk of major adverse events after drug-eluting stent &#40;DES&#41; implantation&#44; a cut-off of &#8805;5&#46;9&#37; of uncovered struts on follow-up OCT having been reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0600"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Stent restenosis</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Quantitative measurements such as percentage lumen obstruction can be obtained by OCT&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> In addition&#44; different tissue patterns of in-stent restenosis &#40;ISR&#41; have been described&#44; including layered&#44; homogeneous and heterogeneous patterns&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0605"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">57</span></a> A heterogeneous pattern is more frequent in focal than in diffuse ISR and has been associated with the presence of fibrinoid or proteoglycans&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0605"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">57</span></a> In bare-metal stents&#44; early ISR is usually homogeneous due to neointimal proliferation&#44; which is rich in smooth muscle cells&#44; while late ISR may have a heterogeneous appearance due to lipid pools&#44; calcification and neovascularization&#44; suggesting that neoatherosclerosis is the underlying mechanism&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0610"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58</span></a> ISR of DES is typically characterized by a layered or heterogeneous intrastent tissue band and may be part of the spectrum of in-stent neoatherosclerotic changes&#44; such as TCFA-containing neointima&#44; particularly if the stent had been placed for at least 20 months&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0610"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58</span></a></p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In a recent study on ISR&#44; morphological assessment using OCT was useful for identifying lesions favorable for paclitaxel-coated balloon dilatation or DES placement&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0615"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">59</span></a> Of the 428 treated ISR lesions&#44; a homogenous structure was associated with higher rates of repeated ISR and target lesion revascularization using plain balloon angioplasty alone compared with paclitaxel-coated balloon dilatation or DES placement &#40;target lesion revascularization rates of 38&#46;7&#37;&#44; 10&#46;6&#37; and 10&#46;7&#37;&#44; respectively&#44; in a follow-up of 211&#177;40 days&#41;&#59; conversely&#44; no differences were found between the three treatment approaches in ISR lesions of heterogeneous appearance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0615"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">59</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Stent thrombosis</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mechanisms for stent thrombosis may be readily elucidated by OCT&#44; as mentioned above&#46; Strut malapposition or underexpansion&#44; incomplete strut coverage&#44; stent fracture&#44; incomplete lesion coverage by the stent&#44; edge dissection&#44; in-stent neoatherosclerosis and ruptured neointima&#44; particularly in areas of lipid-laden neointima&#44; may be detected by OCT&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;60&#44;61</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Future directions</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As a clinical tool&#44; OCT is currently potentially able to replace IVUS in every situation with the exception of diagnosis of lesions in the ostial left main or right coronary arteries&#44; in which the flow in the aorta prevents adequate blood clearance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4</span></a> However&#44; most of these patients should be assessed with FFR&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4</span></a> Another exception is chronic total occlusions in which antegrade injections are of potential concern&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4</span></a></p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The method continues to evolve&#44; with pullback speeds now reaching 40 mm&#47;s<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0630"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">62</span></a> and the potential for a paradigm shift&#44; with opportunities to save contrast compared to conventional angiography&#46; The introduction of angiographic frame co-registration enables precise spatial location for stent implantation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0635"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">63</span></a></p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">OCT can replicate IVUS metrics that are essentially cross-sectionally derived&#44; but most importantly allows for full volumetric analysis of the vessel&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> Virtual fractional flow reserve derived from OCT is a potentially disruptive technology in predicting physiology and assessing results after stenting&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a></p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally&#44; OCT is the most accurate method for follow-up assessment after placement of bioresorbable stents&#44; considering their low opacity at fluoroscopy and the lower accuracy of IVUS&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0640"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">64</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Conclusion</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The current clinical applications of OCT encompass the successive stages in coronary artery disease management&#44; from initial lesion evaluation to assessment of the final results of PCI&#44; including accurate lesion characterization and quantification of stenosis&#44; guidance for the decision to perform PCI and subsequent planning&#44; and evaluation of immediate and long-term results following PCI&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
    "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [
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          "identificador" => "xres604824"
          "titulo" => "Abstract"
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        1 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec618928"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
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          "titulo" => "Resumo"
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        4 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Introduction"
          "secciones" => array:2 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0010"
              "titulo" => "Morphologic lesion characterization"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0015"
              "titulo" => "Stable coronary syndrome&#58; predicting physiology and assessing stenosis severity"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        5 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0020"
          "titulo" => "Percutaneous coronary intervention guided by optical coherence tomography"
          "secciones" => array:3 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0025"
              "titulo" => "Adjunctive tool in decision-making for percutaneous coronary intervention"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0030"
              "titulo" => "Adjunctive tool for planning percutaneous coronary intervention"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0035"
              "titulo" => "Adjunctive tool for post-stenting assessment"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        6 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0040"
          "titulo" => "Follow-up evaluation"
          "secciones" => array:3 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0045"
              "titulo" => "Stent coverage"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0050"
              "titulo" => "Stent restenosis"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0055"
              "titulo" => "Stent thrombosis"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        7 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0060"
          "titulo" => "Future directions"
        ]
        8 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0065"
          "titulo" => "Conclusion"
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          "identificador" => "sec0070"
          "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest"
        ]
        10 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
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      ]
    ]
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    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2015-06-22"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2015-09-13"
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec618928"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Clinical application"
            1 => "Coronary artery disease"
            2 => "Percutaneous coronary intervention"
            3 => "Optical coherence tomography"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "pt" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palavras-chave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec618929"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Aplica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica"
            1 => "Doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria"
            2 => "Interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea"
            3 => "Tomografia de coer&#234;ncia &#243;tica"
          ]
        ]
      ]
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Coronary optical coherence tomography has emerged as the most powerful in-vivo imaging modality to evaluate vessel structure in detail&#46; It is a useful research tool that provides insights into the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease&#46; This technology has an important clinical role that is still being developed&#46; We review the evidence on the wide spectrum of potential clinical applications for coronary optical coherence tomography&#44; which encompass the successive stages in coronary artery disease management&#58; accurate lesion characterization and quantification of stenosis&#44; guidance for the decision to perform percutaneous coronary intervention and subsequent planning&#44; and evaluation of immediate and long-term results following intervention&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
      "pt" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumo"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A tomografia de coer&#234;ncia &#243;tica coron&#225;ria surgiu como a modalidade de imagem <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in-vivo</span> que permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o estrutural vascular mais detalhada&#46; Trata-se de uma ferramenta valiosa em investiga&#231;&#227;o&#44; tendo contribu&#237;do para melhor entendimento da patog&#233;nese da doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria&#46; Apresenta igualmente um papel importante na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica&#44; e o leque de sua aplicabilidade tem aumentado&#46; Enquadrando na evid&#234;ncia dispon&#237;vel&#44; discutimos neste artigo as principais aplica&#231;&#245;es da tomografia de coer&#234;ncia &#243;tica coron&#225;ria na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica&#44; que englobam as diferentes etapas na abordagem da doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria&#44; incluindo a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o e quantifica&#231;&#227;o da estenose&#44; o papel na decis&#227;o de realizar angioplastia&#44; o contributo na planifica&#231;&#227;o da mesma e a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos resultados a curto e a longo prazo ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o&#46;</p></span>"
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        "identificador" => "nom0005"
        "titulo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">List of abbreviations</span>"
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          0 => array:1 [
            "definicion" => array:11 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "ACS"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">acute coronary syndrome</p>"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "DES"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">drug-eluting stent</p>"
              ]
              2 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "FFR"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">fractional flow reserve</p>"
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              3 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "ISA"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">incomplete stent apposition</p>"
              ]
              4 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "ISR"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">in-stent restenosis</p>"
              ]
              5 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "IVUS"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">intravascular ultrasound</p>"
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              6 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "MLA"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">minimal luminal area</p>"
              ]
              7 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "MLD"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">minimal luminal diameter</p>"
              ]
              8 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "OCT"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">optical coherence tomography</p>"
              ]
              9 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "PCI"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">percutaneous coronary intervention</p>"
              ]
              10 => array:2 [
                "termino" => "TCFA"
                "descripcion" => "<p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">thin-cap fibroatheroma</p>"
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            ]
          ]
        ]
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;A&#41; Left main artery lesion&#58; appearance on optical coherence tomography&#44; with ulceration &#40;arrow&#41;&#59; &#40;B&#41; thrombus &#40;triangles&#41; and a thin-cap fibroatheroma &#40;asterisk&#41;&#59; &#40;C&#41; these findings were undetected by invasive coronary angiography&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;A&#8211;C&#41; Optical coherence tomography showing a large spontaneous ulceration in the circumflex artery&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Optical coherence tomography revealing stent malapposition with a large distance between struts and vessel wall&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;A&#41; Edge dissection&#44; and &#40;B&#41; small thrombus following stent placement&#44; detected by optical coherence tomography&#46;</p>"
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      "titulo" => "References"
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                            0 => "P&#46; Garrone"
                            1 => "G&#46; Biondi-Zoccai"
                            2 => "I&#46; Salvetti"
                          ]
                        ]
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                            1 => "E&#46; Alegr&#237;a-Barrero"
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                            0 => "J&#46;J&#46; Lopez"
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Informação do artigo
ISSN: 08702551
Idioma original: Inglês
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2020 Dezembro 44 14 58
2020 Novembro 40 20 60
2020 Outubro 15 17 32
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2019 Dezembro 53 12 65
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2019 Outubro 44 10 54
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2019 Julho 50 10 60
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