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atrav&#233;s de aplica&#231;&#227;o de energia&#44; &#233; a &#250;nica op&#231;&#227;o dispon&#237;vel para eliminar&#47;modificar os circuitos da TV&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A abla&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea &#233; uma mais&#8208;valia importante no tratamento de TV em doentes com cardiopatia estrutural e nos portadores de CDI com m&#250;ltiplos choques&#46; Foi tentada pela primeira vez em 1983<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#44; tendo tido um desenvolvimento significativo desde ent&#227;o&#46; A sua taxa de sucesso nas cardiopatias estruturais&#44; dependendo das s&#233;ries&#44; varia entre 50&#8208;70&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a>&#46; O sucesso do procedimento depende de fatores como a experi&#234;ncia do centro&#44; capacidade de defini&#231;&#227;o do circuito e etiologia da cardiopatia de base&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A abla&#231;&#227;o geralmente consiste na aplica&#231;&#227;o endoc&#225;rdica de energia de radiofrequ&#234;ncia em zona cr&#237;tica para a manuten&#231;&#227;o da arritmia conhecida ap&#243;s mapeamento&#46; Em doentes com cardiopatia estrutural&#44; a taxa de recorr&#234;ncia da abla&#231;&#227;o endoc&#225;rdica &#233; aproximadamente 50&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a>&#46; Uma das poss&#237;veis limita&#231;&#245;es desta abordagem prende&#8208;se com a localiza&#231;&#227;o do circuito de reentrada&#46; Por vezes&#44; n&#227;o se consegue atingir a zona cr&#237;tica do circuito por esta se encontrar localizada no subendoc&#225;rdio ou epic&#225;rdio&#46; Foram identificados circuitos epic&#225;rdicos em 10&#8208;30&#37; dos doentes com cardiopatia isqu&#233;mica e acima dos 30&#37; nas TV associadas a cardiopatias n&#227;o isqu&#233;micas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O mapeamento e abla&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica estavam inicialmente reservados para o cirurgi&#227;o card&#237;aco&#46; Em 1996&#44; Sosa et al&#46; descreveram a t&#233;cnica percut&#226;nea de mapeamento e abla&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O objetivo deste estudo &#233; descrever a experi&#234;ncia da Unidade de Arritmias do servi&#231;o de Cardiologia do Hospital de Santa Cruz no mapeamento e abla&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica de arritmias ventriculares&#44; apresentando aquela que julgamos ser a primeira s&#233;rie de doentes em Portugal&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Popula&#231;&#227;o e m&#233;todos</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Na nossa institui&#231;&#227;o&#44; entre 2004&#8208;2012&#44; num total de 95 abla&#231;&#245;es de TV&#44; em nove foi tentado o acesso epic&#225;rdico&#46; Oito doentes eram do sexo masculino e a idade m&#233;dia era de 58<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12 anos&#46; Apenas dois doentes apresentavam fatores de risco cardiovascular sendo estes hipertens&#227;o arterial e dislipidemia e nenhum apresentava comorbilidades importantes&#44; como insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#243;nica&#44; doen&#231;a pulmonar ou doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica&#46; A maioria dos doentes tinha o diagn&#243;stico de miocardiopatia dilatada&#44; previamente submetida a abla&#231;&#227;o endoc&#225;rdica&#46; Cinco doentes eram portadores de CDI&#44; tr&#234;s por preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e dois por secund&#225;ria&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Procedimento</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Foi utilizado um protocolo de seda&#231;&#227;o consciente com perfus&#227;o de propofol &#40;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;h&#41; e remifentanil numa dose sempre inferior a 0&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;kg&#47;min&#46; As doses referidas foram adaptadas &#224;s necessidades espec&#237;ficas de cada doente&#46; Os doentes foram monitorizados com Sat O2 e CO2 expirado por capnografia&#46; Em todos os casos foram colocados cateteres no seio coron&#225;rio e ventr&#237;culo direito &#40;retirado para zona mais proximal se necess&#225;rio registo de eletrograma hisiano&#41;&#46; Num doente n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel acesso ao espa&#231;o epic&#225;rdico por presen&#231;a de ader&#234;ncias&#44; em seis casos o acesso epic&#225;rdico foi obtido de primeira inten&#231;&#227;o &#40;ap&#243;s recorr&#234;ncia&#47;insucesso de um primeiro procedimento e com doente referenciado especificamente para procedimento epic&#225;rdico&#41; e em dois casos ap&#243;s mapeamento endoc&#225;rdico por se suspeitar de origem epic&#225;rdica &#40;no mesmo procedimento&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O acesso ao peric&#225;rdio efetuou&#8208;se atrav&#233;s de pun&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea subxifoideia com agulha de Tuhoy &#40;ou com agulha de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">kit</span> de pericardiocentese&#41; tal como descrito por Sosa et al<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a>&#46; A pun&#231;&#227;o foi efetuada entre o bordo esquerdo do ap&#234;ndice xifoideu e o inferior da costela esquerda adjacente com a agulha na dire&#231;&#227;o do ombro esquerdo &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figura 1</a>&#41;&#46; Uma correta posi&#231;&#227;o est&#225; associada &#224; visualiza&#231;&#227;o de entrada de uma quantidade m&#237;nima &#40;&#8764;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#41; de contraste no espa&#231;o epic&#225;rdico inserindo&#8208;se ent&#227;o um fio guia &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figura 2</a>&#41;&#46; Atrav&#233;s do guia passou&#8208;se um introdutor e posteriormente o cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46; Ap&#243;s acesso ao espa&#231;o epic&#225;rdico administrou&#8208;se heparina por via endovenosa &#40;100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;Kg&#41; para possibilitar a realiza&#231;&#227;o de coronariografia e abla&#231;&#227;o endoc&#225;rdica concomitante com seguran&#231;a&#46; Uma vez dentro do espa&#231;o epic&#225;rdico&#44; o manuseamento do cateter permite a explora&#231;&#227;o de toda a superf&#237;cie epic&#225;rdica e consequente mapeamento<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0015">Figuras 3 e 4</a>&#41;&#46; O cateter utilizado nos dois primeiros casos foi de 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; sendo que nos &#250;ltimos seis casos foi usado cateter irrigado&#46; A estrat&#233;gia de abla&#231;&#227;o foi baseada na identifica&#231;&#227;o do istmo cr&#237;tico para a manuten&#231;&#227;o da taquicardia com assist&#234;ncia de mapeamento eletroanat&#243;mico &#40;sistema CARTO&#44; Biosense Webster&#41; em todos os casos&#46; Os par&#226;metros de radiofrequ&#234;ncia utilizados dependeram do tipo de cateter e foram 20&#8208;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>W para o de 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm e de 15&#8208;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>W para o irrigado &#40;8&#8208;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cc&#47;min&#41;&#46; Durante o procedimento&#44; a drenagem do espa&#231;o epic&#225;rdico foi realizada com cateter <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pigtail</span> por per&#237;odos fixos de aproximadamente 15 minutos ajustados &#224; necessidade do doente e ap&#243;s procedimento atrav&#233;s do introdutor por aspira&#231;&#227;o ocasional durante um per&#237;odo m&#225;ximo de tr&#234;s horas&#46; Em nenhum doente houve necessidade de utilizar corticoides ou anti&#8208;inflamat&#243;rios&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As t&#233;cnicas de mapeamento e abla&#231;&#227;o foram semelhantes &#224;s usadas no espa&#231;o endoc&#225;rdico sendo que as manobras de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">entrainment</span> atrav&#233;s de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pacing</span> bipolar foram dificultadas pelo elevado limiar de estimula&#231;&#227;o da parede epic&#225;rdica&#46; No mapeamento eletroanat&#243;mico foi considerada &#225;rea cicatricial voltagem bipolar inferior a 0&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mv&#46; No caso dos doentes com TV monom&#243;rfica com v&#225;rias morfologias&#44; todos eles tinham uma morfologia cl&#237;nica dominante optando&#8208;se por fazer abla&#231;&#227;o dessa mesma morfologia&#46; Os doentes ficaram internados por um per&#237;odo de 24 horas&#46; A realiza&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiograma p&#243;s procedimento limitou&#8208;se aos doentes com queixas sugestivas sendo que nenhum apresentou derrame peric&#225;rdico&#46; Em todos os doentes foi efetuada coronariografia antes da aplica&#231;&#227;o de energia&#44; para excluir proximidade de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias &#40;aplica&#231;&#227;o de energia a uma dist&#226;ncia sempre superior a 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria&#41;&#46; Ainda durante os procedimentos foi tamb&#233;m efetuado <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pacing</span> &#40;28<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mA com 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms&#41; ao longo da parede lateral do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo para capturar nervo fr&#233;nico esquerdo identificando no mapa tridimensional a sua localiza&#231;&#227;o e consequentemente evitar a sua les&#227;o durante a aplica&#231;&#227;o de energia&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Comparou&#8208;se o n&#250;mero de eventos seis meses antes do procedimento epic&#225;rdico e seis meses ap&#243;s&#46; Registaram&#8208;se os eventos arr&#237;tmicos e choques de CDI principalmente atrav&#233;s da interroga&#231;&#227;o dos dispositivos&#44; mas tamb&#233;m em ECG e Holter 24 horas&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Resultados</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A abordagem percut&#226;nea subxifoideia foi conseguida com sucesso em oito doentes&#46; Em seis a abla&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica funcionou como terap&#234;utica de segunda linha ap&#243;s tentativa endoc&#225;rdica e em dois casos o procedimento foi combinado&#46; A etiologia era n&#227;o isqu&#233;mica em sete doentes e isqu&#233;mica num&#46; Quatro doentes tinham miocardiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica onde foi poss&#237;vel identificar cicatriz p&#243;stero&#8208;septal&#44; p&#243;stero&#8208;lateral ou &#226;ntero&#8208;lateral por crit&#233;rios de voltagem na totalidade dos casos&#59; um doente de nacionalidade brasileira emigrante em Portugal h&#225; cinco anos tinha doen&#231;a de Chagas&#59; um doente tinha cardiopatia isqu&#233;mica em fase dilatada e compromisso significativo da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda&#59; um doente tinha taquicardiomiopatia&#59; e um doente tinha extrassistolia ventricular muito frequente &#40;24&#46;730 extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares no Holter 24 horas&#41; da c&#226;mara de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito sintom&#225;tica&#46; Todos os doentes estavam sob terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica antiarr&#237;tmica &#40;classe IC&#44; II ou III&#41;&#44; cinco possu&#237;am CDI &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46; Nenhum doente tinha sido previamente submetido a cirurgia cardiotor&#225;cica&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Num caso&#44; a presen&#231;a de ader&#234;ncias impediu o acesso epic&#225;rdico&#44; n&#227;o tendo sido poss&#237;vel avan&#231;ar com o procedimento&#46; Noutro caso &#40;doente com extrassistolia ventricular frequente&#41;&#44; a aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofrequ&#234;ncia n&#227;o foi eficaz por prov&#225;vel presen&#231;a de gordura epic&#225;rdica a condicionar o procedimento&#46; Nos oito doentes em que a abordagem foi poss&#237;vel&#44; em seis foi aplicada radiofrequ&#234;ncia epic&#225;rdica&#46; Foram induzidas em m&#233;dia duas TV por paciente sendo identificados circuitos epic&#225;rdicos em 75&#37; dos doentes&#46; Em sete casos &#40;seis deles durante aplica&#231;&#227;o no espa&#231;o peric&#225;rdico&#41; verificou&#8208;se interrup&#231;&#227;o da taquicardia durante a aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofrequ&#234;ncia&#44; n&#227;o se conseguindo induzir novamente TV&#44; traduzindo uma taxa de sucesso imediato de 87&#44;5&#37;&#46; A doente com patologia de doen&#231;a de Chagas foi diagnosticada com acidente vascular cerebral ap&#243;s epis&#243;dio de hemiparesia esquerda&#44; uma semana ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o &#40;procedimento combinado&#41;&#44; n&#227;o apresentando sequelas do evento&#46; N&#227;o se verificou mais nenhuma intercorr&#234;ncia relacionada com o procedimento&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Seguimento</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Num per&#237;odo de seguimento m&#233;dio de 3&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;2 anos &#40;seis meses a seis anos&#41;&#44; todos os doentes est&#227;o vivos&#46; Comparando os eventos seis meses antes do procedimento e seis meses ap&#243;s&#44; constatou&#8208;se uma diminui&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de TV e choques de CDI&#46; No grupo de doentes com miocardiopatia dilatada&#44; dois apresentaram um seguimento livre de novos epis&#243;dios de TV mantida&#46; Nos restantes dois constatou&#8208;se uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa n&#227;o s&#243; de arritmias&#44; como tamb&#233;m de choques de CDI&#46; Na doente que apresentava doen&#231;a de Chagas n&#227;o se verificaram novos epis&#243;dios de TV ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica&#46; Por prov&#225;vel presen&#231;a de gordura epic&#225;rdica&#44; n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel o al&#237;vio sintom&#225;tico significativo no doente que apresentava extrassistolia frequente&#46; O doente com taquicardiomiopatia encontra&#8208;se livre de eventos com melhoria da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &#40;&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>55&#37;&#41; e o doente com cardiopatia isqu&#233;mica diminuiu o n&#250;mero de eventos&#46; Nos doentes com seguimento mais longo observou&#8208;se que a tend&#234;ncia para a diminui&#231;&#227;o de eventos manteve&#8208;se &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Tabela 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os doentes com seguimento mais longo &#40;dois doentes com seis anos&#41; n&#227;o apresentaram complica&#231;&#245;es secund&#225;rias ao procedimento a longo prazo&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Discuss&#227;o</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No estudo efetuado verific&#225;mos uma elevada taxa de sucesso no al&#237;vio sintom&#225;tico dos doentes com baixo risco de complica&#231;&#245;es&#46; Apesar das complica&#231;&#245;es descritas noutros ensaios ou an&#225;lises multic&#234;ntricas &#40;5&#37; de complica&#231;&#245;es <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">major</span> agudas e 2&#37; a longo prazo&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#44; em casos selecionados&#44; o risco parece ser justific&#225;vel na medida em que n&#227;o existem alternativas terap&#234;uticas para os circuitos epic&#225;rdicos&#46; As principais patologias de base que apresentam este tipo de reentrada s&#227;o as cardiopatias dilatadas n&#227;o isqu&#233;micas&#44; a displasia arritmog&#233;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito&#44; estando a cardiopatia isqu&#233;mica na terceira posi&#231;&#227;o<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46; A sele&#231;&#227;o de doentes &#233; manifestamente importante para a aus&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es&#44; pois doentes que tenham sido previamente submetidos a cirurgia cardiotor&#225;cica &#40;que &#233; inclusivamente uma contraindica&#231;&#227;o relativa&#41;&#44; valvular ou de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria&#44; apresentam maior risco de ader&#234;ncias e dificuldade em puncionar o espa&#231;o peric&#225;rdico e&#44; portanto&#44; um maior risco de pun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita ou outras complica&#231;&#245;es&#46; A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de uma agulha de Tuhoy&#44; inje&#231;&#227;o de contraste e fios guia compridos que garantam que nenhuma cavidade card&#237;aca foi puncionada s&#227;o elementos que aumentam a efic&#225;cia do procedimento mas&#44; acima de tudo&#44; reduzem significativamente o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Devido a ser uma t&#233;cnica recente&#44; n&#227;o existem ainda estudos sobre poss&#237;veis efeitos adversos coron&#225;rios a longo prazo&#46; Apesar disso&#44; &#233; consensual que um bom compromisso entre a rela&#231;&#227;o risco&#47;benef&#237;cio &#233; a aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofrequ&#234;ncia a pelo menos 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm de dist&#226;ncia dos vasos coron&#225;rios<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Devido ao risco de hiperplasia da &#237;ntima&#44; a aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofrequ&#234;ncia em &#225;reas adjacentes &#224;s art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias deve ser efetuada com precau&#231;&#227;o sob risco de trombose<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13</span></a>&#46; N&#227;o se verificou nenhum caso de enfarte agudo do mioc&#225;rdio&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os maiores riscos associados &#224; pun&#231;&#227;o subxifoideia e abordagem do espa&#231;o epic&#225;rdico s&#227;o os de pun&#231;&#227;o de estruturas intraperitoneais como o f&#237;gado&#44; est&#244;mago e intestino grosso&#44; principalmente em doentes com cardiopatias dilatadas ou hepatomegalia&#46; N&#227;o se registou nenhuma destas complica&#231;&#245;es na s&#233;rie apresentada&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Outras complica&#231;&#245;es poss&#237;veis&#44; com taxas inferiores a 1&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#44; como hemorragia&#44; derrame&#47;tamponamento peric&#225;rdico e rutura da parede ventricular&#44; tamb&#233;m n&#227;o se verificaram&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O substrato para o desenvolvimento de TV monom&#243;rfica est&#225; associada &#224; presen&#231;a de &#225;reas de cicatriz ventricular promovendo circuitos de reentrada&#46; Geralmente&#44; na cardiopatia isqu&#233;mica estas &#225;reas de fibrose s&#227;o evidentes no endoc&#225;rdio&#44; o que facilita a abla&#231;&#227;o explicando o maior sucesso atingido nestes casos&#46; Na cardiopatia dilatada n&#227;o isqu&#233;mica&#44; &#225;reas de baixa voltagem s&#227;o dif&#237;ceis de mapear&#44; por vezes n&#227;o se encontrando no endoc&#225;rdio&#44; o que complica o procedimento obrigando a recorrer mais vezes a outros tipos de abordagem<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#46; Nos casos descritos de miocardiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica foi poss&#237;vel identificar&#44; atrav&#233;s de mapeamento por voltagem&#44; cicatriz na regi&#227;o p&#243;stero&#8208;septal&#44; p&#243;stero&#8208;lateral e&#44; apenas em um caso&#44; &#226;ntero&#8208;septal&#46; Ao contr&#225;rio da cardiopatia isqu&#233;mica em que a maioria das cicatrizes de enfarte est&#227;o bem localizadas na parede endoc&#225;rdica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#44; as cardiopatias dilatadas apresentam mais frequentemente cicatrizes no subendoc&#225;rdio e epic&#225;rdio&#46; Nestes casos&#44; a localiza&#231;&#227;o da cicatriz respons&#225;vel pela taquicardia e eventual abla&#231;&#227;o poder&#225; s&#243; ser poss&#237;vel atrav&#233;s de abordagem epic&#225;rdica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46; Em casos como a doen&#231;a de Chagas&#44; a abordagem inicial dever&#225; ser h&#237;brida&#44; dado que a probabilidade de exist&#234;ncia de circuito epic&#225;rdico &#233; de 70&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46; Apesar disso&#44; devido ao reduzido n&#250;mero absoluto de doentes com doen&#231;a de Chagas&#44; esta n&#227;o &#233; uma patologia que apare&#231;a no topo das interven&#231;&#245;es&#46; Apesar dos avan&#231;os na t&#233;cnica de mapeamento e voltagem epic&#225;rdica&#44; a abla&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea de taquicardia de etiologia isqu&#233;mica com substrato endoc&#225;rdico &#250;nico mant&#233;m taxa de sucesso superior<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;19</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Num dos casos apresentados a presen&#231;a de gordura epic&#225;rdica condicionou a efic&#225;cia das aplica&#231;&#245;es&#46; Este problema &#233; frequente&#44; est&#225; mais associado a doentes com doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria e limita a efic&#225;cia do procedimento mesmo com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de cateteres irrigados<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#44;21</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Permanece a d&#250;vida sobre quais s&#227;o os doentes que mais podem beneficiar desta t&#233;cnica&#46; H&#225; crit&#233;rios descritos que permitem aumentar o grau de suspei&#231;&#227;o da origem epic&#225;rdica da arritmia&#46; Todos se baseiam no princ&#237;pio de que a velocidade de condu&#231;&#227;o no circuito &#233; lenta na regi&#227;o epic&#225;rdica &#40;o que origina um empastamento inicial do QRS&#41; e mais r&#225;pida quando a superf&#237;cie endoc&#225;rdica &#233; atingida&#46; Estes crit&#233;rios &#40;como por exemplo a presen&#231;a de uma pseudo onda delta durante a taquicardia&#41; apresentam sensibilidade e especificidade n&#227;o muito elevadas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46; &#201; discut&#237;vel a vantagem da sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;24</span></a>&#46; Na nossa s&#233;rie de doentes opt&#225;mos por selecionar casos em quem j&#225; se tinha tentado abla&#231;&#227;o endoc&#225;rdica&#44; independentemente da morfologia do QRS em taquicardia&#46; Na doente com doen&#231;a de Chagas&#44; pela elevada preval&#234;ncia de cicatrizes epic&#225;rdicas nesta patologia&#44; optou&#8208;se por abordagem epic&#225;rdica mais precocemente&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conclus&#245;es</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em doentes selecionados&#44; h&#225; claro benef&#237;cio da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de abla&#231;&#227;o de TV por abordagem epic&#225;rdica com baixo risco de complica&#231;&#245;es&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Responsabilidades &#233;ticas</span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Prote&#231;&#227;o dos seres humanos e animais</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram que os procedimentos seguidos estavam de acordo com os regulamentos estabelecidos pelos respons&#225;veis da Comiss&#227;o de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica e &#201;tica e de acordo com os da Associa&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica Mundial e da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Confidencialidade dos dados</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram ter seguido os protocolos de seu centro de trabalho acerca da publica&#231;&#227;o dos dados de pacientes e que todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo receberam informa&#231;&#245;es suficientes e deram o seu consentimento informado por escrito para participar nesse estudo&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Direito &#224; privacidade e consentimento escrito</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram ter recebido consentimento escrito dos pacientes e&#47; ou sujeitos mencionados no artigo&#46; O autor para correspond&#234;ncia deve estar na posse deste documento&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Conflito de interesses</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            0 => "Abstract"
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              "titulo" => "Prote&#231;&#227;o dos seres humanos e animais"
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            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0050"
              "titulo" => "Confidencialidade dos dados"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2012-09-24"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2013-10-26"
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      "pt" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palavras&#8208;chave"
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          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Taquicardia ventricular"
            1 => "Mapeamento epic&#225;rdico"
            2 => "Abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter"
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
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            0 => "Ventricular tachycardia"
            1 => "Epicardial mapping"
            2 => "Catheter ablation"
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "pt" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumo"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introdu&#231;&#227;o</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Os circuitos de reentrada da taquicardia ventricular envolvem&#44; por vezes&#44; n&#227;o s&#243; o endoc&#225;rdio&#44; mas tamb&#233;m o epic&#225;rdio&#46; A abla&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia ventricular por via epic&#225;rdica pode ser &#250;til nessas situa&#231;&#245;es&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O objetivo do estudo consistiu em avaliar a efic&#225;cia&#44; seguran&#231;a e complica&#231;&#245;es de uma s&#233;rie de doentes consecutivos submetidos a abla&#231;&#227;o de arritmias ventriculares com mapeamento por via epic&#225;rdica&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Popula&#231;&#227;o e m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo todos os doentes submetidos a abla&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia ventricular com mapeamento por via epic&#225;rdica desde 2004 at&#233; 2012&#46; De um total de 95 abla&#231;&#245;es&#44; em nove doentes foi tentada a via epic&#225;rdica&#44; oito do sexo masculino com 58<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12 anos&#46; Todos os doentes tinham sido previamente submetidos ou realizaram concomitantemente mapeamento endoc&#225;rdico&#46; A etiologia da arritmia era n&#227;o isqu&#233;mica em oito doentes e isqu&#233;mica num&#46; Comparou&#8208;se o n&#250;mero de eventos nos seis meses anteriores ao procedimento epic&#225;rdico com os seis meses seguintes&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Resultados</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O acesso epic&#225;rdico foi conseguido em oito doentes por via percut&#226;nea subxifoideia&#46; Num caso n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel abordagem epic&#225;rdica por presen&#231;a de ader&#234;ncias&#46; Em nenhum dos doentes o procedimento foi repetido e n&#227;o se verificaram complica&#231;&#245;es <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">major</span> no per&#237;odo intra&#8208;hospitalar&#46; Num seguimento m&#233;dio de 3&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;2 anos registou&#8208;se um acidente vascular cerebral num doente&#44; n&#227;o se registando outras complica&#231;&#245;es a m&#233;dio&#47;longo prazo&#44; tendo a maioria dos doentes diminu&#237;do o n&#250;mero de epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclus&#245;es</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A abla&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia ventricular por via epic&#225;rdica foi utilizada eficazmente na diminui&#231;&#227;o da morbilidade em oito doentes com baixo risco de complica&#231;&#245;es a m&#233;dio&#47;longo prazo&#46;</p>"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Introduction</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Reentrant circuits of ventricular tachycardia may involve not only the endocardium but also the epicardium&#46; Epicardial ablation can be useful in these situations&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Objective</span><p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this study was to assess efficacy&#44; safety and complications in a series of consecutive patients who underwent ablation of ventricular tachycardia with epicardial mapping&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Methods</span><p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The study included all patients undergoing ventricular tachycardia ablation with epicardial mapping from 2004 to 2012&#46; Of a total of 95 ablations&#44; an epicardial approach was attempted in nine patients&#44; eight male&#44; mean age 58&#177;12 years&#46; Endocardial mapping was performed in all patients previously or simultaneously&#46; The etiology of the arrhythmia was non&#8208;ischemic in eight patients and ischemic in one&#46; We compared the number of events in the six months prior to the epicardial procedure and six months after&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Results</span><p id="spar0105" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Percutaneous epicardial access was achieved in eight patients&#46; In one case it was not possible due to the presence of adhesions&#46; In none of the patients was the procedure repeated and there were no major complications during hospitalization&#46; In a mean follow&#8208;up of 3&#46;5&#177;1&#46;2 years&#44; one patient suffered stroke&#59; there were no other medium&#8208;to&#8208;long&#8208;term complications and the number of ventricular tachycardia episodes was reduced in all patients after ablation&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0110" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Epicardial radiofrequency ablation of ventricular tachycardia was effective in reducing morbidity in eight patients&#44; with a low risk of complications in the short and medium&#8208;to&#8208;long term&#46;</p>"
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          "pt" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Manuseamento do cateter de mapeamento&#47;abla&#231;&#227;o no espa&#231;o peric&#225;rdico com coronariografia&#46;</p>"
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          "pt" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Imagem do sistema mapeamento CARTO&#46; Mapeamento endoc&#225;rdico &#224; esquerda e epic&#225;rdico &#224; direita&#46; Eletrograma endoc&#225;rdico &#40;esquerda em baixo&#41; e epic&#225;rdico &#40;direita em baixo&#41; mostrando maior precocidade no sinal epic&#225;rdico &#40;62<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms vs 80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CCT&#58; cirurgia cardiotor&#225;cica&#59; CDI&#58; cardioversor desfribrilhador implant&#225;vel&#59; CSVD&#58; c&#226;mara de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito&#59; ESV&#58; extrass&#237;stole ventricular&#59; F&#58; sexo feminino&#59; M&#58; sexo masculino&#59; N&#58; n&#227;o&#59; S&#58; sim&#59; TV&#58; taquicardia ventricular&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sexo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Abla&#231;&#227;o endoc&#225;rdica pr&#233;via&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Fatores de risco cardiovascular&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">NYHA na altura da abla&#231;&#227;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Miocardiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TV monom&#243;rfica &#40;mais do que uma morfologia&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>35&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">III&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Miocardiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TV monom&#243;rfica com mais do que uma morfologia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">40&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">II&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Miocardiopatia isqu&#233;mica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TV monom&#243;rfica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>35&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">II&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Miocardiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TV monom&#243;rfica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>35&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">II&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Miocardiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TV monom&#243;rfica com mais do que uma morfologia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">42&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">II&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ESV CSVD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ESV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>55&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">F&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Doen&#231;a de Chagas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TV monom&#243;rfica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">45&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Taquimiopatia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TV monom&#243;rfica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">42&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">III&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab518325.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "pt" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o submetida a abla&#231;&#227;o por via epic&#225;rdica</p>"
        ]
      ]
      5 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabela 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ENDO&#58; endoc&#225;rdica&#59; EPI&#58; epic&#225;rdica&#59; ESVD&#58; extrasistolia da c&#226;mara de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito&#59; F&#58; sexo feminino&#59; M&#58; sexo masculino&#59; MCD&#58; miocardiopatia dilatada&#59; MCD I&#58; miocardiopatia dilatada isqu&#233;mica&#59; RF&#58; radiofrequ&#234;ncia&#59; TMP&#58; taquimiopatia&#59; TV&#58; taquicardia ventricular&#59; TVNM&#58; taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o mantida&#46;</p>"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patologia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sexo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Aplica&#231;&#227;o RF&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">TV antes &#40;seis meses antes&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">TV ap&#243;s &#40;seis meses ap&#243;s&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Choques antes &#40;seis meses antes&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Choques ap&#243;s &#40;seis meses ap&#243;s&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">MCD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Epi&#47;Endo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10 &#40;&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TVNM&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">MCD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Epi&#47;Endo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10 &#40;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">MCD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Epi&#47;Endo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10 &#40;&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">MCD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Endo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TMP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Epi&#47;Endo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">MCD I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Endo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ESVD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Epi&#47;Endo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Chagas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">F&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Epi&#47;Endo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TVNM&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab518326.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "pt" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Apresenta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados antes e ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica &#40;juntamente com os resultados seis meses antes e seis meses ap&#243;s&#41;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Bibliografia"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:24 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0005"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Randomized comparison of antiarrhythmic drug therapy with implantable defibrillators in patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest&#58; The Cardiac Arrest Study Hamburg &#40;CASH&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "K&#46;H&#46; Kuck"
                            1 => "R&#46; Cappato"
                            2 => "J&#46; Siebels"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Circulation&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2000"
                        "volumen" => "102"
                        "paginaInicial" => "748"
                        "paginaFinal" => "754"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10942742"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0010"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
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Artigo Original
Ablação epicárdica percutânea em arritmias ventriculares
Percutaneous epicardial ablation in ventricular arrhythmias
Pedro Galvão Santosa,
Autor para correspondência
pedrogalvaosantos@hotmail.com

Autor para correspondência.
, Diogo Cavacoa, Pedro Adragãoa, Mauricio Scanavaccab, Katya Reis Santosa, Francisco Belo Morgadoa, Pedro Carmoa, Francisco Costaa, Ricardo Bernardoa, Manuela Nunesa, Miguel Abecasisa, José Nevesa, Miguel Mendesa
a Serviço de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Carnaxide, Portugal
b Instituto do Coração (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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          "pt" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Imagem do sistema mapeamento CARTO&#46; Mapeamento endoc&#225;rdico &#224; esquerda e epic&#225;rdico &#224; direita&#46; Eletrograma endoc&#225;rdico &#40;esquerda em baixo&#41; e epic&#225;rdico &#40;direita em baixo&#41; mostrando maior precocidade no sinal epic&#225;rdico &#40;62<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms vs 80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms&#41;&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Introdu&#231;&#227;o</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As disritmias ventriculares s&#227;o uma importante causa de morbilidade e de morte s&#250;bita&#46; O seu tratamento inclui medica&#231;&#227;o&#44; implanta&#231;&#227;o de cardioversores desfibrilhadores e&#47;ou abla&#231;&#227;o&#46; Os cardioversores desfibrilhadores implant&#225;veis &#40;CDI&#41; s&#227;o eficazes na interrup&#231;&#227;o da taquicardia ventricular mantida &#40;TV&#41; ou fibrilha&#231;&#227;o ventricular &#40;FV&#41;&#44; tendo um forte impacto na preven&#231;&#227;o de morte s&#250;bita&#46; Contudo&#44; n&#227;o possuem a capacidade de alterar o substrato arritmog&#233;nico da doen&#231;a<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; A abla&#231;&#227;o&#44; atrav&#233;s de aplica&#231;&#227;o de energia&#44; &#233; a &#250;nica op&#231;&#227;o dispon&#237;vel para eliminar&#47;modificar os circuitos da TV&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A abla&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea &#233; uma mais&#8208;valia importante no tratamento de TV em doentes com cardiopatia estrutural e nos portadores de CDI com m&#250;ltiplos choques&#46; Foi tentada pela primeira vez em 1983<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#44; tendo tido um desenvolvimento significativo desde ent&#227;o&#46; A sua taxa de sucesso nas cardiopatias estruturais&#44; dependendo das s&#233;ries&#44; varia entre 50&#8208;70&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a>&#46; O sucesso do procedimento depende de fatores como a experi&#234;ncia do centro&#44; capacidade de defini&#231;&#227;o do circuito e etiologia da cardiopatia de base&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A abla&#231;&#227;o geralmente consiste na aplica&#231;&#227;o endoc&#225;rdica de energia de radiofrequ&#234;ncia em zona cr&#237;tica para a manuten&#231;&#227;o da arritmia conhecida ap&#243;s mapeamento&#46; Em doentes com cardiopatia estrutural&#44; a taxa de recorr&#234;ncia da abla&#231;&#227;o endoc&#225;rdica &#233; aproximadamente 50&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a>&#46; Uma das poss&#237;veis limita&#231;&#245;es desta abordagem prende&#8208;se com a localiza&#231;&#227;o do circuito de reentrada&#46; Por vezes&#44; n&#227;o se consegue atingir a zona cr&#237;tica do circuito por esta se encontrar localizada no subendoc&#225;rdio ou epic&#225;rdio&#46; Foram identificados circuitos epic&#225;rdicos em 10&#8208;30&#37; dos doentes com cardiopatia isqu&#233;mica e acima dos 30&#37; nas TV associadas a cardiopatias n&#227;o isqu&#233;micas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O mapeamento e abla&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica estavam inicialmente reservados para o cirurgi&#227;o card&#237;aco&#46; Em 1996&#44; Sosa et al&#46; descreveram a t&#233;cnica percut&#226;nea de mapeamento e abla&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O objetivo deste estudo &#233; descrever a experi&#234;ncia da Unidade de Arritmias do servi&#231;o de Cardiologia do Hospital de Santa Cruz no mapeamento e abla&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica de arritmias ventriculares&#44; apresentando aquela que julgamos ser a primeira s&#233;rie de doentes em Portugal&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Popula&#231;&#227;o e m&#233;todos</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Na nossa institui&#231;&#227;o&#44; entre 2004&#8208;2012&#44; num total de 95 abla&#231;&#245;es de TV&#44; em nove foi tentado o acesso epic&#225;rdico&#46; Oito doentes eram do sexo masculino e a idade m&#233;dia era de 58<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12 anos&#46; Apenas dois doentes apresentavam fatores de risco cardiovascular sendo estes hipertens&#227;o arterial e dislipidemia e nenhum apresentava comorbilidades importantes&#44; como insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#243;nica&#44; doen&#231;a pulmonar ou doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica&#46; A maioria dos doentes tinha o diagn&#243;stico de miocardiopatia dilatada&#44; previamente submetida a abla&#231;&#227;o endoc&#225;rdica&#46; Cinco doentes eram portadores de CDI&#44; tr&#234;s por preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e dois por secund&#225;ria&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Procedimento</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Foi utilizado um protocolo de seda&#231;&#227;o consciente com perfus&#227;o de propofol &#40;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;h&#41; e remifentanil numa dose sempre inferior a 0&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;kg&#47;min&#46; As doses referidas foram adaptadas &#224;s necessidades espec&#237;ficas de cada doente&#46; Os doentes foram monitorizados com Sat O2 e CO2 expirado por capnografia&#46; Em todos os casos foram colocados cateteres no seio coron&#225;rio e ventr&#237;culo direito &#40;retirado para zona mais proximal se necess&#225;rio registo de eletrograma hisiano&#41;&#46; Num doente n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel acesso ao espa&#231;o epic&#225;rdico por presen&#231;a de ader&#234;ncias&#44; em seis casos o acesso epic&#225;rdico foi obtido de primeira inten&#231;&#227;o &#40;ap&#243;s recorr&#234;ncia&#47;insucesso de um primeiro procedimento e com doente referenciado especificamente para procedimento epic&#225;rdico&#41; e em dois casos ap&#243;s mapeamento endoc&#225;rdico por se suspeitar de origem epic&#225;rdica &#40;no mesmo procedimento&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O acesso ao peric&#225;rdio efetuou&#8208;se atrav&#233;s de pun&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea subxifoideia com agulha de Tuhoy &#40;ou com agulha de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">kit</span> de pericardiocentese&#41; tal como descrito por Sosa et al<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a>&#46; A pun&#231;&#227;o foi efetuada entre o bordo esquerdo do ap&#234;ndice xifoideu e o inferior da costela esquerda adjacente com a agulha na dire&#231;&#227;o do ombro esquerdo &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figura 1</a>&#41;&#46; Uma correta posi&#231;&#227;o est&#225; associada &#224; visualiza&#231;&#227;o de entrada de uma quantidade m&#237;nima &#40;&#8764;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#41; de contraste no espa&#231;o epic&#225;rdico inserindo&#8208;se ent&#227;o um fio guia &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figura 2</a>&#41;&#46; Atrav&#233;s do guia passou&#8208;se um introdutor e posteriormente o cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46; Ap&#243;s acesso ao espa&#231;o epic&#225;rdico administrou&#8208;se heparina por via endovenosa &#40;100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;Kg&#41; para possibilitar a realiza&#231;&#227;o de coronariografia e abla&#231;&#227;o endoc&#225;rdica concomitante com seguran&#231;a&#46; Uma vez dentro do espa&#231;o epic&#225;rdico&#44; o manuseamento do cateter permite a explora&#231;&#227;o de toda a superf&#237;cie epic&#225;rdica e consequente mapeamento<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0015">Figuras 3 e 4</a>&#41;&#46; O cateter utilizado nos dois primeiros casos foi de 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; sendo que nos &#250;ltimos seis casos foi usado cateter irrigado&#46; A estrat&#233;gia de abla&#231;&#227;o foi baseada na identifica&#231;&#227;o do istmo cr&#237;tico para a manuten&#231;&#227;o da taquicardia com assist&#234;ncia de mapeamento eletroanat&#243;mico &#40;sistema CARTO&#44; Biosense Webster&#41; em todos os casos&#46; Os par&#226;metros de radiofrequ&#234;ncia utilizados dependeram do tipo de cateter e foram 20&#8208;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>W para o de 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm e de 15&#8208;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>W para o irrigado &#40;8&#8208;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cc&#47;min&#41;&#46; Durante o procedimento&#44; a drenagem do espa&#231;o epic&#225;rdico foi realizada com cateter <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pigtail</span> por per&#237;odos fixos de aproximadamente 15 minutos ajustados &#224; necessidade do doente e ap&#243;s procedimento atrav&#233;s do introdutor por aspira&#231;&#227;o ocasional durante um per&#237;odo m&#225;ximo de tr&#234;s horas&#46; Em nenhum doente houve necessidade de utilizar corticoides ou anti&#8208;inflamat&#243;rios&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As t&#233;cnicas de mapeamento e abla&#231;&#227;o foram semelhantes &#224;s usadas no espa&#231;o endoc&#225;rdico sendo que as manobras de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">entrainment</span> atrav&#233;s de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pacing</span> bipolar foram dificultadas pelo elevado limiar de estimula&#231;&#227;o da parede epic&#225;rdica&#46; No mapeamento eletroanat&#243;mico foi considerada &#225;rea cicatricial voltagem bipolar inferior a 0&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mv&#46; No caso dos doentes com TV monom&#243;rfica com v&#225;rias morfologias&#44; todos eles tinham uma morfologia cl&#237;nica dominante optando&#8208;se por fazer abla&#231;&#227;o dessa mesma morfologia&#46; Os doentes ficaram internados por um per&#237;odo de 24 horas&#46; A realiza&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiograma p&#243;s procedimento limitou&#8208;se aos doentes com queixas sugestivas sendo que nenhum apresentou derrame peric&#225;rdico&#46; Em todos os doentes foi efetuada coronariografia antes da aplica&#231;&#227;o de energia&#44; para excluir proximidade de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias &#40;aplica&#231;&#227;o de energia a uma dist&#226;ncia sempre superior a 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria&#41;&#46; Ainda durante os procedimentos foi tamb&#233;m efetuado <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pacing</span> &#40;28<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mA com 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms&#41; ao longo da parede lateral do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo para capturar nervo fr&#233;nico esquerdo identificando no mapa tridimensional a sua localiza&#231;&#227;o e consequentemente evitar a sua les&#227;o durante a aplica&#231;&#227;o de energia&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Comparou&#8208;se o n&#250;mero de eventos seis meses antes do procedimento epic&#225;rdico e seis meses ap&#243;s&#46; Registaram&#8208;se os eventos arr&#237;tmicos e choques de CDI principalmente atrav&#233;s da interroga&#231;&#227;o dos dispositivos&#44; mas tamb&#233;m em ECG e Holter 24 horas&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Resultados</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A abordagem percut&#226;nea subxifoideia foi conseguida com sucesso em oito doentes&#46; Em seis a abla&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica funcionou como terap&#234;utica de segunda linha ap&#243;s tentativa endoc&#225;rdica e em dois casos o procedimento foi combinado&#46; A etiologia era n&#227;o isqu&#233;mica em sete doentes e isqu&#233;mica num&#46; Quatro doentes tinham miocardiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica onde foi poss&#237;vel identificar cicatriz p&#243;stero&#8208;septal&#44; p&#243;stero&#8208;lateral ou &#226;ntero&#8208;lateral por crit&#233;rios de voltagem na totalidade dos casos&#59; um doente de nacionalidade brasileira emigrante em Portugal h&#225; cinco anos tinha doen&#231;a de Chagas&#59; um doente tinha cardiopatia isqu&#233;mica em fase dilatada e compromisso significativo da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda&#59; um doente tinha taquicardiomiopatia&#59; e um doente tinha extrassistolia ventricular muito frequente &#40;24&#46;730 extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares no Holter 24 horas&#41; da c&#226;mara de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito sintom&#225;tica&#46; Todos os doentes estavam sob terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica antiarr&#237;tmica &#40;classe IC&#44; II ou III&#41;&#44; cinco possu&#237;am CDI &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46; Nenhum doente tinha sido previamente submetido a cirurgia cardiotor&#225;cica&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Num caso&#44; a presen&#231;a de ader&#234;ncias impediu o acesso epic&#225;rdico&#44; n&#227;o tendo sido poss&#237;vel avan&#231;ar com o procedimento&#46; Noutro caso &#40;doente com extrassistolia ventricular frequente&#41;&#44; a aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofrequ&#234;ncia n&#227;o foi eficaz por prov&#225;vel presen&#231;a de gordura epic&#225;rdica a condicionar o procedimento&#46; Nos oito doentes em que a abordagem foi poss&#237;vel&#44; em seis foi aplicada radiofrequ&#234;ncia epic&#225;rdica&#46; Foram induzidas em m&#233;dia duas TV por paciente sendo identificados circuitos epic&#225;rdicos em 75&#37; dos doentes&#46; Em sete casos &#40;seis deles durante aplica&#231;&#227;o no espa&#231;o peric&#225;rdico&#41; verificou&#8208;se interrup&#231;&#227;o da taquicardia durante a aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofrequ&#234;ncia&#44; n&#227;o se conseguindo induzir novamente TV&#44; traduzindo uma taxa de sucesso imediato de 87&#44;5&#37;&#46; A doente com patologia de doen&#231;a de Chagas foi diagnosticada com acidente vascular cerebral ap&#243;s epis&#243;dio de hemiparesia esquerda&#44; uma semana ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o &#40;procedimento combinado&#41;&#44; n&#227;o apresentando sequelas do evento&#46; N&#227;o se verificou mais nenhuma intercorr&#234;ncia relacionada com o procedimento&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Seguimento</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Num per&#237;odo de seguimento m&#233;dio de 3&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;2 anos &#40;seis meses a seis anos&#41;&#44; todos os doentes est&#227;o vivos&#46; Comparando os eventos seis meses antes do procedimento e seis meses ap&#243;s&#44; constatou&#8208;se uma diminui&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de TV e choques de CDI&#46; No grupo de doentes com miocardiopatia dilatada&#44; dois apresentaram um seguimento livre de novos epis&#243;dios de TV mantida&#46; Nos restantes dois constatou&#8208;se uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa n&#227;o s&#243; de arritmias&#44; como tamb&#233;m de choques de CDI&#46; Na doente que apresentava doen&#231;a de Chagas n&#227;o se verificaram novos epis&#243;dios de TV ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica&#46; Por prov&#225;vel presen&#231;a de gordura epic&#225;rdica&#44; n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel o al&#237;vio sintom&#225;tico significativo no doente que apresentava extrassistolia frequente&#46; O doente com taquicardiomiopatia encontra&#8208;se livre de eventos com melhoria da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &#40;&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>55&#37;&#41; e o doente com cardiopatia isqu&#233;mica diminuiu o n&#250;mero de eventos&#46; Nos doentes com seguimento mais longo observou&#8208;se que a tend&#234;ncia para a diminui&#231;&#227;o de eventos manteve&#8208;se &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Tabela 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os doentes com seguimento mais longo &#40;dois doentes com seis anos&#41; n&#227;o apresentaram complica&#231;&#245;es secund&#225;rias ao procedimento a longo prazo&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Discuss&#227;o</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No estudo efetuado verific&#225;mos uma elevada taxa de sucesso no al&#237;vio sintom&#225;tico dos doentes com baixo risco de complica&#231;&#245;es&#46; Apesar das complica&#231;&#245;es descritas noutros ensaios ou an&#225;lises multic&#234;ntricas &#40;5&#37; de complica&#231;&#245;es <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">major</span> agudas e 2&#37; a longo prazo&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#44; em casos selecionados&#44; o risco parece ser justific&#225;vel na medida em que n&#227;o existem alternativas terap&#234;uticas para os circuitos epic&#225;rdicos&#46; As principais patologias de base que apresentam este tipo de reentrada s&#227;o as cardiopatias dilatadas n&#227;o isqu&#233;micas&#44; a displasia arritmog&#233;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito&#44; estando a cardiopatia isqu&#233;mica na terceira posi&#231;&#227;o<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46; A sele&#231;&#227;o de doentes &#233; manifestamente importante para a aus&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es&#44; pois doentes que tenham sido previamente submetidos a cirurgia cardiotor&#225;cica &#40;que &#233; inclusivamente uma contraindica&#231;&#227;o relativa&#41;&#44; valvular ou de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria&#44; apresentam maior risco de ader&#234;ncias e dificuldade em puncionar o espa&#231;o peric&#225;rdico e&#44; portanto&#44; um maior risco de pun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita ou outras complica&#231;&#245;es&#46; A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de uma agulha de Tuhoy&#44; inje&#231;&#227;o de contraste e fios guia compridos que garantam que nenhuma cavidade card&#237;aca foi puncionada s&#227;o elementos que aumentam a efic&#225;cia do procedimento mas&#44; acima de tudo&#44; reduzem significativamente o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Devido a ser uma t&#233;cnica recente&#44; n&#227;o existem ainda estudos sobre poss&#237;veis efeitos adversos coron&#225;rios a longo prazo&#46; Apesar disso&#44; &#233; consensual que um bom compromisso entre a rela&#231;&#227;o risco&#47;benef&#237;cio &#233; a aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofrequ&#234;ncia a pelo menos 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm de dist&#226;ncia dos vasos coron&#225;rios<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Devido ao risco de hiperplasia da &#237;ntima&#44; a aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofrequ&#234;ncia em &#225;reas adjacentes &#224;s art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias deve ser efetuada com precau&#231;&#227;o sob risco de trombose<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13</span></a>&#46; N&#227;o se verificou nenhum caso de enfarte agudo do mioc&#225;rdio&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os maiores riscos associados &#224; pun&#231;&#227;o subxifoideia e abordagem do espa&#231;o epic&#225;rdico s&#227;o os de pun&#231;&#227;o de estruturas intraperitoneais como o f&#237;gado&#44; est&#244;mago e intestino grosso&#44; principalmente em doentes com cardiopatias dilatadas ou hepatomegalia&#46; N&#227;o se registou nenhuma destas complica&#231;&#245;es na s&#233;rie apresentada&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Outras complica&#231;&#245;es poss&#237;veis&#44; com taxas inferiores a 1&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#44; como hemorragia&#44; derrame&#47;tamponamento peric&#225;rdico e rutura da parede ventricular&#44; tamb&#233;m n&#227;o se verificaram&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O substrato para o desenvolvimento de TV monom&#243;rfica est&#225; associada &#224; presen&#231;a de &#225;reas de cicatriz ventricular promovendo circuitos de reentrada&#46; Geralmente&#44; na cardiopatia isqu&#233;mica estas &#225;reas de fibrose s&#227;o evidentes no endoc&#225;rdio&#44; o que facilita a abla&#231;&#227;o explicando o maior sucesso atingido nestes casos&#46; Na cardiopatia dilatada n&#227;o isqu&#233;mica&#44; &#225;reas de baixa voltagem s&#227;o dif&#237;ceis de mapear&#44; por vezes n&#227;o se encontrando no endoc&#225;rdio&#44; o que complica o procedimento obrigando a recorrer mais vezes a outros tipos de abordagem<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#46; Nos casos descritos de miocardiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica foi poss&#237;vel identificar&#44; atrav&#233;s de mapeamento por voltagem&#44; cicatriz na regi&#227;o p&#243;stero&#8208;septal&#44; p&#243;stero&#8208;lateral e&#44; apenas em um caso&#44; &#226;ntero&#8208;septal&#46; Ao contr&#225;rio da cardiopatia isqu&#233;mica em que a maioria das cicatrizes de enfarte est&#227;o bem localizadas na parede endoc&#225;rdica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#44; as cardiopatias dilatadas apresentam mais frequentemente cicatrizes no subendoc&#225;rdio e epic&#225;rdio&#46; Nestes casos&#44; a localiza&#231;&#227;o da cicatriz respons&#225;vel pela taquicardia e eventual abla&#231;&#227;o poder&#225; s&#243; ser poss&#237;vel atrav&#233;s de abordagem epic&#225;rdica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46; Em casos como a doen&#231;a de Chagas&#44; a abordagem inicial dever&#225; ser h&#237;brida&#44; dado que a probabilidade de exist&#234;ncia de circuito epic&#225;rdico &#233; de 70&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46; Apesar disso&#44; devido ao reduzido n&#250;mero absoluto de doentes com doen&#231;a de Chagas&#44; esta n&#227;o &#233; uma patologia que apare&#231;a no topo das interven&#231;&#245;es&#46; Apesar dos avan&#231;os na t&#233;cnica de mapeamento e voltagem epic&#225;rdica&#44; a abla&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea de taquicardia de etiologia isqu&#233;mica com substrato endoc&#225;rdico &#250;nico mant&#233;m taxa de sucesso superior<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;19</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Num dos casos apresentados a presen&#231;a de gordura epic&#225;rdica condicionou a efic&#225;cia das aplica&#231;&#245;es&#46; Este problema &#233; frequente&#44; est&#225; mais associado a doentes com doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria e limita a efic&#225;cia do procedimento mesmo com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de cateteres irrigados<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#44;21</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Permanece a d&#250;vida sobre quais s&#227;o os doentes que mais podem beneficiar desta t&#233;cnica&#46; H&#225; crit&#233;rios descritos que permitem aumentar o grau de suspei&#231;&#227;o da origem epic&#225;rdica da arritmia&#46; Todos se baseiam no princ&#237;pio de que a velocidade de condu&#231;&#227;o no circuito &#233; lenta na regi&#227;o epic&#225;rdica &#40;o que origina um empastamento inicial do QRS&#41; e mais r&#225;pida quando a superf&#237;cie endoc&#225;rdica &#233; atingida&#46; Estes crit&#233;rios &#40;como por exemplo a presen&#231;a de uma pseudo onda delta durante a taquicardia&#41; apresentam sensibilidade e especificidade n&#227;o muito elevadas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46; &#201; discut&#237;vel a vantagem da sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;24</span></a>&#46; Na nossa s&#233;rie de doentes opt&#225;mos por selecionar casos em quem j&#225; se tinha tentado abla&#231;&#227;o endoc&#225;rdica&#44; independentemente da morfologia do QRS em taquicardia&#46; Na doente com doen&#231;a de Chagas&#44; pela elevada preval&#234;ncia de cicatrizes epic&#225;rdicas nesta patologia&#44; optou&#8208;se por abordagem epic&#225;rdica mais precocemente&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conclus&#245;es</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em doentes selecionados&#44; h&#225; claro benef&#237;cio da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de abla&#231;&#227;o de TV por abordagem epic&#225;rdica com baixo risco de complica&#231;&#245;es&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Responsabilidades &#233;ticas</span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Prote&#231;&#227;o dos seres humanos e animais</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram que os procedimentos seguidos estavam de acordo com os regulamentos estabelecidos pelos respons&#225;veis da Comiss&#227;o de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica e &#201;tica e de acordo com os da Associa&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica Mundial e da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Confidencialidade dos dados</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram ter seguido os protocolos de seu centro de trabalho acerca da publica&#231;&#227;o dos dados de pacientes e que todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo receberam informa&#231;&#245;es suficientes e deram o seu consentimento informado por escrito para participar nesse estudo&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Direito &#224; privacidade e consentimento escrito</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram ter recebido consentimento escrito dos pacientes e&#47; ou sujeitos mencionados no artigo&#46; O autor para correspond&#234;ncia deve estar na posse deste documento&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Conflito de interesses</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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              "identificador" => "sec0050"
              "titulo" => "Confidencialidade dos dados"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2012-09-24"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2013-10-26"
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          "titulo" => "Palavras&#8208;chave"
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          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Taquicardia ventricular"
            1 => "Mapeamento epic&#225;rdico"
            2 => "Abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter"
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            1 => "Epicardial mapping"
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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introdu&#231;&#227;o</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Os circuitos de reentrada da taquicardia ventricular envolvem&#44; por vezes&#44; n&#227;o s&#243; o endoc&#225;rdio&#44; mas tamb&#233;m o epic&#225;rdio&#46; A abla&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia ventricular por via epic&#225;rdica pode ser &#250;til nessas situa&#231;&#245;es&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O objetivo do estudo consistiu em avaliar a efic&#225;cia&#44; seguran&#231;a e complica&#231;&#245;es de uma s&#233;rie de doentes consecutivos submetidos a abla&#231;&#227;o de arritmias ventriculares com mapeamento por via epic&#225;rdica&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Popula&#231;&#227;o e m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo todos os doentes submetidos a abla&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia ventricular com mapeamento por via epic&#225;rdica desde 2004 at&#233; 2012&#46; De um total de 95 abla&#231;&#245;es&#44; em nove doentes foi tentada a via epic&#225;rdica&#44; oito do sexo masculino com 58<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12 anos&#46; Todos os doentes tinham sido previamente submetidos ou realizaram concomitantemente mapeamento endoc&#225;rdico&#46; A etiologia da arritmia era n&#227;o isqu&#233;mica em oito doentes e isqu&#233;mica num&#46; Comparou&#8208;se o n&#250;mero de eventos nos seis meses anteriores ao procedimento epic&#225;rdico com os seis meses seguintes&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Resultados</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O acesso epic&#225;rdico foi conseguido em oito doentes por via percut&#226;nea subxifoideia&#46; Num caso n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel abordagem epic&#225;rdica por presen&#231;a de ader&#234;ncias&#46; Em nenhum dos doentes o procedimento foi repetido e n&#227;o se verificaram complica&#231;&#245;es <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">major</span> no per&#237;odo intra&#8208;hospitalar&#46; Num seguimento m&#233;dio de 3&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;2 anos registou&#8208;se um acidente vascular cerebral num doente&#44; n&#227;o se registando outras complica&#231;&#245;es a m&#233;dio&#47;longo prazo&#44; tendo a maioria dos doentes diminu&#237;do o n&#250;mero de epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclus&#245;es</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A abla&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia ventricular por via epic&#225;rdica foi utilizada eficazmente na diminui&#231;&#227;o da morbilidade em oito doentes com baixo risco de complica&#231;&#245;es a m&#233;dio&#47;longo prazo&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Introduction</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Reentrant circuits of ventricular tachycardia may involve not only the endocardium but also the epicardium&#46; Epicardial ablation can be useful in these situations&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Objective</span><p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this study was to assess efficacy&#44; safety and complications in a series of consecutive patients who underwent ablation of ventricular tachycardia with epicardial mapping&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Methods</span><p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The study included all patients undergoing ventricular tachycardia ablation with epicardial mapping from 2004 to 2012&#46; Of a total of 95 ablations&#44; an epicardial approach was attempted in nine patients&#44; eight male&#44; mean age 58&#177;12 years&#46; Endocardial mapping was performed in all patients previously or simultaneously&#46; The etiology of the arrhythmia was non&#8208;ischemic in eight patients and ischemic in one&#46; We compared the number of events in the six months prior to the epicardial procedure and six months after&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Results</span><p id="spar0105" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Percutaneous epicardial access was achieved in eight patients&#46; In one case it was not possible due to the presence of adhesions&#46; In none of the patients was the procedure repeated and there were no major complications during hospitalization&#46; In a mean follow&#8208;up of 3&#46;5&#177;1&#46;2 years&#44; one patient suffered stroke&#59; there were no other medium&#8208;to&#8208;long&#8208;term complications and the number of ventricular tachycardia episodes was reduced in all patients after ablation&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0110" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Epicardial radiofrequency ablation of ventricular tachycardia was effective in reducing morbidity in eight patients&#44; with a low risk of complications in the short and medium&#8208;to&#8208;long term&#46;</p>"
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          "pt" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Imagem do sistema mapeamento CARTO&#46; Mapeamento endoc&#225;rdico &#224; esquerda e epic&#225;rdico &#224; direita&#46; Eletrograma endoc&#225;rdico &#40;esquerda em baixo&#41; e epic&#225;rdico &#40;direita em baixo&#41; mostrando maior precocidade no sinal epic&#225;rdico &#40;62<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms vs 80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      4 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabela 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CCT&#58; cirurgia cardiotor&#225;cica&#59; CDI&#58; cardioversor desfribrilhador implant&#225;vel&#59; CSVD&#58; c&#226;mara de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito&#59; ESV&#58; extrass&#237;stole ventricular&#59; F&#58; sexo feminino&#59; M&#58; sexo masculino&#59; N&#58; n&#227;o&#59; S&#58; sim&#59; TV&#58; taquicardia ventricular&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sexo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patologia base&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CDI na altura da abla&#231;&#227;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Abla&#231;&#227;o endoc&#225;rdica pr&#233;via&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tipo de arritmia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Fatores de risco cardiovascular&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">NYHA na altura da abla&#231;&#227;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Miocardiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TV monom&#243;rfica &#40;mais do que uma morfologia&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>35&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">III&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Miocardiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TV monom&#243;rfica com mais do que uma morfologia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">40&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">II&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Miocardiopatia isqu&#233;mica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TV monom&#243;rfica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>35&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">II&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Miocardiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TV monom&#243;rfica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>35&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">II&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Miocardiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TV monom&#243;rfica com mais do que uma morfologia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">42&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">II&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ESV CSVD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ESV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>55&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">F&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Doen&#231;a de Chagas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TV monom&#243;rfica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">45&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Taquimiopatia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TV monom&#243;rfica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">42&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">III&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab518325.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "pt" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o submetida a abla&#231;&#227;o por via epic&#225;rdica</p>"
        ]
      ]
      5 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabela 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ENDO&#58; endoc&#225;rdica&#59; EPI&#58; epic&#225;rdica&#59; ESVD&#58; extrasistolia da c&#226;mara de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito&#59; F&#58; sexo feminino&#59; M&#58; sexo masculino&#59; MCD&#58; miocardiopatia dilatada&#59; MCD I&#58; miocardiopatia dilatada isqu&#233;mica&#59; RF&#58; radiofrequ&#234;ncia&#59; TMP&#58; taquimiopatia&#59; TV&#58; taquicardia ventricular&#59; TVNM&#58; taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o mantida&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patologia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sexo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Aplica&#231;&#227;o RF&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">TV antes &#40;seis meses antes&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">TV ap&#243;s &#40;seis meses ap&#243;s&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Choques antes &#40;seis meses antes&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Choques ap&#243;s &#40;seis meses ap&#243;s&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">MCD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Epi&#47;Endo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10 &#40;&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TVNM&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">MCD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Epi&#47;Endo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10 &#40;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">MCD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Epi&#47;Endo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10 &#40;&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">MCD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Endo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TMP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Epi&#47;Endo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">MCD I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Endo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ESVD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Epi&#47;Endo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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ISSN: 08702551
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