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Em Portugal esta realidade foi demonstrada no estudo Preval&#234;ncia&#44; Conhecimento&#44; Tratamento e Controlo da Hipertens&#227;o em Portugal &#40;PAP&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#44; que documentou n&#227;o s&#243; uma elevada preval&#234;ncia da HTA em adultos com idade superior a 19 anos &#40;42&#44;1&#37;&#41;&#44; mas tamb&#233;m uma baixa taxa do seu controlo &#40;11&#44;2&#37;&#41;&#46; Apesar de v&#225;rios fatores contribu&#237;rem para este deficiente controlo&#44; a HTA &#233; resistente &#224; terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica num n&#250;mero significativo de doentes sendo fundamental a identifica&#231;&#227;o destes casos&#44; pelo elevado risco para a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#8211;7</span></a>&#46; Esta limita&#231;&#227;o das estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas farmacol&#243;gicas atuais reflete provavelmente a complexidade dos m&#250;ltiplos mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos envolvidos na g&#233;nese e manuten&#231;&#227;o da HTA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a>&#46; A ativa&#231;&#227;o cr&#243;nica do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico&#44; mecanismo central na fisiopatologia da HTA resistente&#44; tem sido alvo de uma nova t&#233;cnica de interven&#231;&#227;o &#8211; a desnerva&#231;&#227;o renal &#8211; que consiste na aplica&#231;&#227;o endovascular nas art&#233;rias renais de energia de radiofrequ&#234;ncia para a modula&#231;&#227;o da atividade simp&#225;tica renal<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia da desnerva&#231;&#227;o renal &#40;DNR&#41; foram inicialmente descritas nos estudos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Symplicity</span> HTN&#8208;1<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Symplicity</span> HTN&#8208;2<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#44; havendo j&#225; evid&#234;ncia que demonstra a persist&#234;ncia da efic&#225;cia a m&#233;dio prazo na redu&#231;&#227;o dos valores de press&#227;o arterial com diferen&#231;as dentro da mesma magnitude<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14</span></a>&#46; Public&#225;mos recentemente a nossa experi&#234;ncia inicial com esta nova t&#233;cnica no tratamento dos doentes com HTA resistente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a seguran&#231;a imediata e a efic&#225;cia da DNR aos seis meses na redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial em doentes com HTA resistente&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">M&#233;todos</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Desenho do estudo e popula&#231;&#227;o</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Registo prospetivo incluindo 177 doentes avaliados consecutivamente em consulta de HTA resistente&#44; em centro terci&#225;rio&#44; entre julho de 2011 e maio de 2013&#46; A HTA resistente foi definida como presen&#231;a de press&#227;o arterial avaliada na consulta superior ou igual a 140&#47;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; apesar de terap&#234;utica com pelo menos tr&#234;s f&#225;rmacos anti&#8208;hipertensores nas doses m&#225;ximas toleradas&#44; um dos quais obrigatoriamente diur&#233;tico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46; Em todos os doentes foi feita a exclus&#227;o de poss&#237;veis causas secund&#225;rias de HTA&#46; A sele&#231;&#227;o dos doentes para DNR foi efetuada em reuni&#227;o entre cardiologistas e nefrologistas respons&#225;veis pelo estudo dos doentes na consulta de HTA&#46; Os procedimentos foram autorizados pela comiss&#227;o de &#233;tica do centro hospitalar e realizados ap&#243;s o consentimento informado dos doentes&#46; O desenho do estudo encontra&#8208;se representado na <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figura 1</a>&#46; Os crit&#233;rios usados para a sele&#231;&#227;o dos doentes com HTA para tratamento com DNR foram discutidos e publicados recentemente por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">de Ara&#250;jo Gon&#231;alves</span> et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e laboratorial protocolada&#44; foram selecionados e submetidos a DNR 34 doentes&#44; dos quais 22 tinham completado seis meses de seguimento ap&#243;s o procedimento&#46; Na an&#225;lise final foi avaliada a seguran&#231;a do procedimento de todos os doentes submetidos a DNR e a efic&#225;cia no grupo de doentes com seguimento completo aos seis meses&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e exames complementares de diagn&#243;stico</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para avaliar a elegibilidade anat&#243;mica para DNR foi efetuada angiografia das art&#233;rias renais em todos os doentes&#46; Em 73&#44;5&#37; dos doentes &#40;n&#61;25&#41; foi efetuada angiografia n&#227;o invasiva antes da DNR atrav&#233;s de tomografia computadorizada&#46; Consideraram&#8208;se suscet&#237;veis de DNR as art&#233;rias renais com di&#226;metro luminal m&#237;nimo de 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm e sem marcadas tortuosidade ou estenoses significativas &#40;redu&#231;&#227;o &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50&#37; do di&#226;metro vascular&#41;&#46; Foram registadas vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas&#44; antecedentes cl&#237;nicos e par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos&#46; A avalia&#231;&#227;o basal&#44; realizada antes da DNR&#44; incluiu&#58; registo da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#40;PAS&#41; e diast&#243;lica &#40;PAD&#41; na &#250;ltima consulta&#44; realiza&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico&#44; monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulat&#243;ria da press&#227;o arterial &#40;MAPA&#41; 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h e avalia&#231;&#227;o anal&#237;tica&#46; A terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica anti&#8208;hipertensora de cada doente foi tamb&#233;m registada&#44; valorizando&#8208;se quer o n&#250;mero de f&#225;rmacos quer as respetivas classes farmacol&#243;gicas&#44; consideradas pelas seguintes categorias&#58; inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina&#44; antagonistas dos recetores da angiotensina&#44; inibidores diretos da renina&#44; antagonistas da aldosterona&#44; diur&#233;ticos&#44; beta&#8208;bloqueantes&#44; antagonistas dos canais de c&#225;lcio e alfa agonistas&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Procedimento de desnerva&#231;&#227;o renal</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A DNR foi efetuada atrav&#233;s de acesso arterial femoral&#44; com exce&#231;&#227;o de um caso&#44; no qual foi usada a art&#233;ria radial esquerda&#46; Ap&#243;s a obten&#231;&#227;o do acesso vascular realizou&#8208;se aortografia abdominal e angiografia seletiva das art&#233;rias renais&#46; A radiofrequ&#234;ncia foi aplicada em ambas as art&#233;rias renais usando os sistemas&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Symplicity</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#174;</span></span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Medtronic</span>&#44; EUA&#41; n&#61;26&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">EnligHTN</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#174;</span></span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">St&#46; Jude Medical</span>&#44; EUA&#41; n&#61;6 e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">OneShot</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#174;</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;Covidien</span>&#44; EUA&#41; n&#61;2&#46; Com estes dispositivos a aplica&#231;&#227;o da radiofrequ&#234;ncia &#233; monitorizada atrav&#233;s de um gerador&#44; cuja programa&#231;&#227;o e controlo s&#227;o autom&#225;ticos &#40;imped&#226;ncia&#44; temperatura e dura&#231;&#227;o de aplica&#231;&#227;o&#41;&#44; n&#227;o dependentes da interven&#231;&#227;o do operador&#44; obedecendo a protocolos pr&#233;&#8208;estabelecidos para cada uma das marcas&#46; Com o sistema <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Symplicity</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#174;</span></span> realizam&#8208;se entre quatro a seis aplica&#231;&#245;es em cada art&#233;ria renal&#44; com dura&#231;&#227;o de 120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>seg cada&#44; come&#231;ando na por&#231;&#227;o mais distal do vaso&#44; separadas por cerca de 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm e efetuadas em diferentes quadrantes da parede arterial<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; O sistema <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">EnligHTN</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#174;</span></span> &#233; um dispositivo multiel&#233;trodo &#40;quatro el&#233;trodos&#41;&#44; permitindo a aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofrequ&#234;ncia sem necessidade de manipula&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo&#59; o procedimento inicia&#8208;se tamb&#233;m no el&#233;trodo mais distal com quatro aplica&#231;&#245;es sequenciais com dura&#231;&#227;o de 90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>seg cada&#44; sendo idealmente feitos dois conjuntos de quatro aplica&#231;&#245;es em cada art&#233;ria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46; O sistema <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">OneShot</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#174;</span></span>&#44; aprovado mais recentemente&#44; permite o uso de fio guia&#44; apresenta um el&#233;trodo &#250;nico irrigado e em espiral&#44; sendo a energia aplicada durante 120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>seg<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46; Todos os procedimentos foram realizados sob seda&#231;&#227;o&#44; com apoio anest&#233;sico &#40;propofol e remifentanilo em doses ajustadas ao peso do doente&#41; e sob anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com heparina n&#227;o fracionada para um <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">activated clotting time</span> m&#237;nimo de 250<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>seg&#46; Em todos os casos o acesso vascular femoral foi encerrado com o dispositivo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Angio&#8208;Seal</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#174;</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;St&#46; Jude Medical</span>&#44; EUA&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span> N&#227;o se verificaram complica&#231;&#245;es no acesso vascular nem nas art&#233;rias renais ap&#243;s a DNR&#44; ocorrendo apenas um caso de espasmo e estenose da art&#233;ria renal na angiografia final&#44; num procedimento efetuado em art&#233;ria renal acess&#243;ria com di&#226;metro no limite inferior da indica&#231;&#227;o &#40;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Per&#237;odo de seguimento</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A defini&#231;&#227;o de respondedor para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia da DNR aos seis meses foi a usada nos estudos que validaram esta t&#233;cnica&#58; redu&#231;&#227;o da PAS &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg na consulta de seguimento&#46; Neste per&#237;odo de seguimento foi ainda avaliado o valor da PAD na consulta&#44; o n&#250;mero de f&#225;rmacos anti&#8208;hipertensores e de classes farmacol&#243;gicas&#44; os valores da MAPA 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h e os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos&#58; &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda &#40;IMVE&#41;&#44; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda&#44; &#237;ndice do volume da aur&#237;cula esquerda&#44; o ratio <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#47;A</span> em que <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E</span> e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A</span> representam as velocidades m&#225;ximas do fluxo ao n&#237;vel da v&#225;lvula mitral obtidas por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Doppler</span> pulsado&#44; o tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E</span> e o ratio <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#47;e&#8217;</span> em que <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">e&#8217;</span> representa a velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce obtida no anel mitral por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Doppler</span> tecidular&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Na avalia&#231;&#227;o da seguran&#231;a imediata da DNR foi registada a ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas quer com o acesso vascular &#40;hematoma e pseudoaneurisma&#41; quer com a cateteriza&#231;&#227;o seletiva das art&#233;rias renais e com a aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofrequ&#234;ncia &#40;espasmo&#44; estenose&#44; disse&#231;&#245;es&#44; trombose ou perfura&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias renais&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica do presente estudo foi realizada atrav&#233;s do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">software Statistical Package for Social Sciences</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#174;</span></span> para <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Windows</span>&#44; vers&#227;o 19&#46;0 &#40;SPSS&#44; Inc&#44; Chicago&#44; Illinois&#44; EUA&#41;&#46; As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em valores num&#233;ricos &#40;com percentagens entre par&#234;ntesis&#41; e usou&#8208;se o teste exato de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fischer</span> para a sua compara&#231;&#227;o&#46; As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas sob a forma de m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e foram comparadas pelo teste <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>&#8208;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Student</span>&#44; quando verificadas as condi&#231;&#245;es de aplicabilidade&#46; Foram considerados estatisticamente significativos os resultados com p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Resultados</span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos doentes submetidos a desnerva&#231;&#227;o renal</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As caracter&#237;sticas basais dos doentes submetidos a DNR encontram&#8208;se representadas na <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Tabela 1</a>&#46; A m&#233;dia de idades foi 62&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#44;6 anos&#44; metade dos doentes eram do sexo masculino &#40;n&#61;17&#41; e a grande maioria &#40;94&#44;1&#37;&#59; n&#61;32&#41; de ra&#231;a caucasiana&#46; Entre os fatores de risco cardiovascular destacam&#8208;se&#58; &#237;ndice de massa corporal m&#233;dio de 30&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> &#40;obesidade em 55&#44;9&#37; doentes&#41;&#44; diabetes <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">mellitus</span> tipo 2 em 64&#44;7&#37;&#44; dislipidemia em 67&#44;6&#37;&#44; tabagismo ativo em 2&#44;9&#37; e hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria prematura em 5&#44;9&#37; dos doentes&#46; Dos antecedentes pessoais&#44; 32&#44;4&#37; &#40;n&#61;11&#41; apresentavam doen&#231;a vascular em qualquer territ&#243;rio&#58; doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica em 11&#44;8&#37; &#40;n&#61;4&#41;&#44; doen&#231;a vascular cerebral em 8&#44;8&#37; &#40;n&#61;3&#41; e doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria em 20&#44;6&#37; dos doentes &#40;5&#44;9&#37; com enfarte agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio e 14&#44;7&#37; submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea&#41;&#46; Em 8&#44;8&#37; dos doentes &#40;n&#61;3&#41; existia concomitantemente s&#237;ndrome de apneia obstrutiva do sono&#44; mantendo estes doentes valores de press&#227;o arterial elevados apesar de suporte ventilat&#243;rio n&#227;o invasivo em ambulat&#243;rio&#46; A estimativa do d&#233;bito de filtrado glomerular &#40;eDFG&#8208;MDRD&#41; m&#233;dio foi de 81&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>36&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; Destes doentes&#44; 17&#44;6&#37; tinham doen&#231;a renal cr&#243;nica com Edfg &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; O valor m&#233;dio de creatinina s&#233;rica foi de 1&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Na &#250;ltima consulta antes da DNR os valores m&#233;dios da PAS e da PAD foram respetivamente 175<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>23<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg e 92<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; enquanto a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#233;dia foi de 71<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bpm&#46; A MAPA revelou os seguintes valores m&#233;dios nas 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#58; PAS 151<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; PAD 85<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia 107<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; press&#227;o de pulso 68<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; cargas sist&#243;licas 73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37;&#44; cargas diast&#243;licas 45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>28&#37;&#44; frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca 69<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bpm e perda do perfil circadiano em 57&#44;1&#37; dos doentes&#46; O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico revelou hipertrofia ventricular esquerda na maioria dos doentes &#40;90&#44;9&#37;&#41;&#44; sendo o IMVE m&#233;dio de 164<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; Apenas quatro doentes apresentavam redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda &#40;&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>55&#37; por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Simpson</span> biplano&#41; sendo o valor m&#233;dio de 66<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#37;&#44; o volume indexado da aur&#237;cula esquerda 37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; o ratio <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#47;A</span> 0&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;4&#44; o tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E</span> 239<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>65<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms e o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ratio E&#47;e&#8217;</span> 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46; Em m&#233;dia cada doente estava medicado com 5&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;0 f&#225;rmacos anti&#8208;hipertensores&#44; correspondendo a 5&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;8 classes farmacol&#243;gicas&#46; As classes de f&#225;rmacos mais prescritos foram os antagonistas dos canais do c&#225;lcio em 97&#44;1&#37; &#40;n&#61;33&#41;&#44; os diur&#233;ticos em 88&#44;2&#37; &#40;n&#61;30&#41; e os beta&#8208;bloqueantes em 82&#44;4&#37; &#40;n&#61;28&#41; dos doentes&#46; Os antagonistas da aldosterona e os alfa&#8208;agonistas estavam ambos prescritos em 70&#44;6&#37; &#40;n&#61;24&#41;&#44; os antagonistas dos recetores da angiotensina em 61&#44;8&#37; &#40;n&#61;21&#41;&#44; os inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina em 52&#44;9&#37; &#40;n&#61;18&#41; e os inibidores da renina em 14&#44;7&#37; &#40;n&#61;5&#41; dos doentes&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Seguimento aos seis meses</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dos 22 doentes com seguimento completo aos seis meses ap&#243;s a DNR&#44; 18 &#40;81&#44;8&#37;&#41; alcan&#231;aram o objetivo prim&#225;rio do estudo&#44; sendo considerados respondedores &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figura 2</a>&#41;&#46; Dos quatro doentes n&#227;o respondedores&#44; apenas um apresentou eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial comparativamente ao valor basal&#44; enquanto os outros tr&#234;s tiveram redu&#231;&#227;o inferior a 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#46; A PAS avaliada na consulta diminuiu em m&#233;dia 22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; sendo esta redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa &#40;174<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>23 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 152<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46; A PAD tamb&#233;m diminuiu de forma estatisticamente significativa&#44; em m&#233;dia 9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg &#40;89<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#59; p&#61;0&#44;006&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figura 3</a>&#41;&#46; Outros par&#226;metros que se modificaram de forma significativa aos seis meses ap&#243;s a DNR foram a percentagem de cargas diast&#243;licas na MAPA 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h &#40;45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>29 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 27<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>26&#37;&#59; p&#61;0&#44;049&#41; e o IMVE &#40;174<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>56 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 158<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#59; p&#61;0&#44;014&#41;&#46; Os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica que foram analisados n&#227;o se modificaram de forma estatisticamente significativa&#46; Da mesma forma&#44; a creatinina s&#233;rica tamb&#233;m n&#227;o se alterou &#40;1&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;3 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 1&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#59; p&#61;0&#44;344&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Tabela 2</a>&#41;&#46; O n&#250;mero de f&#225;rmacos anti&#8208;hipertensores &#40;5&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;0 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 4&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;1&#59; p&#61;0&#44;010&#41; e de classes farmacol&#243;gicas &#40;5&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;7 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 4&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;1&#59; p&#61;0&#44;009&#41; diminuiu significativamente ap&#243;s a DNR&#46; N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel efetuar qualquer an&#225;lise comparativa entre os diferentes sistemas de desnerva&#231;&#227;o porque os doentes tratados com os sistemas <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">OneShot</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#174;</span></span> &#40;n&#61;2&#41; e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">EnligHTN</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#174;</span></span> &#40;n&#61;6&#41; n&#227;o atingiram ainda o tempo de seguimento estudado &#40;seis meses&#41;&#46; A sua inclus&#227;o neste trabalho serve de qualquer modo para descrever as caracter&#237;sticas basais dos doentes selecionados para a DNR&#44; bem como a sua seguran&#231;a imediata&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Discuss&#227;o</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Neste grupo de doentes com HTA resistente submetidos a DNR esta foi uma interven&#231;&#227;o segura&#44; n&#227;o se tendo verificado nenhuma complica&#231;&#227;o grave&#46; Nesta s&#233;rie de doentes n&#227;o ocorreu nenhuma complica&#231;&#227;o do acesso vascular&#44; nomeadamente pseudoaneurisma&#44; real&#231;ando&#8208;se o facto de um dos doentes ser o primeiro caso at&#233; &#224; data publicado de DNR por via radial<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#46; Igualmente n&#227;o ocorreu nenhum caso de disse&#231;&#227;o&#44; trombose ou rutura da art&#233;ria renal&#44; tendo&#8208;se verificado apenas um caso de espasmo e estenose mantida no final do procedimento ap&#243;s desnerva&#231;&#227;o numa art&#233;ria renal acess&#243;ria com calibre no limite inferior do recomendado&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A seguran&#231;a da DNR foi inicialmente demonstrada em 2009 no estudo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Symplicity</span> HTN&#8208;1<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#44; estudo que permitiu a introdu&#231;&#227;o da DNR na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica&#46; No entanto&#44; os estudos publicados na literatura envolveram um reduzido n&#250;mero de doentes e o tempo de seguimento ainda &#233; insuficiente para se poderem tirar conclus&#245;es mais definitivas acerca da seguran&#231;a desta nova t&#233;cnica a m&#233;dio longo prazo&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Al&#233;m da seguran&#231;a demonstrada&#44; a DNR foi tamb&#233;m uma interven&#231;&#227;o eficaz na redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial avaliada na consulta aos seis meses de seguimento&#44; com uma redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia da PAS de 22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#46; Em 82&#37; dos casos houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; verificando&#8208;se ainda uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da PAD &#40;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#41;&#46; Este impacto da DNR nos valores tensionais avaliados na consulta permitiu tamb&#233;m uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa do n&#250;mero de f&#225;rmacos anti&#8208;hipertensores&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O aumento do n&#250;mero de doentes hipertensos e a morbi&#8208;mortalidade resultante do mau controlo tensional&#44; em parte tamb&#233;m condicionada por casos refrat&#225;rios e resistentes &#224; terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica&#44; justificam a necessidade da ado&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas complementares&#46; Estima&#8208;se que cerca de sete milh&#245;es de mortes e 64 milh&#245;es de anos de vida perdidos sejam provocados anualmente por HTA mal controlada<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#46; Em algumas revis&#245;es da literatura refere&#8208;se que a HTA resistente pode representar cerca de 15&#37; dos doentes com hipertens&#227;o<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a>&#44; ocorrendo mais frequentemente nos homens&#44; em idade superior a 55 anos&#44; indiv&#237;duos de ra&#231;a negra&#44; diab&#233;ticos&#44; obesos e com doen&#231;a renal cr&#243;nica em est&#225;dios avan&#231;ados<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6&#44;8&#44;9</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A abordagem dos doentes com HTA resistente &#233; bastante complexa&#44; sendo a exclus&#227;o de causas secund&#225;rias de HTA a otimiza&#231;&#227;o da terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica e a exclus&#227;o de HTA da &#171;bata branca&#187; ou outras pseudoresist&#234;ncias&#44; etapas cruciais e pr&#233;vias &#224; aplica&#231;&#227;o de t&#233;cnicas mais espec&#237;ficas e avan&#231;adas como a DNR&#46; No presente estudo a complexidade da sele&#231;&#227;o dos doentes para DNR &#233; demonstrada pela reduzida percentagem de doentes seguidos em consulta dedicada de HTA resistente considerados eleg&#237;veis para DNR&#44; sendo a propor&#231;&#227;o de doente avaliado com HTA resistente para doente submetido a DNR de aproximadamente 5&#58;1 &#40;19&#44;2&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica da HTA tem&#8208;se baseado sobretudo em f&#225;rmacos que atuam ao n&#237;vel do sistema renina&#8208;angiotensina&#8208;aldosterona&#44; sendo o sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico relegado para segundo plano&#46; No entanto&#44; o papel da modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica na HTA j&#225; foi demonstrado h&#225; mais de meio s&#233;culo&#46; Por um lado foi demonstrada a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico e HTA essencial em diversos tipos e est&#225;dios de HTA&#44; incluindo os mais precoces<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#8211;24</span></a>&#46; Por outro lado&#44; o efeito da simpatectomia cir&#250;rgica na redu&#231;&#227;o dos valores tensionais foi tamb&#233;m comprovado&#44; embora esta t&#233;cnica tivesse sido abandonada pelas complica&#231;&#245;es associadas ao procedimento e pelo subsequente desenvolvimento da terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#8211;27</span></a>&#46; Os recentes avan&#231;os tecnol&#243;gicos com o aparecimento de dispositivos miniaturizados para aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofrequ&#234;ncia vieram permitir a realiza&#231;&#227;o de uma desnerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica por via percut&#226;nea&#44; fazendo renascer o entusiasmo sobre a possibilidade de intervir na rela&#231;&#227;o atividade simp&#225;tica&#8208;HTA&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os resultados do nosso estudo s&#227;o sobrepon&#237;veis com os de estudos pr&#233;vios&#44; nos quais foi documentada a efic&#225;cia da DNR em doentes com HTA resistente&#46; No estudo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SYMPLICITY HTN 2</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#44; o primeiro estudo aleatorizado que demonstrou a efic&#225;cia da DNR na redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial aos seis meses de seguimento&#44; verificou&#8208;se uma redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 32<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg na PAS e de 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg na PAD&#46; Em valores absolutos a magnitude da redu&#231;&#227;o foi superior &#224; que observ&#225;mos&#46; Contudo&#44; a compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados entre as duas an&#225;lises &#233; dif&#237;cil de estabelecer por v&#225;rios motivos&#58; a dimens&#227;o da nossa amostra &#233; inferior &#40;cerca de metade&#41;&#59; os valores basais da press&#227;o arterial eram superiores no <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SYMPLICITY HTN 2</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> &#40;PAS 178 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 174<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg e PAD 97 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 89<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#41;&#44; o que torna mais prov&#225;vel a obten&#231;&#227;o de uma maior redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial&#59; e principalmente pelo facto da terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica no nosso estudo n&#227;o ter sido mantida na totalidade ao longo do per&#237;odo de seguimento&#44; o que poder&#225; ter subvalorizado os nossos resultados&#46; Estes factos podem justificar tamb&#233;m a diferen&#231;a evidenciada nos resultados dos valores tensionais na MAPA 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46; De facto&#44; contrariamente ao observado no <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SYMPLICITY HTN 2</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#44; no qual os valores tensionais na MAPA 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h diminu&#237;ram significativamente seis meses ap&#243;s a DNR&#44; no nosso estudo apenas se verificou uma redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa na percentagem de cargas diast&#243;licas nas 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; apesar dos valores m&#233;dios da PAS e de PAD terem diminu&#237;do &#40;5 e 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; respetivamente&#41;&#46; Al&#233;m do impacto a curto prazo demonstrado no presente estudo&#44; importa real&#231;ar que a efic&#225;cia da DNR se prolonga a longo prazo&#44; facto j&#225; reportado at&#233; aos 36 meses de seguimento<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Relativamente aos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos estudados&#44; verificou&#8208;se uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no IMVE&#44; em linha com resultados publicados por outros grupos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#46; Este achado assume um papel relevante pelo facto da hipertrofia ventricular esquerda ser um marcador subcl&#237;nico de les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;o alvo&#44; associado &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&#46; Por outro lado&#44; j&#225; foi documentado que a regress&#227;o da hipertrofia ventricular esquerda&#44; resultante de um melhor controlo da HTA&#44; se associa a melhor progn&#243;stico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a>&#46; No entanto&#44; contrariamente ao descrito em trabalhos pr&#233;vios<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#44; na nossa an&#225;lise n&#227;o se verificou uma melhoria significativa dos par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ou diast&#243;lica ap&#243;s a DNR&#44; facto provavelmente relacionado com a reduzida dimens&#227;o da amostra&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Alguns pontos continuam por esclarecer relativamente &#224; aplicabilidade da DNR&#46; A sele&#231;&#227;o dos doentes&#44; a investiga&#231;&#227;o profunda das raz&#245;es que levam &#224; n&#227;o ader&#234;ncia &#224; terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica e a investiga&#231;&#227;o da HTA da &#171;bata branca&#187; s&#227;o pontos essenciais e a otimizar&#46; Recentemente&#44; um estudo que avaliou a ader&#234;ncia terap&#234;utica de 84 doentes hipertensos&#44; atrav&#233;s do doseamento das concentra&#231;&#245;es sangu&#237;neas dos f&#225;rmacos&#44; revelou que 34&#44;5&#37; dos doentes n&#227;o apresentavam f&#225;rmaco detet&#225;vel em circula&#231;&#227;o e que 65&#44;5&#37; preenchia crit&#233;rios para n&#227;o ader&#234;ncia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a>&#46; Neste sentido&#44; &#233; dif&#237;cil estabelecer se o impacto da DNR na press&#227;o arterial se deve por si s&#243; &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o&#44; &#224; eventual melhoria na ader&#234;ncia terap&#234;utica destes doentes ou at&#233; a um componente de efeito placebo&#44; transversal a v&#225;rias &#225;reas da medicina&#46; O estudo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SYMPLICITY HTN&#8208;3</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#44; em curso&#44; ajudar&#225; a responder a algumas destas quest&#245;es&#44; tendo como um dos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">endpoints</span> a avalia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial em ambulat&#243;rio por MAPA&#46; Por outro lado&#44; a atividade simp&#225;tica poder&#225; variar de doente para doente&#44; sendo crucial a identifica&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros objetivos que permitam prever a resposta &#224; DNR&#44; possibilitando n&#227;o s&#243; a sele&#231;&#227;o de doentes com maior potencial de resposta&#44; mas tamb&#233;m identificar poss&#237;veis n&#227;o respondedores&#46; O n&#250;mero de aplica&#231;&#245;es e a &#171;dose&#187; de radiofrequ&#234;ncia poder&#227;o vir a ser no futuro eventualmente individualizados&#44; adaptados &#224;s especificidades de cada doente&#46; Outra quest&#227;o em aberto diz respeito &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico consoante os est&#225;dios de HTA&#46; &#201; poss&#237;vel que nos est&#225;dios mais precoces de HTA a modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica possa ter um efeito ben&#233;fico potencialmente superior e influenciar a hist&#243;ria natural da doen&#231;a&#46; Por fim&#44; ser&#225; necess&#225;rio demonstrar o impacto da DNR na morbilidade e na mortalidade dos doentes com HTA resistente&#44; bem como validar o seu custo&#8208;efetividade&#44; havendo j&#225; dados preliminares que sugerem tratar&#8208;se de uma t&#233;cnica com uma rela&#231;&#227;o favor&#225;vel<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&#46; A atestar toda a expectativa que envolve a DNR est&#227;o os in&#250;meros sistemas de interven&#231;&#227;o endovascular atualmente em desenvolvimento&#44; cujos ensaios e registos cl&#237;nicos ir&#227;o contribuir para alargar o conhecimento nesta &#225;rea&#44; respondendo a algumas destas quest&#245;es e permitindo maximizar o conforto dos doentes&#44; a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia do procedimento&#44; essenciais para a sua ado&#231;&#227;o mais generalizada<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Limita&#231;&#245;es</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O presente estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es&#46; Desde logo o facto de ser uma popula&#231;&#227;o de dimens&#227;o reduzida&#44; o que n&#227;o permite retirar conclus&#245;es muito robustas acerca da efic&#225;cia e da seguran&#231;a da DNR&#44; fazer compara&#231;&#245;es de seguran&#231;a entre os diferentes sistemas de desnerva&#231;&#227;o utilizados e identificar o perfil demogr&#225;fico e cl&#237;nico dos doentes que n&#227;o responderam favoravelmente &#224; DNR&#46; N&#227;o tendo sido efetuada angiografia sistem&#225;tica de controlo das art&#233;rias renais no seguimento&#44; foi inviabilizada uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais profunda da seguran&#231;a a m&#233;dio&#8208;longo prazo da aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofrequ&#234;ncia nas art&#233;rias renais&#46; N&#227;o foi igualmente poss&#237;vel comparar os resultados de efic&#225;cia entre os diferentes dispositivos&#44; uma vez que todos os doentes com seguimento aos seis meses tinham sido tratados com o sistema <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Symplicity</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#46; Durante o seguimento foram feitas modifica&#231;&#245;es da terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica&#44; o que pode ter prejudicado a avalia&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia da DNR&#44; subestimando o seu impacto nos v&#225;rios par&#226;metros avaliados&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada de doentes com HTA essencial resistente&#44; a DNR foi uma interven&#231;&#227;o segura e eficaz aos seis meses de seguimento&#44; com redu&#231;&#227;o significativa dos valores de press&#227;o arterial &#40;sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica&#41; avaliados em consulta&#46; Este facto acompanhou&#8208;se de uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa do n&#250;mero de f&#225;rmacos anti&#8208;hipertensores&#46; Al&#233;m do impacto na press&#227;o arterial&#44; a DNR reduziu tamb&#233;m de forma significativa o &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda&#44; reconhecido marcador de les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;o alvo&#46; A DNR perfila&#8208;se como uma interven&#231;&#227;o v&#225;lida na abordagem dos doentes com HTA resistente&#44; com benef&#237;cios adicionais &#224; melhoria do controlo tensional&#46; Contudo&#44; s&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos randomizados e com amostras de maiores dimens&#245;es que avaliem o impacto desta interven&#231;&#227;o na ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cl&#237;nicos a longo prazo&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Responsabilidades &#233;ticas</span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Prote&#231;&#227;o de pessoas e animais</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram que para esta investiga&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o se realizaram experi&#234;ncias em seres humanos e&#47;ou animais&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Confidencialidade dos dados</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram ter seguido os protocolos de seu centro de trabalho acerca da publica&#231;&#227;o dos dados de pacientes e que todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo receberam informa&#231;&#245;es suficientes e deram o seu consentimento informado por escrito para participar nesse estudo&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0155">Direito &#224; privacidade e consentimento escrito</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram ter recebido consentimento escrito dos pacientes e&#47; ou sujeitos mencionados no artigo&#46; O autor para correspond&#234;ncia deve estar na posse deste documento&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0160">Conflito de interesses</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introdu&#231;&#227;o</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O aumento da atividade do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico desempenha um papel preponderante na fisiopatologia da hipertens&#227;o arterial &#40;HTA&#41;&#46; Recentemente foi desenvolvida uma t&#233;cnica de interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea &#8211; a desnerva&#231;&#227;o renal &#40;DNR&#41; &#8211; para o tratamento da HTA resistente&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Avaliar a seguran&#231;a imediata e a efic&#225;cia da DNR aos seis meses na redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial em doentes com HTA resistente&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Registo prospetivo de doentes com HTA essencial resistente submetidos a DNR entre julho de 2011 e maio de 2013&#46; A efic&#225;cia da DNR foi definida pela redu&#231;&#227;o &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#40;PAS&#41;&#44; avaliada na consulta dos seis meses de seguimento&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Resultados</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Numa consulta de HTA resistente avaliaram&#8208;se 177 doentes consecutivos&#44; dos quais 34 &#40;idade 62&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#44;6 anos&#59; 50&#44;0&#37; homens&#41; efetuaram DNR&#46; N&#227;o ocorreram complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares&#44; nomeadamente no acesso ou nas art&#233;rias renais&#46; Nos 22 doentes com seguimento completo aos seis meses&#44; a taxa de respondedores foi 81&#44;8&#37; &#40;n&#61;18&#41;&#46; A PAS na consulta diminuiu em m&#233;dia 22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg &#40;174<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>23 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 152<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#59; p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41; e a diast&#243;lica 9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg &#40;89<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#59; p&#61;0&#44;006&#41;&#46; O n&#250;mero de f&#225;rmacos anti&#8208;hipertensores &#40;5&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;0 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 4&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;1&#59; p&#61;0&#44;010&#41; e de classes farmacol&#243;gicas &#40;5&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;7 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 4&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;1&#59; p&#61;0&#44;009&#41; tamb&#233;m diminu&#237;ram significativamente&#46; Dos par&#226;metros da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulat&#243;ria da press&#227;o arterial de 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos analisados&#44; a percentagem de cargas diast&#243;licas &#40;45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>29 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 27<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>26&#37;&#59; p&#61;0&#44;049&#41; e o &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda &#40;174<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>56 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 158<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#59; p&#61;0&#44;014&#41; diminu&#237;ram significativamente&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada de doentes com HTA resistente submetidos a DNR&#44; esta foi uma interven&#231;&#227;o segura e eficaz na redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial aos seis meses de seguimento&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Introduction</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Increased activation of the sympathetic nervous system plays a central role in the pathophysiology of hypertension &#40;HTN&#41;&#46; Catheter&#8208;based renal denervation &#40;RDN&#41; was recently developed for the treatment of resistant HTN&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Aim</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To assess the safety and efficacy of RDN for blood pressure &#40;BP&#41; reduction at six months in patients with resistant HTN&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Methods</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In this prospective registry of patients with essential resistant HTN who underwent RDN between July 2011 and May 2013&#44; the efficacy of RDN was defined as &#8805;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg reduction in office systolic blood pressure &#40;SBP&#41; six months after the intervention&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Results</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In a resistant HTN outpatient clinic&#44; 177 consecutive patients were evaluated&#44; of whom 34 underwent RDN &#40;age 62&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;6 years&#59; 50&#46;0&#37; male&#41;&#46; There were no vascular complications&#44; either at the access site or in the renal arteries&#46; Of the 22 patients with complete six&#8208;month follow&#8208;up&#44; the response rate was 81&#46;8&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&#41;&#46; The mean office SBP reduction was 22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg &#40;174<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>23 vs&#46; 152<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; and 9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg in diastolic BP &#40;89<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16 vs&#46; 80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;006&#41;&#46; The number of antihypertensive drugs &#40;5&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;0 vs&#46; 4&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;1&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;010&#41; and pharmacological classes &#40;5&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;7 vs&#46; 4&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;1&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;009&#41; also decreased significantly&#46; Of the 24&#8208;hour ambulatory BP monitoring and echocardiographic parameters analyzed&#44; there were significant reductions in diastolic load &#40;45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>29 vs&#46; 27<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>26&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;049&#41; and in left ventricular mass index &#40;174<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>56 vs&#46; 158<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60 g&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;014&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In this cohort of patients with resistant HTN&#44; RDN was safe and effective&#44; with a significant BP reduction at six&#8208;month follow&#8208;up&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demogr&#225;ficas</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Idade &#40;anos&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">62&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G&#233;nero masculino&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17 &#40;50&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ra&#231;a caucasiana&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">32 &#40;94&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fatores de risco cardiovascular</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#205;ndice de massa corporal &#40;kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Obesidade &#40;IMC &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19 &#40;55&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Diabetes <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">mellitus</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22 &#40;64&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Dislipidemia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23 &#40;67&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Tabagismo ativo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;2&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;5&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Antecedentes pessoais</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;20&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;11&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Enfarte agudo do mioc&#225;rdio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;5&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;14&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Acidente vascular cerebral&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;8&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Doen&#231;a renal cr&#243;nica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;17&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>S&#237;ndrome de apneia obstrutiva do sono&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;8&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>N&#250;mero de f&#225;rmacos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>N&#250;mero de classes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Avalia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial na consulta</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#40;mmHg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">175<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica &#40;mmHg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">92<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulat&#243;ria da press&#227;o arterial 24</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">h</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica m&#233;dia &#40;mmHg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">151<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica m&#233;dia &#40;mmHg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">85<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cargas sist&#243;licas &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cargas diast&#243;licas &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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Artigo original
Desnervação renal em doentes com hipertensão arterial resistente: resultados aos seis meses de seguimento
Renal denervation in patients with resistant hypertension: Six‐month results
Hélder Doresa,
Autor para correspondência
heldores@hotmail.com

Autor para correspondência.
, Manuel de Sousa Almeidaa,d, Pedro de Araújo Gonçalvesa,d, Patrícia Brancob, Augusta Gasparb, Henrique Sousab, Angela Canha Gomesc, Maria João Andradea, Maria Salomé Carvalhoa, Rui Campante Telesa,d, Luís Raposoa,d, Henrique Mesquita Gabriela,d, Francisco Pereira Machadod, Miguel Mendesa
a Serviço de Cardiologia, Hospital de Santa Cruz, CHLO, Lisboa, Portugal
b Serviço de Nefrologia, Hospital de Santa Cruz, CHLO, Lisboa, Portugal
c Serviço de Anestesiologia, Hospital de Santa Cruz, CHLO, Lisboa, Portugal
d Centro Cardiovascular, Hospital da Luz, Lisboa, Portugal
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          "pt" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Evolu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica antes e seis meses ap&#243;s a DNR &#40;N&#61;22&#41;&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Introdu&#231;&#227;o</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A hipertens&#227;o arterial &#40;HTA&#41; &#233; um dos principais fatores de risco que contribui de forma independente para a mortalidade global<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; A preval&#234;ncia de HTA &#233; elevada&#44; com incid&#234;ncia crescente&#44; constituindo um verdadeiro problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica&#44; afetando inclusive indiv&#237;duos jovens<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Apesar de as in&#250;meras op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas aprovadas e recomendadas&#44; a taxa de controlo dos doentes com HTA est&#225; longe de ser a ideal<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46; Em Portugal esta realidade foi demonstrada no estudo Preval&#234;ncia&#44; Conhecimento&#44; Tratamento e Controlo da Hipertens&#227;o em Portugal &#40;PAP&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#44; que documentou n&#227;o s&#243; uma elevada preval&#234;ncia da HTA em adultos com idade superior a 19 anos &#40;42&#44;1&#37;&#41;&#44; mas tamb&#233;m uma baixa taxa do seu controlo &#40;11&#44;2&#37;&#41;&#46; Apesar de v&#225;rios fatores contribu&#237;rem para este deficiente controlo&#44; a HTA &#233; resistente &#224; terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica num n&#250;mero significativo de doentes sendo fundamental a identifica&#231;&#227;o destes casos&#44; pelo elevado risco para a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#8211;7</span></a>&#46; Esta limita&#231;&#227;o das estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas farmacol&#243;gicas atuais reflete provavelmente a complexidade dos m&#250;ltiplos mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos envolvidos na g&#233;nese e manuten&#231;&#227;o da HTA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a>&#46; A ativa&#231;&#227;o cr&#243;nica do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico&#44; mecanismo central na fisiopatologia da HTA resistente&#44; tem sido alvo de uma nova t&#233;cnica de interven&#231;&#227;o &#8211; a desnerva&#231;&#227;o renal &#8211; que consiste na aplica&#231;&#227;o endovascular nas art&#233;rias renais de energia de radiofrequ&#234;ncia para a modula&#231;&#227;o da atividade simp&#225;tica renal<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia da desnerva&#231;&#227;o renal &#40;DNR&#41; foram inicialmente descritas nos estudos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Symplicity</span> HTN&#8208;1<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Symplicity</span> HTN&#8208;2<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#44; havendo j&#225; evid&#234;ncia que demonstra a persist&#234;ncia da efic&#225;cia a m&#233;dio prazo na redu&#231;&#227;o dos valores de press&#227;o arterial com diferen&#231;as dentro da mesma magnitude<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14</span></a>&#46; Public&#225;mos recentemente a nossa experi&#234;ncia inicial com esta nova t&#233;cnica no tratamento dos doentes com HTA resistente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a seguran&#231;a imediata e a efic&#225;cia da DNR aos seis meses na redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial em doentes com HTA resistente&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">M&#233;todos</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Desenho do estudo e popula&#231;&#227;o</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Registo prospetivo incluindo 177 doentes avaliados consecutivamente em consulta de HTA resistente&#44; em centro terci&#225;rio&#44; entre julho de 2011 e maio de 2013&#46; A HTA resistente foi definida como presen&#231;a de press&#227;o arterial avaliada na consulta superior ou igual a 140&#47;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; apesar de terap&#234;utica com pelo menos tr&#234;s f&#225;rmacos anti&#8208;hipertensores nas doses m&#225;ximas toleradas&#44; um dos quais obrigatoriamente diur&#233;tico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46; Em todos os doentes foi feita a exclus&#227;o de poss&#237;veis causas secund&#225;rias de HTA&#46; A sele&#231;&#227;o dos doentes para DNR foi efetuada em reuni&#227;o entre cardiologistas e nefrologistas respons&#225;veis pelo estudo dos doentes na consulta de HTA&#46; Os procedimentos foram autorizados pela comiss&#227;o de &#233;tica do centro hospitalar e realizados ap&#243;s o consentimento informado dos doentes&#46; O desenho do estudo encontra&#8208;se representado na <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figura 1</a>&#46; Os crit&#233;rios usados para a sele&#231;&#227;o dos doentes com HTA para tratamento com DNR foram discutidos e publicados recentemente por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">de Ara&#250;jo Gon&#231;alves</span> et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e laboratorial protocolada&#44; foram selecionados e submetidos a DNR 34 doentes&#44; dos quais 22 tinham completado seis meses de seguimento ap&#243;s o procedimento&#46; Na an&#225;lise final foi avaliada a seguran&#231;a do procedimento de todos os doentes submetidos a DNR e a efic&#225;cia no grupo de doentes com seguimento completo aos seis meses&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e exames complementares de diagn&#243;stico</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para avaliar a elegibilidade anat&#243;mica para DNR foi efetuada angiografia das art&#233;rias renais em todos os doentes&#46; Em 73&#44;5&#37; dos doentes &#40;n&#61;25&#41; foi efetuada angiografia n&#227;o invasiva antes da DNR atrav&#233;s de tomografia computadorizada&#46; Consideraram&#8208;se suscet&#237;veis de DNR as art&#233;rias renais com di&#226;metro luminal m&#237;nimo de 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm e sem marcadas tortuosidade ou estenoses significativas &#40;redu&#231;&#227;o &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50&#37; do di&#226;metro vascular&#41;&#46; Foram registadas vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas&#44; antecedentes cl&#237;nicos e par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos&#46; A avalia&#231;&#227;o basal&#44; realizada antes da DNR&#44; incluiu&#58; registo da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#40;PAS&#41; e diast&#243;lica &#40;PAD&#41; na &#250;ltima consulta&#44; realiza&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico&#44; monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulat&#243;ria da press&#227;o arterial &#40;MAPA&#41; 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h e avalia&#231;&#227;o anal&#237;tica&#46; A terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica anti&#8208;hipertensora de cada doente foi tamb&#233;m registada&#44; valorizando&#8208;se quer o n&#250;mero de f&#225;rmacos quer as respetivas classes farmacol&#243;gicas&#44; consideradas pelas seguintes categorias&#58; inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina&#44; antagonistas dos recetores da angiotensina&#44; inibidores diretos da renina&#44; antagonistas da aldosterona&#44; diur&#233;ticos&#44; beta&#8208;bloqueantes&#44; antagonistas dos canais de c&#225;lcio e alfa agonistas&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Procedimento de desnerva&#231;&#227;o renal</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A DNR foi efetuada atrav&#233;s de acesso arterial femoral&#44; com exce&#231;&#227;o de um caso&#44; no qual foi usada a art&#233;ria radial esquerda&#46; Ap&#243;s a obten&#231;&#227;o do acesso vascular realizou&#8208;se aortografia abdominal e angiografia seletiva das art&#233;rias renais&#46; A radiofrequ&#234;ncia foi aplicada em ambas as art&#233;rias renais usando os sistemas&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Symplicity</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#174;</span></span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Medtronic</span>&#44; EUA&#41; n&#61;26&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">EnligHTN</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#174;</span></span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">St&#46; Jude Medical</span>&#44; EUA&#41; n&#61;6 e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">OneShot</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#174;</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;Covidien</span>&#44; EUA&#41; n&#61;2&#46; Com estes dispositivos a aplica&#231;&#227;o da radiofrequ&#234;ncia &#233; monitorizada atrav&#233;s de um gerador&#44; cuja programa&#231;&#227;o e controlo s&#227;o autom&#225;ticos &#40;imped&#226;ncia&#44; temperatura e dura&#231;&#227;o de aplica&#231;&#227;o&#41;&#44; n&#227;o dependentes da interven&#231;&#227;o do operador&#44; obedecendo a protocolos pr&#233;&#8208;estabelecidos para cada uma das marcas&#46; Com o sistema <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Symplicity</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#174;</span></span> realizam&#8208;se entre quatro a seis aplica&#231;&#245;es em cada art&#233;ria renal&#44; com dura&#231;&#227;o de 120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>seg cada&#44; come&#231;ando na por&#231;&#227;o mais distal do vaso&#44; separadas por cerca de 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm e efetuadas em diferentes quadrantes da parede arterial<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; O sistema <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">EnligHTN</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#174;</span></span> &#233; um dispositivo multiel&#233;trodo &#40;quatro el&#233;trodos&#41;&#44; permitindo a aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofrequ&#234;ncia sem necessidade de manipula&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo&#59; o procedimento inicia&#8208;se tamb&#233;m no el&#233;trodo mais distal com quatro aplica&#231;&#245;es sequenciais com dura&#231;&#227;o de 90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>seg cada&#44; sendo idealmente feitos dois conjuntos de quatro aplica&#231;&#245;es em cada art&#233;ria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46; O sistema <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">OneShot</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#174;</span></span>&#44; aprovado mais recentemente&#44; permite o uso de fio guia&#44; apresenta um el&#233;trodo &#250;nico irrigado e em espiral&#44; sendo a energia aplicada durante 120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>seg<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46; Todos os procedimentos foram realizados sob seda&#231;&#227;o&#44; com apoio anest&#233;sico &#40;propofol e remifentanilo em doses ajustadas ao peso do doente&#41; e sob anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com heparina n&#227;o fracionada para um <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">activated clotting time</span> m&#237;nimo de 250<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>seg&#46; Em todos os casos o acesso vascular femoral foi encerrado com o dispositivo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Angio&#8208;Seal</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#174;</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;St&#46; Jude Medical</span>&#44; EUA&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span> N&#227;o se verificaram complica&#231;&#245;es no acesso vascular nem nas art&#233;rias renais ap&#243;s a DNR&#44; ocorrendo apenas um caso de espasmo e estenose da art&#233;ria renal na angiografia final&#44; num procedimento efetuado em art&#233;ria renal acess&#243;ria com di&#226;metro no limite inferior da indica&#231;&#227;o &#40;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Per&#237;odo de seguimento</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A defini&#231;&#227;o de respondedor para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia da DNR aos seis meses foi a usada nos estudos que validaram esta t&#233;cnica&#58; redu&#231;&#227;o da PAS &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg na consulta de seguimento&#46; Neste per&#237;odo de seguimento foi ainda avaliado o valor da PAD na consulta&#44; o n&#250;mero de f&#225;rmacos anti&#8208;hipertensores e de classes farmacol&#243;gicas&#44; os valores da MAPA 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h e os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos&#58; &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda &#40;IMVE&#41;&#44; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda&#44; &#237;ndice do volume da aur&#237;cula esquerda&#44; o ratio <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#47;A</span> em que <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E</span> e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A</span> representam as velocidades m&#225;ximas do fluxo ao n&#237;vel da v&#225;lvula mitral obtidas por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Doppler</span> pulsado&#44; o tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E</span> e o ratio <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#47;e&#8217;</span> em que <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">e&#8217;</span> representa a velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce obtida no anel mitral por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Doppler</span> tecidular&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Na avalia&#231;&#227;o da seguran&#231;a imediata da DNR foi registada a ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas quer com o acesso vascular &#40;hematoma e pseudoaneurisma&#41; quer com a cateteriza&#231;&#227;o seletiva das art&#233;rias renais e com a aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofrequ&#234;ncia &#40;espasmo&#44; estenose&#44; disse&#231;&#245;es&#44; trombose ou perfura&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias renais&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica do presente estudo foi realizada atrav&#233;s do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">software Statistical Package for Social Sciences</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#174;</span></span> para <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Windows</span>&#44; vers&#227;o 19&#46;0 &#40;SPSS&#44; Inc&#44; Chicago&#44; Illinois&#44; EUA&#41;&#46; As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em valores num&#233;ricos &#40;com percentagens entre par&#234;ntesis&#41; e usou&#8208;se o teste exato de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fischer</span> para a sua compara&#231;&#227;o&#46; As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas sob a forma de m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e foram comparadas pelo teste <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>&#8208;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Student</span>&#44; quando verificadas as condi&#231;&#245;es de aplicabilidade&#46; Foram considerados estatisticamente significativos os resultados com p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Resultados</span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos doentes submetidos a desnerva&#231;&#227;o renal</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As caracter&#237;sticas basais dos doentes submetidos a DNR encontram&#8208;se representadas na <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Tabela 1</a>&#46; A m&#233;dia de idades foi 62&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#44;6 anos&#44; metade dos doentes eram do sexo masculino &#40;n&#61;17&#41; e a grande maioria &#40;94&#44;1&#37;&#59; n&#61;32&#41; de ra&#231;a caucasiana&#46; Entre os fatores de risco cardiovascular destacam&#8208;se&#58; &#237;ndice de massa corporal m&#233;dio de 30&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> &#40;obesidade em 55&#44;9&#37; doentes&#41;&#44; diabetes <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">mellitus</span> tipo 2 em 64&#44;7&#37;&#44; dislipidemia em 67&#44;6&#37;&#44; tabagismo ativo em 2&#44;9&#37; e hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria prematura em 5&#44;9&#37; dos doentes&#46; Dos antecedentes pessoais&#44; 32&#44;4&#37; &#40;n&#61;11&#41; apresentavam doen&#231;a vascular em qualquer territ&#243;rio&#58; doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica em 11&#44;8&#37; &#40;n&#61;4&#41;&#44; doen&#231;a vascular cerebral em 8&#44;8&#37; &#40;n&#61;3&#41; e doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria em 20&#44;6&#37; dos doentes &#40;5&#44;9&#37; com enfarte agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio e 14&#44;7&#37; submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea&#41;&#46; Em 8&#44;8&#37; dos doentes &#40;n&#61;3&#41; existia concomitantemente s&#237;ndrome de apneia obstrutiva do sono&#44; mantendo estes doentes valores de press&#227;o arterial elevados apesar de suporte ventilat&#243;rio n&#227;o invasivo em ambulat&#243;rio&#46; A estimativa do d&#233;bito de filtrado glomerular &#40;eDFG&#8208;MDRD&#41; m&#233;dio foi de 81&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>36&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; Destes doentes&#44; 17&#44;6&#37; tinham doen&#231;a renal cr&#243;nica com Edfg &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; O valor m&#233;dio de creatinina s&#233;rica foi de 1&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Na &#250;ltima consulta antes da DNR os valores m&#233;dios da PAS e da PAD foram respetivamente 175<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>23<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg e 92<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; enquanto a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#233;dia foi de 71<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bpm&#46; A MAPA revelou os seguintes valores m&#233;dios nas 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#58; PAS 151<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; PAD 85<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia 107<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; press&#227;o de pulso 68<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; cargas sist&#243;licas 73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37;&#44; cargas diast&#243;licas 45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>28&#37;&#44; frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca 69<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bpm e perda do perfil circadiano em 57&#44;1&#37; dos doentes&#46; O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico revelou hipertrofia ventricular esquerda na maioria dos doentes &#40;90&#44;9&#37;&#41;&#44; sendo o IMVE m&#233;dio de 164<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; Apenas quatro doentes apresentavam redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda &#40;&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>55&#37; por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Simpson</span> biplano&#41; sendo o valor m&#233;dio de 66<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#37;&#44; o volume indexado da aur&#237;cula esquerda 37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; o ratio <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#47;A</span> 0&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;4&#44; o tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E</span> 239<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>65<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms e o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ratio E&#47;e&#8217;</span> 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46; Em m&#233;dia cada doente estava medicado com 5&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;0 f&#225;rmacos anti&#8208;hipertensores&#44; correspondendo a 5&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;8 classes farmacol&#243;gicas&#46; As classes de f&#225;rmacos mais prescritos foram os antagonistas dos canais do c&#225;lcio em 97&#44;1&#37; &#40;n&#61;33&#41;&#44; os diur&#233;ticos em 88&#44;2&#37; &#40;n&#61;30&#41; e os beta&#8208;bloqueantes em 82&#44;4&#37; &#40;n&#61;28&#41; dos doentes&#46; Os antagonistas da aldosterona e os alfa&#8208;agonistas estavam ambos prescritos em 70&#44;6&#37; &#40;n&#61;24&#41;&#44; os antagonistas dos recetores da angiotensina em 61&#44;8&#37; &#40;n&#61;21&#41;&#44; os inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina em 52&#44;9&#37; &#40;n&#61;18&#41; e os inibidores da renina em 14&#44;7&#37; &#40;n&#61;5&#41; dos doentes&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Seguimento aos seis meses</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dos 22 doentes com seguimento completo aos seis meses ap&#243;s a DNR&#44; 18 &#40;81&#44;8&#37;&#41; alcan&#231;aram o objetivo prim&#225;rio do estudo&#44; sendo considerados respondedores &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figura 2</a>&#41;&#46; Dos quatro doentes n&#227;o respondedores&#44; apenas um apresentou eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial comparativamente ao valor basal&#44; enquanto os outros tr&#234;s tiveram redu&#231;&#227;o inferior a 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#46; A PAS avaliada na consulta diminuiu em m&#233;dia 22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; sendo esta redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa &#40;174<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>23 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 152<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46; A PAD tamb&#233;m diminuiu de forma estatisticamente significativa&#44; em m&#233;dia 9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg &#40;89<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#59; p&#61;0&#44;006&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figura 3</a>&#41;&#46; Outros par&#226;metros que se modificaram de forma significativa aos seis meses ap&#243;s a DNR foram a percentagem de cargas diast&#243;licas na MAPA 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h &#40;45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>29 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 27<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>26&#37;&#59; p&#61;0&#44;049&#41; e o IMVE &#40;174<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>56 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 158<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#59; p&#61;0&#44;014&#41;&#46; Os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica que foram analisados n&#227;o se modificaram de forma estatisticamente significativa&#46; Da mesma forma&#44; a creatinina s&#233;rica tamb&#233;m n&#227;o se alterou &#40;1&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;3 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 1&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#59; p&#61;0&#44;344&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Tabela 2</a>&#41;&#46; O n&#250;mero de f&#225;rmacos anti&#8208;hipertensores &#40;5&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;0 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 4&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;1&#59; p&#61;0&#44;010&#41; e de classes farmacol&#243;gicas &#40;5&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;7 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 4&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;1&#59; p&#61;0&#44;009&#41; diminuiu significativamente ap&#243;s a DNR&#46; N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel efetuar qualquer an&#225;lise comparativa entre os diferentes sistemas de desnerva&#231;&#227;o porque os doentes tratados com os sistemas <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">OneShot</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#174;</span></span> &#40;n&#61;2&#41; e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">EnligHTN</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#174;</span></span> &#40;n&#61;6&#41; n&#227;o atingiram ainda o tempo de seguimento estudado &#40;seis meses&#41;&#46; A sua inclus&#227;o neste trabalho serve de qualquer modo para descrever as caracter&#237;sticas basais dos doentes selecionados para a DNR&#44; bem como a sua seguran&#231;a imediata&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Discuss&#227;o</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Neste grupo de doentes com HTA resistente submetidos a DNR esta foi uma interven&#231;&#227;o segura&#44; n&#227;o se tendo verificado nenhuma complica&#231;&#227;o grave&#46; Nesta s&#233;rie de doentes n&#227;o ocorreu nenhuma complica&#231;&#227;o do acesso vascular&#44; nomeadamente pseudoaneurisma&#44; real&#231;ando&#8208;se o facto de um dos doentes ser o primeiro caso at&#233; &#224; data publicado de DNR por via radial<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#46; Igualmente n&#227;o ocorreu nenhum caso de disse&#231;&#227;o&#44; trombose ou rutura da art&#233;ria renal&#44; tendo&#8208;se verificado apenas um caso de espasmo e estenose mantida no final do procedimento ap&#243;s desnerva&#231;&#227;o numa art&#233;ria renal acess&#243;ria com calibre no limite inferior do recomendado&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A seguran&#231;a da DNR foi inicialmente demonstrada em 2009 no estudo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Symplicity</span> HTN&#8208;1<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#44; estudo que permitiu a introdu&#231;&#227;o da DNR na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica&#46; No entanto&#44; os estudos publicados na literatura envolveram um reduzido n&#250;mero de doentes e o tempo de seguimento ainda &#233; insuficiente para se poderem tirar conclus&#245;es mais definitivas acerca da seguran&#231;a desta nova t&#233;cnica a m&#233;dio longo prazo&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Al&#233;m da seguran&#231;a demonstrada&#44; a DNR foi tamb&#233;m uma interven&#231;&#227;o eficaz na redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial avaliada na consulta aos seis meses de seguimento&#44; com uma redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia da PAS de 22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#46; Em 82&#37; dos casos houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; verificando&#8208;se ainda uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da PAD &#40;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#41;&#46; Este impacto da DNR nos valores tensionais avaliados na consulta permitiu tamb&#233;m uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa do n&#250;mero de f&#225;rmacos anti&#8208;hipertensores&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O aumento do n&#250;mero de doentes hipertensos e a morbi&#8208;mortalidade resultante do mau controlo tensional&#44; em parte tamb&#233;m condicionada por casos refrat&#225;rios e resistentes &#224; terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica&#44; justificam a necessidade da ado&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas complementares&#46; Estima&#8208;se que cerca de sete milh&#245;es de mortes e 64 milh&#245;es de anos de vida perdidos sejam provocados anualmente por HTA mal controlada<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#46; Em algumas revis&#245;es da literatura refere&#8208;se que a HTA resistente pode representar cerca de 15&#37; dos doentes com hipertens&#227;o<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a>&#44; ocorrendo mais frequentemente nos homens&#44; em idade superior a 55 anos&#44; indiv&#237;duos de ra&#231;a negra&#44; diab&#233;ticos&#44; obesos e com doen&#231;a renal cr&#243;nica em est&#225;dios avan&#231;ados<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6&#44;8&#44;9</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A abordagem dos doentes com HTA resistente &#233; bastante complexa&#44; sendo a exclus&#227;o de causas secund&#225;rias de HTA a otimiza&#231;&#227;o da terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica e a exclus&#227;o de HTA da &#171;bata branca&#187; ou outras pseudoresist&#234;ncias&#44; etapas cruciais e pr&#233;vias &#224; aplica&#231;&#227;o de t&#233;cnicas mais espec&#237;ficas e avan&#231;adas como a DNR&#46; No presente estudo a complexidade da sele&#231;&#227;o dos doentes para DNR &#233; demonstrada pela reduzida percentagem de doentes seguidos em consulta dedicada de HTA resistente considerados eleg&#237;veis para DNR&#44; sendo a propor&#231;&#227;o de doente avaliado com HTA resistente para doente submetido a DNR de aproximadamente 5&#58;1 &#40;19&#44;2&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica da HTA tem&#8208;se baseado sobretudo em f&#225;rmacos que atuam ao n&#237;vel do sistema renina&#8208;angiotensina&#8208;aldosterona&#44; sendo o sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico relegado para segundo plano&#46; No entanto&#44; o papel da modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica na HTA j&#225; foi demonstrado h&#225; mais de meio s&#233;culo&#46; Por um lado foi demonstrada a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico e HTA essencial em diversos tipos e est&#225;dios de HTA&#44; incluindo os mais precoces<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#8211;24</span></a>&#46; Por outro lado&#44; o efeito da simpatectomia cir&#250;rgica na redu&#231;&#227;o dos valores tensionais foi tamb&#233;m comprovado&#44; embora esta t&#233;cnica tivesse sido abandonada pelas complica&#231;&#245;es associadas ao procedimento e pelo subsequente desenvolvimento da terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#8211;27</span></a>&#46; Os recentes avan&#231;os tecnol&#243;gicos com o aparecimento de dispositivos miniaturizados para aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofrequ&#234;ncia vieram permitir a realiza&#231;&#227;o de uma desnerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica por via percut&#226;nea&#44; fazendo renascer o entusiasmo sobre a possibilidade de intervir na rela&#231;&#227;o atividade simp&#225;tica&#8208;HTA&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os resultados do nosso estudo s&#227;o sobrepon&#237;veis com os de estudos pr&#233;vios&#44; nos quais foi documentada a efic&#225;cia da DNR em doentes com HTA resistente&#46; No estudo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SYMPLICITY HTN 2</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#44; o primeiro estudo aleatorizado que demonstrou a efic&#225;cia da DNR na redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial aos seis meses de seguimento&#44; verificou&#8208;se uma redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 32<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg na PAS e de 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg na PAD&#46; Em valores absolutos a magnitude da redu&#231;&#227;o foi superior &#224; que observ&#225;mos&#46; Contudo&#44; a compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados entre as duas an&#225;lises &#233; dif&#237;cil de estabelecer por v&#225;rios motivos&#58; a dimens&#227;o da nossa amostra &#233; inferior &#40;cerca de metade&#41;&#59; os valores basais da press&#227;o arterial eram superiores no <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SYMPLICITY HTN 2</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> &#40;PAS 178 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 174<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg e PAD 97 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 89<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#41;&#44; o que torna mais prov&#225;vel a obten&#231;&#227;o de uma maior redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial&#59; e principalmente pelo facto da terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica no nosso estudo n&#227;o ter sido mantida na totalidade ao longo do per&#237;odo de seguimento&#44; o que poder&#225; ter subvalorizado os nossos resultados&#46; Estes factos podem justificar tamb&#233;m a diferen&#231;a evidenciada nos resultados dos valores tensionais na MAPA 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46; De facto&#44; contrariamente ao observado no <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SYMPLICITY HTN 2</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#44; no qual os valores tensionais na MAPA 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h diminu&#237;ram significativamente seis meses ap&#243;s a DNR&#44; no nosso estudo apenas se verificou uma redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa na percentagem de cargas diast&#243;licas nas 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; apesar dos valores m&#233;dios da PAS e de PAD terem diminu&#237;do &#40;5 e 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; respetivamente&#41;&#46; Al&#233;m do impacto a curto prazo demonstrado no presente estudo&#44; importa real&#231;ar que a efic&#225;cia da DNR se prolonga a longo prazo&#44; facto j&#225; reportado at&#233; aos 36 meses de seguimento<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Relativamente aos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos estudados&#44; verificou&#8208;se uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no IMVE&#44; em linha com resultados publicados por outros grupos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#46; Este achado assume um papel relevante pelo facto da hipertrofia ventricular esquerda ser um marcador subcl&#237;nico de les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;o alvo&#44; associado &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&#46; Por outro lado&#44; j&#225; foi documentado que a regress&#227;o da hipertrofia ventricular esquerda&#44; resultante de um melhor controlo da HTA&#44; se associa a melhor progn&#243;stico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a>&#46; No entanto&#44; contrariamente ao descrito em trabalhos pr&#233;vios<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#44; na nossa an&#225;lise n&#227;o se verificou uma melhoria significativa dos par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ou diast&#243;lica ap&#243;s a DNR&#44; facto provavelmente relacionado com a reduzida dimens&#227;o da amostra&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Alguns pontos continuam por esclarecer relativamente &#224; aplicabilidade da DNR&#46; A sele&#231;&#227;o dos doentes&#44; a investiga&#231;&#227;o profunda das raz&#245;es que levam &#224; n&#227;o ader&#234;ncia &#224; terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica e a investiga&#231;&#227;o da HTA da &#171;bata branca&#187; s&#227;o pontos essenciais e a otimizar&#46; Recentemente&#44; um estudo que avaliou a ader&#234;ncia terap&#234;utica de 84 doentes hipertensos&#44; atrav&#233;s do doseamento das concentra&#231;&#245;es sangu&#237;neas dos f&#225;rmacos&#44; revelou que 34&#44;5&#37; dos doentes n&#227;o apresentavam f&#225;rmaco detet&#225;vel em circula&#231;&#227;o e que 65&#44;5&#37; preenchia crit&#233;rios para n&#227;o ader&#234;ncia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a>&#46; Neste sentido&#44; &#233; dif&#237;cil estabelecer se o impacto da DNR na press&#227;o arterial se deve por si s&#243; &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o&#44; &#224; eventual melhoria na ader&#234;ncia terap&#234;utica destes doentes ou at&#233; a um componente de efeito placebo&#44; transversal a v&#225;rias &#225;reas da medicina&#46; O estudo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SYMPLICITY HTN&#8208;3</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#44; em curso&#44; ajudar&#225; a responder a algumas destas quest&#245;es&#44; tendo como um dos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">endpoints</span> a avalia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial em ambulat&#243;rio por MAPA&#46; Por outro lado&#44; a atividade simp&#225;tica poder&#225; variar de doente para doente&#44; sendo crucial a identifica&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros objetivos que permitam prever a resposta &#224; DNR&#44; possibilitando n&#227;o s&#243; a sele&#231;&#227;o de doentes com maior potencial de resposta&#44; mas tamb&#233;m identificar poss&#237;veis n&#227;o respondedores&#46; O n&#250;mero de aplica&#231;&#245;es e a &#171;dose&#187; de radiofrequ&#234;ncia poder&#227;o vir a ser no futuro eventualmente individualizados&#44; adaptados &#224;s especificidades de cada doente&#46; Outra quest&#227;o em aberto diz respeito &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico consoante os est&#225;dios de HTA&#46; &#201; poss&#237;vel que nos est&#225;dios mais precoces de HTA a modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica possa ter um efeito ben&#233;fico potencialmente superior e influenciar a hist&#243;ria natural da doen&#231;a&#46; Por fim&#44; ser&#225; necess&#225;rio demonstrar o impacto da DNR na morbilidade e na mortalidade dos doentes com HTA resistente&#44; bem como validar o seu custo&#8208;efetividade&#44; havendo j&#225; dados preliminares que sugerem tratar&#8208;se de uma t&#233;cnica com uma rela&#231;&#227;o favor&#225;vel<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&#46; A atestar toda a expectativa que envolve a DNR est&#227;o os in&#250;meros sistemas de interven&#231;&#227;o endovascular atualmente em desenvolvimento&#44; cujos ensaios e registos cl&#237;nicos ir&#227;o contribuir para alargar o conhecimento nesta &#225;rea&#44; respondendo a algumas destas quest&#245;es e permitindo maximizar o conforto dos doentes&#44; a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia do procedimento&#44; essenciais para a sua ado&#231;&#227;o mais generalizada<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Limita&#231;&#245;es</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O presente estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es&#46; Desde logo o facto de ser uma popula&#231;&#227;o de dimens&#227;o reduzida&#44; o que n&#227;o permite retirar conclus&#245;es muito robustas acerca da efic&#225;cia e da seguran&#231;a da DNR&#44; fazer compara&#231;&#245;es de seguran&#231;a entre os diferentes sistemas de desnerva&#231;&#227;o utilizados e identificar o perfil demogr&#225;fico e cl&#237;nico dos doentes que n&#227;o responderam favoravelmente &#224; DNR&#46; N&#227;o tendo sido efetuada angiografia sistem&#225;tica de controlo das art&#233;rias renais no seguimento&#44; foi inviabilizada uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais profunda da seguran&#231;a a m&#233;dio&#8208;longo prazo da aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofrequ&#234;ncia nas art&#233;rias renais&#46; N&#227;o foi igualmente poss&#237;vel comparar os resultados de efic&#225;cia entre os diferentes dispositivos&#44; uma vez que todos os doentes com seguimento aos seis meses tinham sido tratados com o sistema <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Symplicity</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#46; Durante o seguimento foram feitas modifica&#231;&#245;es da terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica&#44; o que pode ter prejudicado a avalia&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia da DNR&#44; subestimando o seu impacto nos v&#225;rios par&#226;metros avaliados&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada de doentes com HTA essencial resistente&#44; a DNR foi uma interven&#231;&#227;o segura e eficaz aos seis meses de seguimento&#44; com redu&#231;&#227;o significativa dos valores de press&#227;o arterial &#40;sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica&#41; avaliados em consulta&#46; Este facto acompanhou&#8208;se de uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa do n&#250;mero de f&#225;rmacos anti&#8208;hipertensores&#46; Al&#233;m do impacto na press&#227;o arterial&#44; a DNR reduziu tamb&#233;m de forma significativa o &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda&#44; reconhecido marcador de les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;o alvo&#46; A DNR perfila&#8208;se como uma interven&#231;&#227;o v&#225;lida na abordagem dos doentes com HTA resistente&#44; com benef&#237;cios adicionais &#224; melhoria do controlo tensional&#46; Contudo&#44; s&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos randomizados e com amostras de maiores dimens&#245;es que avaliem o impacto desta interven&#231;&#227;o na ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cl&#237;nicos a longo prazo&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Responsabilidades &#233;ticas</span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Prote&#231;&#227;o de pessoas e animais</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram que para esta investiga&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o se realizaram experi&#234;ncias em seres humanos e&#47;ou animais&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Confidencialidade dos dados</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram ter seguido os protocolos de seu centro de trabalho acerca da publica&#231;&#227;o dos dados de pacientes e que todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo receberam informa&#231;&#245;es suficientes e deram o seu consentimento informado por escrito para participar nesse estudo&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0155">Direito &#224; privacidade e consentimento escrito</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram ter recebido consentimento escrito dos pacientes e&#47; ou sujeitos mencionados no artigo&#46; O autor para correspond&#234;ncia deve estar na posse deste documento&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0160">Conflito de interesses</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "titulo" => "Resumo"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introdu&#231;&#227;o</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O aumento da atividade do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico desempenha um papel preponderante na fisiopatologia da hipertens&#227;o arterial &#40;HTA&#41;&#46; Recentemente foi desenvolvida uma t&#233;cnica de interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea &#8211; a desnerva&#231;&#227;o renal &#40;DNR&#41; &#8211; para o tratamento da HTA resistente&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Avaliar a seguran&#231;a imediata e a efic&#225;cia da DNR aos seis meses na redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial em doentes com HTA resistente&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Registo prospetivo de doentes com HTA essencial resistente submetidos a DNR entre julho de 2011 e maio de 2013&#46; A efic&#225;cia da DNR foi definida pela redu&#231;&#227;o &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#40;PAS&#41;&#44; avaliada na consulta dos seis meses de seguimento&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Resultados</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Numa consulta de HTA resistente avaliaram&#8208;se 177 doentes consecutivos&#44; dos quais 34 &#40;idade 62&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#44;6 anos&#59; 50&#44;0&#37; homens&#41; efetuaram DNR&#46; N&#227;o ocorreram complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares&#44; nomeadamente no acesso ou nas art&#233;rias renais&#46; Nos 22 doentes com seguimento completo aos seis meses&#44; a taxa de respondedores foi 81&#44;8&#37; &#40;n&#61;18&#41;&#46; A PAS na consulta diminuiu em m&#233;dia 22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg &#40;174<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>23 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 152<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#59; p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41; e a diast&#243;lica 9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg &#40;89<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#59; p&#61;0&#44;006&#41;&#46; O n&#250;mero de f&#225;rmacos anti&#8208;hipertensores &#40;5&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;0 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 4&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;1&#59; p&#61;0&#44;010&#41; e de classes farmacol&#243;gicas &#40;5&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;7 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 4&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;1&#59; p&#61;0&#44;009&#41; tamb&#233;m diminu&#237;ram significativamente&#46; Dos par&#226;metros da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulat&#243;ria da press&#227;o arterial de 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos analisados&#44; a percentagem de cargas diast&#243;licas &#40;45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>29 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 27<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>26&#37;&#59; p&#61;0&#44;049&#41; e o &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda &#40;174<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>56 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 158<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#59; p&#61;0&#44;014&#41; diminu&#237;ram significativamente&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada de doentes com HTA resistente submetidos a DNR&#44; esta foi uma interven&#231;&#227;o segura e eficaz na redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial aos seis meses de seguimento&#46;</p>"
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      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Introduction</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Increased activation of the sympathetic nervous system plays a central role in the pathophysiology of hypertension &#40;HTN&#41;&#46; Catheter&#8208;based renal denervation &#40;RDN&#41; was recently developed for the treatment of resistant HTN&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Aim</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To assess the safety and efficacy of RDN for blood pressure &#40;BP&#41; reduction at six months in patients with resistant HTN&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Methods</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In this prospective registry of patients with essential resistant HTN who underwent RDN between July 2011 and May 2013&#44; the efficacy of RDN was defined as &#8805;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg reduction in office systolic blood pressure &#40;SBP&#41; six months after the intervention&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Results</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In a resistant HTN outpatient clinic&#44; 177 consecutive patients were evaluated&#44; of whom 34 underwent RDN &#40;age 62&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;6 years&#59; 50&#46;0&#37; male&#41;&#46; There were no vascular complications&#44; either at the access site or in the renal arteries&#46; Of the 22 patients with complete six&#8208;month follow&#8208;up&#44; the response rate was 81&#46;8&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&#41;&#46; The mean office SBP reduction was 22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg &#40;174<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>23 vs&#46; 152<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; and 9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg in diastolic BP &#40;89<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16 vs&#46; 80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;006&#41;&#46; The number of antihypertensive drugs &#40;5&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;0 vs&#46; 4&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;1&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;010&#41; and pharmacological classes &#40;5&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;7 vs&#46; 4&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;1&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;009&#41; also decreased significantly&#46; Of the 24&#8208;hour ambulatory BP monitoring and echocardiographic parameters analyzed&#44; there were significant reductions in diastolic load &#40;45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>29 vs&#46; 27<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>26&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;049&#41; and in left ventricular mass index &#40;174<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>56 vs&#46; 158<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60 g&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;014&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In this cohort of patients with resistant HTN&#44; RDN was safe and effective&#44; with a significant BP reduction at six&#8208;month follow&#8208;up&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;20&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;14&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;8&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;17&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;8&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Avalia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial na consulta</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#40;mmHg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">175<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica &#40;mmHg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">92<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica m&#233;dia &#40;mmHg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica m&#233;dia &#40;mmHg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cargas sist&#243;licas &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cargas diast&#243;licas &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">164<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#205;ndice de volume da aur&#237;cula esquerda &#40;ml&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ratio <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#47;A</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;009&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">146<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;279&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "pt" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Valores da press&#227;o arterial avaliada na consulta&#44; terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica&#44; valores da MAPA 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h e par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos antes e seis meses ap&#243;s a DNR &#40;n&#61;22&#41;</p>"
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ISSN: 08702551
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