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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy &#40;AHCM&#41; is part of the broad clinical and morphologic spectrum of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy &#40;HCM&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Cases of AHCM with and without apical aneurysm mimicking myocardial infarction have occasionally been reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4</span></a> We report a patient with abnormalities on the electrocardiogram &#40;ECG&#41; in whom acute coronary syndrome &#40;ACS&#41; was excluded and AHCM was demonstrated by careful differential diagnosis&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Case report</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 77-year-old Caucasian woman was examined by a primary care physician because of dyspnea and atypical chest pain&#46; The ECG showed atrial fibrillation&#44; mean heart rate of 85 bpm&#44; right bundle branch block and 4-mm convex ST segment elevation in C4-C6 with biphasic T waves &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#41;&#46; Due to this atypical ECG&#44; similar to a previous one performed two years before&#44; rest-stress myocardial perfusion scintigraphy was prescribed&#46; This revealed a reduction of left ventricular chamber volume suggestive of HCM without signs of ischemia or previous myocardial necrosis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>&#41;&#46; The patient was referred to our echo lab in order to complete the diagnostic procedure&#46; Transthoracic echocardiography &#40;TTE&#41; demonstrated AHCM&#44; showing left ventricular &#40;LV&#41; apical hypertrophy with the typical ace of spades shape &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>A1&#41;&#46; The ace of spades was therefore studied in depth using color Doppler &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>A2&#44; Video 1&#41;&#44; Sonovue contrast TTE &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>A3&#44; Video 2&#41; and real-time three-dimensional echocardiography &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>A4&#44; Video 3&#41;&#46; A small area of turbulent flow and a mid-ventricular gradient of about 63<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg were found &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 4</a>a&#41;&#46; In order to evaluate possible modification of the mid-ventricular gradient&#44; an intravenous bolus of atenolol &#40;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#41; was administered&#46; A significant decrease of about 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg was observed while the ECG was unchanged &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 4</a>b&#41;&#46; Beta-blocker therapy was prescribed indefinitely&#46; At six-month follow-up&#44; the patient was asymptomatic and in good clinical condition&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Discussion</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">AHCM is characterized by segmental hypertrophy confined to the distal portion of the LV chamber&#46; The prevalence of AHCM among HCM patients is 15&#37; in Japan&#44; whereas in the USA it is only 3&#37;&#46; Among AHCM patients 54&#37; are symptomatic&#44; the most common symptoms being chest pain&#44; palpitations&#44; dyspnea and syncope&#46; This condition may cause various complications including atrial fibrillation&#44; acute myocardial infarction&#44; embolic events&#44; ventricular fibrillation&#44; congestive heart failure&#44; apical aneurysm and cardiac arrest&#46; Moreover&#44; it may mimic other conditions&#44; such as cardiac tumors&#44; LV apical thrombus&#44; isolated ventricular non-compaction&#44; endomyocardial fibrosis and coronary artery disease&#46; The most common ECG findings&#44; seen in about 93&#37; of patients&#44; are negative T waves in the precordial leads &#40;&#62;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm deep in 47&#37;&#41;&#44; followed by signs of LV hypertrophy in 63&#37; of cases&#46; TTE usually shows LV apical hypertrophy and is thus usually the standard diagnostic tool for AHCM&#46; Symptomatic patients may be treated with verapamil&#44; beta-blockers and antiarrhythmic drugs&#44; all of which may improve the signs and symptoms of this condition&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; AHCM is a clinical condition that can cause various complications and simulate ACS&#46; Its diagnosis enables ACS to be excluded in patients with atypical ST-segment elevation&#46; TTE is usually sufficient to make the diagnosis&#44; enabling appropriate medical treatment&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Case report
An unusual ST-segment elevation: Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy shows the ace up its sleeve
Elevação do segment St pouco usual: cardiomiopatia hipertrófica apical mostra o às na manga
Francesco de Santis, Amedeo Pergolini, Giordano Zampi
Autor para correspondência
giordano.zampi@alice.it

Corresponding author.
, Gaetano Pero, Paolo Giuseppe Pino, Giovanni Minardi
Department of Cardiovascular Science, “S. Camillo-Forlanini” Hospital, Rome, Italy
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The ECG shows an unusual 4-mm convex ST segment elevation in C4&#8211;C6 with biphasic T waves&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy &#40;AHCM&#41; is part of the broad clinical and morphologic spectrum of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy &#40;HCM&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Cases of AHCM with and without apical aneurysm mimicking myocardial infarction have occasionally been reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4</span></a> We report a patient with abnormalities on the electrocardiogram &#40;ECG&#41; in whom acute coronary syndrome &#40;ACS&#41; was excluded and AHCM was demonstrated by careful differential diagnosis&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Case report</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 77-year-old Caucasian woman was examined by a primary care physician because of dyspnea and atypical chest pain&#46; The ECG showed atrial fibrillation&#44; mean heart rate of 85 bpm&#44; right bundle branch block and 4-mm convex ST segment elevation in C4-C6 with biphasic T waves &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#41;&#46; Due to this atypical ECG&#44; similar to a previous one performed two years before&#44; rest-stress myocardial perfusion scintigraphy was prescribed&#46; This revealed a reduction of left ventricular chamber volume suggestive of HCM without signs of ischemia or previous myocardial necrosis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>&#41;&#46; The patient was referred to our echo lab in order to complete the diagnostic procedure&#46; Transthoracic echocardiography &#40;TTE&#41; demonstrated AHCM&#44; showing left ventricular &#40;LV&#41; apical hypertrophy with the typical ace of spades shape &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>A1&#41;&#46; The ace of spades was therefore studied in depth using color Doppler &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>A2&#44; Video 1&#41;&#44; Sonovue contrast TTE &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>A3&#44; Video 2&#41; and real-time three-dimensional echocardiography &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>A4&#44; Video 3&#41;&#46; A small area of turbulent flow and a mid-ventricular gradient of about 63<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg were found &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 4</a>a&#41;&#46; In order to evaluate possible modification of the mid-ventricular gradient&#44; an intravenous bolus of atenolol &#40;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#41; was administered&#46; A significant decrease of about 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg was observed while the ECG was unchanged &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 4</a>b&#41;&#46; Beta-blocker therapy was prescribed indefinitely&#46; At six-month follow-up&#44; the patient was asymptomatic and in good clinical condition&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Discussion</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">AHCM is characterized by segmental hypertrophy confined to the distal portion of the LV chamber&#46; The prevalence of AHCM among HCM patients is 15&#37; in Japan&#44; whereas in the USA it is only 3&#37;&#46; Among AHCM patients 54&#37; are symptomatic&#44; the most common symptoms being chest pain&#44; palpitations&#44; dyspnea and syncope&#46; This condition may cause various complications including atrial fibrillation&#44; acute myocardial infarction&#44; embolic events&#44; ventricular fibrillation&#44; congestive heart failure&#44; apical aneurysm and cardiac arrest&#46; Moreover&#44; it may mimic other conditions&#44; such as cardiac tumors&#44; LV apical thrombus&#44; isolated ventricular non-compaction&#44; endomyocardial fibrosis and coronary artery disease&#46; The most common ECG findings&#44; seen in about 93&#37; of patients&#44; are negative T waves in the precordial leads &#40;&#62;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm deep in 47&#37;&#41;&#44; followed by signs of LV hypertrophy in 63&#37; of cases&#46; TTE usually shows LV apical hypertrophy and is thus usually the standard diagnostic tool for AHCM&#46; Symptomatic patients may be treated with verapamil&#44; beta-blockers and antiarrhythmic drugs&#44; all of which may improve the signs and symptoms of this condition&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; AHCM is a clinical condition that can cause various complications and simulate ACS&#46; Its diagnosis enables ACS to be excluded in patients with atypical ST-segment elevation&#46; TTE is usually sufficient to make the diagnosis&#44; enabling appropriate medical treatment&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is part of the broad clinical and morphologic spectrum of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy&#46; We report a patient with electrocardiographic abnormalities in whom acute coronary syndrome was excluded and apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was demonstrated by careful differential diagnosis&#46;</p>"
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                      "titulo" => "Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with ventricular septal hypertrophy localized to the apical region of the left ventricle &#40;apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy&#41;"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
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                            0 => "C&#46;S&#46; Lin"
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                            2 => "P&#46;Y&#46; Ding"
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2018 Julho 37 9 46
2018 Junho 59 10 69
2018 Maio 64 12 76
2018 Abril 69 6 75
2018 Maro 113 10 123
2018 Fevereiro 54 7 61
2018 Janeiro 64 5 69
2017 Dezembro 85 9 94
2017 Novembro 56 11 67
2017 Outubro 27 18 45
2017 Setembro 53 5 58
2017 Agosto 56 8 64
2017 Julho 67 10 77
2017 Junho 73 10 83
2017 Maio 112 15 127
2017 Abril 68 7 75
2017 Maro 83 43 126
2017 Fevereiro 129 11 140
2017 Janeiro 36 5 41
2016 Dezembro 61 10 71
2016 Novembro 50 14 64
2016 Outubro 115 16 131
2016 Setembro 168 5 173
2016 Agosto 165 4 169
2016 Julho 29 3 32
2016 Junho 3 13 16
2016 Maio 27 15 42
2016 Abril 52 3 55
2016 Maro 76 15 91
2016 Fevereiro 95 30 125
2016 Janeiro 63 19 82
2015 Dezembro 72 20 92
2015 Novembro 80 19 99
2015 Outubro 78 21 99
2015 Setembro 69 16 85
2015 Agosto 78 14 92
2015 Julho 127 5 132
2015 Junho 52 3 55
2015 Maio 49 7 56
2015 Abril 45 11 56
2015 Maro 56 7 63
2015 Fevereiro 51 9 60
2015 Janeiro 50 8 58
2014 Dezembro 73 14 87
2014 Novembro 46 9 55
2014 Outubro 66 10 76
2014 Setembro 50 19 69
2014 Agosto 56 11 67
2014 Julho 42 9 51
2014 Junho 47 8 55
2014 Maio 58 13 71
2014 Abril 72 9 81
2014 Maro 84 15 99
2014 Fevereiro 72 19 91
2014 Janeiro 100 18 118
2013 Dezembro 57 13 70
2013 Novembro 81 29 110
2013 Outubro 83 37 120
2013 Setembro 107 44 151
2013 Agosto 21 9 30
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