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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We read the article &#8220;Gamma glutamyltransferase&#44; inflammation and cardiovascular risk factors in isolated coronary artery ectasia&#8221; by Dogan et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> They aimed to investigate major cardiovascular risk factors&#44; serum gamma-glutamyltransferase &#40;GGT&#41; and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein &#40;hs-CRP&#41; levels in a large population of patients with coronary artery ectasia &#40;CAE&#41;&#46; They concluded that CAE can be independently and positively associated with obesity&#44; GGT and hs-CRP levels&#44; but inversely with diabetes&#46; Moreover&#44; its severity may be related to GGT and hs-CRP levels&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Coronary artery ectasia is defined as a localized or diffuse non-obstructive lesion of the epicardial coronary arteries with a luminal dilation exceeding 1&#46;5 times the normal adjacent segment or vessel diameter&#46; Although the etiology of CAE is not well understood&#44; atherosclerosis may be considered a major part of the process&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Inflammation is an important step in the atherosclerotic process&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> We have reported elevated inflammatory markers in CAE compare with controls&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#8211;6</span></a> In the present study&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> the authors showed a relation between CAE and inflammation&#46; In this respect&#44; we argue that some aspects should be considered when assessing the relation between CAE and inflammation&#46; Firstly&#44; classification of CAE is an important factor in study design&#46; In the CAE classification proposed by Markis et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> in decreasing order of severity&#44; diffuse ectasia of two or more vessels was classified as type I&#44; diffuse disease in one vessel and localized disease in another vessel as type II&#44; diffuse ectasia of one vessel only as type III and localized or segmental ectasia only as type IV&#46; Inflammatory markers may be different depending on the severity of CAE according to Markis&#8217; classification&#46; Secondly&#44; certain conditions including metabolic syndrome&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> thyroid dysfunction&#44; and known malignancy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> may alter inflammatory conditions in these patients&#46; Besides&#44; we have reported elevated inflammatory markers in inflammatory diseases like Beh&#231;et&#39;s disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11</span></a> We have also shown that some medications decrease inflammatory markers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Furthermore&#44; in their article the authors showed an association between serum GGT and CAE&#44; but some important issues should be addressed&#46; Serum GGT activity is a marker of oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction&#46; We previously showed that serum GGT levels may be an independent marker of the severity of cardiovascular disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> GGT may change as a result of hepatic dysfunction even if there is no overt liver disease&#46; Secondly&#44; Gilbert syndrome is a common condition worldwide that can affect liver function tests&#46; GGT is also a widely measured serum enzyme and is commonly elevated in cases of biliary epithelial damage and excessive alcohol intake&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; although the authors concluded that CAE can be independently and positively associated with inflammation in their study&#44; we strongly believe that inflammatory conditions in CAE patients should be thoroughly assessed in future studies&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Vol. 35. Issue 10.
Pages 553-554 (October 2016)
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Vol. 35. Issue 10.
Pages 553-554 (October 2016)
Letter to the Editor
Open Access
The relation between inflammation and coronary artery ectasia
A relação entre a inflamação e a ectasia arterial coronária
Visits
4756
Sevket Balta
Corresponding author
, Mustafa Demir, Cengiz Ozturk, Turgay Celik
Department of Cardiology, Gulhane Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey
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Abdullah Dogan, Akif Arslan
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Dear Editor,

We read the article “Gamma glutamyltransferase, inflammation and cardiovascular risk factors in isolated coronary artery ectasia” by Dogan et al.1 They aimed to investigate major cardiovascular risk factors, serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels in a large population of patients with coronary artery ectasia (CAE). They concluded that CAE can be independently and positively associated with obesity, GGT and hs-CRP levels, but inversely with diabetes. Moreover, its severity may be related to GGT and hs-CRP levels.

Coronary artery ectasia is defined as a localized or diffuse non-obstructive lesion of the epicardial coronary arteries with a luminal dilation exceeding 1.5 times the normal adjacent segment or vessel diameter. Although the etiology of CAE is not well understood, atherosclerosis may be considered a major part of the process.2 Inflammation is an important step in the atherosclerotic process.3 We have reported elevated inflammatory markers in CAE compare with controls.4–6 In the present study,1 the authors showed a relation between CAE and inflammation. In this respect, we argue that some aspects should be considered when assessing the relation between CAE and inflammation. Firstly, classification of CAE is an important factor in study design. In the CAE classification proposed by Markis et al.,7 in decreasing order of severity, diffuse ectasia of two or more vessels was classified as type I, diffuse disease in one vessel and localized disease in another vessel as type II, diffuse ectasia of one vessel only as type III and localized or segmental ectasia only as type IV. Inflammatory markers may be different depending on the severity of CAE according to Markis’ classification. Secondly, certain conditions including metabolic syndrome,8 thyroid dysfunction, and known malignancy9 may alter inflammatory conditions in these patients. Besides, we have reported elevated inflammatory markers in inflammatory diseases like Behçet's disease.10,11 We have also shown that some medications decrease inflammatory markers.12

Furthermore, in their article the authors showed an association between serum GGT and CAE, but some important issues should be addressed. Serum GGT activity is a marker of oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. We previously showed that serum GGT levels may be an independent marker of the severity of cardiovascular disease.5 GGT may change as a result of hepatic dysfunction even if there is no overt liver disease. Secondly, Gilbert syndrome is a common condition worldwide that can affect liver function tests. GGT is also a widely measured serum enzyme and is commonly elevated in cases of biliary epithelial damage and excessive alcohol intake.

In conclusion, although the authors concluded that CAE can be independently and positively associated with inflammation in their study, we strongly believe that inflammatory conditions in CAE patients should be thoroughly assessed in future studies.

Conflicts of interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

References
[1]
A. Dogan, A. Arslan, H. Yucel, et al.
Gamma glutamyltransferase, inflammation and cardiovascular risk factors in isolated coronary artery ectasia.
Rev Port Cardiol, 35 (2016), pp. 33-39
[2]
S. Balta, S. Demirkol, M. Unlu, et al.
Coronary artery ectasia as a histopathological pattern of atherosclerosis.
[3]
Ş. Balta, C. Ozturk.
The main argument about the etiology of coronary artery ectasia: is it inflammation or not?.
Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars, 42 (2014), pp. 119-120
[4]
Ş. Balta, S. Demirkol, U. Küçük, et al.
YKL-40 levels in patients with coronary artery ectasia.
Anadolu Kardiyol Derg, 14 (2014), pp. 97-98
[5]
S. Balta, S. Demirkol, T. Celik, et al.
Association between coronary artery ectasia and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio.
Angiology, 64 (2013), pp. 627-632
[6]
S. Demirkol, S. Balta, T. Celik, et al.
Carotid intima media thickness and its association with total bilirubin levels in patients with coronary artery ectasia.
Angiology, (2013),
[7]
J. Markis, C. Joffe, P. Cohn, et al.
Clinical significance of coronary artery ectasia.
Am J Cardiol, 37 (1976), pp. 217-222
[8]
S. Balta, M. Cakar, S. Demirkol, et al.
Higher neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in patients with metabolic syndrome.
Clin Appl Thromb Hemost, 19 (2013), pp. 579
[9]
S. Balta, S. Demirkol, H. Sarlak, et al.
Comment on “Elevated preoperative neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio is associated with poor prognosis in soft-tissue sarcoma patients”: neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio may be predictor of mortality in patients with soft-tissue sarcoma.
Br J Cancer, 108 (2013), pp. 2625-2626
[10]
O. Ekiz, I. Balta, B.B. Sen, et al.
Mean platelet volume in recurrent aphthous stomatitis and Behçet disease.
Angiology, 65 (2014), pp. 161-165
[11]
I. Balta, S. Balta, O.M. Koryurek, et al.
Mean platelet volume is associated with aortic arterial stiffness in patients with Behçet's disease without significant cardiovascular involvement.
J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 28 (2014), pp. 1388-1393
[12]
T. Celık, S. Balta, M. Karaman, et al.
Endocan, a novel marker of endothelial dysfunction in patients with essential hypertension: comparative effects of amlodipine and valsartan.
Blood Press, 12 (2014), pp. 1-6
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