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heart&#44; auditory system&#44; and extremities &#40;type II MRKH or MURCS association&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Herein&#44; we present percutaneous closure of an isolated secundum atrial septal defect &#40;ASD&#41; in a patient with MRKH syndrome&#46; According to the medical literature&#44; this therapeutic intervention has not previously been reported in this syndrome&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Case report</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 26-year-old female patient was referred to the cardiology department with complaints of increasing shortness of breath&#44; palpitations&#44; and effort dyspnea&#46; The patient had been diagnosed with MRKH syndrome eight years previously&#46; In order to determine the complete anatomy and associated anomalies&#44; abdominopelvic ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging&#44; radiological vertebral assessment&#44; and temporal computed tomography imaging were performed&#46; These imaging modalities revealed that the location and size of the ovaries were normal&#44; but the uterus and the upper part of the vagina were absent &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#41;&#46; There was no other imaging abnormality&#46; Audiometric examination was normal&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During physical examination&#44; a fixed split second heart sound was heard&#46; Electrocardiography was normal&#44; but transthoracic echocardiography &#40;TTE&#41; showed a flattened interventricular septum&#44; dilated right heart chambers &#40;right ventricle 32 mm&#44; right atrium 44 mm&#215;42 mm&#41;&#44; increased systolic pulmonary arterial pressure &#40;50 mmHg&#41;&#44; and mild tricuspid regurgitation&#46; Due to suspicion of left-to-right shunting&#44; transesophageal echocardiography &#40;TEE&#41; was performed&#44; which revealed an ostium secundum ASD with a defect dimension of 17 mm &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0050">Video 1</a>&#41;&#46; No other congenital heart abnormality was identified&#46; The defect was deemed to be suitable for percutaneous transcatheter closure&#46; The procedure was performed under general anesthesia with TEE guidance&#46; A 26 mm ASD septal occluder device &#40;Lifetech Cera ASD Occluder&#44; Occlutech International AB&#44; Helsingborg&#44; Sweden&#41; was deployed under fluoroscopic and TEE guidance &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0050">Video 2</a>&#41;&#46; Cessation of flow across the interatrial septum was confirmed by TEE prior to final deployment of the device&#46; TTE was performed 24 hours after implantation and confirmed proper positioning of the device with no significant residual shunting&#46; Recovery was uneventful and the patient was discharged from the hospital under antiplatelet therapy&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Discussion</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ASD&#44; especially ostium secundum type&#44; is a common congenital heart defect in adults&#46; It occurs as a result of defective development of the interatrial septum&#46; Most cases are isolated and sporadic&#44; but some are associated with genetic syndromes such as MRKH syndrome&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MRKH syndrome is a clinical condition of M&#252;llerian agenesis&#46; While its etiology remains unclear&#44; there is some evidence concerning its embryogenic and genetic origin&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a> It is reported to be associated with cardiovascular disorders&#46; Pittock et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> described cardiac anomalies in patients with MRKH syndrome&#44; including truncus arteriosus&#44; patent ductus arteriosus&#44; patent foramen ovale&#44; mitral valve prolapse&#44; and mild mitral regurgitation&#46; Vasquez et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> reported an adult woman with total anomalous pulmonary venous return&#44; ASD and MRKH syndrome&#44; while Kula et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> suggested an association between pulmonary stenosis and MRKH syndrome&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Herein&#44; we present percutaneous closure of isolated ostium secundum ASD in a patient with MRKH syndrome&#46; According to the medical literature&#44; this therapeutic intervention has not previously been reported in this syndrome&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that the procedures followed were in accordance with the regulations of the relevant clinical research ethics committee and with those of the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association &#40;Declaration of Helsinki&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have obtained the written informed consent of the patients or subjects mentioned in the article&#46; The corresponding author is in possession of this document&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Vol. 35. Issue 12.
Pages 701.e1-701.e3 (December 2016)
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Vol. 35. Issue 12.
Pages 701.e1-701.e3 (December 2016)
Case report
Open Access
Percutaneous closure of isolated ostium secundum-type atrial septal defect in a patient with Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome
Encerramento percutâneo da comunicação interauricular tipo ostium secundum isolado em doente com síndrome de Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser (MRKH)
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Murat Akcaya,
Corresponding author
drmuratakcay@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Okan Gulelb, Korhan Soylub, Murat Mericb, Muzaffer Elmalic
a Cardiology Clinic, Terme State Hospital, Samsun, Turkey
b Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
c Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
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Abstract

Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by complete or partial aplasia of the uterus and the upper part of the vagina. It is reported to be associated with cardiovascular disorders including atrial septal defect, anomalous pulmonary venous return, aortopulmonary window, pulmonary valve stenosis, mitral valve prolapse, tetralogy of Fallot, truncus arteriosus, and patent ductus arteriosus. Herein, for the first time in the medical literature, we present percutaneous closure of an isolated ostium secundum atrial septal defect in this syndrome.

Keywords:
Atrial septal defect
Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome
Percutaneous closure
Resumo

A síndrome de Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser (MRKH) é uma anomalia congénita rara, caraterizada por uma aplasia completa ou parcial do útero e da parte superior da vagina. Tem sido associado a problemas cardiovasculares, incluindo comunicação interauricular, retorno venoso pulmonar anómalo, janela aorto-pulmonar, estenose valvular pulmonar, prolapso da válvula mitral, tetralogia de Fallot, tronco arterial e persistência do canal arterial. Pela primeira vez na literatura médica, apresentamos um caso de encerramento percutâneo de comunicação interauricular tipo ostium secundum isolado nesta síndrome.

Palavras-chave:
Comunicação intra-auricular
Síndrome de Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser
Encerramento percutâneo
Full Text
Introduction

Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by complete or partial aplasia of the uterus and the upper two-thirds of the vagina. Affected women carry a normal female genotype (46, XX) and display a normal female phenotype with normal development of secondary sexual characteristics. Patients are usually diagnosed due to amenorrhea. MRKH may be isolated (type I MRKH syndrome), but it is more frequently associated with anomalies of the urinary tract (unilateral agenesis or ectopia of one or both kidneys, horse-shoe kidney), cervico-thoracic region (asymmetric, fused or wedged vertebrae, scoliosis and Klippel-Feil anomaly), heart, auditory system, and extremities (type II MRKH or MURCS association).1–3

Herein, we present percutaneous closure of an isolated secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) in a patient with MRKH syndrome. According to the medical literature, this therapeutic intervention has not previously been reported in this syndrome.

Case report

A 26-year-old female patient was referred to the cardiology department with complaints of increasing shortness of breath, palpitations, and effort dyspnea. The patient had been diagnosed with MRKH syndrome eight years previously. In order to determine the complete anatomy and associated anomalies, abdominopelvic ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging, radiological vertebral assessment, and temporal computed tomography imaging were performed. These imaging modalities revealed that the location and size of the ovaries were normal, but the uterus and the upper part of the vagina were absent (Figure 1). There was no other imaging abnormality. Audiometric examination was normal.

Figure 1.

Axial and sagittal pelvic magnetic resonance imaging, showing aplasia of the uterus and the upper part of the vagina.

(0.15MB).

During physical examination, a fixed split second heart sound was heard. Electrocardiography was normal, but transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) showed a flattened interventricular septum, dilated right heart chambers (right ventricle 32 mm, right atrium 44 mm×42 mm), increased systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (50 mmHg), and mild tricuspid regurgitation. Due to suspicion of left-to-right shunting, transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was performed, which revealed an ostium secundum ASD with a defect dimension of 17 mm (Figure 2, Video 1). No other congenital heart abnormality was identified. The defect was deemed to be suitable for percutaneous transcatheter closure. The procedure was performed under general anesthesia with TEE guidance. A 26 mm ASD septal occluder device (Lifetech Cera ASD Occluder, Occlutech International AB, Helsingborg, Sweden) was deployed under fluoroscopic and TEE guidance (Figure 3, Video 2). Cessation of flow across the interatrial septum was confirmed by TEE prior to final deployment of the device. TTE was performed 24 hours after implantation and confirmed proper positioning of the device with no significant residual shunting. Recovery was uneventful and the patient was discharged from the hospital under antiplatelet therapy.

Figure 2.

Transesophageal echocardiographic image of atrial septal defect (arrow). LA: left atrium; RA: right atrium.

(0.09MB).
Figure 3.

Transesophageal echocardiographic image of septal occluder device (arrow) after implantation. LA: left atrium; RA: right atrium.

(0.1MB).
Discussion

ASD, especially ostium secundum type, is a common congenital heart defect in adults. It occurs as a result of defective development of the interatrial septum. Most cases are isolated and sporadic, but some are associated with genetic syndromes such as MRKH syndrome.4

MRKH syndrome is a clinical condition of Müllerian agenesis. While its etiology remains unclear, there is some evidence concerning its embryogenic and genetic origin.1–3 It is reported to be associated with cardiovascular disorders. Pittock et al.5 described cardiac anomalies in patients with MRKH syndrome, including truncus arteriosus, patent ductus arteriosus, patent foramen ovale, mitral valve prolapse, and mild mitral regurgitation. Vasquez et al.6 reported an adult woman with total anomalous pulmonary venous return, ASD and MRKH syndrome, while Kula et al.7 suggested an association between pulmonary stenosis and MRKH syndrome.

Herein, we present percutaneous closure of isolated ostium secundum ASD in a patient with MRKH syndrome. According to the medical literature, this therapeutic intervention has not previously been reported in this syndrome.

Ethical disclosuresProtection of human and animal subjects

The authors declare that the procedures followed were in accordance with the regulations of the relevant clinical research ethics committee and with those of the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki).

Confidentiality of data

The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article.

Right to privacy and informed consent

The authors have obtained the written informed consent of the patients or subjects mentioned in the article. The corresponding author is in possession of this document.

Conflicts of interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

References
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The Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome: clinical description and genetics.
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[2]
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J Negat Results BioMed, 5 (2006), pp. 1
[3]
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[5]
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[6]
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[7]
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Acta Paediatr, 93 (2004), pp. 570-572
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