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Vol. 31. Issue 12.
Pages 839-840 (December 2012)
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Vol. 31. Issue 12.
Pages 839-840 (December 2012)
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Comment on «Stroke and bleeding in atrial fibrillation with chronic kidney disease»
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Carlos Aguiar
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Stroke and bleeding in atrial fibrillation with chronic kidney disease.

Jonas Bjerring Olesen, Gregory YH Lip, Anne-Lise Kamper, Kristine Hommel, Lars Kober, Deirdre A Lane, Jesper Lindhardsen, Gunnar Hilmar Gislason, Christian Torp-Pedersen. New England Journal of Medicine. 2012;367:625–35.

Background: Both atrial fibrillation and chronic kidney disease increase the risk of stroke and systemic thromboembolism. However, these risks, and the effects of antithrombotic treatment, have not been thoroughly investigated in patients with both conditions.

Methods: Using Danish national registries, we identified all patients discharged from the hospital with a diagnosis of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation between 1997 and 2008. The risk of stroke or systemic thromboembolism and bleeding associated with non–end-stage chronic kidney disease and with end-stage chronic kidney disease (i.e., disease requiring renal-replacement therapy) was estimated with the use of time-dependent Cox regression analyses. In addition, the effects of treatment with warfarin, aspirin, or both in patients with chronic kidney disease were compared with the effects in patients with no renal disease.

Results: Of 132,372 patients included in the analysis, 3587 (2.7%) had non–end-stage chronic kidney disease and 901 (0.7%) required renal-replacement therapy at the time of inclusion. As compared with patients who did not have renal disease, patients with non–end-stage chronic kidney disease had an increased risk of stroke or systemic thromboembolism (hazard ratio, 1.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.38 to 1.59; P<0.001), as did those requiring renal-replacement therapy (hazard ratio, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.57 to 2.14; P<0.001); this risk was significantly decreased for both groups of patients with warfarin but not with aspirin. The risk of bleeding was also increased among patients who had non–end-stage chronic kidney disease or required renal-replacement therapy and was further increased with warfarin, aspirin, or both.

Conclusions: Chronic kidney disease was associated with an increased risk of stroke or systemic thromboembolism and bleeding among patients with atrial fibrillation. Warfarin treatment was associated with a decreased risk of stroke or systemic thromboembolism among patients with chronic kidney disease, whereas warfarin and aspirin were associated with an increased risk of bleeding. (Funded by the Lundbeck Foundation.)

Comentário

A fibrilhação auricular (FA) é a arritmia crónica mais prevalente na população, afetando 2,5% dos portugueses com pelo menos 40 anos de idade. A doença renal crónica – definida como uma taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG) inferior a 60ml/min ou alterações estruturais e/ou funcionais que podem levar a insuficiência renal e que persistem pelo menos 3 meses – tem uma prevalência estimada de 10% na Europa; metade dos doentes tem uma TFG entre 15 e 60ml/min e 2% tem insuficiência renal terminal. As 2 condições coexistem com frequência, porque partilham fatores de risco como a idade, a diabetes mellitus e a hipertensão arterial. Cerca de 10 a 15% dos doentes com FA tem doença renal crónica; cerca de 15 a 20% dos doentes em hemodiálise tem história de FA.

O prognóstico da FA é marcado, sobretudo, pelos fenómenos tromboembólicos a que está associada: um em cada 6 acidentes vasculares cerebrais (AVC) isquémicos deve-se à FA. Por sua vez, a doença renal crónica é um estado de hipercoagulabilidade adquirida que aumenta em 4 a 6 vezes o risco de AVC.

A anticoagulação oral com antivitamínicos K é muito eficaz na prevenção do AVC em doentes com FA não valvular, reduzindo o risco em 64%. Contudo, os doentes com doença renal crónica avançada ou terminal têm sido excluídos dos estudos a partir dos quais se derivaram as ferramentas recomendadas para estratificação do risco tromboembólico, assim como dos ensaios clínicos controlados que avaliaram terapêuticas antitrombóticas, incluindo os mais recentes inibidores diretos do fator Xa e da trombina, cuja via de eliminação é parcialmente renal. Nos doentes com FA em hemodiálise, alguns estudos sugerem mesmo que a varfarina pode aumentar o risco de AVC isquémico.

O risco de hemorragia clinicamente relevante ou potencialmente fatal constitui um dos maiores obstáculos à prescrição de anticoagulantes orais na FA não valvular. A insuficiência renal crónica, per se, aumenta o risco de complicações hemorrágicas da anticoagulação oral. Os insuficientes renais crónicos apresentam maior labilidade dos níveis de INR. A varfarina acelera a calcificação vascular em estudos animais.

Em suma, a prevenção tromboembólica no doente com FA e doença renal crónica apresenta desafios e carece de investigação. O artigo recomendado do mês constitui evidência baseada na prática e contesta o posicionamento de algumas sociedades científicas que não recomendam a anticoagulação oral nos doentes hemodialisados com FA, exceto em casos de prevenção secundária de AVC1,2.

Conflito de interesses

O autor declara não haver conflito de interesses.

Bibliografia
[1]
C.A. Herzog, R.W. Asinger, A.K. Berger, et al.
Cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease. A clinical update from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO).
Kidney Int, 80 (2011), pp. 572-586
[2]
A.C. Skanes, J.S. Healey, J.A. Cairns, et al.
Focused 2012 update of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society atrial fibrillation guidelines: recommendations for stroke prevention and rate/rhythm control.
Can J Cardiol, 28 (2012), pp. 125-136
Copyright © 2012. Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia
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