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Vol. 30. Issue 12.
Pages 905-924 (December 2011)
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Vol. 30. Issue 12.
Pages 905-924 (December 2011)
Review article
Open Access
Antithrombotic therapy in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: A narrative review
Terapêutica anti-trombótica na fibrilação auricular não-valvular: uma revisão narrativa
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Susana P.D. Sáa, Rui P. Rodriguesb, João Santos-Antunesc, Francisco Rocha Gonçalvesa, José Pedro L. Nunesa,
Corresponding author
jplnunes@med.up.pt

Corresponding author.
a Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
b Serviço de Medicina Interna, Hospital São João, Porto, Portugal
c Serviço de Gastroenterologia, Hospital São João, Porto, Portugal
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Under a Creative Commons license
Article information
Abstract

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an important and potentially modifiable cause of stroke. It has been known since 1989 that oral anticoagulant drugs, such as warfarin, lead to a dramatic decrease in stroke associated with AF. The best risk-benefit ratio is obtained with intensity of oral anticoagulant treatment for an INR of 2-3, even in the elderly. Given the risks of anticoagulant therapy, including bleeding, individual thromboembolic risk must be assessed in patients with AF. In 2009, dabigatran was shown to be a reasonable alternative to vitamin K antagonists, establishing itself as a major alternative to warfarin in AF patients. Rivaroxaban and apixaban have subsequently also been shown to be alternatives to warfarin. When there are contraindications to vitamin K antagonists, antiplatelet agents can produce a therapeutic effect, although much less than oral anticoagulants. Apixaban may be a better alternative to aspirin in this setting. Patients with low-risk atrial fibrillation (no risk factors) have not been the subjects of specific clinical trials. It is unclear what would be the best therapeutic choice for these patients.

Keywords:
Atrial fibrillation
Warfarin
Aspirin
Dabigatran
Rivaroxaban
Apixaban
Resumo

A fibrilacao auricular (FA) e uma causa importante e potencialmente modificavel do acidente vascular cerebral. Desde 1989 que se encontra demonstrado que o uso de anti-coagulantes orais, como a varfarina, se associa a uma reducao dramatica da incidencia de acidente vascular cerebral associado a FA. A intensidade da anticoagulacao oral com uma melhor relacao risco-beneficio e obtida com urn INR de 2-3, mesmo no paciente idoso. Tendo em consideracao os riscos da anticoagulacao oral, incluindo as hemorragias, e necessario estimar o risco tromboembolico individual nos doentes com FA. Em 2009, o dabigatrano mostrou ser uma alternativa razoavel aos antagonistas da vitamina K - vindo a estabelecer-se como uma alternativa importante a varfarina em doentes com FA. Foi subsequentemente demonstrado que quer o rivaroxabano quer o apixabano tern urn estatuto semelhante ao dabigatrano, enquanto alternativas importantes a varfarina. Quando existam contra-indicacoes a terapeutica com antagonistas da vitamina K, os antiplaquetarios podem produzir urn efeito terapeutico, sem duvida urn efeito muito menos importante do que os anticoagulantes orais. 0 apixabano podera ser uma alternativa preferivel a aspirina neste contexto. Os doentes com FA de “baixo risco” (sem factores de risco) nao foram estudados em ensaios clinicos levados a cabo especificamente para esta situacao. E pouco claro qual e a melhor alternativa terapeutica nestes doentes.

Palavras-chave:
Fibrilacao auricular
Varfarina
Aspirina
Dabigatrano
Rivaroxabano
Apixabano
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