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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cisplatin-based chemotherapy is widely used in the treatment of various solid tumors&#44; including ovarian&#44; lung&#44; bladder&#44; and testicular cancers&#46; The anticancer property of cisplatin is not completely understood&#46; Increasing evidence indicates that the pathophysiological mechanisms are multifaceted&#44; involving oxidative stress&#44; DNA damage&#44; alterations in signaling pathways&#44; and direct myocardial damage&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite its effectiveness&#44; cisplatin-based chemotherapy can have significant side effects&#46; It is known to be nephrotoxic&#44; neurotoxic&#44; and ototoxic&#46; Additionally&#44; less common cardiovascular issues such as high blood pressure&#44; high cholesterol&#44; autonomic dysfunction&#44; arrhythmias and heart failure have been associated with cisplatin treatment&#46; These side effects can occur during treatment or even years later and are not always dose-dependent&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cisplatin-induced cardiotoxicity can impact the dosage and duration of chemotherapy&#44; which can affect the overall outcome of cancer treatment&#46; During cisplatin infusion&#44; cardiovascular adverse effects can manifest as palpitations&#44; chest pain&#44; and elevated cardiac biomarkers&#44; resembling a myocardial infarction&#46; Vascular damage&#44; platelet aggregation&#44; and enhanced thromboxane formation are believed to contribute to these adverse cardiac effects&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is worth noting that cisplatin-induced cardiovascular effects can also manifest later in a patient&#39;s life&#46; This delayed toxicity is believed to be associated with the long-term presence of cisplatin in the bloodstream&#44; as studies have shown that cisplatin can still be detected in the blood even after 20 years of treatment&#46; This extended exposure to cisplatin can result in elevated levels of endothelial and inflammatory markers in the plasma&#44; potentially leading to direct severe endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis and indirectly induced hormonal and metabolic changes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">While cisplatin-based chemotherapy has significantly improved the cure rate of germ cell tumors to 95&#37;&#44; there is a 25-year risk of cardiovascular toxicity in 16&#37; of patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#8211;7</span></a> Delayed cardiovascular toxicity such as acute myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular events is reported by Chaudhary et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> A study specifically designed to assess the development of cardiovascular risk factors in patients cured of testicular cancer treated with cisplatin reported elevated LDL and cholesterol levels&#44; depleted HDL levels and increased body mass index in 28&#37; of patients at 4&#8211;6 years&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The autonomic nervous system &#40;ANS&#41; plays a crucial role in regulating cardiovascular function&#44; including heart rate&#44; blood pressure&#44; and vasomotor tone&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dysregulation of the ANS chemo- and radiotherapy-induced affects approximately 80&#37; of cancer patients and is particularly found in platinum-based therapy&#46; It is closely related to an increased risk of cardiovascular complications&#44; such as arrhythmias&#44; hypertension&#44; and heart failure&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several pharmacological strategies have been investigated to shield the heart against the harmful impacts of chemotherapy on cardiac health&#46; Monitoring and adjusting electrolyte levels&#44; managing blood pressure&#44; monitoring ECG&#44; and considering dose modifications or alternative treatments for high-risk individuals are all approaches that have been explored&#46; Preventive measures and early intervention are crucial in addressing cardiotoxicity&#44; including conducting baseline cardiovascular evaluations&#44; managing cardiovascular risk factors&#44; and making lifestyle modifications all contribute to reducing cardiac risks&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regular aerobic exercise has been shown to improve ANS function and cardiovascular health in various populations&#44; including those with cardiovascular disease&#46; It is possible that exercise may also be beneficial for cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy&#44; by improving ANS function and reducing the risk of cardiovascular complications&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Future research is needed to better understand the mechanisms underlying cisplatin chemotherapy-induced cardiovascular dysfunction and to determine the optimal exercise interventions for these patients&#46; In the meantime&#44; encouraging cancer patients to engage in regular aerobic exercise&#44; under the guidance of healthcare providers&#44; may help to attenuate the negative effects of chemotherapy on the cardiovascular system&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mouse models are commonly used to study cisplatin&#39;s effects&#44; as mice respond similarly to humans&#46; Mice develop all cisplatin side effects in a dose- and time-dependent manner&#46; Just like humans&#44; mice also develop cisplatin side effects of varying severity from mild to multi-organ failure&#44; each disease has its own course and pathophysiological response or molecular signature&#46; Despite all the similarities&#44; there is an apparent gap between the results in animal models and human clinical trials&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study by Santos et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> investigated the potential benefits of physical exercise in mitigating the cardiotoxic effects of cisplatin&#46; In the study&#44; mice were treated with cisplatin to induce electrocardiogram &#40;ECG&#41; changes and then subjected to moderate-intensity physical exercise on a treadmill&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of the study showed that moderate-intensity physical exercise attenuated the cisplatin-induced ECG changes&#46; More specifically&#44; the exercise group showed improvements in various ECG parameters&#44; such as heart rate variability and QT interval duration&#44; compared to the sedentary group&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These findings suggest that moderate-intensity physical exercise may have a protective effect on the heart and help counteract the cardiotoxic effects of cisplatin&#46; Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms underlying this protective effect and to optimize exercise strategies for cancer patients undergoing cisplatin treatment&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In another study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> from the same group&#44; the authors investigated the effect of physical exercise and pyridostigmine treatment on gastrointestinal and cardiovascular changes in cisplatin-treated male Wistar rats&#46; They concluded that physical exercise and pyridostigmine treatment contribute to the attenuation of the effects of cisplatin on the gastrointestinal tract and cardiovascular system&#44; with decreased sympathetic tone and increased parasympathetic tone&#44; causing an improvement in autonomic dysfunction in rats&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These studies were conducted in tumor-free mice&#44; so we do not know what the results would be if they were carried out in a tumor environment&#46; Nonetheless&#44; the present study shows that these interventions could potentially be beneficial in clinical settings for patients undergoing cisplatin treatment&#44; although further research is needed to confirm these effects in humans&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nonetheless&#44; incorporating regular physical activity into cancer treatment regimens&#44; as recommended in the guidelines&#44; may be a promising approach to improving cardiovascular health and overall well-being in cancer patients&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Of mice and man
Ratos e Homens
Manuela Fiuza
Cardiology Department, ULSSM, CAML, CCUL, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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autonomic dysfunction&#44; arrhythmias and heart failure have been associated with cisplatin treatment&#46; These side effects can occur during treatment or even years later and are not always dose-dependent&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cisplatin-induced cardiotoxicity can impact the dosage and duration of chemotherapy&#44; which can affect the overall outcome of cancer treatment&#46; During cisplatin infusion&#44; cardiovascular adverse effects can manifest as palpitations&#44; chest pain&#44; and elevated cardiac biomarkers&#44; resembling a myocardial infarction&#46; Vascular damage&#44; platelet aggregation&#44; and enhanced thromboxane formation are believed to contribute to these adverse cardiac effects&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is worth noting that cisplatin-induced cardiovascular effects can also manifest later in a patient&#39;s life&#46; This delayed toxicity is believed to be associated with the long-term presence of cisplatin in the bloodstream&#44; as studies have shown that cisplatin can still be detected in the blood even after 20 years of treatment&#46; This extended exposure to cisplatin can result in elevated levels of endothelial and inflammatory markers in the plasma&#44; potentially leading to direct severe endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis and indirectly induced hormonal and metabolic changes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">While cisplatin-based chemotherapy has significantly improved the cure rate of germ cell tumors to 95&#37;&#44; there is a 25-year risk of cardiovascular toxicity in 16&#37; of patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#8211;7</span></a> Delayed cardiovascular toxicity such as acute myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular events is reported by Chaudhary et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> A study specifically designed to assess the development of cardiovascular risk factors in patients cured of testicular cancer treated with cisplatin reported elevated LDL and cholesterol levels&#44; depleted HDL levels and increased body mass index in 28&#37; of patients at 4&#8211;6 years&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The autonomic nervous system &#40;ANS&#41; plays a crucial role in regulating cardiovascular function&#44; including heart rate&#44; blood pressure&#44; and vasomotor tone&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dysregulation of the ANS chemo- and radiotherapy-induced affects approximately 80&#37; of cancer patients and is particularly found in platinum-based therapy&#46; It is closely related to an increased risk of cardiovascular complications&#44; such as arrhythmias&#44; hypertension&#44; and heart failure&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several pharmacological strategies have been investigated to shield the heart against the harmful impacts of chemotherapy on cardiac health&#46; Monitoring and adjusting electrolyte levels&#44; managing blood pressure&#44; monitoring ECG&#44; and considering dose modifications or alternative treatments for high-risk individuals are all approaches that have been explored&#46; Preventive measures and early intervention are crucial in addressing cardiotoxicity&#44; including conducting baseline cardiovascular evaluations&#44; managing cardiovascular risk factors&#44; and making lifestyle modifications all contribute to reducing cardiac risks&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regular aerobic exercise has been shown to improve ANS function and cardiovascular health in various populations&#44; including those with cardiovascular disease&#46; It is possible that exercise may also be beneficial for cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy&#44; by improving ANS function and reducing the risk of cardiovascular complications&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Future research is needed to better understand the mechanisms underlying cisplatin chemotherapy-induced cardiovascular dysfunction and to determine the optimal exercise interventions for these patients&#46; In the meantime&#44; encouraging cancer patients to engage in regular aerobic exercise&#44; under the guidance of healthcare providers&#44; may help to attenuate the negative effects of chemotherapy on the cardiovascular system&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mouse models are commonly used to study cisplatin&#39;s effects&#44; as mice respond similarly to humans&#46; Mice develop all cisplatin side effects in a dose- and time-dependent manner&#46; Just like humans&#44; mice also develop cisplatin side effects of varying severity from mild to multi-organ failure&#44; each disease has its own course and pathophysiological response or molecular signature&#46; Despite all the similarities&#44; there is an apparent gap between the results in animal models and human clinical trials&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study by Santos et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> investigated the potential benefits of physical exercise in mitigating the cardiotoxic effects of cisplatin&#46; In the study&#44; mice were treated with cisplatin to induce electrocardiogram &#40;ECG&#41; changes and then subjected to moderate-intensity physical exercise on a treadmill&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of the study showed that moderate-intensity physical exercise attenuated the cisplatin-induced ECG changes&#46; More specifically&#44; the exercise group showed improvements in various ECG parameters&#44; such as heart rate variability and QT interval duration&#44; compared to the sedentary group&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These findings suggest that moderate-intensity physical exercise may have a protective effect on the heart and help counteract the cardiotoxic effects of cisplatin&#46; Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms underlying this protective effect and to optimize exercise strategies for cancer patients undergoing cisplatin treatment&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In another study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> from the same group&#44; the authors investigated the effect of physical exercise and pyridostigmine treatment on gastrointestinal and cardiovascular changes in cisplatin-treated male Wistar rats&#46; They concluded that physical exercise and pyridostigmine treatment contribute to the attenuation of the effects of cisplatin on the gastrointestinal tract and cardiovascular system&#44; with decreased sympathetic tone and increased parasympathetic tone&#44; causing an improvement in autonomic dysfunction in rats&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These studies were conducted in tumor-free mice&#44; so we do not know what the results would be if they were carried out in a tumor environment&#46; Nonetheless&#44; the present study shows that these interventions could potentially be beneficial in clinical settings for patients undergoing cisplatin treatment&#44; although further research is needed to confirm these effects in humans&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nonetheless&#44; incorporating regular physical activity into cancer treatment regimens&#44; as recommended in the guidelines&#44; may be a promising approach to improving cardiovascular health and overall well-being in cancer patients&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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