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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite the substantial health benefits it provides&#44; regular exercise can paradoxically act as a trigger for sudden cardiac death &#40;SCD&#41; in some individuals with underlying cardiovascular disease &#40;CVD&#41;&#46; Accordingly&#44; ensuring safety during sports participation and minimizing the risk of adverse events has become a major concern for medical and sports organizations&#46; Pre-participation screening protocols have been established to reduce the risk of SCD in competitive athletes and are recommended by most medical societies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Optimal cardiovascular screening should maximize yield without excessive cost&#59; however&#44; the best screening strategy remains the subject of considerable debate and there are calls for further evidenced-based research&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Likewise&#44; with the growing population of amateur athletes&#44; physicians are inevitably being confronted with an increasing number of queries regarding sports participation from individuals at risk or with established CVD&#46; Reflecting the relative lack of large prospective trials supporting eligibility criteria and the fear of potential cardiovascular events&#44; some physicians recommend overly conservative exercise restrictions&#46; This attitude may then be conveyed to patients&#44; who may become fearful of exercising at any level&#46; Severe restrictions hence bear the unintended consequence of contributing to the growing epidemic of sedentary behavior and obesity&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is imperative to balance the numerous benefits of exercise and the low risk of life-threatening events&#46; Systematic research has demonstrated the cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular benefits of regular exercise&#44; which range from improving quality of life to reducing overall mortality&#44; and play a critical role in primary and secondary prevention of most CVD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> In the current era&#44; sports cardiology is a key pillar of preventive cardiology and should spearhead the promotion of safe engagement in structured physical activity in order to encourage athletes&#8217; ambition to continue performing routine exercise and to improve their functional status following a diagnosis of CVD&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Transitioning out of an athletic career can put the athlete&#39;s identity in jeopardy and have a profound impact on their psychosocial functioning&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> In view of this danger&#44; it is of paramount importance to recognize mental distress and address psychological needs&#46; Psychological support should be considered when an athlete has been diagnosed with cardiac disease and&#47;or is disqualified from competitive sports&#46; It is also advised when an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator is recommended or if the athlete experiences SCD of a young relative&#44; which may engender symptoms of depression&#44; anxiety and post-traumatic stress&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is a need to shift from a historically binary approach to a personalized management plan&#44; which is &#40;and will continue to be&#41; part of sports cardiology as a subspecialty&#46; Respecting the autonomy of the individual and prioritizing the shared decision-making &#40;SDM&#41; process enables the physician to deliver more liberal and tailored advice&#46; This functions as a collaborative process that requires the physician to provide detailed information regarding the potential impact of sports&#44; allowing the athlete and other stakeholders to engage in detailed conversations regarding risk perception and responsibility&#46; Nonetheless&#44; considering the limited evidence available&#44; assessing the athlete&#39;s absolute risk of events can be challenging and should take into account the type and severity of disease and the individual&#39;s demographic and clinical characteristics&#44; as well as the volume&#44; intensity and type of sport&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> To facilitate the assessment and guidance of both amateur and professional athletes with CVD and to ensure that both physician and athlete are supported&#44; it is crucial to establish multidisciplinary networks and enable close liaison with experienced sports cardiology centers&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An individualized approach&#44; based on a detailed clinical assessment&#44; risk stratification and exercise prescription&#44; is key to ensure safety and minimize risks&#46; In this setting&#44; cardiopulmonary exercise testing &#40;CPET&#41; plays a pivotal role&#46; This is increasingly used in a wide spectrum of clinical applications&#44; from assessing overall cardiovascular performance to screening for undiagnosed exercise intolerance&#46; Furthermore&#44; it is a powerful means to individualize recommendations regarding sports<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a> and can be used to monitor the progression of exercise training&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Current European guidelines focus on the formulation of exercise prescriptions and intensity levels based on well-recognized indices and cut-offs&#44; including maximum heart rate&#44; heart rate reserve and VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> reserve&#46; However&#44; risk prediction equations are often derived from cross-sectional or longitudinal observations in populations of healthy subjects and cannot necessarily be applied in patients with CVD&#46; In addition&#44; the standard deviation around the regression line is often ignored&#44; disregarding considerable individual variability&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> In patients with disease- and&#47;or drug &#40;e&#46;g&#46; beta-blocker&#41;-related chronotropic incompetence&#44; derived percentages are particularly unreliable for assessing the relative intensity of aerobic effort&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Exercise prescription based on these indices could result in under- or overestimation of individual exercise intensities&#44; causing the patient to train at a different level from that shown to have a proven clinical benefit&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> By contrast&#44; an integrated interpretation of gas exchange parameters that reflect different submaximal ventilatory thresholds &#40;VT&#41; enables the creation of individually determined exercise zones&#46; Therefore&#44; defining exercise intensity through accurate and tailored quantification in individuals with CVD&#44; i&#46;e&#46; using VT&#44; should be the preferred method to prescribe exercise on an individual level&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Training is critical to interpreting data appropriately and it is therefore advisable to consign CPET and exercise prescription to be performed by physicians with expertise in the field&#46; Given its cost and limited availability&#44; CPET cannot be applied in all clinical scenarios and may be dispensed with in low-to-moderate risk individuals&#44; in whom alternative tools&#44; such as exercise stress testing&#44; may be preferred to investigate the cardiovascular response to exercise&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Other than promoting a healthy and active lifestyle&#44; the ultimate goal of personalizing exercise prescription is to mitigate the risk of adverse events&#46; Unfortunately&#44; it is impossible to fully eliminate the hazards and reduce the risk to zero&#46; Current recommendations highlight a clear need for policies to increase public awareness&#44; community training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation &#40;CPR&#41;&#44; and the availability of automated external defibrillators &#40;AEDs&#41;&#46; All sports facilities should develop a first-aid training policy and an emergency action plan incorporating CPR and AED use to safeguard sports participation and further reduce the impact of exercise-related SCD&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In summary&#44; healthcare professionals should be aware of the changing paradigm concerning the safe participation of athletes with CVD in structured and individualized exercise training&#46; A tailored exercise prescription has emerged as a vital component of the cutting-edge management of these individuals and may serve as an integral element in the SDM process&#44; laying the groundwork for modern sports cardiology &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#41;&#46; CPET is a valuable tool for exercise prescription and should be more commonly used in clinical practice to optimize exercise recommendations&#46; Incorporating a personalized exercise training program within the overall management plan is the current state of the art&#46; This approach will ensure individuals with CVD are not deprived of the many benefits &#40;physical and psychological&#41; of exercise and will ultimately enable a safe exercise routine&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Funding</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Current Perspectives
Developments in sports cardiology: The way to a brighter future
Evoluindo na cardiologia desportiva: direções para um futuro melhor
José Miguel Viegasa,
Autor para correspondência
miguel09@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Hélder Doresb,c,d, António Freitase,f, Luna Caviglig, Flavio D’Ascenzig
a Department of Cardiology, Hospital de Santa Marta, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
b Department of Cardiology, Hospital da Luz, Lisbon, Portugal
c Human Performance Department, Sport Lisboa e Benfica, Lisbon, Portugal
d Department of Pathophysiology, NOVA Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal
e Department of Cardiology, Hospital Professor Doutor Fernando Fonseca, Lisbon, Portugal
f Centro de Medicina Desportiva de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
g Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite the substantial health benefits it provides&#44; regular exercise can paradoxically act as a trigger for sudden cardiac death &#40;SCD&#41; in some individuals with underlying cardiovascular disease &#40;CVD&#41;&#46; Accordingly&#44; ensuring safety during sports participation and minimizing the risk of adverse events has become a major concern for medical and sports organizations&#46; Pre-participation screening protocols have been established to reduce the risk of SCD in competitive athletes and are recommended by most medical societies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Optimal cardiovascular screening should maximize yield without excessive cost&#59; however&#44; the best screening strategy remains the subject of considerable debate and there are calls for further evidenced-based research&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Likewise&#44; with the growing population of amateur athletes&#44; physicians are inevitably being confronted with an increasing number of queries regarding sports participation from individuals at risk or with established CVD&#46; Reflecting the relative lack of large prospective trials supporting eligibility criteria and the fear of potential cardiovascular events&#44; some physicians recommend overly conservative exercise restrictions&#46; This attitude may then be conveyed to patients&#44; who may become fearful of exercising at any level&#46; Severe restrictions hence bear the unintended consequence of contributing to the growing epidemic of sedentary behavior and obesity&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is imperative to balance the numerous benefits of exercise and the low risk of life-threatening events&#46; Systematic research has demonstrated the cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular benefits of regular exercise&#44; which range from improving quality of life to reducing overall mortality&#44; and play a critical role in primary and secondary prevention of most CVD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> In the current era&#44; sports cardiology is a key pillar of preventive cardiology and should spearhead the promotion of safe engagement in structured physical activity in order to encourage athletes&#8217; ambition to continue performing routine exercise and to improve their functional status following a diagnosis of CVD&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Transitioning out of an athletic career can put the athlete&#39;s identity in jeopardy and have a profound impact on their psychosocial functioning&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> In view of this danger&#44; it is of paramount importance to recognize mental distress and address psychological needs&#46; Psychological support should be considered when an athlete has been diagnosed with cardiac disease and&#47;or is disqualified from competitive sports&#46; It is also advised when an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator is recommended or if the athlete experiences SCD of a young relative&#44; which may engender symptoms of depression&#44; anxiety and post-traumatic stress&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is a need to shift from a historically binary approach to a personalized management plan&#44; which is &#40;and will continue to be&#41; part of sports cardiology as a subspecialty&#46; Respecting the autonomy of the individual and prioritizing the shared decision-making &#40;SDM&#41; process enables the physician to deliver more liberal and tailored advice&#46; This functions as a collaborative process that requires the physician to provide detailed information regarding the potential impact of sports&#44; allowing the athlete and other stakeholders to engage in detailed conversations regarding risk perception and responsibility&#46; Nonetheless&#44; considering the limited evidence available&#44; assessing the athlete&#39;s absolute risk of events can be challenging and should take into account the type and severity of disease and the individual&#39;s demographic and clinical characteristics&#44; as well as the volume&#44; intensity and type of sport&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> To facilitate the assessment and guidance of both amateur and professional athletes with CVD and to ensure that both physician and athlete are supported&#44; it is crucial to establish multidisciplinary networks and enable close liaison with experienced sports cardiology centers&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An individualized approach&#44; based on a detailed clinical assessment&#44; risk stratification and exercise prescription&#44; is key to ensure safety and minimize risks&#46; In this setting&#44; cardiopulmonary exercise testing &#40;CPET&#41; plays a pivotal role&#46; This is increasingly used in a wide spectrum of clinical applications&#44; from assessing overall cardiovascular performance to screening for undiagnosed exercise intolerance&#46; Furthermore&#44; it is a powerful means to individualize recommendations regarding sports<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a> and can be used to monitor the progression of exercise training&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Current European guidelines focus on the formulation of exercise prescriptions and intensity levels based on well-recognized indices and cut-offs&#44; including maximum heart rate&#44; heart rate reserve and VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> reserve&#46; However&#44; risk prediction equations are often derived from cross-sectional or longitudinal observations in populations of healthy subjects and cannot necessarily be applied in patients with CVD&#46; In addition&#44; the standard deviation around the regression line is often ignored&#44; disregarding considerable individual variability&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> In patients with disease- and&#47;or drug &#40;e&#46;g&#46; beta-blocker&#41;-related chronotropic incompetence&#44; derived percentages are particularly unreliable for assessing the relative intensity of aerobic effort&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Exercise prescription based on these indices could result in under- or overestimation of individual exercise intensities&#44; causing the patient to train at a different level from that shown to have a proven clinical benefit&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> By contrast&#44; an integrated interpretation of gas exchange parameters that reflect different submaximal ventilatory thresholds &#40;VT&#41; enables the creation of individually determined exercise zones&#46; Therefore&#44; defining exercise intensity through accurate and tailored quantification in individuals with CVD&#44; i&#46;e&#46; using VT&#44; should be the preferred method to prescribe exercise on an individual level&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Training is critical to interpreting data appropriately and it is therefore advisable to consign CPET and exercise prescription to be performed by physicians with expertise in the field&#46; Given its cost and limited availability&#44; CPET cannot be applied in all clinical scenarios and may be dispensed with in low-to-moderate risk individuals&#44; in whom alternative tools&#44; such as exercise stress testing&#44; may be preferred to investigate the cardiovascular response to exercise&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Other than promoting a healthy and active lifestyle&#44; the ultimate goal of personalizing exercise prescription is to mitigate the risk of adverse events&#46; Unfortunately&#44; it is impossible to fully eliminate the hazards and reduce the risk to zero&#46; Current recommendations highlight a clear need for policies to increase public awareness&#44; community training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation &#40;CPR&#41;&#44; and the availability of automated external defibrillators &#40;AEDs&#41;&#46; All sports facilities should develop a first-aid training policy and an emergency action plan incorporating CPR and AED use to safeguard sports participation and further reduce the impact of exercise-related SCD&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In summary&#44; healthcare professionals should be aware of the changing paradigm concerning the safe participation of athletes with CVD in structured and individualized exercise training&#46; A tailored exercise prescription has emerged as a vital component of the cutting-edge management of these individuals and may serve as an integral element in the SDM process&#44; laying the groundwork for modern sports cardiology &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#41;&#46; CPET is a valuable tool for exercise prescription and should be more commonly used in clinical practice to optimize exercise recommendations&#46; Incorporating a personalized exercise training program within the overall management plan is the current state of the art&#46; This approach will ensure individuals with CVD are not deprived of the many benefits &#40;physical and psychological&#41; of exercise and will ultimately enable a safe exercise routine&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Funding</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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