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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Worldwide&#44; coronary artery disease &#40;CAD&#41; is predicted to remain the leading cause of death&#44; posing a significant socioeconomic burden&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Preventing and managing this disease is a major challenge due to its multifactorial nature&#46; CAD appears to be caused by the interaction of environmental risk factors and multiple predisposing genes&#46; However&#44; the complex etiology of CAD has not been fully clarified to date&#46; Several conventional risk factors&#44; such as hypertension&#44; hyperlipidemia&#44; diabetes&#44; family history and smoking are linked to CAD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Other factors&#44; such as lipoprotein &#40;a&#41;&#44; homocysteine&#44; higher oxidative stress&#44; low levels of antioxidants&#44; being sedentary and leading a stressful lifestyle are also thought to play a key role in the development of the disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Identifying the causative factors for CAD development and&#47;or progression is challenging due to its etiologic heterogeneity&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The standard treatment for CAD can be medical&#44; surgical or a combination of both according to the extent&#44; severity&#44; and clinical presentation of the disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Nowadays&#44; technological and scientific progress has led to the development of novel therapeutic approaches&#44; such as stem cells&#44; nanotechnology&#44; robotic surgery&#44; three-dimensional printing and drugs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Some of these strategies already have evidence supporting their clinical use&#44; while others are still in an experimental stage&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since we live in the era of Big Data&#44; MultiOmics technologies and artificial intelligence&#44; the future for characterizing the genetic architecture of CAD and developing novel therapeutic options looks promising&#46; The development of massive parallel sequencing technology&#44; also known as next-generation-sequencing technology has ushered in a new era in genetic information&#44; opening unexplored avenues in genomic medicine and ultimately advancing precision medicine with a huge growth in available genetic tests&#46; The explosion of knowledge of how genomic variations in an individual&#39;s DNA can affect disease and health because of the Human Genome Project has meant we are now witnessing new discoveries in genetic cardiovascular disease&#59; patient management has changed substantially over the last decade&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several studies using high-throughput sequencing methods have addressed single nucleotide polymorphisms &#40;SNPs&#41; with cardiovascular disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Genome-wide association studies &#40;GWAS&#41; have identified about 208 susceptibility loci for CAD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> Several studies have focused on the association of variants at the GWAS loci with CAD in specific populations&#46; Despite the lack of consistency in the association patterns of these genes&#47;loci across the populations&#44; 11q23&#46;3 and 9p21&#46;3 chromosomal regions are the most frequently CAD-associated loci reported&#46; Tcheandjieu et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> reported a GWAS of CAD with cohorts of Caucasian&#44; Black&#44; and Hispanic individuals from the Million Veteran Program&#44; identifying 95 novel loci&#44; including the first nine to be identified on the X-chromosome&#44; and reporting near equivalent heritability of CAD across multiple ancestral groups&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the current issue of the Journal&#44; Kordkheyli et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> investigated the potential correlation between <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KLF5</span> &#40;rs3812852&#41; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KLF7</span> &#40;rs2302870&#41; SNPs with the risk of CAD in the Iranian population&#46; It is known that Kr&#252;ppel-like factors are DNA-binding proteins belonging to the family of zinc-finger transcription factors that can regulate gene expression linked to numerous biological processes&#44; such as cell growth&#44; differentiation&#44; and death&#44; as well as the development and maintenance of specialized tissues&#44; under both physiological and pathological conditions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> KLFs are also known to be involved in regulating several key processes of cardiovascular diseases&#44; including inflammation&#44; oxidative stress&#44; and cell proliferation&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Kordkheyli et al&#46;&#8217;s study has shed new light on the molecular pathogenesis of CAD by identifying the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KLF7</span> gene as a candidate for CAD susceptibility&#44; while also suggesting that the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KLF5</span> SNP is unlikely to influence CAD risk&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors acknowledge that more functional studies are needed to fully understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of CAD and to clarify the precise correlation of other polymorphisms in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KLF5</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KLF7</span> with the CAD risk across different populations&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Currently&#44; there is still much to learn about the role of KLFs in the risk of cardiac diseases&#44; as well as the potential contribution of these proteins as therapeutic targets&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As a final remark&#44; CAD&#44; a disorder with complex inheritance pattern&#44; should be analyzed at different biological levels&#46; Therefore&#44; it is also important to understand the epigenetic mechanisms that regulate the expression of these genes&#46; The advancement in molecular technology allows for a thorough characterization of cardiac diseases at different omic levels &#40;e&#46;g&#46; genomics&#44; transcriptomics&#44; proteomics&#44; epigenomics&#44; metabolomics&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#44; empowers physicians to treat these diseases based on each patient&#39;s unique profile by understanding the individual differences and characteristics&#44; including specific genotypes&#44; of patients with similar clinical presentations&#44; thereby enhancing risk stratification&#44; diagnosis&#44; and therapeutic decision-making&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The author has no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Genetics in coronary artery disease
A genética na doença coronária
Ilda Patrícia Ribeiroa,b,c,d
a Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
b University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) and Center of Investigation on Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal
c University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal
d Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Worldwide&#44; coronary artery disease &#40;CAD&#41; is predicted to remain the leading cause of death&#44; posing a significant socioeconomic burden&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Preventing and managing this disease is a major challenge due to its multifactorial nature&#46; CAD appears to be caused by the interaction of environmental risk factors and multiple predisposing genes&#46; However&#44; the complex etiology of CAD has not been fully clarified to date&#46; Several conventional risk factors&#44; such as hypertension&#44; hyperlipidemia&#44; diabetes&#44; family history and smoking are linked to CAD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Other factors&#44; such as lipoprotein &#40;a&#41;&#44; homocysteine&#44; higher oxidative stress&#44; low levels of antioxidants&#44; being sedentary and leading a stressful lifestyle are also thought to play a key role in the development of the disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Identifying the causative factors for CAD development and&#47;or progression is challenging due to its etiologic heterogeneity&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The standard treatment for CAD can be medical&#44; surgical or a combination of both according to the extent&#44; severity&#44; and clinical presentation of the disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Nowadays&#44; technological and scientific progress has led to the development of novel therapeutic approaches&#44; such as stem cells&#44; nanotechnology&#44; robotic surgery&#44; three-dimensional printing and drugs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Some of these strategies already have evidence supporting their clinical use&#44; while others are still in an experimental stage&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since we live in the era of Big Data&#44; MultiOmics technologies and artificial intelligence&#44; the future for characterizing the genetic architecture of CAD and developing novel therapeutic options looks promising&#46; The development of massive parallel sequencing technology&#44; also known as next-generation-sequencing technology has ushered in a new era in genetic information&#44; opening unexplored avenues in genomic medicine and ultimately advancing precision medicine with a huge growth in available genetic tests&#46; The explosion of knowledge of how genomic variations in an individual&#39;s DNA can affect disease and health because of the Human Genome Project has meant we are now witnessing new discoveries in genetic cardiovascular disease&#59; patient management has changed substantially over the last decade&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several studies using high-throughput sequencing methods have addressed single nucleotide polymorphisms &#40;SNPs&#41; with cardiovascular disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Genome-wide association studies &#40;GWAS&#41; have identified about 208 susceptibility loci for CAD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> Several studies have focused on the association of variants at the GWAS loci with CAD in specific populations&#46; Despite the lack of consistency in the association patterns of these genes&#47;loci across the populations&#44; 11q23&#46;3 and 9p21&#46;3 chromosomal regions are the most frequently CAD-associated loci reported&#46; Tcheandjieu et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> reported a GWAS of CAD with cohorts of Caucasian&#44; Black&#44; and Hispanic individuals from the Million Veteran Program&#44; identifying 95 novel loci&#44; including the first nine to be identified on the X-chromosome&#44; and reporting near equivalent heritability of CAD across multiple ancestral groups&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the current issue of the Journal&#44; Kordkheyli et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> investigated the potential correlation between <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KLF5</span> &#40;rs3812852&#41; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KLF7</span> &#40;rs2302870&#41; SNPs with the risk of CAD in the Iranian population&#46; It is known that Kr&#252;ppel-like factors are DNA-binding proteins belonging to the family of zinc-finger transcription factors that can regulate gene expression linked to numerous biological processes&#44; such as cell growth&#44; differentiation&#44; and death&#44; as well as the development and maintenance of specialized tissues&#44; under both physiological and pathological conditions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> KLFs are also known to be involved in regulating several key processes of cardiovascular diseases&#44; including inflammation&#44; oxidative stress&#44; and cell proliferation&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Kordkheyli et al&#46;&#8217;s study has shed new light on the molecular pathogenesis of CAD by identifying the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KLF7</span> gene as a candidate for CAD susceptibility&#44; while also suggesting that the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KLF5</span> SNP is unlikely to influence CAD risk&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors acknowledge that more functional studies are needed to fully understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of CAD and to clarify the precise correlation of other polymorphisms in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KLF5</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KLF7</span> with the CAD risk across different populations&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Currently&#44; there is still much to learn about the role of KLFs in the risk of cardiac diseases&#44; as well as the potential contribution of these proteins as therapeutic targets&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As a final remark&#44; CAD&#44; a disorder with complex inheritance pattern&#44; should be analyzed at different biological levels&#46; Therefore&#44; it is also important to understand the epigenetic mechanisms that regulate the expression of these genes&#46; The advancement in molecular technology allows for a thorough characterization of cardiac diseases at different omic levels &#40;e&#46;g&#46; genomics&#44; transcriptomics&#44; proteomics&#44; epigenomics&#44; metabolomics&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#44; empowers physicians to treat these diseases based on each patient&#39;s unique profile by understanding the individual differences and characteristics&#44; including specific genotypes&#44; of patients with similar clinical presentations&#44; thereby enhancing risk stratification&#44; diagnosis&#44; and therapeutic decision-making&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The author has no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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