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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We congratulate Neto et al&#46;&#44; whose case report on treating a marathonist by cardiac vagal denervation is published in this issue of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Journal</span>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> for their commitment to treating the patient with maximum rationality and for the excellent final result obtained with cardioneuroablation &#40;CNA&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CNA is a radiofrequency catheter ablation technique applied in the atrial endocardium with the aim of attenuating the vagal response&#46; It was first developed in the 1990s&#44; and the first series was published in 2005&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> In the first study&#44; highly positive results were observed in cardioinhibitory neurocardiogenic syncope&#44; functional atrioventricular block &#40;AVB&#41;&#44; sinus node dysfunction and atrial fibrillation&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Indications for CNA are functional bradyarrhythmias due to vagal hypertonia with symptoms refractory to medical treatment without significant heart disease and with good response to atropine&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Invasive electrophysiological study is highly recommended before CNA to exclude organic disease of the conduction system&#46; It is essential in AVB to rule out His-Purkinje lesions&#44; together with ajmaline testing for detecting difficult subclinical His-Purkinje lesions&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An atropine test is highly desirable before CNA to assess the degree of vagal tone in sinus bradycardia and AVB&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Atropine may have a long residual effect&#44; so it can be used no less than 48 hours before CNA&#46; It is performed by infusion of 0&#46;04 mg&#47;kg of intravenous atropine up to 2 mg&#46; A normal response is characterized by a &#8805;50&#37; increase in sinus rate and &#8805;30&#37; increase in Wenckebach&#39;s point ending with &#8805;120 bpm&#46; An inappropriate response suggests intrinsic disease of the conduction system&#46; Atropine or any other vagolytic drug is contraindicated at the beginning of CNA&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Extracardiac vagal stimulation &#40;ECVS&#41; aims to study the vagal response through endovenous stimulation of the vagus nerve without direct contact at a frequency of 30 Hz for 50 &#956;s at 1 <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">V</span>&#47;kg up to 70 <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">V</span>&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> It is of considerable value in CNA and in electrophysiology to study vagal activity in arrhythmias and anomalous bundles&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several techniques of vagal denervation have been tried&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> however&#44; regardless of the technique&#44; the most important goal is to eliminate the vagal effect at the end of the CNA&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> This can be easily verified during the procedure through repeated ECVS&#46; At the beginning of CNA&#44; ECVS is performed&#44; recording the baseline vagal response of the sinus and AV nodes&#46; Vagal activity in the sinus node causes immediate sinus arrest&#44; while in the AV node it causes high-grade AV block with ECVS during atrial pacing&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> CNA should be ended after elimination of vagal effects on the sinus and AV nodes&#46; In this study&#44; an episode of Wenckebach-type AVB occurred in long-term follow-up&#44; suggesting incomplete AV node denervation&#46; However&#44; this assessment is hampered as&#44; unfortunately&#44; EVCS was not performed to confirm the efficacy of the CNA in this case&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ganglionated plexuses cannot not visualized but can be accessed anatomically based on spectral maps from initial studies&#46; However&#44; when anatomical CNA does not eliminate vagal activity&#44; denervation should be expanded by ablating AF nests&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> For this purpose&#44; we developed fractionation mapping in 2005 to label AF nests in the electroanatomical model&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Cardioneuroablation: A clinically useful vagal ablation
Cardioneuroablação: uma ablação vagal clinicamente útil?
Jose Carlos Pachon-Ma,b,c,
Autor para correspondência
pachon@usp.br

Corresponding author.
, Enrique I. Pachon-Ma,b,c, Carlos Thiene C. Pachonb
a Sao Paulo University, Brazil
b Sao Paulo Heart Hospital, Brazil
c Sao Paulo Dante Pazzanese Cardiology Institute, Brazil
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We congratulate Neto et al&#46;&#44; whose case report on treating a marathonist by cardiac vagal denervation is published in this issue of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Journal</span>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> for their commitment to treating the patient with maximum rationality and for the excellent final result obtained with cardioneuroablation &#40;CNA&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CNA is a radiofrequency catheter ablation technique applied in the atrial endocardium with the aim of attenuating the vagal response&#46; It was first developed in the 1990s&#44; and the first series was published in 2005&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> In the first study&#44; highly positive results were observed in cardioinhibitory neurocardiogenic syncope&#44; functional atrioventricular block &#40;AVB&#41;&#44; sinus node dysfunction and atrial fibrillation&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Indications for CNA are functional bradyarrhythmias due to vagal hypertonia with symptoms refractory to medical treatment without significant heart disease and with good response to atropine&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Invasive electrophysiological study is highly recommended before CNA to exclude organic disease of the conduction system&#46; It is essential in AVB to rule out His-Purkinje lesions&#44; together with ajmaline testing for detecting difficult subclinical His-Purkinje lesions&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An atropine test is highly desirable before CNA to assess the degree of vagal tone in sinus bradycardia and AVB&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Atropine may have a long residual effect&#44; so it can be used no less than 48 hours before CNA&#46; It is performed by infusion of 0&#46;04 mg&#47;kg of intravenous atropine up to 2 mg&#46; A normal response is characterized by a &#8805;50&#37; increase in sinus rate and &#8805;30&#37; increase in Wenckebach&#39;s point ending with &#8805;120 bpm&#46; An inappropriate response suggests intrinsic disease of the conduction system&#46; Atropine or any other vagolytic drug is contraindicated at the beginning of CNA&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Extracardiac vagal stimulation &#40;ECVS&#41; aims to study the vagal response through endovenous stimulation of the vagus nerve without direct contact at a frequency of 30 Hz for 50 &#956;s at 1 <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">V</span>&#47;kg up to 70 <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">V</span>&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> It is of considerable value in CNA and in electrophysiology to study vagal activity in arrhythmias and anomalous bundles&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several techniques of vagal denervation have been tried&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> however&#44; regardless of the technique&#44; the most important goal is to eliminate the vagal effect at the end of the CNA&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> This can be easily verified during the procedure through repeated ECVS&#46; At the beginning of CNA&#44; ECVS is performed&#44; recording the baseline vagal response of the sinus and AV nodes&#46; Vagal activity in the sinus node causes immediate sinus arrest&#44; while in the AV node it causes high-grade AV block with ECVS during atrial pacing&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> CNA should be ended after elimination of vagal effects on the sinus and AV nodes&#46; In this study&#44; an episode of Wenckebach-type AVB occurred in long-term follow-up&#44; suggesting incomplete AV node denervation&#46; However&#44; this assessment is hampered as&#44; unfortunately&#44; EVCS was not performed to confirm the efficacy of the CNA in this case&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ganglionated plexuses cannot not visualized but can be accessed anatomically based on spectral maps from initial studies&#46; However&#44; when anatomical CNA does not eliminate vagal activity&#44; denervation should be expanded by ablating AF nests&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> For this purpose&#44; we developed fractionation mapping in 2005 to label AF nests in the electroanatomical model&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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