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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The noteworthy progress over the last decade in molecular technologies and bioinformatic tools has led to the generation and integration of significant amounts of Big data&#44; including DNA&#44; RNA&#44; protein and metabolite levels of a wide range of tissue samples and patients&#46; These have improved our knowledge of health and disease and consequently enabled the leverage of precision medicine for several diseases&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Worldwide&#44; sepsis is an ongoing challenge for physicians and health-care administrators due to its high incidence&#44; mortality and its huge burden on public health resources in developed countries&#46; It is the leading cause of intensive care unit related deaths&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy &#40;SICM&#41; or sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction &#40;SIMD&#41; is a form of transient cardiac dysfunction in sepsis patients and presents a challenging diagnosis&#46; It is one of the major causes of death among sepsis patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> It is important to stress that in sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy&#44; the myocardium is functionally and structurally injured by inflammatory cytokines and mitochondrial dysfunction&#46; Nevertheless&#44; knowledge of the pathophysiology of this condition remains elusive&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The analysis and integration of large volumes of data obtained using high-throughput technologies require bioinformatic and computational tools to reveal the complex biological processes and the molecular mechanisms behind diseases&#44; increasing our understanding of the course of diseases and opening up new possibilities for drug development&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Considering this technological progress and the increasing in our knowledge of SICM&#44; several potential therapies are under investigation in animal models of septic cardiomyopathy&#44; such as statins&#44; dexmedetomidine&#44; hydrocortisone&#44; alpha-2 blockers&#44; yohimbine&#44; Chinese yam&#44; erythropoietin&#44; vitamin c&#44; and sulfur dioxide &#40;see references in L&#8217;Heureux et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the current issue of the Journal&#44; Chen et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> conducted bioinformatic analysis on the myocardial transcription spectrum of sepsis chips from the GEO database&#44; which revealed 601 genes significantly enriched in the following biological processes&#44; cellular components and molecular functions&#58; generation of ribosomal protein complexes&#44; ribose RNA-related metabolism&#44; myeloplast migration&#44; phagocytic vesicles&#44; membrane rafts&#44; binding of Toll-like receptor and amide binding&#46; These 601 genes are mostly involved in NF-&#954;B signaling pathway&#44; autophagy&#44; mitochondrial autophagy&#44; proteasome&#44; RNA transport&#44; TGF-beta signaling pathway and JAK-STAT signaling pathways&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After a detailed analysis of these results&#44; the authors concluded that <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">TLR1</span> seems to influence the survival of cardiomyocytes by interacting with the NF-&#954;B signaling pathway&#46; So&#44; the authors hypothesized that curcumin could have a therapeutic role through down regulating <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">TLR1</span> to mediate apoptosis of myocardial cells in septic myocardial injury&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lipopolysaccharide &#40;LPS&#41; was used to construct a rat model of sepsis&#44; where the results demonstrated that curcumin decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory factors TNF-&#945; and IL-6&#44; up-regulated the expression of anti-inflammatory factors IL-10&#44; and down-regulated the expression levels of BNP&#44; cTnI&#44; CK and CK-MB&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Additionally&#44; using a model of myocardial injury induced by LPS through <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> cell experiments&#44; the authors showed that curcumin can not only inhibit the expression levels of TLR1 mRNA and NF-&#954;B mRNA&#44; but also the protein expression of TLR1 and p-NF-&#954;B was down-regulated&#46; Curcumin seems to improve the survival rate of cells and inhibit apoptosis after LPS treatment in a dose-dependent manner&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This work conducted biological function experiments after an <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in silico</span> analysis of microarray gene expression from the Gene Expression Omnibus database to prove the effect of curcumin on LPS-induced cardiomyocytes and also explored the molecular mechanism of curcumin on <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">TLR1</span> through molecular docking experiments&#44; which points to curcumin being a potential inhibitor of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">TLR1</span>&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 2022&#44; Rattis et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> demonstrated that treatment with curcumin and nanocurcumin in a mice model promoted a cardioprotective response that could be linked to the modulation of the mTOR pathway&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Curcumin&#44; extracted from the dried rhizomes of Curcuma longa &#40;or turmeric&#41;&#44; presents antioxidant&#44; anti-apoptotic&#44; and anti-inflammatory activities that seems to be related to its modulatory effects on AMPK&#44; Nrf2&#44; JAK&#47;STAT&#44; NF-&#954;B&#44; PI3k&#47;Akt&#44; MAPK&#44; Notch&#44; mTOR&#44; PPARs&#44; arachidonic signaling pathways and toll-like receptors&#44; histone acetylation and deacetylation&#44; and the renin angiotensin system&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Further studies are warranted to clarify the mechanisms of sepsis-induced myocardial injury and to validate the therapeutic potential of curcumin&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Most research on the mechanism of SICM is only based on a single omic technology&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Therefore&#44; considering technological progress together with the decreased costs and turnaround times a fast use of high-throughput techniques is expected and consequently an increase in the molecular omics-based data to unravel the complex biological networks underlying SICM&#44; opening the pathway for new therapeutic target development&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The author has no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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High-throughput technologies and bioinformatic tools to clarify the molecular mechanisms behind sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy
Tecnologias de alto rendimento e ferramentas bioinformáticas para clarificar os mecanismos moleculares por detrás da miocardiopatia induzida pela sepsis
Ilda Patrícia Ribeiroa,b,c,d
a Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
b University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) and Center of Investigation on Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal
c University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal
d Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The noteworthy progress over the last decade in molecular technologies and bioinformatic tools has led to the generation and integration of significant amounts of Big data&#44; including DNA&#44; RNA&#44; protein and metabolite levels of a wide range of tissue samples and patients&#46; These have improved our knowledge of health and disease and consequently enabled the leverage of precision medicine for several diseases&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Worldwide&#44; sepsis is an ongoing challenge for physicians and health-care administrators due to its high incidence&#44; mortality and its huge burden on public health resources in developed countries&#46; It is the leading cause of intensive care unit related deaths&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy &#40;SICM&#41; or sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction &#40;SIMD&#41; is a form of transient cardiac dysfunction in sepsis patients and presents a challenging diagnosis&#46; It is one of the major causes of death among sepsis patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> It is important to stress that in sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy&#44; the myocardium is functionally and structurally injured by inflammatory cytokines and mitochondrial dysfunction&#46; Nevertheless&#44; knowledge of the pathophysiology of this condition remains elusive&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The analysis and integration of large volumes of data obtained using high-throughput technologies require bioinformatic and computational tools to reveal the complex biological processes and the molecular mechanisms behind diseases&#44; increasing our understanding of the course of diseases and opening up new possibilities for drug development&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Considering this technological progress and the increasing in our knowledge of SICM&#44; several potential therapies are under investigation in animal models of septic cardiomyopathy&#44; such as statins&#44; dexmedetomidine&#44; hydrocortisone&#44; alpha-2 blockers&#44; yohimbine&#44; Chinese yam&#44; erythropoietin&#44; vitamin c&#44; and sulfur dioxide &#40;see references in L&#8217;Heureux et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the current issue of the Journal&#44; Chen et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> conducted bioinformatic analysis on the myocardial transcription spectrum of sepsis chips from the GEO database&#44; which revealed 601 genes significantly enriched in the following biological processes&#44; cellular components and molecular functions&#58; generation of ribosomal protein complexes&#44; ribose RNA-related metabolism&#44; myeloplast migration&#44; phagocytic vesicles&#44; membrane rafts&#44; binding of Toll-like receptor and amide binding&#46; These 601 genes are mostly involved in NF-&#954;B signaling pathway&#44; autophagy&#44; mitochondrial autophagy&#44; proteasome&#44; RNA transport&#44; TGF-beta signaling pathway and JAK-STAT signaling pathways&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After a detailed analysis of these results&#44; the authors concluded that <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">TLR1</span> seems to influence the survival of cardiomyocytes by interacting with the NF-&#954;B signaling pathway&#46; So&#44; the authors hypothesized that curcumin could have a therapeutic role through down regulating <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">TLR1</span> to mediate apoptosis of myocardial cells in septic myocardial injury&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lipopolysaccharide &#40;LPS&#41; was used to construct a rat model of sepsis&#44; where the results demonstrated that curcumin decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory factors TNF-&#945; and IL-6&#44; up-regulated the expression of anti-inflammatory factors IL-10&#44; and down-regulated the expression levels of BNP&#44; cTnI&#44; CK and CK-MB&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Additionally&#44; using a model of myocardial injury induced by LPS through <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> cell experiments&#44; the authors showed that curcumin can not only inhibit the expression levels of TLR1 mRNA and NF-&#954;B mRNA&#44; but also the protein expression of TLR1 and p-NF-&#954;B was down-regulated&#46; Curcumin seems to improve the survival rate of cells and inhibit apoptosis after LPS treatment in a dose-dependent manner&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This work conducted biological function experiments after an <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in silico</span> analysis of microarray gene expression from the Gene Expression Omnibus database to prove the effect of curcumin on LPS-induced cardiomyocytes and also explored the molecular mechanism of curcumin on <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">TLR1</span> through molecular docking experiments&#44; which points to curcumin being a potential inhibitor of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">TLR1</span>&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 2022&#44; Rattis et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> demonstrated that treatment with curcumin and nanocurcumin in a mice model promoted a cardioprotective response that could be linked to the modulation of the mTOR pathway&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Curcumin&#44; extracted from the dried rhizomes of Curcuma longa &#40;or turmeric&#41;&#44; presents antioxidant&#44; anti-apoptotic&#44; and anti-inflammatory activities that seems to be related to its modulatory effects on AMPK&#44; Nrf2&#44; JAK&#47;STAT&#44; NF-&#954;B&#44; PI3k&#47;Akt&#44; MAPK&#44; Notch&#44; mTOR&#44; PPARs&#44; arachidonic signaling pathways and toll-like receptors&#44; histone acetylation and deacetylation&#44; and the renin angiotensin system&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Further studies are warranted to clarify the mechanisms of sepsis-induced myocardial injury and to validate the therapeutic potential of curcumin&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Most research on the mechanism of SICM is only based on a single omic technology&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Therefore&#44; considering technological progress together with the decreased costs and turnaround times a fast use of high-throughput techniques is expected and consequently an increase in the molecular omics-based data to unravel the complex biological networks underlying SICM&#44; opening the pathway for new therapeutic target development&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The author has no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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