Editorial comment
Transcatheter aortic valve implantation-associated conduction disturbances are moving to center stage
Perturbações da condução associadas a implantação percutânea valvular aórtica: em trânsito para o palco central
Stefan Toggweiler
, Benjamin Berte
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Heart Center Lucerne, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Lucerne, Switzerland
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These patients have a longer life-expectancy and conduction disturbances such as new left-bundle branch block (LBBB), new atrioventricular (AV) block, a need for a new permanent pacemaker and new-onset atrial fibrillation (AF) may become increasingly important for periprocedural management, prognosis, and costs. Indeed, several studies have now confirmed that new onset LBBB or the need for a permanent pacemaker have a significant, detrimental association with prognosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2–5</span></a> However, despite advances in biomedical engineering and increased operator experience, the incidence of TAVI-associated new conduction disturbances remains high.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this issue of the Portuguese Journal of Cardiology, Manuel et al. investigated the incidence and predictors of new conduction disturbances following TAVI. After excluding patients with a preprocedural pacemaker, a postprocedural new permanent pacemaker and those who were lost to follow-up, they observed new-onset AF in 11% and new LBBB in as many as 25% of patients. QRS duration (permanently) and PR interval (transiently) increased after TAVI. This transient PR prolongation is also observed in the general population with normalization in 30% of individuals, without any prognostic relevance.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> They also found that deep (ventricular) valve implantation was significantly associated with new-onset LBBB. This finding, which corroborates previous studies, should encourage operators to aim for a high implantation for most of the currently available transcatheter heart valves. The exception is the ACURATE neo, where an implantation with the inflow 7 mm below the annular level results in optimal sealing without a relevant increase in conduction disturbances.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7–9</span></a></p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">New-onset atrial fibrillation</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Calcium deposits, fibrosis and advanced age are risk factors common to severe aortic stenosis and AF. Not surprisingly, about a third of all patients undergoing TAVI have pre-existing AF.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10,11</span></a> An additional 5-10% may have pre-existing, but undetected AF. Previous studies have reported new-onset AF after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) in about 7-8% of patients,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12,13</span></a> similar to the 11% reported in the study by Manuel et al. Changes in volume state, systemic inflammatory response and non-transfemoral access may all act as a trigger of new onset atrial fibrillation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Studies have consistently demonstrated an increased stroke risk in such patients. Indeed, new onset AF after TAVI has been linked to an absolute stroke increment as high as 3% and to increased mortality.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Early diagnosis and proper treatment of new onset AF is of importance, however scientific evidence guiding optimal anticoagulation management in TAVI patients is scarce. Direct oral anticoagulants appear to be safe and effective in patients with bioprosthetic valves, but not in patients with mechanical prostheses.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Moreover, data from our group suggest that continuation of oral anticoagulation may be equally safe and efficacious as the interruption of anticoagulation in patients with pre-existing AF undergoing TAVI.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">New-onset left bundle branch block</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During TAVR, there is a direct interaction beetween the conduction system and the stiff wire, the balloon, the delivery catheter and the transcatheter heart valve itself. New LBBB is most frequently observed and thus, patients with a pre-existing right bundle branch block are at high risk for the development of an intra- or postprocedural high-grade AV block. Identification of new LBBB is important as it may progress further to a delayed high-grade AVblock. Also, studies have consistently associated new LBBB with an increased risk for sudden cardiac death, reduced left ventricular ejection fraction and heart failure, especially in patients with a long QRS duration.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2–4</span></a> Choice of prosthesis, depth of implantation and the degree of oversizing are the main predictors of new LBBB. Indeed the risk of a new LBBB shows a relative increase of ∼20-30% per 1 mm of implantation depth.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> To achieve a high implantation with self-expanding valves, the cusp-overlap technique has become popular.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> With this technique (often a right anterior oblique/caudal projection), the right and the left coronary cusps are overlapped and the non-coronary cusp is used as a reference for implantation depth. This technique enables a high implantation and at the same time mitigates the risk of device pop-out.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">The continuing importance of postprocedural monitoring</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In recent years, physicians have attempted to simplify and streamline the procedure and early discharge has been advocated to reduce the duration of hospitalization and healthcare costs.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> However, this should not come at the price of patient safety and we should not forget that postprocedural conduction disorders are frequent complications. Therefore, it appears reasonable to monitor patients for 24-48 hours after TAVI. Finally, negative dromotropic medication such as betablockers, verapamil, amiodarone or digoxin should be discontinued periprocedurally to reduce the incidence of high-degree AV blocks and the need for a permament pacemaker.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7,17</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ST is a consultant and proctor for Boston Scientific, New Valve Technology and Abbott Vascular. He has received institutional research grants from <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs1">Boston Scientific</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs2">Fumedica</span>, has received speaker honoraria from Medtronic. He holds equity in Hi-D Imaging.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "New-onset atrial fibrillation" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "New-onset left bundle branch block" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "The continuing importance of postprocedural monitoring" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 4 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:17 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0090" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Temporal trends in adoption and outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve implantation: a Swisstavi Registry Analysis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "S. 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| Ano/Mês | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 Novembro | 6 | 5 | 11 |
| 2024 Outubro | 44 | 28 | 72 |
| 2024 Setembro | 55 | 24 | 79 |
| 2024 Agosto | 44 | 29 | 73 |
| 2024 Julho | 51 | 29 | 80 |
| 2024 Junho | 42 | 23 | 65 |
| 2024 Maio | 32 | 21 | 53 |
| 2024 Abril | 34 | 27 | 61 |
| 2024 Maro | 34 | 20 | 54 |
| 2024 Fevereiro | 31 | 22 | 53 |
| 2024 Janeiro | 34 | 23 | 57 |
| 2023 Dezembro | 22 | 29 | 51 |
| 2023 Novembro | 31 | 26 | 57 |
| 2023 Outubro | 30 | 21 | 51 |
| 2023 Setembro | 26 | 22 | 48 |
| 2023 Agosto | 21 | 18 | 39 |
| 2023 Julho | 31 | 11 | 42 |
| 2023 Junho | 34 | 13 | 47 |
| 2023 Maio | 21 | 23 | 44 |
| 2023 Abril | 18 | 1 | 19 |
| 2023 Maro | 24 | 24 | 48 |
| 2023 Fevereiro | 26 | 19 | 45 |
| 2023 Janeiro | 17 | 20 | 37 |
| 2022 Dezembro | 21 | 26 | 47 |
| 2022 Novembro | 36 | 28 | 64 |
| 2022 Outubro | 28 | 19 | 47 |
| 2022 Setembro | 28 | 31 | 59 |
| 2022 Agosto | 23 | 26 | 49 |
| 2022 Julho | 37 | 35 | 72 |
| 2022 Junho | 33 | 31 | 64 |
| 2022 Maio | 54 | 39 | 93 |
| 2022 Abril | 37 | 28 | 65 |
| 2022 Maro | 31 | 46 | 77 |
| 2022 Fevereiro | 19 | 26 | 45 |
| 2022 Janeiro | 22 | 25 | 47 |
| 2021 Dezembro | 16 | 35 | 51 |
| 2021 Novembro | 31 | 32 | 63 |
| 2021 Outubro | 37 | 50 | 87 |
| 2021 Setembro | 23 | 29 | 52 |
| 2021 Agosto | 31 | 34 | 65 |
| 2021 Julho | 20 | 34 | 54 |
| 2021 Junho | 28 | 16 | 44 |
| 2021 Maio | 31 | 38 | 69 |
| 2021 Abril | 48 | 68 | 116 |
| 2021 Maro | 42 | 40 | 82 |
| 2021 Fevereiro | 27 | 22 | 49 |
| 2021 Janeiro | 45 | 31 | 76 |
| 2020 Dezembro | 37 | 35 | 72 |
| 2020 Novembro | 37 | 32 | 69 |
| 2020 Outubro | 50 | 39 | 89 |
| 2020 Setembro | 88 | 62 | 150 |
| 2020 Agosto | 51 | 35 | 86 |
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