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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Research on the importance of lipoprotein&#40;a&#41; &#91;Lp&#40;a&#41;&#93; gained new momentum when it became a potential therapeutic target&#46; Our understanding of this mysterious circulating lipoprotein particle has undergone advances and setbacks since its discovery in 1963 by K&#229;re Berg&#39;s group&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lp&#40;a&#41; is composed of liver-derived apolipoprotein A and apolipoprotein B-100&#44; and has a similar structure to both low-density lipoprotein cholesterol &#40;LDL-C&#41; and plasminogen&#46; Lp&#40;a&#41; thus has a proatherogenic and a prothrombotic component&#44; and is associated with the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease &#40;CVD&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Findings from epidemiological&#44; genetic and clinical studies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4</span></a> have provided compelling evidence establishing Lp&#40;a&#41; as a marker of increased CVD risk in both primary and secondary prevention&#44; including myocardial infarction &#40;MI&#41;&#44; stroke&#44; and calcific aortic valve disease &#40;CAVD&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However&#44; significant gaps in knowledge remain about the biology and pathophysiology of Lp&#40;a&#41;&#46; To address these gaps&#44; a National Heart&#44; Lung&#44; and Blood Institute working group identified several challenges to fully understand the role of Lp&#40;a&#41; in CVD&#47;CAVD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> These include its metabolism and pathophysiological mechanisms&#44; how to measure it&#44; current and emerging therapies for elevated Lp&#40;a&#41;&#44; and identification of patients at high Lp&#40;a&#41;-mediated risk&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Joaquim Menezes-Brand&#227;o carried out a single-center retrospective observational study&#44; published in this issue of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Journal</span>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> of 516 patients &#40;224 male&#59; 292 female&#59; 98&#46;6&#37; Caucasian&#41; with at least two cardiovascular risk factors who regularly attended outpatient consultations at a cardiovascular risk and metabolism clinic for primary prevention&#46; The aim was to analyze the effect of combined standard pharmacological therapy along with lifestyle interventions for managing Lp&#40;a&#41; levels in patients at high cardiovascular risk but who had not suffered major adverse cardiovascular events&#46; The patients were followed for a mean of 11&#46;35&#177;4&#46;32 years&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results show that&#44; in this well-controlled population under different drug therapies &#40;statins&#44; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors&#44; angiotensin receptor blockers&#44; oral antidiabetics&#44; antiplatelets&#44; calcium channel blockers and allopurinol&#41; there was a reduction in Lp&#40;a&#41; values during the follow-up period&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There was also a significant association between Lp&#40;a&#41; and cardiovascular risk scores in patients with high vascular risk&#46; In a previous work in the same population&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> the author reported that increased Lp&#40;a&#41; levels were also strongly associated with cardiovascular risk factors&#44; such as carotid intima-media thickness&#44; LDL-C and homocysteine&#44; as well as with non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study points to the need to measure Lp&#40;a&#41; in routine assessment of at-risk patients&#44; because as a marker of cardiovascular risk&#44; Lp&#40;a&#41; should be recognized as a therapeutic target&#46; It may be useful to initiate combined drug therapies and to promote healthy lifestyles in primary prevention&#44; targeting various cardiovascular risk factors&#44; in order to delay the atherosclerotic process&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These results may lead to better identification of target populations who will benefit most from Lp&#40;a&#41;-lowering therapies&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several other studies have addressed this question&#46; Among them&#44; the BiomarCaRE project<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> confirmed Lp&#40;a&#41; as a marker of cardiovascular risk in the European population&#44; demonstrating increased cardiovascular risk for Lp&#40;a&#41; &#62;50 mg&#47;dl&#44; which is in line with the target level of &#60;50 mg&#47;dl recommended by the guidelines&#46; Further&#44; it showed a north-south gradient of Lp&#40;a&#41; levels across Europe&#44; with lower levels in northern European cohorts&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another study in different ethnic groups worldwide also showed that high Lp&#40;a&#41; concentrations &#40;&#62;50 mg&#47;dl&#41; were associated with significantly increased risk of MI in all populations except Arabs and Africans&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nevertheless&#44; Lp&#40;a&#41; is not routinely tested in clinical practice&#44; and there is a widespread lack of awareness of its role in accelerating atherosclerotic CVD&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Which patient groups should be screened for Lp&#40;a&#41;&#63; The European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> recommends that Lp&#40;a&#41; should be measured in patients with intermediate or high risk for CVD or coronary heart disease &#40;CHD&#41;&#46; In particular&#44; those patients presenting with &#40;i&#41; premature CVD&#44; &#40;ii&#41; familial hypercholesterolemia&#44; &#40;iii&#41; a family history of premature CVD and&#47;or elevated Lp&#40;a&#41;&#44; &#40;iv&#41; recurrent CVD despite statin treatment&#44; &#40;v&#41; 3&#37; 10-year risk of fatal CVD according to the European guidelines<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> and &#40;vi&#41; 10&#37; 10-year risk of fatal and&#47;or non-fatal CHD according to the US guidelines&#46; The measurement needs to be taken only once per patient life&#44; and repeated measurements of Lp&#40;a&#41; are only indicated if a treatment for elevated Lp&#40;a&#41; levels is initiated in order to monitor therapeutic response&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Screening for elevated Lp&#40;a&#41; will enable standard preventative measures to be introduced&#44; 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Editorial comment
Lipoprotein(a) as a novel therapeutic target for preventing cardiovascular disease: A whiter shade of pale?
Lp(a) como um novo alvo terapêutico na prevenção da doença cardiovascular: uma luz ao fundo do túnel?
Manuela Fiuzaa,b
a Serviço de Cardiologia do CHULN, Lisboa, Portugal
b Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Research on the importance of lipoprotein&#40;a&#41; &#91;Lp&#40;a&#41;&#93; gained new momentum when it became a potential therapeutic target&#46; Our understanding of this mysterious circulating lipoprotein particle has undergone advances and setbacks since its discovery in 1963 by K&#229;re Berg&#39;s group&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lp&#40;a&#41; is composed of liver-derived apolipoprotein A and apolipoprotein B-100&#44; and has a similar structure to both low-density lipoprotein cholesterol &#40;LDL-C&#41; and plasminogen&#46; Lp&#40;a&#41; thus has a proatherogenic and a prothrombotic component&#44; and is associated with the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease &#40;CVD&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Findings from epidemiological&#44; genetic and clinical studies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4</span></a> have provided compelling evidence establishing Lp&#40;a&#41; as a marker of increased CVD risk in both primary and secondary prevention&#44; including myocardial infarction &#40;MI&#41;&#44; stroke&#44; and calcific aortic valve disease &#40;CAVD&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However&#44; significant gaps in knowledge remain about the biology and pathophysiology of Lp&#40;a&#41;&#46; To address these gaps&#44; a National Heart&#44; Lung&#44; and Blood Institute working group identified several challenges to fully understand the role of Lp&#40;a&#41; in CVD&#47;CAVD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> These include its metabolism and pathophysiological mechanisms&#44; how to measure it&#44; current and emerging therapies for elevated Lp&#40;a&#41;&#44; and identification of patients at high Lp&#40;a&#41;-mediated risk&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Joaquim Menezes-Brand&#227;o carried out a single-center retrospective observational study&#44; published in this issue of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Journal</span>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> of 516 patients &#40;224 male&#59; 292 female&#59; 98&#46;6&#37; Caucasian&#41; with at least two cardiovascular risk factors who regularly attended outpatient consultations at a cardiovascular risk and metabolism clinic for primary prevention&#46; The aim was to analyze the effect of combined standard pharmacological therapy along with lifestyle interventions for managing Lp&#40;a&#41; levels in patients at high cardiovascular risk but who had not suffered major adverse cardiovascular events&#46; The patients were followed for a mean of 11&#46;35&#177;4&#46;32 years&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results show that&#44; in this well-controlled population under different drug therapies &#40;statins&#44; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors&#44; angiotensin receptor blockers&#44; oral antidiabetics&#44; antiplatelets&#44; calcium channel blockers and allopurinol&#41; there was a reduction in Lp&#40;a&#41; values during the follow-up period&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There was also a significant association between Lp&#40;a&#41; and cardiovascular risk scores in patients with high vascular risk&#46; In a previous work in the same population&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> the author reported that increased Lp&#40;a&#41; levels were also strongly associated with cardiovascular risk factors&#44; such as carotid intima-media thickness&#44; LDL-C and homocysteine&#44; as well as with non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study points to the need to measure Lp&#40;a&#41; in routine assessment of at-risk patients&#44; because as a marker of cardiovascular risk&#44; Lp&#40;a&#41; should be recognized as a therapeutic target&#46; It may be useful to initiate combined drug therapies and to promote healthy lifestyles in primary prevention&#44; targeting various cardiovascular risk factors&#44; in order to delay the atherosclerotic process&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These results may lead to better identification of target populations who will benefit most from Lp&#40;a&#41;-lowering therapies&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several other studies have addressed this question&#46; Among them&#44; the BiomarCaRE project<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> confirmed Lp&#40;a&#41; as a marker of cardiovascular risk in the European population&#44; demonstrating increased cardiovascular risk for Lp&#40;a&#41; &#62;50 mg&#47;dl&#44; which is in line with the target level of &#60;50 mg&#47;dl recommended by the guidelines&#46; Further&#44; it showed a north-south gradient of Lp&#40;a&#41; levels across Europe&#44; with lower levels in northern European cohorts&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another study in different ethnic groups worldwide also showed that high Lp&#40;a&#41; concentrations &#40;&#62;50 mg&#47;dl&#41; were associated with significantly increased risk of MI in all populations except Arabs and Africans&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nevertheless&#44; Lp&#40;a&#41; is not routinely tested in clinical practice&#44; and there is a widespread lack of awareness of its role in accelerating atherosclerotic CVD&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Which patient groups should be screened for Lp&#40;a&#41;&#63; The European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> recommends that Lp&#40;a&#41; should be measured in patients with intermediate or high risk for CVD or coronary heart disease &#40;CHD&#41;&#46; In particular&#44; those patients presenting with &#40;i&#41; premature CVD&#44; &#40;ii&#41; familial hypercholesterolemia&#44; &#40;iii&#41; a family history of premature CVD and&#47;or elevated Lp&#40;a&#41;&#44; &#40;iv&#41; recurrent CVD despite statin treatment&#44; &#40;v&#41; 3&#37; 10-year risk of fatal CVD according to the European guidelines<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> and &#40;vi&#41; 10&#37; 10-year risk of fatal and&#47;or non-fatal CHD according to the US guidelines&#46; The measurement needs to be taken only once per patient life&#44; and repeated measurements of Lp&#40;a&#41; are only indicated if a treatment for elevated Lp&#40;a&#41; levels is initiated in order to monitor therapeutic response&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Screening for elevated Lp&#40;a&#41; will enable standard preventative measures to be introduced&#44; including optimal control of blood pressure&#44; diabetes and LDL-C levels and smoking cessation&#44; and in the future the use of novel therapies that effectively lower Lp&#40;a&#41;&#46; Several agents are currently in development to lower Lp&#40;a&#41;&#44; such as proprotein convertase subtilisin&#47;kexin type 9 inhibitors&#44; antisense oligonucleotides targeting apolipoprotein B&#44; and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#8211;15</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Early detection and intervention&#44; preferably before the onset of atherosclerotic CVD&#44; offers the best opportunity to reduce the time-dependent risk associated with this important cardiovascular risk factor&#46; However&#44; it should not be forgotten that there is to date no strong clinical evidence that lowering Lp&#40;a&#41; has any beneficial effects in preventing cardiovascular disease&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The author has no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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ISSN: 08702551
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