Editorial comment
Implantation of resynchronization and/or defibrillation devices in patients with heart failure: Real-life data from the Síncrone study
Dados de vida reais sobre a insuficiência cardíaca antes e após a implantação dos dispositivos de ressincronização e/ou de desfibrilhação – o estudo Síncrone
Victor Sanfins
Serviço de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar do Alto Ave, Guimarães, Portugal
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At that time the device was only indicated for survivors of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in whom malignant ventricular arrhythmias could still be induced in the electrophysiological study while on antiarrhythmic drugs. The implantation procedure was technically complex (the defibrillator lead was epicardial), ICDs had few of the analytic and decision capabilities available in current devices, and the operative mortality was significant.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The ICD has since become one of the most important therapeutic tools available for reducing mortality in patients with known heart disease and considered, after careful clinical assessment, to be at high risk for SCD.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Its efficacy is well documented, both in primary prevention (in patients without known ventricular tachycardia [VT]/ventricular fibrillation [VF] episodes), and in secondary prevention (after documented VT/VF).</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), which may or may not be associated with an ICD, is indicated for symptomatic patients with congestive heart failure (HF), severely reduced left ventricular function and left bundle branch block despite optimal medical therapy. In appropriately selected patients (i.e. non-responders to medical therapy), CRT has demonstrated clear clinical benefits,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> including significant reductions in mortality, morbidity and hospitalizations (which account for a large proportion of the costs <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> associated with treatment of HF<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>). CRT has also been shown to halt and even reverse <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> the inexorable worsening of HF. However, the implantation procedure for a CRT device is more complex, given the need for a lead (via a transvenous or epicardial approach) to stimulate the left ventricle.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In Portugal, the first ICD implantation was performed in 1992 at Hospital de Santa Cruz in Lisbon. Making this therapy available to the Portuguese population has not been easy, for various reasons that are beyond the scope of this editorial, although they merit detailed analysis. This difficulty is related not only to questions of cost/benefit, given the significant limitations of funding and human and technical resources in many hospitals, but also – and most importantly – to organizational issues. The result is that Portugal has lower device implantation rates than other European Union countries<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> especially for CRT, meaning that Portuguese patients do not have access to treatments that have been demonstrated, beyond any doubt, to confer significant reductions in morbidity and mortality related to severe HF.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">I welcome the initiative of the Portuguese Institute of Cardiac Rhythm (IPRC) to promote this observational prospective multicenter registry,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> conducted in 16 Portuguese centers, with the aim of documenting clinical practice in Portugal regarding the use and outcomes of electronic cardiac devices for treating patients with HF and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <35%.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The primary combined endpoint of the study was all-cause mortality and rehospitalization up to one year after the procedure.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Secondary endpoints were mortality and hospitalization due to HF. The study also aimed to determine patients’ clinical, electrophysiological and echocardiographic characteristics, to identify predictors of response to CRT, to determine in-hospital and outpatient complications and their predictors, and to assess clinical practice in Portugal regarding implantation of ICDs and CRT devices.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study included patients of both sexes aged 18 years or over with a diagnosis of HF, LVEF <35% and indication for ICD and/or CRT. Five time points for patient assessment were defined: before device implantation, at hospital discharge, and at three, six and 12 (±1) months after implantation. At each assessment, demographic, clinical, laboratory, therapeutic, radiological, echocardiographic, arrhythmic and electrophysiological data were to be provided.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study also examined the usefulness of the echocardiogram in the selection of patients for CRT, which at the beginning of the study seemed promising, but was not confirmed in later published studies. The registry initially included 515 patients and data on 419 were analyzed. Mean age was 65±12 years and 77% were male. The main etiologies of HF were ischemic (47%) and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (28%). Of the patients who underwent the initial assessment, half received an ICD and the other half a CRT pacemaker (CRT-P) or CRT defibrillator (CRT-D). Mean LVEF was 28.7±8.5%. Patients with ICDs had less severe disease than those with a CRT-P or CRT-D. Overall one-year mortality, the study's primary outcome, was 3.6%, and all-cause rehospitalization was 11%. Cardiovascular mortality was 1.9% and the main cause for rehospitalization at one year was HF (4.5%), followed by procedure-related complications (2.6%) and arrhythmias (1.4%). Patients with CRT devices presented higher cardiovascular mortality (3.4% vs. 0.5%, p=0.028) and more were rehospitalized (17% vs. 5.6%, p<0.001) than those with ICDs. There was a trend toward higher overall mortality in patients with ischemic etiology (5.4% vs. 1.9%, p=0.05). Implantation-related in-hospital complications were uncommon (4.1%; n=17), occurring mainly in patients with CRT devices, which was related to the greater complexity of the procedure. At one-year follow-up, device-related complications, mainly lead-related, had been recorded in 8.6% of patients. The high rate of appropriate shocks (77%) is noteworthy. Patients undergoing resynchronization presented significant improvements in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class (62%), irrespective of previous QRS duration. A complete echocardiographic assessment was obtained in only 82 patients, in whom the presence of intraventricular dyssynchrony was found to be a predictor of improvement in NYHA functional class (relative risk 5.23; 95% confidence interval, 1.13-24.3; p=0.035).</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study, which lasted for several years during which there were various changes in the HF guidelines concerning both devices and pharmacological treatment, paints a useful picture of the situation in Portugal with regard to the use of devices and drugs in the treatment of these patients. A significant percentage of them were prescribed the recommended drugs and class I indications were followed for implantation of appropriate devices in this clinical context, but possible deficiencies in referral were identified, due less to funding constraints than to problems with the organization of HF care. The clinical outcomes recorded in this study are better than those obtained in other similar international registries.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This interesting real-life registry demonstrates the usefulness of implantable cardiac devices in the treatment of HF patients, especially non-responders to medical therapy who can benefit from the significant benefit of CRT over optimal medical therapy. It also identifies echocardiography as a tool that should not be neglected and highlights the need for greater cooperation between different specialties within cardiology in the identification and timely referral of patients indicated for device implantation.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The author has no conflicts of interest to declare.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 1 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:6 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0125" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Implantable cardioverter defibrillators for the treatment of arrhythmias and cardiac resynchronisation therapy for the treatment of heart failure: systematic review and economic evaluation" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "J.L. 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| Ano/Mês | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 Novembro | 4 | 7 | 11 |
| 2024 Outubro | 28 | 30 | 58 |
| 2024 Setembro | 38 | 32 | 70 |
| 2024 Agosto | 38 | 33 | 71 |
| 2024 Julho | 39 | 32 | 71 |
| 2024 Junho | 39 | 23 | 62 |
| 2024 Maio | 33 | 24 | 57 |
| 2024 Abril | 47 | 25 | 72 |
| 2024 Maro | 41 | 26 | 67 |
| 2024 Fevereiro | 30 | 22 | 52 |
| 2024 Janeiro | 23 | 21 | 44 |
| 2023 Dezembro | 19 | 26 | 45 |
| 2023 Novembro | 26 | 30 | 56 |
| 2023 Outubro | 13 | 19 | 32 |
| 2023 Setembro | 19 | 16 | 35 |
| 2023 Agosto | 28 | 19 | 47 |
| 2023 Julho | 20 | 14 | 34 |
| 2023 Junho | 23 | 11 | 34 |
| 2023 Maio | 44 | 30 | 74 |
| 2023 Abril | 20 | 2 | 22 |
| 2023 Maro | 29 | 22 | 51 |
| 2023 Fevereiro | 26 | 22 | 48 |
| 2023 Janeiro | 14 | 11 | 25 |
| 2022 Dezembro | 30 | 24 | 54 |
| 2022 Novembro | 23 | 22 | 45 |
| 2022 Outubro | 41 | 29 | 70 |
| 2022 Setembro | 25 | 49 | 74 |
| 2022 Agosto | 22 | 41 | 63 |
| 2022 Julho | 24 | 36 | 60 |
| 2022 Junho | 18 | 31 | 49 |
| 2022 Maio | 19 | 26 | 45 |
| 2022 Abril | 21 | 34 | 55 |
| 2022 Maro | 33 | 47 | 80 |
| 2022 Fevereiro | 22 | 28 | 50 |
| 2022 Janeiro | 20 | 24 | 44 |
| 2021 Dezembro | 18 | 24 | 42 |
| 2021 Novembro | 22 | 43 | 65 |
| 2021 Outubro | 30 | 43 | 73 |
| 2021 Setembro | 25 | 31 | 56 |
| 2021 Agosto | 20 | 26 | 46 |
| 2021 Julho | 11 | 18 | 29 |
| 2021 Junho | 21 | 20 | 41 |
| 2021 Maio | 35 | 41 | 76 |
| 2021 Abril | 34 | 32 | 66 |
| 2021 Maro | 34 | 21 | 55 |
| 2021 Fevereiro | 25 | 16 | 41 |
| 2021 Janeiro | 23 | 14 | 37 |
| 2020 Dezembro | 18 | 18 | 36 |
| 2020 Novembro | 15 | 19 | 34 |
| 2020 Outubro | 13 | 14 | 27 |
| 2020 Setembro | 23 | 16 | 39 |
| 2020 Agosto | 20 | 11 | 31 |
| 2020 Julho | 7 | 13 | 20 |
| 2020 Junho | 16 | 14 | 30 |
| 2020 Maio | 13 | 12 | 25 |
| 2020 Abril | 25 | 27 | 52 |
| 2020 Maro | 15 | 14 | 29 |
| 2020 Fevereiro | 37 | 20 | 57 |
| 2020 Janeiro | 18 | 13 | 31 |
| 2019 Dezembro | 24 | 8 | 32 |
| 2019 Novembro | 8 | 7 | 15 |
| 2019 Outubro | 15 | 11 | 26 |
| 2019 Setembro | 16 | 6 | 22 |
| 2019 Agosto | 11 | 8 | 19 |
| 2019 Julho | 18 | 10 | 28 |
| 2019 Junho | 24 | 21 | 45 |
| 2019 Maio | 24 | 10 | 34 |
| 2019 Abril | 41 | 30 | 71 |
| 2019 Maro | 50 | 33 | 83 |
| 2019 Fevereiro | 42 | 28 | 70 |
| 2019 Janeiro | 8 | 14 | 22 |
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