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over the free wall of the right ventricle and over the apex of the left ventricle&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Evidence is accumulating that bioactive molecules secreted by EAT can directly affect intima-media thickness and regulate vasomotor function&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Furthermore&#44; there is emerging evidence that EAT has a direct association with coronary atherosclerosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> In view of the putative proatherogenic effect of EAT&#44; several clinical trials have shown a positive correlation between EAT thickness and coronary atherosclerosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#8211;7</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although its exact mechanism of action is unknown&#44; metformin is regarded as the gold standard treatment for type 2 diabetes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Beside its glucose-lowering effect&#44; metformin also has a favorable effect on body weight&#44; primarily due to reduction of VAT&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> In this study&#44; we investigated the effects of metformin on EAT thickness and body mass index &#40;BMI&#41; in type 2 diabetes patients&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Study population</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this prospective observational study&#44; we analyzed consecutive patients referred to the internal medicine outpatient clinic between September 1&#44; 2015 and May 31&#44; 2016&#46; Patients with BMI &#60;20 or &#62;35 kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> or poor echocardiographic window were excluded&#46; A total of 47 newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients prescribed metformin monotherapy were selected&#46; Clinical and demographic features of the selected patients were recorded&#46; All patients were informed about the study and written consent was obtained&#46; The study was approved by the local ethics committee&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Study protocol</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Before initiation of metformin monotherapy&#44; the BMI of all recruited patients was calculated &#40;BMI0&#41; and all underwent transthoracic echocardiography to assess EAT thickness &#40;EAT0&#41;&#46; Metformin 1000 mg twice daily was prescribed to all participants&#46; After three months of metformin monotherapy&#44; BMI was recalculated &#40;BMI3&#41; and transthoracic echocardiographic studies were repeated to measure EAT thickness &#40;EAT3&#41;&#44; and the resulting data were statistically analyzed&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Measurement of epicardial adipose tissue thickness</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All included patients underwent detailed two-dimensional &#40;2D&#41;&#44; M-mode&#44; Doppler&#44; and tissue Doppler transthoracic echocardiography using standard techniques before beginning metformin monotherapy and after three months of treatment&#46; The echocardiograms were performed by two experienced cardiologists who were blinded to the subjects&#8217; clinical and demographic data&#46; Each subject underwent 2D-guided M-mode transthoracic echocardiography using commercially available equipment &#40;Aplio 500&#44; Toshiba&#44; Irvine&#44; CA&#41;&#46; Standard parasternal and apical views were obtained in left lateral decubitus position&#46; EAT was visualized as echo-free space between the outer wall of the myocardium and the visceral layer of the pericardium &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#41;&#46; EAT thickness was measured perpendicularly on the free wall of the right ventricle during three cardiac cycles at end-diastole&#46; Parasternal long- and short-axis views provided the most accurate measurement of EAT in the right ventricle&#44; with optimal cursor beam orientation in each view&#46; Maximum EAT thickness was measured at the point on the free wall of the right ventricle along the midline of the ultrasound beam perpendicular to the aortic annulus&#44; used as an anatomic landmark for this view&#46; For midventricular parasternal short-axis assessment&#44; maximum EAT thickness was measured on the right ventricular free wall along the midline of the ultrasound beam&#44; perpendicular to the ventricular septum at midchordal and tip of the papillary muscle level&#44; as anatomic landmarks&#46; The mean values from three cardiac cycles in each echocardiographic view were analyzed&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS software&#44; version 16&#46;0 &#40;IBM&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#41;&#46; Data were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation for continuous variables and as counts and percentage for categorical variables&#46; The Student&#39;s t test was used to compare continuous variables&#44; while the chi-square and Fisher&#39;s exact tests were used to compare categorical variables&#46; Correlations of continuous variables were assessed using Pearson correlation analysis&#46; Values 0-0&#46;3 indicated weak&#44; 0&#46;3-0&#46;7 indicated intermediate&#44; and 0&#46;7-1&#46;0 indicated strong correlation&#46; A p value &#60;0&#46;05 was considered statistically significant&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Results</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Seven patients were excluded due to metformin intolerance during the follow-up period&#44; and so a total of 40 patients were analyzed&#46; Of the study population&#44; 23 &#40;57&#46;5&#37;&#41; were male and mean age was 48&#46;6&#177;1&#46;99 years&#46; Fourteen patients &#40;35&#37;&#41; had hypertension&#44; 12 &#40;30&#37;&#41; had hyperlipidemia and 13 &#40;32&#46;5&#37;&#41; were smokers&#46; Mean fasting blood glucose was 280&#46;38&#177;14&#46;88 mg&#47;dl before beginning metformin monotherapy&#44; falling to 129&#46;01&#177;17&#46;00 mg&#47;dl after three months of therapy&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">EAT thickness was significantly decreased after three months of metformin monotherapy &#40;EAT0&#61; 5&#46;07&#177;1&#46;33 mm vs&#46; EAT3&#61;4&#46;76&#177;1&#46;32 mm&#59; p&#60;0&#46;001&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Furthermore&#44; BMI was also significantly decreased after three months of metformin monotherapy &#40;BMI0&#61;28&#46;27&#177;2&#46;71 vs&#46; BMI3&#61;27&#46;29&#177;2&#46;10&#59; p&#60;0&#46;0001&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We also analyzed the correlation between the decrease in EAT &#40;formulated as EAT0 - EAT3&#41; and mean fasting blood glucose level before beginning metformin monotherapy and BMI0&#46; A statistically non-significant positive correlation was found between decrease in EAT and mean fasting blood glucose before beginning therapy &#40;r&#61;0&#46;19&#59; p&#61;0&#46;056&#41; and BMI0 &#40;r&#61;0&#46;17&#59; p&#61;0&#46;053&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Discussion</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study we demonstrated that metformin monotherapy significantly decreases EAT thickness and BMI as early as the third month of therapy&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Because of its vital endocrine function and close anatomical relation to the coronary arteries&#44; many studies have set out to determine the effects of EAT on cardiovascular disease&#46; Mahabadi et al&#46; showed the existence of a relation between cardiovascular risk factors&#44; myocardial infarction and EAT thickness&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> while Cavalcante et al&#46; found a significant association between subclinical coronary atherosclerosis&#44; metabolic syndrome&#44; diastolic dysfunction and EAT thickness&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> In a recently published study&#44; Abazid et al&#46; also concluded that higher EAT volume is associated with greater coronary artery calcification&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> and Wu et al&#46; showed that EAT thickness is positively correlated with obstructive coronary artery disease &#40;CAD&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although the exact mechanism is unknown&#44; several hypotheses have been put forward to explain this relation&#46; EAT is a metabolically active fat depot which is rich in proinflammatory and proatherogenic cytokines including interleukin &#40;IL&#41;-1&#946;&#44; IL-6&#44; and tumor necrosis factor &#40;TNF&#41;-&#945;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> In a recent study&#44; Vrselja et al&#46; demonstrated that TNF-&#945; levels were increased in CAD patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Furthermore&#44; Eiras et al&#46; postulated that the extent of CAD was associated with the expression of IL-6 mRNA in EAT&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">EAT shares the same embryologic origin as mesenteric and omental fat&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;18</span></a> They all encase viscera in close contact&#44; with no fascial barrier&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> Hence it has been suggested that EAT may have endocrine and paracrine effects on the adjacent coronary arterial wall that could result in atherosclerotic plaque development&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#8211;22</span></a> These findings highlight the potential role of increased EAT thickness in atherosclerosis&#46; It could therefore be postulated that decreased EAT would produce less proinflammatory and proatherogenic cytokines and be less likely to cause atherosclerosis&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Metformin is now accepted as the first-line drug for use as monotherapy in type 2 diabetes patients&#46; It is thought to affect certain aspects of the body&#39;s metabolism&#46; It inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis&#44; augments peripheral glucose uptake&#44; and reduces insulin demand&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Various studies have also investigated the effect of metformin on body weight and visceral adipose tissue&#46; In a recent study&#44; Alfaras et al&#46; showed in mice that metformin significantly reduces body weight within the first weeks of treatment&#44; without affecting food consumption or energy expenditure&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> Yanovski et al&#46; showed that metformin significantly reduced body weight in children with insulin resistance&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> while Tokubuchi et al&#46; demonstrated that metformin treatment caused significant reductions in visceral fat mass&#44; probably through a potential shift of fuel resource into fat oxidation and upregulation of thermogenesis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although there have been many studies on the effects of metformin on body weight and VAT&#44; there is hardly any data about its effect on EAT&#46; In our study&#44; we showed that metformin significantly reduces BMI and EAT thickness&#46; Magnetic resonance imaging &#40;MRI&#41; and computed tomography &#40;CT&#41; are the gold-standard techniques for quantifying EAT volume&#46; Due to the difficulty in standardizing localization of the measurement site&#44; reference values for EAT assessed by CT are uncertain&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> Iacobellis et al&#46; were the first to propose that transthoracic echocardiography could be an easy and reliable imaging method for EAT prediction&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> MRI and transthoracic echocardiography provide comparable results for detection of EAT volume&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> Hence measurement of EAT by transthoracic echocardiography is practical&#44; cost-effective&#44; safe&#44; rapid&#44; and well correlated to gold-standard techniques&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Study limitations</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As this is the first study to investigate the effect of metformin on EAT thickness&#44; it is subject to some limitations&#44; the main ones being its relatively small sample size and the lack of data on inflammatory markers&#46; Due to financial constraints we were unable to analyze the possible effects of inflammation on the results&#46; Larger-scale and more detailed studies should be designed to clarify the exact mechanisms underlying the favorable effects of metformin on EAT thickness and BMI&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conclusion</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To the best of our knowledge&#44; our study demonstrates for the first time in the literature that metformin significantly reduces EAT thickness in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes&#46; Because EAT volume is closely related to atherosclerosis&#44; it could be concluded that EAT is a modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis and that metformin could significantly reduce the frequency of coronary atherosclerosis&#46; Metformin could even become the aspirin of the 21st century&#46; Further studies on a larger scale are needed to support these findings&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "identificador" => "xres1269315"
          "titulo" => "Abstract"
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              "identificador" => "abst0005"
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          "titulo" => "Resumo"
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          "titulo" => "Methods"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0015"
              "titulo" => "Study population"
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              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "Study protocol"
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            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0025"
              "titulo" => "Measurement of epicardial adipose tissue thickness"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0030"
              "titulo" => "Statistical analysis"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2018-03-04"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2018-08-01"
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1174830"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Adipose tissue"
            1 => "Coronary atherosclerosis"
            2 => "Type 2 diabetes"
            3 => "Metformin"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "pt" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palavras-chave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1174831"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Tecido adiposo"
            1 => "Aterosclerose coron&#225;ria"
            2 => "Diabetes tipo 2"
            3 => "Metformina"
          ]
        ]
      ]
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines secreted from visceral adipose tissue &#40;VAT&#41; contributes to the pathogenesis of certain cardiovascular and metabolic disorders&#44; including insulin resistance&#46; Epicardial adipose tissue &#40;EAT&#41; is a form of VAT mainly concentrated along the coronary arteries&#46; It has been shown in various studies that EAT thickness is positively correlated with cardiovascular disease&#46; Due to its high worldwide prevalence&#44; prevention and management of type 2 diabetes &#40;T2D&#41; has become a major public health challenge&#46; Metformin&#44; the most widely prescribed drug to treat T2D&#44; has favorable effects on VAT and body weight&#46; As metformin decreases VAT mass&#44; in this prospective study we analyzed the possible positive effect of metformin on EAT mass&#44; which is organ-specific VAT&#44; and body mass index &#40;BMI&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Subjects were selected from patients admitted to the internal medicine outpatient clinic&#46; Newly diagnosed T2D patients treated with metformin monotherapy were analyzed and 40 patients were included&#46; EAT thickness in the included patients was measured echocardiographically&#46; BMI and EAT thickness were analyzed at the beginning &#40;BMI0 and EAT0&#41; and after three months of metformin monotherapy &#40;BMI3 and EAT3&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">There was a statistically significant decrease in EAT thickness after three months of metformin monotherapy &#40;EAT0&#61;5&#46;07&#177;1&#46;33 mm vs&#46; EAT3&#61;4&#46;76&#177;1&#46;32 mm&#59; p&#60;0&#46;001&#41;&#46; Furthermore&#44; BMI was also significantly decreased &#40;BMI0&#61;28&#46;27&#177;2&#46;71 vs&#46; BMI3&#61;27&#46;29&#177;2&#46;10&#59; p&#60;0&#46;0001&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In this study we show that metformin monotherapy significantly decreases EAT thickness and BMI in T2D patients&#46; This suggests that metformin could reduce the frequency of coronary atherosclerosis&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Introduction"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Methods"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Results"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
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        ]
      ]
      "pt" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumo"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O desequil&#237;brio entre as citocinas pro e anti-inflamat&#243;rias segregadas pelo tecido adiposo visceral &#40;TAV&#41; contribui para a patog&#233;nese de certas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e metab&#243;licas&#44; incluindo a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina&#46; O tecido adiposo epic&#225;rdico &#40;EAT&#41; &#233; o TAV&#44; concentrado principalmente ao longo das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias&#46; &#201; previamente demonstrado em v&#225;rios estudos que a espessura do EAT est&#225; positivamente correlacionada com a frequ&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a cardiovascular&#46; Devido &#224; alta preval&#234;ncia mundial&#44; a preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento da diabetes <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">mellitus</span> tipo 2 &#40;DM2&#41; tornou-se um grande desafio para a sa&#250;de p&#250;blica&#46; A metformina&#44; o medicamento mais amplamente prescrito para o tratamento da DM2&#44; tem efeitos favor&#225;veis no TAV e no peso corporal&#46; Como a metformina diminui a massa do TAV&#44; neste estudo prospetivo&#44; analisamos o poss&#237;vel efeito positivo da metformina na massa do EAT&#44; que &#233; o TAV do &#243;rg&#227;o e o &#237;ndice de massa corporal&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Os indiv&#237;duos foram selecionados dos doentes admitidos no ambulat&#243;rio de medicina interna&#46; Doentes rec&#233;m-diagnosticados com DM2 tratados com metformina em monoterapia foram investigados&#46; Foram inclu&#237;dos 40 doentes&#46; A espessura do EAT dos doentes inclu&#237;dos foi medida por ecocardiografia&#46; A espessura do IMC e do EAT no in&#237;cio e tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s a monoterapia com metformina foi analisada&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Houve redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa na espessura do EAT ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses de monoterap&#234;utica com metformina &#40;EAT0&#61;5&#44;07&#177;1&#44;33 mm <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> EAT3&#61;4&#44;76&#177;1&#44;32 mm&#59; p&#60;0&#44;001&#41;&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; o IMC tamb&#233;m diminuiu significativamente &#40;IMC0&#61;28&#44;27&#177;2&#44;71 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> IMC3&#61;27&#44;29&#177;2&#44;10&#59; p&#60;0&#44;0001&#41;&#46;</p><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Conclus&#245;es Neste estudo&#44; verific&#225;mos que a metformina em monoterapia diminui significativamente a espessura do EAT e o IMC nos doentes com DM2&#44; pelo que se pode concluir que a metformina pode reduzir a frequ&#234;ncia de aterosclerose coron&#225;ria&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">This work was presented as an oral presentation at the 32nd Turkish National Cardiology Congress &#40;October 20-23&#44; 2016&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Measurement of EAT thickness&#46; &#40;A&#41; Parasternal long-axis view&#59; &#40;B&#41; parasternal short-axis view&#46; Ao&#58; aorta&#59; EAT&#58; epicardial adipose tissue&#59; LV&#58; left ventricle&#59; RV&#58; right ventricle&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Effect of metformin monotherapy on EAT thickness&#46; EAT0&#58; EAT thickness before initiation of metformin monotherapy&#59; EAT3&#58; EAT thickness after three months of metformin monotherapy&#59; EAT&#58; epicardial adipose tissue&#46;</p>"
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                0 => array:2 [
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Vasocrine signalling from perivascular fat&#58; a mechanism linking insulin resistance to vascular disease"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "J&#46;S&#46; Yudkin"
                            1 => "E&#46; Eringa"
                            2 => "C&#46;D&#46; Stehouwer"
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                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
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                      "doi" => "10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66585-3"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Lancet"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "365"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1817"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1820"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15910955"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
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            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0155"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Epicardial adipose tissue&#58; anatomic&#44; biomolecular and clinical relationships with the heart"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "G&#46; Iacobellis"
                            1 => "D&#46; Corradi"
                            2 => "A&#46;M&#46; Sharma"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1038/ncpcardio0319"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
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Original Article
Metformin monotherapy significantly decreases epicardial adipose tissue thickness in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients
A monoterapia com metformina diminiu significativamente a espessura do tecido adiposo epicárdico nos doentes recentemente diagnosticados com diabetes tipo 2
Murat Ziyreka,
Autor para correspondência
muziyrek@yahoo.com

Corresponding author.
, Serkan Kahramana, Emrah Ozdemirb, Ali Doganb
a Silivri State Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Turkey
b Yeniyüzyıl University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Turkey
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    "titulo" => "Metformin monotherapy significantly decreases epicardial adipose tissue thickness in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Measurement of EAT thickness&#46; &#40;A&#41; Parasternal long-axis view&#59; &#40;B&#41; parasternal short-axis view&#46; Ao&#58; aorta&#59; EAT&#58; epicardial adipose tissue&#59; LV&#58; left ventricle&#59; RV&#58; right ventricle&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Visceral adipose tissue &#40;VAT&#41;&#44; anatomically located around certain organs&#44; is now accepted as an endocrine organ which secretes various adipokines that influence both nearby and distant tissues&#46; Imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory adipokines secreted from VAT contributes to the pathogenesis of certain cardiovascular and metabolic disorders&#44; including insulin resistance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Epicardial adipose tissue &#40;EAT&#41;&#44; an organ-specific VAT&#44; is mainly found in the atrioventricular and interventricular grooves and along the major branches of the coronary arteries&#44; and to a lesser extent around the atria&#44; over the free wall of the right ventricle and over the apex of the left ventricle&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Evidence is accumulating that bioactive molecules secreted by EAT can directly affect intima-media thickness and regulate vasomotor function&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Furthermore&#44; there is emerging evidence that EAT has a direct association with coronary atherosclerosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> In view of the putative proatherogenic effect of EAT&#44; several clinical trials have shown a positive correlation between EAT thickness and coronary atherosclerosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#8211;7</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although its exact mechanism of action is unknown&#44; metformin is regarded as the gold standard treatment for type 2 diabetes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Beside its glucose-lowering effect&#44; metformin also has a favorable effect on body weight&#44; primarily due to reduction of VAT&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> In this study&#44; we investigated the effects of metformin on EAT thickness and body mass index &#40;BMI&#41; in type 2 diabetes patients&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Study population</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this prospective observational study&#44; we analyzed consecutive patients referred to the internal medicine outpatient clinic between September 1&#44; 2015 and May 31&#44; 2016&#46; Patients with BMI &#60;20 or &#62;35 kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> or poor echocardiographic window were excluded&#46; A total of 47 newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients prescribed metformin monotherapy were selected&#46; Clinical and demographic features of the selected patients were recorded&#46; All patients were informed about the study and written consent was obtained&#46; The study was approved by the local ethics committee&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Study protocol</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Before initiation of metformin monotherapy&#44; the BMI of all recruited patients was calculated &#40;BMI0&#41; and all underwent transthoracic echocardiography to assess EAT thickness &#40;EAT0&#41;&#46; Metformin 1000 mg twice daily was prescribed to all participants&#46; After three months of metformin monotherapy&#44; BMI was recalculated &#40;BMI3&#41; and transthoracic echocardiographic studies were repeated to measure EAT thickness &#40;EAT3&#41;&#44; and the resulting data were statistically analyzed&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Measurement of epicardial adipose tissue thickness</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All included patients underwent detailed two-dimensional &#40;2D&#41;&#44; M-mode&#44; Doppler&#44; and tissue Doppler transthoracic echocardiography using standard techniques before beginning metformin monotherapy and after three months of treatment&#46; The echocardiograms were performed by two experienced cardiologists who were blinded to the subjects&#8217; clinical and demographic data&#46; Each subject underwent 2D-guided M-mode transthoracic echocardiography using commercially available equipment &#40;Aplio 500&#44; Toshiba&#44; Irvine&#44; CA&#41;&#46; Standard parasternal and apical views were obtained in left lateral decubitus position&#46; EAT was visualized as echo-free space between the outer wall of the myocardium and the visceral layer of the pericardium &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#41;&#46; EAT thickness was measured perpendicularly on the free wall of the right ventricle during three cardiac cycles at end-diastole&#46; Parasternal long- and short-axis views provided the most accurate measurement of EAT in the right ventricle&#44; with optimal cursor beam orientation in each view&#46; Maximum EAT thickness was measured at the point on the free wall of the right ventricle along the midline of the ultrasound beam perpendicular to the aortic annulus&#44; used as an anatomic landmark for this view&#46; For midventricular parasternal short-axis assessment&#44; maximum EAT thickness was measured on the right ventricular free wall along the midline of the ultrasound beam&#44; perpendicular to the ventricular septum at midchordal and tip of the papillary muscle level&#44; as anatomic landmarks&#46; The mean values from three cardiac cycles in each echocardiographic view were analyzed&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS software&#44; version 16&#46;0 &#40;IBM&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#41;&#46; Data were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation for continuous variables and as counts and percentage for categorical variables&#46; The Student&#39;s t test was used to compare continuous variables&#44; while the chi-square and Fisher&#39;s exact tests were used to compare categorical variables&#46; Correlations of continuous variables were assessed using Pearson correlation analysis&#46; Values 0-0&#46;3 indicated weak&#44; 0&#46;3-0&#46;7 indicated intermediate&#44; and 0&#46;7-1&#46;0 indicated strong correlation&#46; A p value &#60;0&#46;05 was considered statistically significant&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Results</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Seven patients were excluded due to metformin intolerance during the follow-up period&#44; and so a total of 40 patients were analyzed&#46; Of the study population&#44; 23 &#40;57&#46;5&#37;&#41; were male and mean age was 48&#46;6&#177;1&#46;99 years&#46; Fourteen patients &#40;35&#37;&#41; had hypertension&#44; 12 &#40;30&#37;&#41; had hyperlipidemia and 13 &#40;32&#46;5&#37;&#41; were smokers&#46; Mean fasting blood glucose was 280&#46;38&#177;14&#46;88 mg&#47;dl before beginning metformin monotherapy&#44; falling to 129&#46;01&#177;17&#46;00 mg&#47;dl after three months of therapy&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">EAT thickness was significantly decreased after three months of metformin monotherapy &#40;EAT0&#61; 5&#46;07&#177;1&#46;33 mm vs&#46; EAT3&#61;4&#46;76&#177;1&#46;32 mm&#59; p&#60;0&#46;001&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Furthermore&#44; BMI was also significantly decreased after three months of metformin monotherapy &#40;BMI0&#61;28&#46;27&#177;2&#46;71 vs&#46; BMI3&#61;27&#46;29&#177;2&#46;10&#59; p&#60;0&#46;0001&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We also analyzed the correlation between the decrease in EAT &#40;formulated as EAT0 - EAT3&#41; and mean fasting blood glucose level before beginning metformin monotherapy and BMI0&#46; A statistically non-significant positive correlation was found between decrease in EAT and mean fasting blood glucose before beginning therapy &#40;r&#61;0&#46;19&#59; p&#61;0&#46;056&#41; and BMI0 &#40;r&#61;0&#46;17&#59; p&#61;0&#46;053&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Discussion</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study we demonstrated that metformin monotherapy significantly decreases EAT thickness and BMI as early as the third month of therapy&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Because of its vital endocrine function and close anatomical relation to the coronary arteries&#44; many studies have set out to determine the effects of EAT on cardiovascular disease&#46; Mahabadi et al&#46; showed the existence of a relation between cardiovascular risk factors&#44; myocardial infarction and EAT thickness&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> while Cavalcante et al&#46; found a significant association between subclinical coronary atherosclerosis&#44; metabolic syndrome&#44; diastolic dysfunction and EAT thickness&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> In a recently published study&#44; Abazid et al&#46; also concluded that higher EAT volume is associated with greater coronary artery calcification&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> and Wu et al&#46; showed that EAT thickness is positively correlated with obstructive coronary artery disease &#40;CAD&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although the exact mechanism is unknown&#44; several hypotheses have been put forward to explain this relation&#46; EAT is a metabolically active fat depot which is rich in proinflammatory and proatherogenic cytokines including interleukin &#40;IL&#41;-1&#946;&#44; IL-6&#44; and tumor necrosis factor &#40;TNF&#41;-&#945;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> In a recent study&#44; Vrselja et al&#46; demonstrated that TNF-&#945; levels were increased in CAD patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Furthermore&#44; Eiras et al&#46; postulated that the extent of CAD was associated with the expression of IL-6 mRNA in EAT&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">EAT shares the same embryologic origin as mesenteric and omental fat&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;18</span></a> They all encase viscera in close contact&#44; with no fascial barrier&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> Hence it has been suggested that EAT may have endocrine and paracrine effects on the adjacent coronary arterial wall that could result in atherosclerotic plaque development&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#8211;22</span></a> These findings highlight the potential role of increased EAT thickness in atherosclerosis&#46; It could therefore be postulated that decreased EAT would produce less proinflammatory and proatherogenic cytokines and be less likely to cause atherosclerosis&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Metformin is now accepted as the first-line drug for use as monotherapy in type 2 diabetes patients&#46; It is thought to affect certain aspects of the body&#39;s metabolism&#46; It inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis&#44; augments peripheral glucose uptake&#44; and reduces insulin demand&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Various studies have also investigated the effect of metformin on body weight and visceral adipose tissue&#46; In a recent study&#44; Alfaras et al&#46; showed in mice that metformin significantly reduces body weight within the first weeks of treatment&#44; without affecting food consumption or energy expenditure&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> Yanovski et al&#46; showed that metformin significantly reduced body weight in children with insulin resistance&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> while Tokubuchi et al&#46; demonstrated that metformin treatment caused significant reductions in visceral fat mass&#44; probably through a potential shift of fuel resource into fat oxidation and upregulation of thermogenesis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although there have been many studies on the effects of metformin on body weight and VAT&#44; there is hardly any data about its effect on EAT&#46; In our study&#44; we showed that metformin significantly reduces BMI and EAT thickness&#46; Magnetic resonance imaging &#40;MRI&#41; and computed tomography &#40;CT&#41; are the gold-standard techniques for quantifying EAT volume&#46; Due to the difficulty in standardizing localization of the measurement site&#44; reference values for EAT assessed by CT are uncertain&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> Iacobellis et al&#46; were the first to propose that transthoracic echocardiography could be an easy and reliable imaging method for EAT prediction&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> MRI and transthoracic echocardiography provide comparable results for detection of EAT volume&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> Hence measurement of EAT by transthoracic echocardiography is practical&#44; cost-effective&#44; safe&#44; rapid&#44; and well correlated to gold-standard techniques&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Study limitations</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As this is the first study to investigate the effect of metformin on EAT thickness&#44; it is subject to some limitations&#44; the main ones being its relatively small sample size and the lack of data on inflammatory markers&#46; Due to financial constraints we were unable to analyze the possible effects of inflammation on the results&#46; Larger-scale and more detailed studies should be designed to clarify the exact mechanisms underlying the favorable effects of metformin on EAT thickness and BMI&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conclusion</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To the best of our knowledge&#44; our study demonstrates for the first time in the literature that metformin significantly reduces EAT thickness in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes&#46; Because EAT volume is closely related to atherosclerosis&#44; it could be concluded that EAT is a modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis and that metformin could significantly reduce the frequency of coronary atherosclerosis&#46; Metformin could even become the aspirin of the 21st century&#46; Further studies on a larger scale are needed to support these findings&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines secreted from visceral adipose tissue &#40;VAT&#41; contributes to the pathogenesis of certain cardiovascular and metabolic disorders&#44; including insulin resistance&#46; Epicardial adipose tissue &#40;EAT&#41; is a form of VAT mainly concentrated along the coronary arteries&#46; It has been shown in various studies that EAT thickness is positively correlated with cardiovascular disease&#46; Due to its high worldwide prevalence&#44; prevention and management of type 2 diabetes &#40;T2D&#41; has become a major public health challenge&#46; Metformin&#44; the most widely prescribed drug to treat T2D&#44; has favorable effects on VAT and body weight&#46; As metformin decreases VAT mass&#44; in this prospective study we analyzed the possible positive effect of metformin on EAT mass&#44; which is organ-specific VAT&#44; and body mass index &#40;BMI&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Subjects were selected from patients admitted to the internal medicine outpatient clinic&#46; Newly diagnosed T2D patients treated with metformin monotherapy were analyzed and 40 patients were included&#46; EAT thickness in the included patients was measured echocardiographically&#46; BMI and EAT thickness were analyzed at the beginning &#40;BMI0 and EAT0&#41; and after three months of metformin monotherapy &#40;BMI3 and EAT3&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">There was a statistically significant decrease in EAT thickness after three months of metformin monotherapy &#40;EAT0&#61;5&#46;07&#177;1&#46;33 mm vs&#46; EAT3&#61;4&#46;76&#177;1&#46;32 mm&#59; p&#60;0&#46;001&#41;&#46; Furthermore&#44; BMI was also significantly decreased &#40;BMI0&#61;28&#46;27&#177;2&#46;71 vs&#46; BMI3&#61;27&#46;29&#177;2&#46;10&#59; p&#60;0&#46;0001&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In this study we show that metformin monotherapy significantly decreases EAT thickness and BMI in T2D patients&#46; This suggests that metformin could reduce the frequency of coronary atherosclerosis&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Introduction"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Methods"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Results"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "pt" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumo"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O desequil&#237;brio entre as citocinas pro e anti-inflamat&#243;rias segregadas pelo tecido adiposo visceral &#40;TAV&#41; contribui para a patog&#233;nese de certas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e metab&#243;licas&#44; incluindo a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina&#46; O tecido adiposo epic&#225;rdico &#40;EAT&#41; &#233; o TAV&#44; concentrado principalmente ao longo das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias&#46; &#201; previamente demonstrado em v&#225;rios estudos que a espessura do EAT est&#225; positivamente correlacionada com a frequ&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a cardiovascular&#46; Devido &#224; alta preval&#234;ncia mundial&#44; a preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento da diabetes <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">mellitus</span> tipo 2 &#40;DM2&#41; tornou-se um grande desafio para a sa&#250;de p&#250;blica&#46; A metformina&#44; o medicamento mais amplamente prescrito para o tratamento da DM2&#44; tem efeitos favor&#225;veis no TAV e no peso corporal&#46; Como a metformina diminui a massa do TAV&#44; neste estudo prospetivo&#44; analisamos o poss&#237;vel efeito positivo da metformina na massa do EAT&#44; que &#233; o TAV do &#243;rg&#227;o e o &#237;ndice de massa corporal&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Os indiv&#237;duos foram selecionados dos doentes admitidos no ambulat&#243;rio de medicina interna&#46; Doentes rec&#233;m-diagnosticados com DM2 tratados com metformina em monoterapia foram investigados&#46; Foram inclu&#237;dos 40 doentes&#46; A espessura do EAT dos doentes inclu&#237;dos foi medida por ecocardiografia&#46; A espessura do IMC e do EAT no in&#237;cio e tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s a monoterapia com metformina foi analisada&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Houve redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa na espessura do EAT ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses de monoterap&#234;utica com metformina &#40;EAT0&#61;5&#44;07&#177;1&#44;33 mm <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> EAT3&#61;4&#44;76&#177;1&#44;32 mm&#59; p&#60;0&#44;001&#41;&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; o IMC tamb&#233;m diminuiu significativamente &#40;IMC0&#61;28&#44;27&#177;2&#44;71 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> IMC3&#61;27&#44;29&#177;2&#44;10&#59; p&#60;0&#44;0001&#41;&#46;</p><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Conclus&#245;es Neste estudo&#44; verific&#225;mos que a metformina em monoterapia diminui significativamente a espessura do EAT e o IMC nos doentes com DM2&#44; pelo que se pode concluir que a metformina pode reduzir a frequ&#234;ncia de aterosclerose coron&#225;ria&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:3 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Objetivos"
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          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "M&#233;todos"
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          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
        ]
      ]
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    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">This work was presented as an oral presentation at the 32nd Turkish National Cardiology Congress &#40;October 20-23&#44; 2016&#41;&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Measurement of EAT thickness&#46; &#40;A&#41; Parasternal long-axis view&#59; &#40;B&#41; parasternal short-axis view&#46; Ao&#58; aorta&#59; EAT&#58; epicardial adipose tissue&#59; LV&#58; left ventricle&#59; RV&#58; right ventricle&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Effect of metformin monotherapy on EAT thickness&#46; EAT0&#58; EAT thickness before initiation of metformin monotherapy&#59; EAT3&#58; EAT thickness after three months of metformin monotherapy&#59; EAT&#58; epicardial adipose tissue&#46;</p>"
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                      "autores" => array:1 [
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                            0 => "T&#46;D&#46; Wang"
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                          "etal" => true
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
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                            0 => "N&#46; Chaowalit"
                            1 => "V&#46;K&#46; Somers"
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                          "etal" => true
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                            0 => "M&#46;P&#46; Wr&#243;bel"
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
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                            0 => "R&#46; Kurukulasuriya"
                            1 => "M&#46;A&#46; Banerji"
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                        ]
                      ]
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                          "etal" => true
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                            0 => "J&#46;L&#46; Cavalcante"
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                            2 => "R&#46; Hachamovitch"
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                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
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                    0 => array:2 [
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                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "R&#46;M&#46; Abazid"
                            1 => "O&#46;A&#46; Smettei"
                            2 => "M&#46;O&#46; Kattea"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1097/RTI.0000000000000296"
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Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia
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