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performance&#44; since 2007 it has also been applied to the assessment of thin-walled structures such as the left atrium&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Subsequently&#44; analysis of right atrial &#40;RA&#41; mechanics using two-dimensional &#40;2D&#41; speckle tracking echocardiography &#40;STE&#41; also proved feasible&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;12</span></a> and normal reference values have been published&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Throughout the phases of the cardiac cycle&#44; the right atrium serves three distinct functions &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#41;&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Reservoir phase&#58; 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when the right ventricle contracts and the right atrium fills against a closed tricuspid valve&#41; is perhaps the most used parameter of RA function&#46; It depends on&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Long-axis ventricular contraction<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> &#8211; higher longitudinal RV strain results in greater tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion &#40;TAPSE&#41; during systole and therefore higher RA strain &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>&#41;&#59;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">RA compliance<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> &#8211; less compliant atria have lower strain&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">RA volume<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> &#8211; for the same amount of blood received&#44; dilated atria have lower peak atrial strain than non-dilated atria &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></li></ul></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In accordance with the above&#44; since a chronic significant left-to-right shunt through an ASD leads to a varying degree of RA dilatation due to volume overload&#44; peak atrial strain should be decreased in ASD patients&#44; who have dilated atria&#46; However&#44; in the absence of pulmonary hypertension&#44; it should be increased&#44; due to high TAPSE in the presence of increased preload&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this issue of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Journal</span>&#44; Ozturk et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> show that 2D-STE-derived RA peak strain is decreased in ASD patients and increases after ASD closure &#8211; a similar result to those of another group<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> who used a different methodology &#40;strain derived from tissue Doppler imaging&#41; to demonstrate low peak RA strain before ASD closure&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As pointed out above&#44; RA strain partially depends on RV systolic function and on TAPSE&#59; so as expected&#44; in the study by Ozturk et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> as TAPSE was low&#44; RA peak strain was also low before closure&#44; and both increased after the procedure&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Why was TAPSE decreased before ASD closure&#44; in the presence of a significant ASD with volume overload&#63; The answer probably lies in the high pulmonary artery systolic pressure &#40;PASP&#41; found in Ozturk et al&#46;&#8217;s study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> &#40;mean PASP 51&#46;4&#177;16&#46;3 mmHg&#41;&#44; which decreases RV systolic performance &#40;as shown by TAPSE&#41; and consequently RA peak strain&#46; In fact&#44; in a previous study by Jategaonkar et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> also with ASD patients but without pulmonary hypertension &#40;mean PASP 19&#46;9&#177;5&#46;2 mmHg&#41;&#44; both TAPSE and RV strain decreased after ASD closure&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To conclude&#44; do we really need peak RA strain&#44; it is methodologically complex and difficult to interpretation&#44; when there are simpler and more reproducible measures such as TAPSE &#40;or RV strain&#41;&#63; And do we really need to study the atria with 2D-STE&#44; a cutting-edge technique with great potential in different clinical scenarios&#44; but posing demanding technical challenges for RA assessment &#40;thin walls&#44; difficulty in contouring&#44; many structures fitted into a tight compartment&#44; unusual chamber geometry and poor definition due to its anterior position&#44; and lack of commercially available software specific to the right atrium&#41;&#63;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Let the future clarify our souls&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Editorial comment
Right atrial function with speckle tracking echocardiography: Do we really need it?
Função da aurícula direita com ecocardiografia de speckle tracking: precisamos realmente desse processo?
Lígia Mendesa,
Autor para correspondência
ligia.mendes@hospitaldaluz.pt

Corresponding author.
, Nuno Cardimb
a Cardiology, Hospital da Luz, Setúbal, Portugal
b Cardiac Multimodality Imaging Department, Hospital da Luz, Lisbon, Portugal
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Atrial septal defect &#40;ASD&#41; is one of the most common congenital cardiac anomalies presenting in adulthood&#46; ASD is characterized by a defect in the interatrial septum that allows pulmonary venous return from the left atrium to pass directly to the right atrium&#46; The magnitude of the left-to-right shunt across the ASD depends on the defect size&#44; the relative compliance of the ventricles&#44; and the relative resistance of both the pulmonary and the systemic circulation&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The three major types of atrial septal defect &#40;ostium secundum&#44; ostium primum and sinus venosus&#41; account for 10&#37; of all congenital heart defects and as much as 20-40&#37; of congenital heart disease presenting in adulthood&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In general&#44; elective closure is recommended for all ASDs with evidence of right ventricular &#40;RV&#41; overload or with a clinically significant shunt &#40;pulmonary flow &#91;Qp&#93; to systemic flow &#91;Qs&#93; ratio &#62;1&#46;5&#41;&#46; Lack of symptoms is not a contraindication for repair&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> At any age&#44; ASD closure is followed by symptomatic improvement and regression of RV size&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ostium secundum ASD may be closed with a variety of catheter-implanted occlusion devices rather than by direct surgical closure with cardiopulmonary bypass&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Compared with surgery&#44; transcatheter closure appears to have additional benefits&#44; including hemodynamic improvement and preservation of atrial function&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although myocardial mechanics has been primarily used to study left ventricular &#40;LV&#41; performance&#44; since 2007 it has also been applied to the assessment of thin-walled structures such as the left atrium&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Subsequently&#44; analysis of right atrial &#40;RA&#41; mechanics using two-dimensional &#40;2D&#41; speckle tracking echocardiography &#40;STE&#41; also proved feasible&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;12</span></a> and normal reference values have been published&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Throughout the phases of the cardiac cycle&#44; the right atrium serves three distinct functions &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#41;&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Reservoir phase&#58; storage of blood arriving from the systemic venous circuit during ventricular systole&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Conduit phase&#58; passive filling of blood from the inferior and superior venae cavae to the right ventricle during early and mid diastole&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Booster pump phase&#58; contributing to RV filling in late diastole by atrial contraction&#46;</p></li></ul></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The reservoir and conduit phases are often termed passive phases&#44; whereas the atrial contraction phase is considered the active phase&#46; All phases are modulated by loading conditions&#44; heart rate and the intrinsic contractility of the atria&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Right atrial peak strain derived from 2D-STE has been proved to be a reliable tool to study RA performance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Peak atrial strain &#40;the peak of the positive deflection occurring during the reservoir phase&#44; when the right ventricle contracts and the right atrium fills against a closed tricuspid valve&#41; is perhaps the most used parameter of RA function&#46; It depends on&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Long-axis ventricular contraction<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> &#8211; higher longitudinal RV strain results in greater tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion &#40;TAPSE&#41; during systole and therefore higher RA strain &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>&#41;&#59;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">RA compliance<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> &#8211; less compliant atria have lower strain&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">RA volume<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> &#8211; for the same amount of blood received&#44; dilated atria have lower peak atrial strain than non-dilated atria &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></li></ul></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In accordance with the above&#44; since a chronic significant left-to-right shunt through an ASD leads to a varying degree of RA dilatation due to volume overload&#44; peak atrial strain should be decreased in ASD patients&#44; who have dilated atria&#46; However&#44; in the absence of pulmonary hypertension&#44; it should be increased&#44; due to high TAPSE in the presence of increased preload&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this issue of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Journal</span>&#44; Ozturk et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> show that 2D-STE-derived RA peak strain is decreased in ASD patients and increases after ASD closure &#8211; a similar result to those of another group<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> who used a different methodology &#40;strain derived from tissue Doppler imaging&#41; to demonstrate low peak RA strain before ASD closure&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As pointed out above&#44; RA strain partially depends on RV systolic function and on TAPSE&#59; so as expected&#44; in the study by Ozturk et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> as TAPSE was low&#44; RA peak strain was also low before closure&#44; and both increased after the procedure&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Why was TAPSE decreased before ASD closure&#44; in the presence of a significant ASD with volume overload&#63; The answer probably lies in the high pulmonary artery systolic pressure &#40;PASP&#41; found in Ozturk et al&#46;&#8217;s study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> &#40;mean PASP 51&#46;4&#177;16&#46;3 mmHg&#41;&#44; which decreases RV systolic performance &#40;as shown by TAPSE&#41; and consequently RA peak strain&#46; In fact&#44; in a previous study by Jategaonkar et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> also with ASD patients but without pulmonary hypertension &#40;mean PASP 19&#46;9&#177;5&#46;2 mmHg&#41;&#44; both TAPSE and RV strain decreased after ASD closure&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To conclude&#44; do we really need peak RA strain&#44; it is methodologically complex and difficult to interpretation&#44; when there are simpler and more reproducible measures such as TAPSE &#40;or RV strain&#41;&#63; And do we really need to study the atria with 2D-STE&#44; a cutting-edge technique with great potential in different clinical scenarios&#44; but posing demanding technical challenges for RA assessment &#40;thin walls&#44; difficulty in contouring&#44; many structures fitted into a tight compartment&#44; unusual chamber geometry and poor definition due to its anterior position&#44; and lack of commercially available software specific to the right atrium&#41;&#63;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Let the future clarify our souls&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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