Epicardial fat tissue thickness is increased in patients with lichen planus and is linked to inflammation and dyslipidemia

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array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "525" "paginaFinal" => "530" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Ahmet Goktug Ertem, Mehmet Erdogan, Cemal Koseoglu, Gulsen Akoglu, Elcin Ozdemir, Gamze Koseoglu, Serkan Sivri, Telat Keles, Tahir Durmaz, Akın Aktas, Engin Bozkurt" "autores" => array:11 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Ahmet Goktug" "apellidos" => "Ertem" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "agertem@hotmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Mehmet" "apellidos" => "Erdogan" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Cemal" "apellidos" => "Koseoglu" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Gulsen" "apellidos" => "Akoglu" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => 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"nombre" => "Engin" "apellidos" => "Bozkurt" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Cardiology, Turkiye Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Cardiology, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Cardiology, Tokat State Hospital, Tokat, Turkey" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Dermatology, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Dermatology, Tokat State Hospital, Tokat, Turkey" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "pt" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Espessura do tecido adiposo epicárdico aumentada em pacientes com líquen plano e relação com inflamação e dislipidemia" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionLichen planus (LP) is a mucocutaneous inflammatory disease that affects 0.5-1% of the population. Its etiology remains unknown; it may be caused by a cell-mediated immunological response in which auto-reactive T4 and T8 lymphocytes are the cytotoxic effector cells which cause degeneration and destruction of keratinocytes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180">1,2</a> LP is associated with lipid disorders, and the inflammatory process may lead to lipid metabolism disturbances such as increased serum triglycerides (TG) and decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190">3,4</a> Inflammation is the predominant mechanical contributor to atherothrombosis and measurement of inflammatory markers could have a role in the management of risk stratification beyond the scope of current global risk assessment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200">5,6</a> It has been hypothesized that the association between LP and cardiovascular risk is due to chronic systemic inflammation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190">3,6</a>Epicardial fat tissue (EFT) is the adipose tissue located between the myocardial epicardium and visceral epicardium of the heart. EFT has been shown to produce and secrete various proatherogenic and proinflammatory hormones and cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, adipocytokines and leptin.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210">7–9</a> Previous studies have demonstrated an association between EFT and insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, increased cardiometabolic risk, inflammatory markers and coronary artery disease (CAD).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225">10–15</a>Like psoriasis, LP is a chronic inflammatory disease. Bacaksız et al. indicate that EFT is significantly increased in patients with psoriasis vulgaris.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255">16</a> The aim of this study was to assess EFT in patients with lichen planus.MethodsPatient selectionA total of 54 patients with LP and 50 age-matched controls were enrolled in the study from January 2014 to January 2015. The inclusion criteria for the study group were as follows: men or women aged more than 18 years with LP confirmed according to the clinical and histopathologic criteria established by the World Health Organization. LP was assessed clinically in a standardized dermatological examination by trained and experienced physicians, some of them dermatological consultants. The examination involved the whole body including the scalp and nails. Patients with renal failure, hepatic insufficiency, a history of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular or connective tissue disease, hypertension or epithelial dysplasia were excluded from the study, as were those undergoing systemic treatment with steroids or other drugs, immunosuppressive treatment, retinoids, lipid-lowering therapy, or antihypertensive or antiplatelet drugs. The study was approved by the local ethics committee. Informed consent was obtained from all participants.Clinical and biochemical parametersBody height and weight, blood pressure, and body mass index were measured. Serum TG, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and glucose levels were determined in samples collected after a 12-hour fasting period. Total plasma cholesterol, TG, and HDL cholesterol were measured by an enzymatic colorimetric method using an autoanalyzer (Olympus AU 600) and reagents from Olympus Diagnostics GmbH, Hamburg, Germany. LDL cholesterol levels were calculated by the Friedewald formula. Blood glucose was measured by the glucose oxidase method. Blood was collected in tripotassium EDTA tubes. Blood counts were performed on an XT-1800i Hematology Analyzer (Sysmex Corporation, Kobe, Japan). Baseline neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was determined by dividing neutrophil count by lymphocyte count and baseline platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) by dividing platelet count by lymphocyte count.Echocardiographic examinationThe echocardiographic examination was performed at rest, with the patient in left lateral decubitus position, using a commercially available echocardiographic device (Vivid 7, GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI, USA) with a 3-MHz transducer, by a single experienced echocardiographer (M.E.) who was blinded to the clinical data. Using M-mode echocardiography, long-axis measurements were obtained at the level distal to the mitral valve leaflets according to the current recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260">17</a>Measurement of epicardial fat tissueEFT was measured on the free wall of the right ventricle in parasternal long-axis view, as previously described and validated.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265">18</a> EFT was described as an echo-free space in the pericardial layers on two-dimensional echocardiography, and its thickness was measured perpendicularly to the free wall of the right ventricle at end-systole for 3-10 cardiac cycles. The measurement was performed at a point on the free wall of the right ventricle along the midline of the ultrasound beam, perpendicular to the aortic annulus. In order to increase confidence in the results, EFT measurement was performed at two different times and the percentage of the R-R interval with the least amount of motion was used.Statistical analysisThe Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess normal distribution. Continuous variables were expressed as mean±SD and categorical variables were expressed as numbers and percentages. The Student's t test was used to compare continuous variables and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for non-normally distributed data. Differences in the distribution of categorical variables were assessed by chi-square analysis. Pearson and Spearman analyses were used for correlation analysis. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed for parameters affecting EFT. p values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. SPSS version 16.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) was used for all statistical analyses.ResultsDemographic, clinical, hematological and biochemical characteristics of patients with LP and control subjects are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>. Mean duration of LP was 20.51±11.40 months. No statistical differences was found between LP and controls except in terms of NLR, PLR, EFT thickness, hsCRP and HDL cholesterol (p<0.001, p<0.001, p=0.005, p=0.001, p=0.001 and p=0.001, respectively). There were positive correlations between EFT thickness and PLR, NLR, duration of LP, and hsCRP (p<0.001, p<0.001, p=0.002 and p<0.001, respectively) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). As shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>, in multivariate analysis, after adjustments for relevant confounders, LDL cholesterol, hsCRP, PLR and duration of LP were independent predictors of EFT thickness in patients with LP (β=0.231, p=0.014; β=0.205, p=0.037; β=0.361, p=0.001 and β=0.133, p=0.047, respectively).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia>DiscussionThe major findings of our study are that EFT thickness is increased in patients with LP compared to controls, and that duration of LP, LDL cholesterol, hsCRP, and PLR are independent predictors of increased EFT thickness in patients with LP.LP is an immune-mediated disease of unknown cause that affects the skin, genitalia, mucous membranes and appendages, in which antigens are processed by Langerhans cells and then presented to T lymphocytes. Previous studies showed that patients with LP have high lipid levels, acute phase reactants and atherogenic index. Similar to previous studies, in our population HDL cholesterol levels were lower in patients with LP than controls. Several cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-2, and IL-6, have been implicated in the increased lipids levels in patients with LP.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195">4,19</a>Studies have shown that LP is associated with cardiovascular risk factors including dyslipidemia, diabetes, and increased oxidative stress.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190">3,5,20,21</a> Most cardiovascular disorders (including atherosclerosis, hypertension, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and arrhythmias) have similar mechanisms, such as chronic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and increased oxidative stress.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285">22</a> In our study, indirect parameters of oxidative stress levels (PLR and NLR) were higher in patients with LP than in controls.Saleh et al. have shown that serum homocysteine, fibrinogen and hsCRP are significantly higher in patients with lichen planus.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290">23</a> In LP, Th1 inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10 are increased in skin and blood.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">4</a> The inflammatory mediators involved in LP may have a range of effects on insulin signaling, lipid metabolism, and adipogenesis.EFT shares the same embryological origin as intra-abdominal visceral adipose tissue.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295">24</a> Similarly to other visceral adipose tissues, epicardial adipose tissue functions as a lipid store that secretes hormones, inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as TNF-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, IL-6 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300">25</a> EFT is associated with higher levels of atherogenic IL-6 in subjects with CAD.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305">26</a>It is important to identify subclinical atherosclerosis, for which noninvasive tests play an important role. A close association between EFT and subclinical atherosclerosis, coronary calcium score, and presence and severity of coronary stenosis has been reported in several observational studies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0310">27–32</a>EFT (as measured by echocardiography) is associated with increased left ventricular mass, endothelial dysfunction, and the presence and severity of CAD.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320">29</a> It is also independently associated with blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, fasting glucose, and both traditional and novel cardiovascular risk factors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340">33</a> Although EFT thickness was increased in patients with LP, we were unable to show these associations in comparisons between patients with LP and control subjects.EFT is an endocrine and paracrine source of cytokines, and its thickness is correlated with several circulating proatherogenic and proinflammatory adipokines such as visfatin, PAI-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and CRP.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260">17,33,34</a> However, it is inversely related to adiponectin, an anti-inflammatory and antiatherogenic adipokine.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">12</a> In our study, hsCRP levels correlated with EFT and were an independent predictor of increased EFT thickness.A recent article by Aksu et al. showed reduced flow-mediated dilatation and increased carotid-intima media thickness, which are predictors of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular end organ damage, in LP patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350">35</a> In our study, we found that duration of LP is correlated with EFT, and also that duration of LP is an independent predictor of increased EFT, which is a predictor of subclinical atherosclerosis.Why is EFT thickness increased in patients with LP? One possible underlying mechanism may be persistent inflammation. Inflammatory adipokines such as TNF-α, MCP-1, and IL-6 play a significant role in inflammation and can potentially lead to a predisposition to atherosclerosis.ConclusionIn conclusion, we have shown that patients with LP have more EFT, indicating an increased risk for atherosclerosis. Further long-term prospective studies are needed to clarify the clinical utility and prognostic importance of the link between LP and atherosclerosis.Ethical disclosuresProtection of human and animal subjectsThe authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study.Confidentiality of dataThe authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work center on the publication of patient data.Right to privacy and informed consentThe authors declare that no patient data appear in this article.Conflicts of interestThe authors have no conflicts of interest to declare." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres733239" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background and Objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec737143" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres733238" "titulo" => "Resumo" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introdução e objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusão" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec737144" "titulo" => "Palavras-chave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Methods" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Patient selection" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Clinical and biochemical parameters" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Echocardiographic examination" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Measurement of epicardial fat tissue" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Ethical disclosures" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Protection of human and animal subjects" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Confidentiality of data" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent" ] ] ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0075" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 11 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2016-01-27" "fechaAceptado" => "2016-04-05" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec737143" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Echocardiography" 1 => "Epicardial fat tissue" 2 => "Lichen planus" ] ] ] "pt" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palavras-chave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec737144" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Ecocardiograma" 1 => "Tecido adiposo epicárdico" 2 => "Líquen plano" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "Background and ObjectivesLichen planus (LP) is a mucocutaneous inflammatory disease. Inflammation plays a major role in the progression of atherosclerosis. Epicardial fat tissue (EFT) has been shown to produce and secrete various proatherogenic and proinflammatory hormones and cytokines. The aim of this study was to assess EFT in patients with lichen planus. MethodsFifty-four patients with LP and 50 controls were enrolled in the study. LP was diagnosed according to the World Health Organization criteria. EFT was measured on the free wall of the right ventricle in parasternal long-axis view, as previously described and validated. ResultsThere were positive correlations between EFT thickness and platelet/lymphocyte ratio, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, duration of LP, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) (p<0.001, p<0.001, p=0.002 and p<0.001, respectively). In multivariate analysis, after adjustments for relevant confounders, LDL cholesterol, hsCRP, platelet/lymphocyte ratio and duration of LP were independent predictors of EFT thickness in patients with LP (β=0.231, p=0.014; β=0.205, p=0.037; β=0.361, p=0.001 and β=0.133, p=0.047, respectively). ConclusionEFT is increased in patients with LP compared to control subjects. Duration of LP is correlated with EFT, and duration of LP is also an independent predictor of increased EFT, which is a predictor of subclinical atherosclerosis." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background and Objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] "pt" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumo" "resumen" => "Introdução e objetivosO líquen plano (LP) é uma doença inflamatória mucocutânea. A inflamação tem um papel importante na progressão da aterosclerose. Demonstrou-se que o tecido adiposo epicárdico (TAE) produz e segrega várias hormonas e citocinas pró-aterogénicas e pró-inflamatórias. O objetivo deste estudo foi a avaliação do TAE em pacientes com LP. MétodosCinquenta e quatro pacientes com LP e 50 controlos foram inscritos no estudo. O LP foi diagnosticado de acordo com os critérios da Organização Mundial de Saúde. O TAE foi medido na parede livre do ventrículo direito, do ponto de vista do eixo longo para-esternal, conforme descrito e validado anteriormente. ResultadosVerificaram-se correlações positivas entre a espessura da gordura epicárdica e a relação linfócitos-plaquetas, a relação neutrófilos-linfócitos, a longevidade do LP, e o hsCRP (p < 0,001, p < 0,001, p = 0,002 e p < 0,001, respetivamente). Após análises multivariadas e ajustamentos para confundidores relevantes (colesterol LDL, hsCRP, relação plaquetas-linfócitos e longevidade do LP), foram confirmados como preditores independentes da espessura da gordura epicárdica em pacientes com LP (β = 0,231, p = 0,014; β = 0,205, p = 0,037; β = 0,361, p = 0,001 e β = 0,133, p = 0,047, respetivamente). ConclusãoO TAE está aumentado em pacientes com LP em comparação com o grupo de controlo. A longevidade do LP está correlacionada com o TAE, e a sua longevidade é uma variável independente de previsão do TAE aumentado, que por sua vez é uma variável de previsão da aterosclerose subclínica." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introdução e objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusão" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "BMI: body mass index; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; EFT: epicardial fat tissue; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; hsCRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; LP: lichen planus; NLR: neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio; PLR: platelet/lymphocyte ratio; SBP: systolic blood pressure; TG: triglycerides; WBC: white blood cell." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patients with LP (n=54) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Controls (n=50) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age (years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">45.68±13.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">47.29±6.88 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.475 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Female, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">32 (59.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">30 (60.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.866 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">BMI (kg/m2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">28.8±4.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">29.4±5.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.518 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">SBP (mmHg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">126±9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">127±12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.262 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">DBP (mmHg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">79±6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">78±9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.577 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Diabetes, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">10 (18.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">14 (29.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.221 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Smoking, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">15 (27.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">14 (29.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.284 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Hypercholesterolemia, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">22 (40.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">13 (26.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.161 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Topical steroid treatment, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">30 (55.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Duration of LP (months) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">20.51±11.40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Positive family history, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">17 (31) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">8 (17) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.111 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LDL (mg/dl) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">118.5±39.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">117.4±33.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.891 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HDL (mg/dl) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">42.8±10.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">55.4±2.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.005 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">TG (mg/dl) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">161±97 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">141±82 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.281 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Total cholesterol (mg/dl) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">203±44 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">192±36 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.207 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Creatinine (mg/dl) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.8±0.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.1±0.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.228 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Blood glucose (mg/dl) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">97±30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">109±37 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.101 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Hemoglobin (g/l) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">11.4±3.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">12.1±2.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.475 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">WBC count (103/μl) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">7.6±1.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">7.5±1.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.772 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">NLR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.1±1.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.8±0.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">PLR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">165±31 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">107±26 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">EFT thickness (mm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.89±0.21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.53±0.11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">hsCRP (mg/l) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.67±3.35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.48±0.50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1210008.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Baseline demographic, clinical, hematological and biochemical characteristics of study and control subjects." ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "HDL: high-density lipoprotein; hsCRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LP: lichen planus; NLR: neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio; PLR: platelet/lymphocyte ratio; WBC: white blood cell." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">R \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">WBC count \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.007 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.943 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">NLR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.359 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">PLR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.487 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HDL cholesterol \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.090 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.384 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Duration of LP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.318 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.002 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">hsCRP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.405 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1210009.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Correlation analysis of epicardial fat tissue and confounding variables." ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at3" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "HDL: high-density lipoprotein; hsCRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; LP: lichen planus; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NLR: neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio; PLR: platelet/lymphocyte ratio." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">β \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.101 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.275 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Diabetes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">-0.164 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.062 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Smoking \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.027 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.765 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LDL cholesterol \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.231 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.014 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HDL cholesterol \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">-0.060 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.492 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">hsCRP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.205 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.037 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">NLR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.179 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.069 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">PLR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.361 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LVEF \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">-0.071 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.408 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Duration of LP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.133 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.047 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1210010.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Multivariate linear regression analysis of predictors of epicardial fat tissue in patients with lichen planus." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:35 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0180" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Infiltrating CD8+ T cells in oral lichen planus predominantly express CCR5 and CXCR3 and carry respective chemokine ligands RANTES/CCL5 and IP-10/CXCL10 in their cytolytic granules: a potential self-recruiting mechanism" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "W. 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Estatísticas

Original Article

Espessura do tecido adiposo epicárdico aumentada em pacientes com líquen plano e relação com inflamação e dislipidemia

Ahmet Goktug Ertema,

Autor para correspondência

agertem@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.

, Mehmet Erdoganb, Cemal Koseogluc, Gulsen Akoglud, Elcin Ozdemirb, Gamze Koseoglue, Serkan Sivrib, Telat Kelesb, Tahir Durmazb, Akın Aktasd, Engin Bozkurtb

a Department of Cardiology, Turkiye Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

b Department of Cardiology, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey

c Department of Cardiology, Tokat State Hospital, Tokat, Turkey

d Department of Dermatology, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey

e Department of Dermatology, Tokat State Hospital, Tokat, Turkey

Lido

6066

Vezes
que se leu este artigo

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            "etiqueta" => "b"
            "identificador" => "aff0010"
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            "entidad" => "Department of Cardiology&#44; Tokat State Hospital&#44; Tokat&#44; Turkey"
            "etiqueta" => "c"
            "identificador" => "aff0015"
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            "entidad" => "Department of Dermatology&#44; Yildirim Beyazit University&#44; Ankara&#44; Turkey"
            "etiqueta" => "d"
            "identificador" => "aff0020"
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          4 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Department of Dermatology&#44; Tokat State Hospital&#44; Tokat&#44; Turkey"
            "etiqueta" => "e"
            "identificador" => "aff0025"
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            "identificador" => "cor0005"
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        "titulo" => "Espessura do tecido adiposo epic&#225;rdico aumentada em pacientes com l&#237;quen plano e rela&#231;&#227;o com inflama&#231;&#227;o e dislipidemia"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lichen planus &#40;LP&#41; is a mucocutaneous inflammatory disease that affects 0&#46;5-1&#37; of the population&#46; Its etiology remains unknown&#59; it may be caused by a cell-mediated immunological response in which auto-reactive T4 and T8 lymphocytes are the cytotoxic effector cells which cause degeneration and destruction of keratinocytes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> LP is associated with lipid disorders&#44; and the inflammatory process may lead to lipid metabolism disturbances such as increased serum triglycerides &#40;TG&#41; and decreased high-density lipoprotein &#40;HDL&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> Inflammation is the predominant mechanical contributor to atherothrombosis and measurement of inflammatory markers could have a role in the management of risk stratification beyond the scope of current global risk assessment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> It has been hypothesized that the association between LP and cardiovascular risk is due to chronic systemic inflammation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;6</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Epicardial fat tissue &#40;EFT&#41; is the adipose tissue located between the myocardial epicardium and visceral epicardium of the heart&#46; EFT has been shown to produce and secrete various proatherogenic and proinflammatory hormones and cytokines&#44; including tumor necrosis factor &#40;TNF&#41;-&#945;&#44; interleukin &#40;IL&#41;-6&#44; adipocytokines and leptin&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;9</span></a> Previous studies have demonstrated an association between EFT and insulin resistance&#44; diabetes mellitus&#44; increased cardiometabolic risk&#44; inflammatory markers and coronary artery disease &#40;CAD&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#8211;15</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Like psoriasis&#44; LP is a chronic inflammatory disease&#46; Bacaks&#305;z et al&#46; indicate that EFT is significantly increased in patients with psoriasis vulgaris&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> The aim of this study was to assess EFT in patients with lichen planus&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Patient selection</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 54 patients with LP and 50 age-matched controls were enrolled in the study from January 2014 to January 2015&#46; The inclusion criteria for the study group were as follows&#58; men or women aged more than 18 years with LP confirmed according to the clinical and histopathologic criteria established by the World Health Organization&#46; LP was assessed clinically in a standardized dermatological examination by trained and experienced physicians&#44; some of them dermatological consultants&#46; The examination involved the whole body including the scalp and nails&#46; Patients with renal failure&#44; hepatic insufficiency&#44; a history of cardiovascular&#44; cerebrovascular or connective tissue disease&#44; hypertension or epithelial dysplasia were excluded from the study&#44; as were those undergoing systemic treatment with steroids or other drugs&#44; immunosuppressive treatment&#44; retinoids&#44; lipid-lowering therapy&#44; or antihypertensive or antiplatelet drugs&#46; The study was approved by the local ethics committee&#46; Informed consent was obtained from all participants&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Clinical and biochemical parameters</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Body height and weight&#44; blood pressure&#44; and body mass index were measured&#46; Serum TG&#44; low-density lipoprotein &#40;LDL&#41; cholesterol&#44; HDL cholesterol&#44; and glucose levels were determined in samples collected after a 12-hour fasting period&#46; Total plasma cholesterol&#44; TG&#44; and HDL cholesterol were measured by an enzymatic colorimetric method using an autoanalyzer &#40;Olympus AU 600&#41; and reagents from Olympus Diagnostics GmbH&#44; Hamburg&#44; Germany&#46; LDL cholesterol levels were calculated by the Friedewald formula&#46; Blood glucose was measured by the glucose oxidase method&#46; Blood was collected in tripotassium EDTA tubes&#46; Blood counts were performed on an XT-1800i Hematology Analyzer &#40;Sysmex Corporation&#44; Kobe&#44; Japan&#41;&#46; Baseline neutrophil&#47;lymphocyte ratio &#40;NLR&#41; was determined by dividing neutrophil count by lymphocyte count and baseline platelet&#47;lymphocyte ratio &#40;PLR&#41; by dividing platelet count by lymphocyte count&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Echocardiographic examination</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The echocardiographic examination was performed at rest&#44; with the patient in left lateral decubitus position&#44; using a commercially available echocardiographic device &#40;Vivid 7&#44; GE Medical Systems&#44; Milwaukee&#44; WI&#44; USA&#41; with a 3-MHz transducer&#44; by a single experienced echocardiographer &#40;M&#46;E&#46;&#41; who was blinded to the clinical data&#46; Using M-mode echocardiography&#44; long-axis measurements were obtained at the level distal to the mitral valve leaflets according to the current recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Measurement of epicardial fat tissue</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">EFT was measured on the free wall of the right ventricle in parasternal long-axis view&#44; as previously described and validated&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> EFT was described as an echo-free space in the pericardial layers on two-dimensional echocardiography&#44; and its thickness was measured perpendicularly to the free wall of the right ventricle at end-systole for 3-10 cardiac cycles&#46; The measurement was performed at a point on the free wall of the right ventricle along the midline of the ultrasound beam&#44; perpendicular to the aortic annulus&#46; In order to increase confidence in the results&#44; EFT measurement was performed at two different times and the percentage of the R-R interval with the least amount of motion was used&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess normal distribution&#46; Continuous variables were expressed as mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD and categorical variables were expressed as numbers and percentages&#46; The Student&#39;s t test was used to compare continuous variables and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for non-normally distributed data&#46; Differences in the distribution of categorical variables were assessed by chi-square analysis&#46; Pearson and Spearman analyses were used for correlation analysis&#46; Multiple linear regression analysis was performed for parameters affecting EFT&#46; p values less than 0&#46;05 were considered statistically significant&#46; SPSS version 16&#46;0 &#40;SPSS&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#44; USA&#41; was used for all statistical analyses&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Results</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Demographic&#44; clinical&#44; hematological and biochemical characteristics of patients with LP and control subjects are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; Mean duration of LP was 20&#46;51&#177;11&#46;40 months&#46; No statistical differences was found between LP and controls except in terms of NLR&#44; PLR&#44; EFT thickness&#44; hsCRP and HDL cholesterol &#40;p&#60;0&#46;001&#44; p&#60;0&#46;001&#44; p&#61;0&#46;005&#44; p&#61;0&#46;001&#44; p&#61;0&#46;001 and p&#61;0&#46;001&#44; respectively&#41;&#46; There were positive correlations between EFT thickness and PLR&#44; NLR&#44; duration of LP&#44; and hsCRP &#40;p&#60;0&#46;001&#44; p&#60;0&#46;001&#44; p&#61;0&#46;002 and p&#60;0&#46;001&#44; respectively&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; As shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#44; in multivariate analysis&#44; after adjustments for relevant confounders&#44; LDL cholesterol&#44; hsCRP&#44; PLR and duration of LP were independent predictors of EFT thickness in patients with LP &#40;&#946;&#61;0&#46;231&#44; p&#61;0&#46;014&#59; &#946;&#61;0&#46;205&#44; p&#61;0&#46;037&#59; &#946;&#61;0&#46;361&#44; p&#61;0&#46;001 and &#946;&#61;0&#46;133&#44; p&#61;0&#46;047&#44; respectively&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Discussion</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The major findings of our study are that EFT thickness is increased in patients with LP compared to controls&#44; and that duration of LP&#44; LDL cholesterol&#44; hsCRP&#44; and PLR are independent predictors of increased EFT thickness in patients with LP&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">LP is an immune-mediated disease of unknown cause that affects the skin&#44; genitalia&#44; mucous membranes and appendages&#44; in which antigens are processed by Langerhans cells and then presented to T lymphocytes&#46; Previous studies showed that patients with LP have high lipid levels&#44; acute phase reactants and atherogenic index&#46; Similar to previous studies&#44; in our population HDL cholesterol levels were lower in patients with LP than controls&#46; Several cytokines&#44; such as TNF-&#945;&#44; IL-2&#44; and IL-6&#44; have been implicated in the increased lipids levels in patients with LP&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;19</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Studies have shown that LP is associated with cardiovascular risk factors including dyslipidemia&#44; diabetes&#44; and increased oxidative stress&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;5&#44;20&#44;21</span></a> Most cardiovascular disorders &#40;including atherosclerosis&#44; hypertension&#44; insulin resistance&#44; dyslipidemia&#44; and arrhythmias&#41; have similar mechanisms&#44; such as chronic inflammation&#44; endothelial dysfunction&#44; and increased oxidative stress&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> In our study&#44; indirect parameters of oxidative stress levels &#40;PLR and NLR&#41; were higher in patients with LP than in controls&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Saleh et al&#46; have shown that serum homocysteine&#44; fibrinogen and hsCRP are significantly higher in patients with lichen planus&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> In LP&#44; Th1 inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-&#945;&#44; IL-4&#44; IL-6 and IL-10 are increased in skin and blood&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The inflammatory mediators involved in LP may have a range of effects on insulin signaling&#44; lipid metabolism&#44; and adipogenesis&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">EFT shares the same embryological origin as intra-abdominal visceral adipose tissue&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> Similarly to other visceral adipose tissues&#44; epicardial adipose tissue functions as a lipid store that secretes hormones&#44; inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as TNF-&#945;&#44; monocyte chemoattractant protein &#40;MCP&#41;-1&#44; IL-6 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 &#40;PAI-1&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> EFT is associated with higher levels of atherogenic IL-6 in subjects with CAD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is important to identify subclinical atherosclerosis&#44; for which noninvasive tests play an important role&#46; A close association between EFT and subclinical atherosclerosis&#44; coronary calcium score&#44; and presence and severity of coronary stenosis has been reported in several observational studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27&#8211;32</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">EFT &#40;as measured by echocardiography&#41; is associated with increased left ventricular mass&#44; endothelial dysfunction&#44; and the presence and severity of CAD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> It is also independently associated with blood pressure&#44; LDL cholesterol&#44; fasting glucose&#44; and both traditional and novel cardiovascular risk factors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> Although EFT thickness was increased in patients with LP&#44; we were unable to show these associations in comparisons between patients with LP and control subjects&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">EFT is an endocrine and paracrine source of cytokines&#44; and its thickness is correlated with several circulating proatherogenic and proinflammatory adipokines such as visfatin&#44; PAI-1&#44; monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 &#40;MCP-1&#41;&#44; and CRP&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;33&#44;34</span></a> However&#44; it is inversely related to adiponectin&#44; an anti-inflammatory and antiatherogenic adipokine&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> In our study&#44; hsCRP levels correlated with EFT and were an independent predictor of increased EFT thickness&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A recent article by Aksu et al&#46; showed reduced flow-mediated dilatation and increased carotid-intima media thickness&#44; which are predictors of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular end organ damage&#44; in LP patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> In our study&#44; we found that duration of LP is correlated with EFT&#44; and also that duration of LP is an independent predictor of increased EFT&#44; which is a predictor of subclinical atherosclerosis&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Why is EFT thickness increased in patients with LP&#63; One possible underlying mechanism may be persistent inflammation&#46; Inflammatory adipokines such as TNF-&#945;&#44; MCP-1&#44; and IL-6 play a significant role in inflammation and can potentially lead to a predisposition to atherosclerosis&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Conclusion</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; we have shown that patients with LP have more EFT&#44; indicating an increased risk for atherosclerosis&#46; Further long-term prospective studies are needed to clarify the clinical utility and prognostic importance of the link between LP and atherosclerosis&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work center on the publication of patient data&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background and Objectives</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Lichen planus &#40;LP&#41; is a mucocutaneous inflammatory disease&#46; Inflammation plays a major role in the progression of atherosclerosis&#46; Epicardial fat tissue &#40;EFT&#41; has been shown to produce and secrete various proatherogenic and proinflammatory hormones and cytokines&#46; The aim of this study was to assess EFT in patients with lichen planus&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Fifty-four patients with LP and 50 controls were enrolled in the study&#46; LP was diagnosed according to the World Health Organization criteria&#46; EFT was measured on the free wall of the right ventricle in parasternal long-axis view&#44; as previously described and validated&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">There were positive correlations between EFT thickness and platelet&#47;lymphocyte ratio&#44; neutrophil&#47;lymphocyte ratio&#44; duration of LP&#44; and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein &#40;hsCRP&#41; &#40;p&#60;0&#46;001&#44; p&#60;0&#46;001&#44; p&#61;0&#46;002 and p&#60;0&#46;001&#44; respectively&#41;&#46; In multivariate analysis&#44; after adjustments for relevant confounders&#44; LDL cholesterol&#44; hsCRP&#44; platelet&#47;lymphocyte ratio and duration of LP were independent predictors of EFT thickness in patients with LP &#40;&#946;&#61;0&#46;231&#44; p&#61;0&#46;014&#59; &#946;&#61;0&#46;205&#44; p&#61;0&#46;037&#59; &#946;&#61;0&#46;361&#44; p&#61;0&#46;001 and &#946;&#61;0&#46;133&#44; p&#61;0&#46;047&#44; respectively&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">EFT is increased in patients with LP compared to control subjects&#46; Duration of LP is correlated with EFT&#44; and duration of LP is also an independent predictor of increased EFT&#44; which is a predictor of subclinical atherosclerosis&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introdu&#231;&#227;o e objetivos</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O l&#237;quen plano &#40;LP&#41; &#233; uma doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria mucocut&#226;nea&#46; A inflama&#231;&#227;o tem um papel importante na progress&#227;o da aterosclerose&#46; Demonstrou-se que o tecido adiposo epic&#225;rdico &#40;TAE&#41; produz e segrega v&#225;rias hormonas e citocinas pr&#243;-aterog&#233;nicas e pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias&#46; O objetivo deste estudo foi a avalia&#231;&#227;o do TAE em pacientes com LP&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cinquenta e quatro pacientes com LP e 50 controlos foram inscritos no estudo&#46; O LP foi diagnosticado de acordo com os crit&#233;rios da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de&#46; O TAE foi medido na parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito&#44; do ponto de vista do eixo longo para-esternal&#44; conforme descrito e validado anteriormente&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Verificaram-se correla&#231;&#245;es positivas entre a espessura da gordura epic&#225;rdica e a rela&#231;&#227;o linf&#243;citos-plaquetas&#44; a rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filos-linf&#243;citos&#44; a longevidade do LP&#44; e o hsCRP &#40;p &#60; 0&#44;001&#44; p &#60; 0&#44;001&#44; p &#61; 0&#44;002 e p &#60; 0&#44;001&#44; respetivamente&#41;&#46; Ap&#243;s an&#225;lises multivariadas e ajustamentos para confundidores relevantes &#40;colesterol LDL&#44; hsCRP&#44; rela&#231;&#227;o plaquetas-linf&#243;citos e longevidade do LP&#41;&#44; foram confirmados como preditores independentes da espessura da gordura epic&#225;rdica em pacientes com LP &#40;&#946; &#61; 0&#44;231&#44; p &#61; 0&#44;014&#59; &#946; &#61; 0&#44;205&#44; p &#61; 0&#44;037&#59; &#946; &#61; 0&#44;361&#44; p &#61; 0&#44;001 e &#946; &#61; 0&#44;133&#44; p &#61; 0&#44;047&#44; respetivamente&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O TAE est&#225; aumentado em pacientes com LP em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de controlo&#46; A longevidade do LP est&#225; correlacionada com o TAE&#44; e a sua longevidade &#233; uma vari&#225;vel independente de previs&#227;o do TAE aumentado&#44; que por sua vez &#233; uma vari&#225;vel de previs&#227;o da aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica&#46;</p></span>"
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            "titulo" => "Introdu&#231;&#227;o e objetivos"
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          1 => array:2 [
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            "titulo" => "M&#233;todos"
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          2 => array:2 [
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            "titulo" => "Resultados"
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          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclus&#227;o"
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    "multimedia" => array:3 [
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        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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        "detalles" => array:1 [
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        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">BMI&#58; body mass index&#59; DBP&#58; diastolic blood pressure&#59; EFT&#58; epicardial fat tissue&#59; HDL&#58; high-density lipoprotein&#59; hsCRP&#58; high-sensitivity C-reactive protein&#59; LDL&#58; low-density lipoprotein&#59; LP&#58; lichen planus&#59; NLR&#58; neutrophil&#47;lymphocyte ratio&#59; PLR&#58; platelet&#47;lymphocyte ratio&#59; SBP&#58; systolic blood pressure&#59; TG&#58; triglycerides&#59; WBC&#58; white blood cell&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patients with LP &#40;n&#61;54&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Controls &#40;n&#61;50&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age &#40;years&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">45&#46;68&#177;13&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">47&#46;29&#177;6&#46;88&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;475&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Female&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">32 &#40;59&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">30 &#40;60&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;866&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">BMI &#40;kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">28&#46;8&#177;4&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">29&#46;4&#177;5&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;518&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">SBP &#40;mmHg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">126&#177;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">127&#177;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;262&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">DBP &#40;mmHg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">79&#177;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">78&#177;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;577&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Diabetes&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10 &#40;18&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14 &#40;29&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;221&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Smoking&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15 &#40;27&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14 &#40;29&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;284&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Hypercholesterolemia&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">22 &#40;40&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13 &#40;26&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;161&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Topical steroid treatment&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">30 &#40;55&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Duration of LP &#40;months&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">20&#46;51&#177;11&#46;40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Positive family history&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">17 &#40;31&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8 &#40;17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;111&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LDL &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">118&#46;5&#177;39&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">117&#46;4&#177;33&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;891&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HDL &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">42&#46;8&#177;10&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">55&#46;4&#177;2&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;005&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">TG &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">161&#177;97&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">141&#177;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;281&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Total cholesterol &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">203&#177;44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">192&#177;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;207&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Creatinine &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;8&#177;0&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;1&#177;0&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;228&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Blood glucose &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">97&#177;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">109&#177;37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;101&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Hemoglobin &#40;g&#47;l&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11&#46;4&#177;3&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12&#46;1&#177;2&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;475&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">WBC count &#40;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#47;&#956;l&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#46;6&#177;1&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#46;5&#177;1&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;772&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">NLR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;1&#177;1&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;8&#177;0&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">PLR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">165&#177;31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">107&#177;26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">EFT thickness &#40;mm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;89&#177;0&#46;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;53&#177;0&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">hsCRP &#40;mg&#47;l&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#46;67&#177;3&#46;35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;48&#177;0&#46;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Baseline demographic&#44; clinical&#44; hematological and biochemical characteristics of study and control subjects&#46;</p>"
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Informação do artigo

ISSN: 08702551
Idioma original: Inglês

DOI:10.1016/j.repc.2016.04.010

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Ano/Mês	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 Novembro	8	5	13
2024 Outubro	41	29	70
2024 Setembro	49	26	75
2024 Agosto	44	27	71
2024 Julho	47	31	78
2024 Junho	30	24	54
2024 Maio	53	22	75
2024 Abril	44	30	74
2024 Mar�o	56	21	77
2024 Fevereiro	40	17	57
2024 Janeiro	38	33	71
2023 Dezembro	50	20	70
2023 Novembro	55	34	89
2023 Outubro	33	33	66
2023 Setembro	33	20	53
2023 Agosto	27	23	50
2023 Julho	17	18	35
2023 Junho	32	21	53
2023 Maio	52	29	81
2023 Abril	27	8	35
2023 Mar�o	62	28	90
2023 Fevereiro	42	27	69
2023 Janeiro	30	10	40
2022 Dezembro	59	23	82
2022 Novembro	54	27	81
2022 Outubro	47	22	69
2022 Setembro	41	32	73
2022 Agosto	34	26	60
2022 Julho	34	42	76
2022 Junho	26	35	61
2022 Maio	32	26	58
2022 Abril	41	33	74
2022 Mar�o	34	41	75
2022 Fevereiro	33	32	65
2022 Janeiro	30	24	54
2021 Dezembro	21	24	45
2021 Novembro	35	33	68
2021 Outubro	30	34	64
2021 Setembro	18	30	48
2021 Agosto	36	34	70
2021 Julho	20	30	50
2021 Junho	23	18	41
2021 Maio	34	30	64
2021 Abril	65	43	108
2021 Mar�o	68	25	93
2021 Fevereiro	52	12	64
2021 Janeiro	39	17	56
2020 Dezembro	42	18	60
2020 Novembro	29	29	58
2020 Outubro	32	20	52
2020 Setembro	63	7	70
2020 Agosto	21	6	27
2020 Julho	45	13	58
2020 Junho	42	18	60
2020 Maio	42	8	50
2020 Abril	50	9	59
2020 Mar�o	37	13	50
2020 Fevereiro	99	50	149
2020 Janeiro	44	9	53
2019 Dezembro	32	14	46
2019 Novembro	38	8	46
2019 Outubro	37	10	47
2019 Setembro	30	8	38
2019 Agosto	45	9	54
2019 Julho	44	11	55
2019 Junho	38	15	53
2019 Maio	50	13	63
2019 Abril	23	19	42
2019 Mar�o	61	8	69
2019 Fevereiro	78	15	93
2019 Janeiro	49	8	57
2018 Dezembro	64	10	74
2018 Novembro	103	12	115
2018 Outubro	240	11	251
2018 Setembro	68	8	76
2018 Agosto	30	13	43
2018 Julho	22	8	30
2018 Junho	27	4	31
2018 Maio	26	17	43
2018 Abril	35	3	38
2018 Mar�o	43	12	55
2018 Fevereiro	22	3	25
2018 Janeiro	18	8	26
2017 Dezembro	52	9	61
2017 Novembro	43	9	52
2017 Outubro	31	11	42
2017 Setembro	38	11	49
2017 Agosto	41	12	53
2017 Julho	24	12	36
2017 Junho	35	10	45
2017 Maio	22	12	34
2017 Abril	17	4	21
2017 Mar�o	21	3	24
2017 Fevereiro	18	10	28
2017 Janeiro	27	8	35
2016 Dezembro	48	25	73
2016 Novembro	34	21	55
2016 Outubro	63	61	124
2016 Setembro	28	45	73

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