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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><elsevierMultimedia ident="tb0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Abstract</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Background&#58;</span> Elevated blood pressure and elevated low&#8208;density lipoprotein &#40;LDL&#41; cholesterol increase the risk of cardiovascular disease&#46; Lowering both should reduce the risk of cardiovascular events substantially&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Methods&#58;</span> In a trial with 2&#8208;by&#8208;2 factorial design&#44; we randomly assigned 12&#44;705 participants at intermediate risk who did not have cardiovascular disease to rosuvastatin &#40;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg per day&#41; or placebo and to candesartan &#40;16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg per day&#41; plus hydrochlorothiazide &#40;12&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg per day&#41; or placebo&#46; In the analyses reported here&#44; we compared the 3180 participants assigned to combined therapy &#40;with rosuvastatin and the two antihypertensive agents&#41; with the 3168 participants assigned to dual placebo&#46; The first coprimary outcome was the composite of death from cardiovascular causes&#44; nonfatal myocardial infarction&#44; or nonfatal stroke&#44; and the second coprimary outcome additionally included heart failure&#44; cardiac arrest&#44; or revascularization&#46; The median follow&#8208;up was 5&#46;6 years&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Results&#58;</span> The decrease in the LDL cholesterol level was 33&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg per deciliter &#40;0&#46;87 mmol per liter&#41; greater in the combined&#8208;therapy group than in the dual&#8208;placebo group&#44; and the decrease in systolic blood pressure was 6&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm Hg greater with combined therapy than with dual placebo&#46; The first coprimary outcome occurred in 113 participants &#40;3&#46;6&#37;&#41; in the combined&#8208;therapy group and in 157 &#40;5&#46;0&#37;&#41; in the dual&#8208;placebo group &#40;hazard ratio&#44; 0&#46;71&#59; 95&#37; confidence interval &#91;<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">CI</span>&#93;&#44; 0&#46;56 to 0&#46;90&#59; P<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;005&#41;&#46; The second coprimary outcome occurred in 136 participants &#40;4&#46;3&#37;&#41; and 187 participants &#40;5&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#44; respectively &#40;hazard ratio&#44; 0&#46;72&#59; 95&#37; CI&#44; 0&#46;57 to 0&#46;89&#59; P<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;003&#41;&#46; Muscle weakness and dizziness were more common in the combined&#8208;therapy group than in the dual&#8208;placebo group&#44; but the overall rate of discontinuation of the trial regimen was similar in the two groups&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conclusions&#58;</span> The combination of rosuvastatin &#40;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg per day&#41;&#44; candesartan &#40;16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg per day&#41;&#44; and hydrochlorothiazide &#40;12&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg per day&#41; was associated with a significantly lower rate of cardiovascular events than dual placebo among persons at intermediate risk who did not have cardiovascular disease&#46; &#40;Funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and AstraZeneca&#59; ClinicalTrials&#46;gov number&#44; NCT00468923&#46;&#41;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Coment&#225;rio</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#201; hoje aceite sem reservas pela comunidade cient&#237;fica que a redu&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica do colesterol &#40;low&#8208;density lipoprotein&#41; LDL &#40;C&#8208;LDL&#41; e da press&#227;o arterial &#40;PA&#41; diminui a probabilidade de sofrer um evento cardiovascular &#40;CV&#41; no futuro<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; No entanto&#44; at&#233; &#224; publica&#231;&#227;o do estudo HOPE&#8208;3<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4</span></a>&#44; n&#227;o era claro se o in&#237;cio da terap&#234;utica deveria ser desencadeado por um determinado valor de C&#8208;LDL ou de PA ou&#44; pelo contr&#225;rio&#44; por uma estimativa individualizada do risco CV &#40;RCV&#41;&#44; nomeadamente em indiv&#237;duos de risco interm&#233;dio e sem evid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a CV &#40;DCV&#41; estabelecida<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Com apenas um desenho experimental&#44; Salim Yusuf et al&#46; testaram duas hip&#243;teses&#58; uma <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">terap&#234;utica</span> &#8211; se tratamentos dirigidos &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da PA e do C&#8208;LDL&#44; isoladamente ou em combina&#231;&#227;o&#44; reduziriam os eventos CV em indiv&#237;duos de risco interm&#233;dio&#44; independentemente dos valores basais dos fatores de risco&#59; e outra <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">conceptual</span> &#8211; se o conceito de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">polypill</span> em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria&#44; implicando a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de uma estatina e de uma combina&#231;&#227;o de anti&#8208;hipertensores num ambiente de recursos m&#233;dicos limitados&#44; seria segura e eficaz&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para responder a estas quest&#245;es&#44; os autores conduziram um ensaio cl&#237;nico multic&#234;ntrico&#44; aleatorizado e de dupla oculta&#231;&#227;o&#44; com um desenho fatorial 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46; Os cerca de 13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>000 doentes foram aleatorizados para um de quatro bra&#231;os&#58; a&#41; redu&#231;&#227;o de PA com uma associa&#231;&#227;o fixa de candesartan 16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg e hidroclorotiazida 12&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; b&#41; redu&#231;&#227;o de C&#8208;LDL com rosuvastatina 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; c&#41; uma combina&#231;&#227;o destas duas interven&#231;&#245;es ou d&#41; duplo placebo&#46; Independentemente dos valores basais de C&#8208;LDL ou PA&#44; foram inclu&#237;dos homens com mais de 55 anos com pelo menos um fator de risco cardiovascular &#40;&#237;ndice cintura&#8208;anca aumentado&#44; fumadores&#44; n&#237;veis baixos de C&#8208;HDL&#44; disglicemia&#44; doen&#231;a renal cr&#243;nica ou hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria prematura&#41; ou mulheres com mais de 60 anos com dois ou mais fatores de risco&#46; Apesar de n&#227;o ter sido utilizado um limiar de risco de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica CV &#40;ASCVD&#41; para a inclus&#227;o dos doentes no estudo&#44; este foi aproximadamente de 10&#37; a dez anos&#44; dentro do intervalo considerado &#171;risco interm&#233;dio&#187;&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; os investigadores do estudo HOPE&#8208;3 orgulham&#8208;se de terem seguido durante cerca de seis anos uma coorte verdadeiramente multi&#233;tnica&#44; j&#225; que apenas 20&#37; dos indiv&#237;duos eram caucasianos&#46; Outro dos aspetos a salientar foi o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pragmatismo</span> do desenho do ensaio&#44; no fundo uma tentativa de aproxima&#231;&#227;o &#224; pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica do dia&#8208;a&#8208;dia&#58; minimiza&#231;&#227;o de crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o&#44; sem necessidade de an&#225;lises laboratoriais de seguimento e limita&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de visitas de seguimento ao centro de ensaios cl&#237;nicos&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os principais resultados encontram&#8208;se resumidos na <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Tabela 1</a>&#46; Os efeitos secund&#225;rios foram na sua maioria ligeiros&#46; De forma relevante&#44; n&#227;o se assistiu a um aumento dos casos de diabetes&#44; hepatite ou de rabdomi&#243;lise nos doentes tratados com estatina&#46; Relativamente &#224; terap&#234;utica anti&#8208;hipertensiva&#44; esta apenas reduziu eventos em doentes com PA acima de 143&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#59; os doentes sofreram mais tonturas&#44; mas n&#227;o se registou um aumento da s&#237;ncope ou das quedas&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os resultados do estudo HOPE&#8208;3 refor&#231;am o conceito j&#225; presente nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es de preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#58; a abordagem ao doente deve ser baseada no RCV e este deve constituir a base da decis&#227;o para o in&#237;cio &#40;ou n&#227;o&#41; de estatina&#59; o risco interm&#233;dio constitui o limiar para essa decis&#227;o&#44; independentemente dos n&#237;veis de C&#8208;LDL basais&#44; como j&#225; salientado nos estudos JUPITER<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#44; AFCAPS&#47;TexCAPS<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> e MEGA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46; Sabendo&#8208;se que a veicula&#231;&#227;o de not&#237;cias negativas sobre estatinas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> encontra&#8208;se associada a um aumento da mortalidade CV em 18&#37; e da incid&#234;ncia de enfarte em 26&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#44; e que &#233; vari&#225;vel a propor&#231;&#227;o de doentes que ap&#243;s a suspens&#227;o da toma de estatinas a reinicia posteriormente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#44; &#233; fundamental que a comunidade cardiovascular consiga transmitir &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o os ineg&#225;veis benef&#237;cios de uma abordagem cient&#237;fica &#224; estratifica&#231;&#227;o do RCV&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Outro dos objetivos do estudo HOPE&#8208;3 foi a an&#225;lise da <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">performance</span> de uma <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">polypill</span> em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria&#46; O conceito de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">polypill</span>&#44; desde h&#225; muito defendido pelo investigador principal do HOPE&#8208;3&#44; baseia&#8208;se na assun&#231;&#227;o de que os ganhos obtidos pela administra&#231;&#227;o conjunta de v&#225;rios f&#225;rmacos com evid&#234;ncia isolada na preven&#231;&#227;o CV t&#234;m vantagens a n&#237;vel da ades&#227;o terap&#234;utica e dos custos de distribui&#231;&#227;o&#44; quando administrada numa popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o selecionada de indiv&#237;duos em risco<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; a hip&#243;tese de que n&#227;o &#233; necess&#225;rio utilizar an&#225;lises laboratoriais para selecionar os doentes candidatos &#224; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">polypill</span> nem consultas de seguimento&#44; tornando a terap&#234;utica mais acess&#237;vel em pa&#237;ses com menores recursos econ&#243;micos&#44; mas tamb&#233;m uma das formas mais eficazes de fazer frente aos crescentes custos em sa&#250;de&#44; ainda n&#227;o tinha sido testada formalmente em contexto de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46; Tais vantagens compensariam os riscos de dar um f&#225;rmaco a quem dele n&#227;o precisa e de expor uma popula&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel a uma interven&#231;&#227;o potencialmente arriscada&#46; O HOPE&#8208;3 responde a essas quest&#245;es&#46; A <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">polypill</span> incluindo dois anti&#8208;hipertensores e uma estatina n&#227;o &#233; adequada para doentes sem hipertens&#227;o arterial&#44; pois estes apenas beneficiam do componente estatina&#46; No entanto&#44; para indiv&#237;duos em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria&#44; onde o conceito j&#225; havia sido testado com sucesso<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#44; ou com hipertens&#227;o arterial&#44; como vimos no HOPE&#8208;3&#44; a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de uma combina&#231;&#227;o de anti&#8208;hipertensores e estatina &#233; eficaz e segura&#46; Se a combina&#231;&#227;o utilizada&#44; incluindo hidroclorotiazida &#40;que nunca demonstrou reduzir&#44; nas doses utilizadas&#44; eventos CV&#41;&#44; foi a mais feliz&#44; &#233; controverso<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de outros diur&#233;ticos &#40;como a clortalidona&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> ou outras classes&#44; como os bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#44; poderia ter condicionado resultados diferentes&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Como o Dr&#46; Valentin Fuster salientou na apresenta&#231;&#227;o do HOPE&#8208;3&#44; no ACC&#8217;16&#44; &#171;o futuro da preven&#231;&#227;o passa&#44; sem sombra de d&#250;vida&#44; pela simplicidade&#187;&#46; Numa era de medicina tecnol&#243;gica&#44; em que interven&#231;&#245;es de alta complexidade e elevados custos lutam por demonstrar impacto progn&#243;stico&#44; a simples administra&#231;&#227;o de uma estatina com reduzido seguimento dos doentes demonstrou reduzir a mortalidade CV de forma robusta&#44; segura e eficaz&#46; Ser&#225; que estamos prontos para abra&#231;ar um novo conceito<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#58; a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">simpler Medicine</span>&#63;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflito de interesses</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Salim Yusuf&#44; Eva Lonn&#44; Prem Pais&#44; Jackie Bosch&#44; Patricio L&#243;pez&#8208;Jaramillo&#44; Jun Zhu&#44; Denis Xavier&#44; Alvaro Avezum&#44; Lawrence A&#46; Leiter&#44; Leopoldo S&#46; Piegas&#44; Alexander Parkhomenko&#44; Matyas Keltai&#44; Katalin Keltai&#44; Karen Sliwa&#44; Irina Chazova&#44; Ron J&#46;G&#46; Peters&#44; Claes Held&#44; Khalid Yusoff&#44; Basil S&#46; Lewis&#44; Petr Jansky&#44; Kamlesh Khunti&#44; William D&#46; Toff&#44; Christopher M&#46; Reid&#44; John Varigos&#44; Jose L&#46; Accini&#44; Robert McKelvie&#44; Janice Pogue&#44; Hyejung Jung&#44; Lisheng Liu&#44; Rafael Diaz&#44; Antonio Dans&#44; Gilles Dagenais&#44; for the HOPE&#8208;3 Investigators&#46; N Engl J Med&#46; 2016&#59;374&#58;2032&#8208;2043</p></span>"
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Comentário a «Redução da pressão arterial e do colesterol em indivíduos sem doença cardiovascular»
Comment on “Blood‐Pressure and Cholesterol Lowering in Persons without Cardiovascular Disease”
Rui Baptista
Membro do Corpo Redatorial da Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><elsevierMultimedia ident="tb0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Abstract</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Background&#58;</span> Elevated blood pressure and elevated low&#8208;density lipoprotein &#40;LDL&#41; cholesterol increase the risk of cardiovascular disease&#46; Lowering both should reduce the risk of cardiovascular events substantially&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Methods&#58;</span> In a trial with 2&#8208;by&#8208;2 factorial design&#44; we randomly assigned 12&#44;705 participants at intermediate risk who did not have cardiovascular disease to rosuvastatin &#40;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg per day&#41; or placebo and to candesartan &#40;16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg per day&#41; plus hydrochlorothiazide &#40;12&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg per day&#41; or placebo&#46; In the analyses reported here&#44; we compared the 3180 participants assigned to combined therapy &#40;with rosuvastatin and the two antihypertensive agents&#41; with the 3168 participants assigned to dual placebo&#46; The first coprimary outcome was the composite of death from cardiovascular causes&#44; nonfatal myocardial infarction&#44; or nonfatal stroke&#44; and the second coprimary outcome additionally included heart failure&#44; cardiac arrest&#44; or revascularization&#46; The median follow&#8208;up was 5&#46;6 years&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Results&#58;</span> The decrease in the LDL cholesterol level was 33&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg per deciliter &#40;0&#46;87 mmol per liter&#41; greater in the combined&#8208;therapy group than in the dual&#8208;placebo group&#44; and the decrease in systolic blood pressure was 6&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm Hg greater with combined therapy than with dual placebo&#46; The first coprimary outcome occurred in 113 participants &#40;3&#46;6&#37;&#41; in the combined&#8208;therapy group and in 157 &#40;5&#46;0&#37;&#41; in the dual&#8208;placebo group &#40;hazard ratio&#44; 0&#46;71&#59; 95&#37; confidence interval &#91;<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">CI</span>&#93;&#44; 0&#46;56 to 0&#46;90&#59; P<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;005&#41;&#46; The second coprimary outcome occurred in 136 participants &#40;4&#46;3&#37;&#41; and 187 participants &#40;5&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#44; respectively &#40;hazard ratio&#44; 0&#46;72&#59; 95&#37; CI&#44; 0&#46;57 to 0&#46;89&#59; P<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;003&#41;&#46; Muscle weakness and dizziness were more common in the combined&#8208;therapy group than in the dual&#8208;placebo group&#44; but the overall rate of discontinuation of the trial regimen was similar in the two groups&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conclusions&#58;</span> The combination of rosuvastatin &#40;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg per day&#41;&#44; candesartan &#40;16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg per day&#41;&#44; and hydrochlorothiazide &#40;12&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg per day&#41; was associated with a significantly lower rate of cardiovascular events than dual placebo among persons at intermediate risk who did not have cardiovascular disease&#46; &#40;Funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and AstraZeneca&#59; ClinicalTrials&#46;gov number&#44; NCT00468923&#46;&#41;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Coment&#225;rio</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#201; hoje aceite sem reservas pela comunidade cient&#237;fica que a redu&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica do colesterol &#40;low&#8208;density lipoprotein&#41; LDL &#40;C&#8208;LDL&#41; e da press&#227;o arterial &#40;PA&#41; diminui a probabilidade de sofrer um evento cardiovascular &#40;CV&#41; no futuro<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; No entanto&#44; at&#233; &#224; publica&#231;&#227;o do estudo HOPE&#8208;3<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4</span></a>&#44; n&#227;o era claro se o in&#237;cio da terap&#234;utica deveria ser desencadeado por um determinado valor de C&#8208;LDL ou de PA ou&#44; pelo contr&#225;rio&#44; por uma estimativa individualizada do risco CV &#40;RCV&#41;&#44; nomeadamente em indiv&#237;duos de risco interm&#233;dio e sem evid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a CV &#40;DCV&#41; estabelecida<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Com apenas um desenho experimental&#44; Salim Yusuf et al&#46; testaram duas hip&#243;teses&#58; uma <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">terap&#234;utica</span> &#8211; se tratamentos dirigidos &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da PA e do C&#8208;LDL&#44; isoladamente ou em combina&#231;&#227;o&#44; reduziriam os eventos CV em indiv&#237;duos de risco interm&#233;dio&#44; independentemente dos valores basais dos fatores de risco&#59; e outra <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">conceptual</span> &#8211; se o conceito de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">polypill</span> em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria&#44; implicando a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de uma estatina e de uma combina&#231;&#227;o de anti&#8208;hipertensores num ambiente de recursos m&#233;dicos limitados&#44; seria segura e eficaz&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para responder a estas quest&#245;es&#44; os autores conduziram um ensaio cl&#237;nico multic&#234;ntrico&#44; aleatorizado e de dupla oculta&#231;&#227;o&#44; com um desenho fatorial 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46; Os cerca de 13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>000 doentes foram aleatorizados para um de quatro bra&#231;os&#58; a&#41; redu&#231;&#227;o de PA com uma associa&#231;&#227;o fixa de candesartan 16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg e hidroclorotiazida 12&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; b&#41; redu&#231;&#227;o de C&#8208;LDL com rosuvastatina 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; c&#41; uma combina&#231;&#227;o destas duas interven&#231;&#245;es ou d&#41; duplo placebo&#46; Independentemente dos valores basais de C&#8208;LDL ou PA&#44; foram inclu&#237;dos homens com mais de 55 anos com pelo menos um fator de risco cardiovascular &#40;&#237;ndice cintura&#8208;anca aumentado&#44; fumadores&#44; n&#237;veis baixos de C&#8208;HDL&#44; disglicemia&#44; doen&#231;a renal cr&#243;nica ou hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria prematura&#41; ou mulheres com mais de 60 anos com dois ou mais fatores de risco&#46; Apesar de n&#227;o ter sido utilizado um limiar de risco de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica CV &#40;ASCVD&#41; para a inclus&#227;o dos doentes no estudo&#44; este foi aproximadamente de 10&#37; a dez anos&#44; dentro do intervalo considerado &#171;risco interm&#233;dio&#187;&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; os investigadores do estudo HOPE&#8208;3 orgulham&#8208;se de terem seguido durante cerca de seis anos uma coorte verdadeiramente multi&#233;tnica&#44; j&#225; que apenas 20&#37; dos indiv&#237;duos eram caucasianos&#46; Outro dos aspetos a salientar foi o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pragmatismo</span> do desenho do ensaio&#44; no fundo uma tentativa de aproxima&#231;&#227;o &#224; pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica do dia&#8208;a&#8208;dia&#58; minimiza&#231;&#227;o de crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o&#44; sem necessidade de an&#225;lises laboratoriais de seguimento e limita&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de visitas de seguimento ao centro de ensaios cl&#237;nicos&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os principais resultados encontram&#8208;se resumidos na <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Tabela 1</a>&#46; Os efeitos secund&#225;rios foram na sua maioria ligeiros&#46; De forma relevante&#44; n&#227;o se assistiu a um aumento dos casos de diabetes&#44; hepatite ou de rabdomi&#243;lise nos doentes tratados com estatina&#46; Relativamente &#224; terap&#234;utica anti&#8208;hipertensiva&#44; esta apenas reduziu eventos em doentes com PA acima de 143&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#59; os doentes sofreram mais tonturas&#44; mas n&#227;o se registou um aumento da s&#237;ncope ou das quedas&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os resultados do estudo HOPE&#8208;3 refor&#231;am o conceito j&#225; presente nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es de preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#58; a abordagem ao doente deve ser baseada no RCV e este deve constituir a base da decis&#227;o para o in&#237;cio &#40;ou n&#227;o&#41; de estatina&#59; o risco interm&#233;dio constitui o limiar para essa decis&#227;o&#44; independentemente dos n&#237;veis de C&#8208;LDL basais&#44; como j&#225; salientado nos estudos JUPITER<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#44; AFCAPS&#47;TexCAPS<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> e MEGA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46; Sabendo&#8208;se que a veicula&#231;&#227;o de not&#237;cias negativas sobre estatinas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> encontra&#8208;se associada a um aumento da mortalidade CV em 18&#37; e da incid&#234;ncia de enfarte em 26&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#44; e que &#233; vari&#225;vel a propor&#231;&#227;o de doentes que ap&#243;s a suspens&#227;o da toma de estatinas a reinicia posteriormente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#44; &#233; fundamental que a comunidade cardiovascular consiga transmitir &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o os ineg&#225;veis benef&#237;cios de uma abordagem cient&#237;fica &#224; estratifica&#231;&#227;o do RCV&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Outro dos objetivos do estudo HOPE&#8208;3 foi a an&#225;lise da <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">performance</span> de uma <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">polypill</span> em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria&#46; O conceito de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">polypill</span>&#44; desde h&#225; muito defendido pelo investigador principal do HOPE&#8208;3&#44; baseia&#8208;se na assun&#231;&#227;o de que os ganhos obtidos pela administra&#231;&#227;o conjunta de v&#225;rios f&#225;rmacos com evid&#234;ncia isolada na preven&#231;&#227;o CV t&#234;m vantagens a n&#237;vel da ades&#227;o terap&#234;utica e dos custos de distribui&#231;&#227;o&#44; quando administrada numa popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o selecionada de indiv&#237;duos em risco<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; a hip&#243;tese de que n&#227;o &#233; necess&#225;rio utilizar an&#225;lises laboratoriais para selecionar os doentes candidatos &#224; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">polypill</span> nem consultas de seguimento&#44; tornando a terap&#234;utica mais acess&#237;vel em pa&#237;ses com menores recursos econ&#243;micos&#44; mas tamb&#233;m uma das formas mais eficazes de fazer frente aos crescentes custos em sa&#250;de&#44; ainda n&#227;o tinha sido testada formalmente em contexto de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46; Tais vantagens compensariam os riscos de dar um f&#225;rmaco a quem dele n&#227;o precisa e de expor uma popula&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel a uma interven&#231;&#227;o potencialmente arriscada&#46; O HOPE&#8208;3 responde a essas quest&#245;es&#46; A <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">polypill</span> incluindo dois anti&#8208;hipertensores e uma estatina n&#227;o &#233; adequada para doentes sem hipertens&#227;o arterial&#44; pois estes apenas beneficiam do componente estatina&#46; No entanto&#44; para indiv&#237;duos em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria&#44; onde o conceito j&#225; havia sido testado com sucesso<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#44; ou com hipertens&#227;o arterial&#44; como vimos no HOPE&#8208;3&#44; a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de uma combina&#231;&#227;o de anti&#8208;hipertensores e estatina &#233; eficaz e segura&#46; Se a combina&#231;&#227;o utilizada&#44; incluindo hidroclorotiazida &#40;que nunca demonstrou reduzir&#44; nas doses utilizadas&#44; eventos CV&#41;&#44; foi a mais feliz&#44; &#233; controverso<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de outros diur&#233;ticos &#40;como a clortalidona&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> ou outras classes&#44; como os bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#44; poderia ter condicionado resultados diferentes&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Como o Dr&#46; Valentin Fuster salientou na apresenta&#231;&#227;o do HOPE&#8208;3&#44; no ACC&#8217;16&#44; &#171;o futuro da preven&#231;&#227;o passa&#44; sem sombra de d&#250;vida&#44; pela simplicidade&#187;&#46; Numa era de medicina tecnol&#243;gica&#44; em que interven&#231;&#245;es de alta complexidade e elevados custos lutam por demonstrar impacto progn&#243;stico&#44; a simples administra&#231;&#227;o de uma estatina com reduzido seguimento dos doentes demonstrou reduzir a mortalidade CV de forma robusta&#44; segura e eficaz&#46; Ser&#225; que estamos prontos para abra&#231;ar um novo conceito<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#58; a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">simpler Medicine</span>&#63;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflito de interesses</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">AHTA&#58; terap&#234;utica anti&#8208;hipertensiva&#59; AVC&#58; acidente vascular cerebral&#59; CV&#58; cardiovascular&#59; EAM&#58; enfarte agudo do mioc&#225;rdio&#59; IC&#58; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca&#59; NNT&#58; n&#250;mero necess&#225;rio para tratar&#59; PCR&#58; paragem cardiorrespirat&#243;ria&#59; RRA&#58; redu&#231;&#227;o de risco absoluto&#59; RRR&#58; redu&#231;&#227;o de risco relativo&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="table-head ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Co&#8208;endpoints prim&#225;rios</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="4" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mortalidade CV<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>EAM<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>AVC</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="4" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mortalidade CV<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>EAM<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>AVC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PCR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>revasculariza&#231;&#227;o</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">RRA &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">RRR &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Valor p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">NNT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">RRA &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">RRR &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Valor p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">NNT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Estatina<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">77&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Estatina<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>AHTA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;005&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">71&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;003&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">AHTA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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ISSN: 08702551
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2024 Outubro 31 25 56
2024 Setembro 44 23 67
2024 Agosto 42 32 74
2024 Julho 33 27 60
2024 Junho 33 16 49
2024 Maio 36 25 61
2024 Abril 33 23 56
2024 Maro 28 21 49
2024 Fevereiro 30 35 65
2024 Janeiro 33 38 71
2023 Dezembro 28 24 52
2023 Novembro 36 15 51
2023 Outubro 24 13 37
2023 Setembro 12 20 32
2023 Agosto 53 18 71
2023 Julho 26 11 37
2023 Junho 21 9 30
2023 Maio 27 27 54
2023 Abril 14 3 17
2023 Maro 15 15 30
2023 Fevereiro 20 15 35
2023 Janeiro 17 16 33
2022 Dezembro 21 25 46
2022 Novembro 21 25 46
2022 Outubro 22 9 31
2022 Setembro 14 18 32
2022 Agosto 25 33 58
2022 Julho 21 22 43
2022 Junho 14 18 32
2022 Maio 17 26 43
2022 Abril 19 25 44
2022 Maro 20 20 40
2022 Fevereiro 15 21 36
2022 Janeiro 20 17 37
2021 Dezembro 14 21 35
2021 Novembro 23 29 52
2021 Outubro 26 33 59
2021 Setembro 17 15 32
2021 Agosto 42 32 74
2021 Julho 44 20 64
2021 Junho 26 25 51
2021 Maio 36 31 67
2021 Abril 59 22 81
2021 Maro 25 22 47
2021 Fevereiro 37 11 48
2021 Janeiro 21 12 33
2020 Dezembro 22 12 34
2020 Novembro 16 11 27
2020 Outubro 34 20 54
2020 Setembro 46 7 53
2020 Agosto 12 6 18
2020 Julho 32 16 48
2020 Junho 31 8 39
2020 Maio 26 4 30
2020 Abril 22 14 36
2020 Maro 26 9 35
2020 Fevereiro 70 25 95
2020 Janeiro 29 9 38
2019 Dezembro 20 4 24
2019 Novembro 18 7 25
2019 Outubro 59 4 63
2019 Setembro 14 6 20
2019 Agosto 20 8 28
2019 Julho 35 9 44
2019 Junho 19 9 28
2019 Maio 40 8 48
2019 Abril 28 14 42
2019 Maro 13 12 25
2019 Fevereiro 19 7 26
2019 Janeiro 17 7 24
2018 Dezembro 34 16 50
2018 Novembro 47 2 49
2018 Outubro 111 15 126
2018 Setembro 33 15 48
2018 Agosto 18 7 25
2018 Julho 30 14 44
2018 Junho 38 12 50
2018 Maio 47 27 74
2018 Abril 47 10 57
2018 Maro 55 24 79
2018 Fevereiro 35 7 42
2018 Janeiro 28 18 46
2017 Dezembro 38 10 48
2017 Novembro 49 10 59
2017 Outubro 32 20 52
2017 Setembro 28 15 43
2017 Agosto 22 13 35
2017 Julho 20 12 32
2017 Junho 17 9 26
2017 Maio 26 14 40
2017 Abril 8 2 10
2017 Maro 29 4 33
2017 Fevereiro 30 9 39
2017 Janeiro 36 8 44
2016 Dezembro 39 12 51
2016 Novembro 34 11 45
2016 Outubro 116 31 147
2016 Setembro 113 42 155
2016 Agosto 52 55 107
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