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patients presenting with cardiac chest pain&#44; raised levels of cardiac enzymes and acute changes on the electrocardiogram &#40;ECG&#41;&#44; although with absence of obstructive coronary artery disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a> Series suggest that TC affects approximately 1&#8211;2&#37; of patients initially diagnosed with an ACS&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Different pathophysiological mechanisms have been proposed to explain this syndrome&#44; such as occult atherosclerotic disease&#44; multivessel spasm and microvascular dysfunction&#46; The most widely accepted hypothesis nowadays is that of catecholamine excess causing calcium overload in cardiac myocytes&#44; leading to disruption of contraction and ventricular function&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The long-term prognosis is excellent&#44; with only 1&#8211;2&#37; of reported patients dying during hospitalization&#46; Serious complications including cardiogenic shock and arrhythmias may&#44; however&#44; occur acutely&#46; Supportive treatment is the mainstay of therapy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In cardiogenic shock&#44; mechanical circulatory support can be lifesaving&#46; Intra-aortic balloon pump &#40;IABP&#41; and extracorporeal life support &#40;ECLS&#41; are alternatives&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We report the successful use of ECLS to treat a patient with TC presenting with cardiogenic shock&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Case report</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 72-year-old female patient presented to the emergency department with chest pain and dyspnea of one hour&#39;s duration&#46; Her medical history consisted of hypertension&#44; dyslipidemia and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation&#46; She was under losartan 100 mg plus hydrochlorothiazide 12&#46;5 mg&#44; pitavastatin 4 mg and propafenone 300 mg&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At admission her blood pressure was 170&#47;130 mmHg&#44; heart rate 100 beats&#47;min and oxygen saturation 70&#37; on room air&#46; On physical examination the patient had diminished cardiac sounds and bilateral crackles up to the lung apices&#46; Furosemide&#44; intravenous nitrates and oxygen were started&#46; An ECG demonstrated ST-segment elevation in the precordial leads V2-V4&#44; and cardiac biomarkers were mildly elevated&#46; A transthoracic echocardiographic examination showed mechanical alterations in the myocardium supplied by the left anterior descending artery&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite therapy the patient progressed to cardiogenic shock&#59; invasive ventilation and inotropic support were initiated&#44; and she was transferred to our hospital for primary percutaneous coronary intervention&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Angiography revealed absence of obstructive coronary disease or acute plaque rupture &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#41;&#46; Ventriculography showed apical and midventricular dysfunction with hyperkinesis of the basal myocardial segments and severely depressed ejection fraction &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>&#41;&#46; A second detailed transthoracic echocardiographic examination confirmed apical akinesis&#44; basal hyperkinesis and severe systolic left ventricular &#40;LV&#41; dysfunction&#59; apical ballooning syndrome was confirmed&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient was admitted to the coronary intensive care unit under midazolam&#44; noradrenaline &#40;60 &#956;g&#47;min&#41; and dobutamine &#40;1&#46;8 &#956;g&#47;kg&#47;min&#41;&#44; and some minutes later developed pulseless monomorphic ventricular tachycardia&#44; rapidly reverted to sinus rhythm&#46; Despite aggressive therapy with fluids and increasing doses of noradrenaline and dobutamine she remained hemodynamically unstable&#46; Since TC is a reversible condition&#44; usually in a short period&#44; therapy with ECLS was considered as a lifesaving alternative&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Venous-arterial &#40;VA&#41;-ECLS was performed with 19 French &#40;F&#41; venous femoral cannulation and 17F arterial femoral cannulation&#46; Anticoagulation with unfractionated heparin was initiated&#44; for a target activated clotting time of 150&#8211;200 s&#46; Bypass flow was fixed initially at 2&#46;8 l&#47;min&#46; The vital parameters stabilized rapidly after ECLS and inotropic support was reduced&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At the end of the second day pulsatility on the arterial pressure waveform was evident and another transthoracic echocardiogram was performed&#46; This echocardiogram showed no regional wall motion abnormalities&#44; and ejection fraction was nearly normal&#46; ECLS flow was progressively reduced&#44; and on day 3 the system was explanted&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During ECLS four units of red blood cells and one unit of platelets were transfused&#44; to maintain hemoglobin concentration above 10 g&#47;dl and a platelet count &#62;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>000 U&#47;l&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ventilator-associated pneumonia was diagnosed one day after ECLS withdrawal and the patient was started on antibiotics&#46; Three days after ECLS the patient was in spontaneous ventilation and was transferred to her primary hospital&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Discussion</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">TC&#44; also known as stress-induced cardiomyopathy&#44; is an increasingly recognized clinical syndrome characterized by transient left ventricular dysfunction and wall motion abnormalities involving the apical and mid portions of the left ventricle&#44; although atypical forms have also been described&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a> It usually occurs in postmenopausal women after severe emotional or physical stress&#44; although in some cases the trigger is unknown&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5&#44;11</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinical presentation can mimic an acute coronary syndrome&#44; with patients complaining of chest pain and dyspnea and with ST-segment elevation on the ECG and elevated cardiac enzymes&#46; Angiography is crucial to the differential diagnosis&#44; since in TC there are no significant obstructive coronary lesions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The diagnostic criteria proposed by the Mayo Clinic are&#58; transient hypokinesis&#44; akinesis&#44; or dyskinesis in the left ventricular mid segments with or without apical involvement&#59; regional wall motion abnormalities that extend beyond a single epicardial vascular distribution&#59; frequently&#44; but not always&#44; a stressful trigger&#59; the absence of obstructive coronary disease or angiographic evidence of acute plaque rupture&#59; new ECG abnormalities &#40;ST-segment elevation and&#47;or T-wave inversion&#41; or modest elevation in cardiac troponin&#59; and the absence of pheochromocytoma and myocarditis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The pathophysiology of TC is not well understood&#46; Given that the onset of this syndrome is usually preceded by emotional or physical stress&#44; direct catecholamine-mediated myocyte injury has been advocated as the most probable mechanism&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with TC generally have a good prognosis&#44; with rapid improvement in LV systolic function within a few days or weeks&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> A variety of complications may occur in the acute phase of the disease&#44; such as acute heart failure with pulmonary edema or cardiogenic shock&#44; development of intraventricular pressure gradients&#44; acute functional mitral regurgitation&#44; right ventricular dysfunction&#44; intraventricular thrombi resulting in stroke or arterial embolism&#44; atrial fibrillation or malignant ventricular arrhythmias&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> In patients who develop such complications&#44; treatment represents a real challenge&#46; When the initial presentation of TC is cardiogenic shock&#44; vasoactive drugs to maintain blood pressure and improve tissue perfusion seem a reasonable option&#46; However&#44; given the presumptive pathophysiology of this syndrome&#44; vasopressors may cause more harm than benefit&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;8&#44;11</span></a> In the patient presented&#44; vasoactive drugs were started&#44; given that ACS was the initial presumptive diagnosis&#46; Worsening hemodynamics might have been partly due to this treatment&#46; Mechanical support in hemodynamically unstable TC patients is the most logical alternative&#46; Just after establishing TC as the correct diagnosis&#44; the patient collapsed with low oxygen saturation&#44; and so it was decided to initiate ECLS therapy as a bridge to recovery&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The first successful use of ECLS was reported in 1972&#44; and since this report an increasing number of individuals have been saved thanks to this temporary form of life support&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ECLS uses a modified heart-lung mechanical interface generally consisting of a centrifugal pump&#44; a heat exchanger&#44; and a membrane oxygenator&#46; In VA-ECLS deoxygenated blood is withdrawn through a drainage cannula &#40;from the venous system&#41; by an external pump&#44; passing through the oxygenator and returning to the patient through a reinfusion cannula inserted in an artery&#46; Unlike veno-venous ECLS&#44; VA-ECLS offers both respiratory and circulatory support&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bleeding remains the main complication in ECLS patients&#46; Other less common complications include blood clots&#44; pump or oxygenator failure&#44; neurologic and musculoskeletal complications&#44; limb ischemia&#44; infection&#44; renal failure and problems during cannulation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> In a recent study Loforte et al&#46; identified blood lactate level&#44; creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme relative index at 72 h after ECLS initiation&#44; and number of packed red blood cells transfused while on ECLS as significant predictors of mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Further studies are necessary to improve our knowledge of which patients will gain most from ECLS support&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our case ECLS minimized cardiac work and improved tissue perfusion&#44; enabling a significant reduction in doses of vasoactive drugs&#46; Three days after implantation the patient was successfully weaned from support and cardiac function had completely recovered&#46; There are some cases in the literature of TC successfully bridged to recovery with ECLS&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#8211;24</span></a> but this is&#44; to our knowledge&#44; the first reported case of TC with refractory cardiogenic shock treated with ECLS in Portugal&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Takotsubo cardiomyopathy &#40;TC&#41; is characterized by the sudden onset of reversible left ventricular dysfunction&#44; with a presentation similar to that of an acute coronary syndrome&#46; Although cardiogenic shock is a rare occurrence in TC&#44; if it does occur it may require the use of a left ventricular assist device&#46;</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We report the use of extracorporeal life support &#40;ECLS&#41; in a patient with TC and refractory cardiogenic shock&#46; With ECLS it was possible to reduce inotropic support&#44; and a normal left ventricular ejection fraction was documented by echocardiography on day 2&#46;</p><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This is&#44; to our knowledge&#44; the first reported case of TC with refractory cardiogenic shock treated with ECLS in Portugal&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A miocardiopatia de Takotsubo &#40;MT&#41; &#233; caracterizada por uma disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda s&#250;bita&#44; tendo uma apresenta&#231;&#227;o semelhante &#224; de uma s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda&#46; Apesar do choque cardiog&#233;nico ser uma ocorr&#234;ncia rara na MT&#44; caso ocorra&#44; pode levar ao uso de dispositivos de assist&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda&#46;</p><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Reportamos o caso de uma doente com MT e choque cardiog&#233;nico onde foi utilizado suporte de vida extracorporal &#40;SVEC&#41;&#46; Com o SVEC foi poss&#237;vel reduzir o suporte amin&#233;rgico e documentada em ecocardiografia uma fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal ao 2&#46;&#176; dia&#46;</p><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">No conhecimento dos autores este &#233; o primeiro caso&#44; em Portugal&#44; de choque cardiog&#233;nico por MT em que &#233; usado o SVEC como ponte para a melhoria&#46;</p></span>"
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Case report
Cardiogenic shock induced by Takotsubo cardiomyopathy: A new therapeutic option
Choque cardiogénico induzido pela miocardiopatia de Takotsubo - Uma nova opção terapêutica
Marisa Passos Silvaa,
Autor para correspondência
marisa.passos.silva@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Eduardo Matos Vilelaa, Ricardo Ladeiras Lopesa,b, Gustavo Pires de Moraisa, Paula Fernandesc, Lino Santosa, Adelaide Diasa, Vasco Gama Ribeiroa
a Department of Cardiology, Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho Hospital Center, Portugal
b Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Portugal
c Department of Anesthesiology, Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho Hospital Center, Portugal
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Takotsubo cardiomyopathy &#40;TC&#41; &#40;as it was first named in 1990 by Sato et al&#46; in Japan&#41;&#44; also known as stress-induced cardiomyopathy or broken heart syndrome&#44; is a transient left ventricular apical ballooning syndrome characterized by left ventricular dysfunction&#44; that usually occurs after a sudden emotional or physical stress&#46; The Japanese word &#8216;takotsubo&#8217; means &#8216;octopus pot&#8217;&#59; pots used to catch octopuses have a round bottom and a narrow neck&#44; thus trapping the creatures until they are pulled out by the fisherman&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a></p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The presentation of TC is similar to that of an acute coronary syndrome &#40;ACS&#41;&#44; patients presenting with cardiac chest pain&#44; raised levels of cardiac enzymes and acute changes on the electrocardiogram &#40;ECG&#41;&#44; although with absence of obstructive coronary artery disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a> Series suggest that TC affects approximately 1&#8211;2&#37; of patients initially diagnosed with an ACS&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Different pathophysiological mechanisms have been proposed to explain this syndrome&#44; such as occult atherosclerotic disease&#44; multivessel spasm and microvascular dysfunction&#46; The most widely accepted hypothesis nowadays is that of catecholamine excess causing calcium overload in cardiac myocytes&#44; leading to disruption of contraction and ventricular function&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The long-term prognosis is excellent&#44; with only 1&#8211;2&#37; of reported patients dying during hospitalization&#46; Serious complications including cardiogenic shock and arrhythmias may&#44; however&#44; occur acutely&#46; Supportive treatment is the mainstay of therapy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In cardiogenic shock&#44; mechanical circulatory support can be lifesaving&#46; Intra-aortic balloon pump &#40;IABP&#41; and extracorporeal life support &#40;ECLS&#41; are alternatives&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We report the successful use of ECLS to treat a patient with TC presenting with cardiogenic shock&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Case report</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 72-year-old female patient presented to the emergency department with chest pain and dyspnea of one hour&#39;s duration&#46; Her medical history consisted of hypertension&#44; dyslipidemia and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation&#46; She was under losartan 100 mg plus hydrochlorothiazide 12&#46;5 mg&#44; pitavastatin 4 mg and propafenone 300 mg&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At admission her blood pressure was 170&#47;130 mmHg&#44; heart rate 100 beats&#47;min and oxygen saturation 70&#37; on room air&#46; On physical examination the patient had diminished cardiac sounds and bilateral crackles up to the lung apices&#46; Furosemide&#44; intravenous nitrates and oxygen were started&#46; An ECG demonstrated ST-segment elevation in the precordial leads V2-V4&#44; and cardiac biomarkers were mildly elevated&#46; A transthoracic echocardiographic examination showed mechanical alterations in the myocardium supplied by the left anterior descending artery&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite therapy the patient progressed to cardiogenic shock&#59; invasive ventilation and inotropic support were initiated&#44; and she was transferred to our hospital for primary percutaneous coronary intervention&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Angiography revealed absence of obstructive coronary disease or acute plaque rupture &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#41;&#46; Ventriculography showed apical and midventricular dysfunction with hyperkinesis of the basal myocardial segments and severely depressed ejection fraction &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>&#41;&#46; A second detailed transthoracic echocardiographic examination confirmed apical akinesis&#44; basal hyperkinesis and severe systolic left ventricular &#40;LV&#41; dysfunction&#59; apical ballooning syndrome was confirmed&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient was admitted to the coronary intensive care unit under midazolam&#44; noradrenaline &#40;60 &#956;g&#47;min&#41; and dobutamine &#40;1&#46;8 &#956;g&#47;kg&#47;min&#41;&#44; and some minutes later developed pulseless monomorphic ventricular tachycardia&#44; rapidly reverted to sinus rhythm&#46; Despite aggressive therapy with fluids and increasing doses of noradrenaline and dobutamine she remained hemodynamically unstable&#46; Since TC is a reversible condition&#44; usually in a short period&#44; therapy with ECLS was considered as a lifesaving alternative&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Venous-arterial &#40;VA&#41;-ECLS was performed with 19 French &#40;F&#41; venous femoral cannulation and 17F arterial femoral cannulation&#46; Anticoagulation with unfractionated heparin was initiated&#44; for a target activated clotting time of 150&#8211;200 s&#46; Bypass flow was fixed initially at 2&#46;8 l&#47;min&#46; The vital parameters stabilized rapidly after ECLS and inotropic support was reduced&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At the end of the second day pulsatility on the arterial pressure waveform was evident and another transthoracic echocardiogram was performed&#46; This echocardiogram showed no regional wall motion abnormalities&#44; and ejection fraction was nearly normal&#46; ECLS flow was progressively reduced&#44; and on day 3 the system was explanted&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During ECLS four units of red blood cells and one unit of platelets were transfused&#44; to maintain hemoglobin concentration above 10 g&#47;dl and a platelet count &#62;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>000 U&#47;l&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ventilator-associated pneumonia was diagnosed one day after ECLS withdrawal and the patient was started on antibiotics&#46; Three days after ECLS the patient was in spontaneous ventilation and was transferred to her primary hospital&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Discussion</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">TC&#44; also known as stress-induced cardiomyopathy&#44; is an increasingly recognized clinical syndrome characterized by transient left ventricular dysfunction and wall motion abnormalities involving the apical and mid portions of the left ventricle&#44; although atypical forms have also been described&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a> It usually occurs in postmenopausal women after severe emotional or physical stress&#44; although in some cases the trigger is unknown&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5&#44;11</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinical presentation can mimic an acute coronary syndrome&#44; with patients complaining of chest pain and dyspnea and with ST-segment elevation on the ECG and elevated cardiac enzymes&#46; Angiography is crucial to the differential diagnosis&#44; since in TC there are no significant obstructive coronary lesions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The diagnostic criteria proposed by the Mayo Clinic are&#58; transient hypokinesis&#44; akinesis&#44; or dyskinesis in the left ventricular mid segments with or without apical involvement&#59; regional wall motion abnormalities that extend beyond a single epicardial vascular distribution&#59; frequently&#44; but not always&#44; a stressful trigger&#59; the absence of obstructive coronary disease or angiographic evidence of acute plaque rupture&#59; new ECG abnormalities &#40;ST-segment elevation and&#47;or T-wave inversion&#41; or modest elevation in cardiac troponin&#59; and the absence of pheochromocytoma and myocarditis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The pathophysiology of TC is not well understood&#46; Given that the onset of this syndrome is usually preceded by emotional or physical stress&#44; direct catecholamine-mediated myocyte injury has been advocated as the most probable mechanism&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with TC generally have a good prognosis&#44; with rapid improvement in LV systolic function within a few days or weeks&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> A variety of complications may occur in the acute phase of the disease&#44; such as acute heart failure with pulmonary edema or cardiogenic shock&#44; development of intraventricular pressure gradients&#44; acute functional mitral regurgitation&#44; right ventricular dysfunction&#44; intraventricular thrombi resulting in stroke or arterial embolism&#44; atrial fibrillation or malignant ventricular arrhythmias&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> In patients who develop such complications&#44; treatment represents a real challenge&#46; When the initial presentation of TC is cardiogenic shock&#44; vasoactive drugs to maintain blood pressure and improve tissue perfusion seem a reasonable option&#46; However&#44; given the presumptive pathophysiology of this syndrome&#44; vasopressors may cause more harm than benefit&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;8&#44;11</span></a> In the patient presented&#44; vasoactive drugs were started&#44; given that ACS was the initial presumptive diagnosis&#46; Worsening hemodynamics might have been partly due to this treatment&#46; Mechanical support in hemodynamically unstable TC patients is the most logical alternative&#46; Just after establishing TC as the correct diagnosis&#44; the patient collapsed with low oxygen saturation&#44; and so it was decided to initiate ECLS therapy as a bridge to recovery&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The first successful use of ECLS was reported in 1972&#44; and since this report an increasing number of individuals have been saved thanks to this temporary form of life support&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ECLS uses a modified heart-lung mechanical interface generally consisting of a centrifugal pump&#44; a heat exchanger&#44; and a membrane oxygenator&#46; In VA-ECLS deoxygenated blood is withdrawn through a drainage cannula &#40;from the venous system&#41; by an external pump&#44; passing through the oxygenator and returning to the patient through a reinfusion cannula inserted in an artery&#46; Unlike veno-venous ECLS&#44; VA-ECLS offers both respiratory and circulatory support&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bleeding remains the main complication in ECLS patients&#46; Other less common complications include blood clots&#44; pump or oxygenator failure&#44; neurologic and musculoskeletal complications&#44; limb ischemia&#44; infection&#44; renal failure and problems during cannulation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> In a recent study Loforte et al&#46; identified blood lactate level&#44; creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme relative index at 72 h after ECLS initiation&#44; and number of packed red blood cells transfused while on ECLS as significant predictors of mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Further studies are necessary to improve our knowledge of which patients will gain most from ECLS support&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our case ECLS minimized cardiac work and improved tissue perfusion&#44; enabling a significant reduction in doses of vasoactive drugs&#46; Three days after implantation the patient was successfully weaned from support and cardiac function had completely recovered&#46; There are some cases in the literature of TC successfully bridged to recovery with ECLS&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#8211;24</span></a> but this is&#44; to our knowledge&#44; the first reported case of TC with refractory cardiogenic shock treated with ECLS in Portugal&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Takotsubo cardiomyopathy &#40;TC&#41; is characterized by the sudden onset of reversible left ventricular dysfunction&#44; with a presentation similar to that of an acute coronary syndrome&#46; Although cardiogenic shock is a rare occurrence in TC&#44; if it does occur it may require the use of a left ventricular assist device&#46;</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We report the use of extracorporeal life support &#40;ECLS&#41; in a patient with TC and refractory cardiogenic shock&#46; With ECLS it was possible to reduce inotropic support&#44; and a normal left ventricular ejection fraction was documented by echocardiography on day 2&#46;</p><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This is&#44; to our knowledge&#44; the first reported case of TC with refractory cardiogenic shock treated with ECLS in Portugal&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A miocardiopatia de Takotsubo &#40;MT&#41; &#233; caracterizada por uma disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda s&#250;bita&#44; tendo uma apresenta&#231;&#227;o semelhante &#224; de uma s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda&#46; Apesar do choque cardiog&#233;nico ser uma ocorr&#234;ncia rara na MT&#44; caso ocorra&#44; pode levar ao uso de dispositivos de assist&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda&#46;</p><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Reportamos o caso de uma doente com MT e choque cardiog&#233;nico onde foi utilizado suporte de vida extracorporal &#40;SVEC&#41;&#46; Com o SVEC foi poss&#237;vel reduzir o suporte amin&#233;rgico e documentada em ecocardiografia uma fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal ao 2&#46;&#176; dia&#46;</p><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">No conhecimento dos autores este &#233; o primeiro caso&#44; em Portugal&#44; de choque cardiog&#233;nico por MT em que &#233; usado o SVEC como ponte para a melhoria&#46;</p></span>"
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                            0 => "H&#46; Sato"
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                      "titulo" => "Assessment of clinical features in transient left ventricular apical ballooning"
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                          "etal" => true
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Informação do artigo
ISSN: 08702551
Idioma original: Inglês
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