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A s&#237;ncope reflexa &#40;SNc&#41; &#233; a sua forma mais comum&#44; apresentando uma maior incid&#234;ncia em adultos jovens<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A patofisiologia da s&#237;ncope reflexa &#233; ainda pouco conhecida&#44; n&#227;o obstante&#44; est&#225; j&#225; demonstrado que a reatividade alterada do sistema nervoso aut&#243;nomo a est&#237;mulos geradores de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">stress</span>&#44; como o ortostatismo ativo&#44; est&#225; envolvida no desencadear da resposta sincopal<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">V&#225;rias op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas t&#234;m sido propostas ao longo dos anos como tratamento da s&#237;ncope reflexa&#46; Estas v&#227;o desde medidas comportamentais at&#233; ao <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pacing</span> card&#237;aco&#44; passando por v&#225;rias op&#231;&#245;es de terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica&#46; No entanto&#44; todas se revelaram apenas parcialmente eficazes nos indiv&#237;duos selecionados&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em 1998&#44; foi proposta uma nova alternativa terap&#234;utica n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica para a s&#237;ncope reflexa&#58; o treino de ortostatismo &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tilt training</span>- TTr&#41;&#46; De facto&#44; Ector et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> mostraram que a exposi&#231;&#227;o repetida e prolongada do sistema cardiovascular a est&#237;mulos ortost&#225;ticos proporcionava um efeito terap&#234;utico em doentes com s&#237;ncope reflexa&#46; A efic&#225;cia do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">tilt training</span> tem sido avaliada em v&#225;rios estudos observacionais&#44; n&#227;o aleatorizados<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8-10</span></a>&#44; 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A prova terminava com a ocorr&#234;ncia de resposta positiva ou&#44; caso esta n&#227;o se observasse&#44; 20 minutos ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o dos f&#225;rmacos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; Definiu-se como uma resposta positiva ao teste de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">tilt</span> diagn&#243;stico a reprodu&#231;&#227;o de s&#237;ncope associada a bradicardia &#40;com diminui&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#62; 30&#37; do valor m&#225;ximo observado em ortostatismo&#41;&#44; a hipotens&#227;o &#40;com diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#62; 50&#37; do valor m&#225;ximo observado em ortostatismo&#41;&#44; ou a ambas&#44; e classificada de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o VASIS<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram os seguintes&#58; 1&#41; presen&#231;a de cardiopatia estrutural ou altera&#231;&#227;o do ritmo card&#237;aco&#59; 2&#41; causa neurol&#243;gica para a s&#237;ncope&#44; incluindo hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica cl&#225;ssica ou tardia&#59; 3&#41; resposta exagerada aos nitratos&#59; 4&#41; recusa em fornecer consentimento informado&#59; 5&#41; incapacidade f&#237;sica de permanecer 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min em posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica&#59; 6&#41; impossibilidade de descontinuar temporariamente medica&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular que pudesse interferir nas avalia&#231;&#245;es do sistema nervoso aut&#243;nomo&#59; 7&#41; gravidez&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este estudo cumpre os requisitos da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Hels&#237;nquia&#44; tendo sido obtido o consentimento informado de todos os doentes&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Programa de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tilt Training</span></span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O protocolo de TTr possui dois componentes que decorrem em simult&#226;neo&#58; 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Durante o TTr&#44; os doentes foram monitorizados atrav&#233;s do registo cont&#237;nuo e n&#227;o invasivo da press&#227;o arterial&#44; do eletrocardiograma &#40;ECG&#41; e da imped&#226;ncia tor&#225;cica &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Task Force Monitor</span>&#44; CNSystems&#44; Austria&#41;&#44; sendo o teste interrompido sempre que se verificasse sintomatologia&#46; As sess&#245;es hospitalares foram complementadas com treino di&#225;rio no domic&#237;lio&#44; com o doente durante 20 minutos em posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica a 60&#176; contra superf&#237;cie vertical plana e os p&#233;s afastados &#40;a cerca de 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm da parede&#41; e eleva&#231;&#227;o da cabeceira a 10&#176; durante o sono&#46; Os doentes estavam instru&#237;dos para interromperem a manobra ortost&#225;tica di&#225;ria&#44; em qualquer momento&#44; se pressentissem o in&#237;cio de sintomas&#46; Todos os doentes foram reavaliados clinicamente no 1&#46;&#176; m&#234;s e a cada 6 meses&#44; num per&#237;odo m&#225;ximo de 36 meses&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Aquisi&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lise de dados</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os intervalos RR &#40;RRI&#41; e os sinais de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#40;PAS&#41; foram registados de forma cont&#237;nua&#44; batimento-a-batimento &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Task Force Monitor</span>&#44; CNSystems&#44; Graz&#44; Austria&#41;&#46; Os restantes par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#40;FC&#41;&#44; press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia &#40;MAP&#41;&#44; volume sist&#243;lico &#40;VS&#41;&#44; d&#233;bito card&#237;aco &#40;DC&#41; e resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica &#40;RVP&#41; foram calculados com base no sinal de imped&#226;ncia tor&#225;cica &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Task Force Monitor</span>&#44; CNSystems&#44; Graz&#44; Austria&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A an&#225;lise de dados foi realizada recorrendo a uma interface programada em Matlab &#40;MathWorks&#44; USA&#41;&#46; Para o efeito&#44; foi implementada uma rotina de modo a detetar os picos de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#40;PAs&#41; e os pontos fiduciais das ondas R de cada complexo eletrocardiogr&#225;fico&#44; batimento-a-batimento&#44; e de forma que fosse poss&#237;vel a reconstru&#231;&#227;o de uma curva de evolu&#231;&#227;o temporal da press&#227;o arterial &#40;sistograma&#41; e da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#40;FC&#59; tacograma&#41;&#46; Os sinais reconstru&#237;dos foram utilizados para o c&#225;lculo da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e da press&#227;o arterial e para o c&#225;lculo da sensibilidade do barorreflexo&#46;</p><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Neste estudo&#44; a t&#233;cnica de autorregress&#227;o foi utilizada para extra&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas dos sinais cardiovasculares&#58; frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e press&#227;o arterial&#46; O per&#237;odo de tempo total da manobra foi segmentado em intervalos de 5 minutos&#44; n&#227;o s&#243; para facilitar a computa&#231;&#227;o mas&#44; principalmente&#44; para melhor se visualizar a din&#226;mica das altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares que decorreram durante toda a manobra&#46; Para cada um dos intervalos analisados obteve-se um espetro de pot&#234;ncia de frequ&#234;ncias&#44; tendo sido isoladas duas bandas principais&#58; alta frequ&#234;ncia &#40;HF&#59; 0&#44;15-0&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hz&#41;&#44; marcadora da atividade parassimp&#225;tica&#59; baixa frequ&#234;ncia &#40;LF&#59; 0&#44;04-0&#44;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hz&#41;&#44; indicadora da atividade simp&#225;tica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Sensibilidade e efetividade do barorreflexo</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A sensibilidade do barorreflexo permite elucidar acerca da resposta final global decorrente da ativa&#231;&#227;o do reflexo barorrecetor atrav&#233;s da avalia&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es simult&#226;neas de press&#227;o arterial&#46; No presente trabalho&#44; a sensibilidade do barorreflexo foi estimada segundo o m&#233;todo sequencial&#46; Em resumo&#58; o sinal de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica foi analisado com o objetivo de identificar as rampas de tr&#234;s ou mais batimentos card&#237;acos consecutivos com um aumento progressivo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;up-ramp&#41;</span>&#44; ou diminui&#231;&#227;o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;down-ramp&#41;</span>&#44; de pelo menos 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg de press&#227;o arterial&#46; O algoritmo identificou as sequ&#234;ncias espont&#226;neas de barorreflexo&#44; definidas como rampas de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#40;PAs&#41; seguidas por varia&#231;&#245;es concomitantes e concordantes de RRI &#8805; a 5ms&#44; varia&#231;&#245;es essas que s&#227;o analisadas em tr&#234;s desfasamentos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;lags&#41;</span> temporais&#58; de &#8722;0&#44; &#8722;1 e &#8722;2 batimentos card&#237;acos&#46; Cada sequ&#234;ncia &#233; inclu&#237;da apenas uma vez<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46; Para cada sequ&#234;ncia espont&#226;nea foi calculado o declive da rela&#231;&#227;o linear entre a PAs e os valores de RRI&#46; Foram analisados apenas os per&#237;odos com valores de coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o &#62; 0&#44;8&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para cada per&#237;odo selecionado para an&#225;lise foi calculado o &#237;ndice de efetividade do barorreflexo &#40;BEI&#41;&#46; O BEI &#233; definido como a raz&#227;o entre o n&#250;mero total de sequ&#234;ncias de barorreflexo detetadas e o n&#250;mero total de rampas de PAs<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46; Quanto maior o valor de BEI&#44; maior o n&#250;mero de rampas de PAs que s&#227;o seguidas de altera&#231;&#245;es de RRI&#44; ou seja&#44; maior a efic&#225;cia do reflexo barorrecetor na adapta&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular que &#233; exigida&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica &#40;SPSS&#44; Vs 18&#41;&#44; cada sess&#227;o de treino foi dividida em sete per&#237;odos de 5 minutos&#44; o primeiro correspondendo ao per&#237;odo basal&#44; os restantes ap&#243;s eleva&#231;&#227;o da mesa basculante&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o&#46; A assum&#231;&#227;o de normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi analisada com o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov&#46; Foram analisados e comparados os resultados da primeira e da nona sess&#227;o de TTr utilizando o teste <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-student para dados emparelhados&#46; Foi considerada signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica para valores de p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo 28 doentes&#44; 14 dos quais do sexo masculino&#44; com idade de 41<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14 anos&#46; O n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de recorr&#234;ncias de s&#237;ncope&#44; antes do in&#237;cio do programa de TTr&#44; foi de 4&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;2 epis&#243;dios sincopais&#47;ano&#47;doente &#40;ver resumo na <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Varia&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca&#58;</span> quando se comparam os resultados da primeira sess&#227;o de TTr com os da nona sess&#227;o&#44; observa-se uma tend&#234;ncia para a diminui&#231;&#227;o dos valores de FC &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figura 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia &#40;PAM&#41; e volume sist&#243;lico &#40;VS&#41;</span>&#58; os valores de PAM &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figura 1</a>&#41; e os de VS &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figura 1</a>&#41; aumentam n&#227;o significativamente quando se comparam os resultados da primeira com os da nona sess&#227;o &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Tabela 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D&#233;bito card&#237;aco &#40;DC&#41;</span>&#58; no caso do DC n&#227;o se observam altera&#231;&#245;es entre os resultados da primeira com os da &#250;ltima sess&#227;o &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figura 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica &#40;RVP&#41;&#58;</span> em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; RVP &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">fig&#46; 2</a>e 2&#41;&#44; observa-se um aumento estatisticamente significativo dos seus valores entre a primeira e a &#250;ltima sess&#227;o &#40;1485<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>225 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 1591<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>187 dyne&#42;s&#47;cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;5</span>&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#44; o que tamb&#233;m &#233; evidenciado pelas modifica&#231;&#245;es observadas nos seus desvios-padr&#227;o &#40;206<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>42&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#44; os quais traduzem uma tend&#234;ncia para o alcan&#231;ar de um valor de equil&#237;brio din&#226;mico mais baixo&#44; como pode ser observado na <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Tabela 3</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#243;mica cardiovascular</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o do comportamento do sistema nervoso aut&#243;nomo para o cora&#231;&#227;o ao longo das diferentes sess&#245;es&#44; os estudos de variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e da press&#227;o arterial utilizando a t&#233;cnica de autorregress&#227;o evidenciam um aumento do t&#243;nus simp&#225;tico&#44; que se traduz&#44; durante o TTr&#44; num aumento progressivo da atividade auton&#243;mica global &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Tabela 4</a>&#41; e no aumento significativo dos &#237;ndices de variabilidade nas bandas das LF &#40;sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico&#41; e das HF &#40;sistema nervoso parassimp&#225;tico&#41;&#46; Este aumento da atividade auton&#243;mica pode&#44; igualmente&#44; ser observado&#44; ainda que n&#227;o com significado estat&#237;stico atrav&#233;s das modifica&#231;&#245;es do &#237;ndice de efetividade do barorreflexo &#8211; BEI &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Tabela 5</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Avalia&#231;&#227;o e seguimento dos doentes</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nos doentes submetidos ao programa de TTr verificou-se uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa do n&#250;mero de epis&#243;dios sincopais&#44; de 4&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;2&#47;doente nos 12 meses antes do treino para 1&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;8&#47;doente ap&#243;s o treino ortost&#225;tico &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#46; Em cinco doentes &#40;17&#37;&#41; n&#227;o se observaram altera&#231;&#245;es no padr&#227;o dos epis&#243;dios sincopais&#46; Apesar de todos os doentes terem cumprido a totalidade das sess&#245;es hospitalares&#44; observou-se&#44; ao fim de um ano&#44; que 11 destes doentes &#40;39&#37;&#41; deixaram de efetuar o treino domicili&#225;rio por sentirem melhoria da sua sintomatologia&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discuss&#227;o</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tanto quanto &#233; do nosso conhecimento&#44; este &#233; o primeiro estudo que combina a avalia&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea das altera&#231;&#245;es cardiocirculat&#243;rias&#44; da atividade auton&#243;mica para o sistema cardiovascular e da sensibilidade do barorreflexo&#44; induzidas pelo TTr em doentes com SNc refrat&#225;ria &#224;s medidas convencionais&#46; Mostramos o aumento significativo da reserva vasoconstritora nestes doentes ap&#243;s nove sess&#245;es de treino&#46; Verificamos&#44; igualmente&#44; um aumento significativo da sensibilidade do barorreflexo determinada pelo m&#233;todo sequencial&#44; bem como dos par&#226;metros da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#40;LF e HF&#41; calculados atrav&#233;s da t&#233;cnica da autorregress&#227;o&#46; Os nossos resultados mostram que o TTr aumenta o t&#243;nus auton&#243;mico&#44; com um aumento significativo da atividade simp&#225;tica e parassimp&#225;tica&#44; bem como da sensibilidade do barorreflexo&#44; ap&#243;s tr&#234;s semanas de treino&#46; Estas respostas&#44; que&#44; em nossa opini&#227;o&#44; se devem principalmente a uma remodelagem da atividade auton&#243;mica para a periferia&#44; em particular para o sistema cardiovascular&#44; foram ben&#233;ficas para os doentes ao reduzirem significativamente o n&#250;mero de epis&#243;dios sincopais&#44; confirmam o TTr como uma modalidade terap&#234;utica a ser usada como complemento &#224;s medidas terap&#234;uticas convencionais&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A SNc &#233; a mais frequente causa de perda transit&#243;ria de consci&#234;ncia&#44; podendo ser desencadeada por v&#225;rios est&#237;mulos de natureza variada como&#44; por exemplo&#44; a exposi&#231;&#227;o a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">stress</span> emocional&#44; calor ou perman&#234;ncia prolongada em posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica&#46; Apesar de o progn&#243;stico ser globalmente benigno&#44; &#233; acompanhado de uma marcada diminui&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida dos doentes&#44; seja por risco acrescido de trauma f&#237;sico ou pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da autoconfian&#231;a associada ao receio de novos epis&#243;dios de s&#237;ncope&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas para este grupo de doentes s&#227;o limitadas&#46; De facto&#44; o objetivo nestes doentes traduz-se na preven&#231;&#227;o de novas recorr&#234;ncias e dos danos f&#237;sicos a elas associados e na melhoria geral da sua qualidade de vida&#46; Assim&#44; as medidas mais comuns incluem o apoio educacional a fim de evitar poss&#237;veis causas desencadeantes&#44; o reconhecimento de pr&#243;dromos e a execu&#231;&#227;o de manobras&#47;gestos que possam abortar o epis&#243;dio sincopal&#46; Em alguns doentes&#44; a terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica pode complementar estas medidas&#44; enquanto que o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pacing</span> card&#237;aco se encontra reservado a grupos espec&#237;ficos de indiv&#237;duos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At&#233; ao momento&#44; alguns estudos t&#234;m indicado o treino de ortostatismo como uma medida terap&#234;utica com algumas limita&#231;&#245;es&#44; sendo a principal a necessidade de ades&#227;o do doente a um tratamento de longa dura&#231;&#227;o<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span></a>&#41;&#46; De facto&#44; a ades&#227;o ao TTr pode tornar-se problem&#225;tica&#44; principalmente nos doentes que&#44; ap&#243;s algumas sess&#245;es&#44; se tornam assintom&#225;ticos&#44; sendo&#44; por isso&#44; importante o refor&#231;o educacional e da motiva&#231;&#227;o para o treino&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De igual modo&#44; as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">guidelines</span> 1 sobre s&#237;ncope indicam a n&#227;o exist&#234;ncia de estudos n&#227;o aleatorizados que provem a utilidade do treino de ortostatismo como fator para que esta modalidade terap&#234;utica n&#227;o seja amplamente usada&#46; De facto&#44; ao compararmos o nosso trabalho com esses estudos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span></a> verificamos algumas diferen&#231;as que poder&#227;o ser importantes para as conclus&#245;es que s&#227;o extra&#237;das&#44; nomeadamente&#44; os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o dos doentes&#44; o desenho do protocolo de treino mas&#44; principalmente&#44; o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">end point</span> que &#233;&#44; de facto&#44; diverso e leva&#44; consequentemente&#44; a diferen&#231;as na interpreta&#231;&#227;o de resultados e na avalia&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia do treino&#46; Assim&#44; enquanto&#44; no nosso estudo&#44; pretendemos saber qual a efic&#225;cia do TTr&#44; complementado com as manobras no domic&#237;lio&#44; sobre a diminui&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de epis&#243;dios sincopais e&#44; por isso&#44; na melhoria da qualidade de vida do doente&#44; Foglia et al&#46; apresentam como <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">end point</span> o desencadear ou n&#227;o de s&#237;ncope durante um teste de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">tilt</span> efetuado um m&#234;s ap&#243;s o fim do treino de ortostatismo&#46; Neste caso&#44; pode-se discutir se o objetivo do treino &#233; a capacidade de induzir altera&#231;&#245;es que permitam ao indiv&#237;duo efetuar&#44; com melhorias significativas&#44; as suas rotinas di&#225;rias ou se&#44; pelo contr&#225;rio&#44; &#233; uma manobra que quer preparar o indiv&#237;duo para reagir a est&#237;mulos intensos como uma mudan&#231;a abrupta para a posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica&#46; &#201; nossa opini&#227;o&#44; depois de avaliarmos os nossos doentes&#44; que a escolha do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">end point</span> dever&#225; incidir sobre a primeira op&#231;&#227;o e&#44; nestas circunst&#226;ncias&#44; o treino de ortostatismo mostra-se eficaz&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Na mesma linha das nossas conclus&#245;es encontram-se os trabalhos de Abe<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a> e os de Reybrouck<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a>&#46; De facto&#44; Abe et al&#46;&#44; com um protocolo de treino ortost&#225;tico semelhante ao nosso&#44; observaram a n&#227;o exist&#234;ncia de epis&#243;dios sincopais espont&#226;neos e n&#227;o conseguiram induzir s&#237;ncope com teste de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">stress</span> ortost&#225;tico&#46; Estas observa&#231;&#245;es foram confirmadas tamb&#233;m por Reybrouck et al&#46;&#44; que reportaram um n&#250;mero significativamente inferior de epis&#243;dios sincopais nos doentes ap&#243;s o treino de ortostatismo complementado com manobras no domic&#237;lio&#46; Estes autores reportaram&#44; ainda&#44; que os doentes que abandonaram o treino ortost&#225;tico sem o completar n&#227;o tiveram nenhum epis&#243;dio sincopal at&#233; um ano ap&#243;s o abandono&#44; o que sugere uma restaura&#231;&#227;o da atividade auton&#243;mica reflexa nestes doentes&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No entanto&#44; apesar da demonstra&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia do treino&#44; os mecanismos fisiol&#243;gicos subjacentes &#224; melhoria do estado geral apresentado pelos doentes ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o bem determinados&#46; Estudos anteriores apontaram para a possibilidade do envolvimento de mecanismos humorais sistema renina-angiotensina<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#44; altera&#231;&#245;es barorreflexas e modifica&#231;&#245;es auton&#243;micas gerais nas respostas observadas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21-24</span></a>&#46; Em particular&#44; Ector et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> observaram o aumento da reserva vasoconstritora sem altera&#231;&#245;es simult&#226;neas do barorreflexo ou do t&#243;nus auton&#243;mico&#46; Por seu lado&#44; Pin Tan et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#44; documentam um aumento das altas &#40;HF&#41; e baixas frequ&#234;ncias &#40;LF&#41;&#44; indicadores de aumento do t&#243;nus auton&#243;mico&#46; O presente trabalho &#233; o primeiro a relacionar altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas com modifica&#231;&#245;es do t&#243;nus auton&#243;mico efetuada pela avalia&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade do barorreflexo e da avalia&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade da press&#227;o arterial e da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca&#46; Assim&#44; os nossos resultados mostram um aumento significativo da RVP juntamente com o aumento significativo de LF e HF e da sensibilidade ao barorreflexo sem altera&#231;&#245;es significativas das outras vari&#225;veis&#46; Estas varia&#231;&#245;es permitem dizer que o aumento da RVP se deve preferencialmente a um aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica para os vasos&#44; permitindo a manuten&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sem grandes varia&#231;&#245;es durante a altera&#231;&#227;o postural&#46; Por outro lado&#44; observa-se uma tend&#234;ncia para o aumento ligeiro da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia que &#233; acompanhado&#44; como seria esperado&#44; pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da resposta cronotr&#243;pica&#44; o que &#233; traduzido no aumento da altas frequ&#234;ncias e pelo ligeiro aumento&#44; n&#227;o significativo&#44; da sensibilidade ao barorreflexo e da sua efic&#225;cia na adapta&#231;&#227;o &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es de postura&#46; Para al&#233;m destas varia&#231;&#245;es de RVP&#44; h&#225; ainda a salientar a diminui&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade dos desvios-padr&#227;o da RVP que traduz&#44; no nosso entender&#44; uma remodelagem simp&#225;tica perif&#233;rica e som&#225;tica&#46; De facto&#44; a menor variabilidade dos desvios-padr&#227;o da RVP indica que o indiv&#237;duo passou de uma posi&#231;&#227;o de grande oscila&#231;&#227;o em torno de um valor m&#233;dio de equil&#237;brio para uma posi&#231;&#227;o de menor oscila&#231;&#227;o que lhe permite adaptar melhor&#44; ou seja&#44; adaptar com menos varia&#231;&#245;es durante as altera&#231;&#245;es posturais&#46; Por outro lado&#44; embora n&#227;o avaliado no presente trabalho&#44; o TTr poder&#225; igualmente induzir um aumento do t&#243;nus muscular dos membros inferiores que coadjuvar&#225; o aumento da RVP&#44; permitindo uma melhor adapta&#231;&#227;o postural&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em conclus&#227;o&#44; nos doentes com s&#237;ncope reflexa refrat&#225;ria&#44; o nosso protocolo de treino mostrou ser uma op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica eficaz&#44; com benef&#237;cios a longo prazo&#44; permitindo uma melhor toler&#226;ncia ao ortostatismo atrav&#233;s de tr&#234;s mecanismos principais&#58; aumento da reserva vasoconstritora e da sua menor variabilidade&#59; aumento global do t&#243;nus auton&#243;mico e altera&#231;&#227;o da atividade barorreflexa e sugerindo uma melhoria na qualidade de vida dos doentes&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflito de interesses</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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              "titulo" => "Programa de Tilt Training"
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              "titulo" => "Sensibilidade e efetividade do barorreflexo"
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          "titulo" => "Varia&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos"
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              "titulo" => "Fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#243;mica cardiovascular"
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          "titulo" => "Avalia&#231;&#227;o e seguimento dos doentes"
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        13 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Bibliografia"
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    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2011-07-11"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2011-12-15"
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            2 => "Sistema nervoso aut&#243;nomo"
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        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A s&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#233;nica &#40;SNc&#41; &#233; uma entidade cl&#237;nica comum&#44; resultante de uma resposta auton&#243;mica reflexa excessiva durante o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">stress</span> ortost&#225;tico&#46; As diferentes op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas s&#227;o controversas e de efic&#225;cia limitada&#46; O treino de ortostatismo &#40;TTr&#41; tem-se mostrado uma alternativa prometedora no tratamento destes doentes &#40;D&#41;&#46; No entanto&#44; permanece por esclarecer o seu mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o e o impacto cl&#237;nico numa popula&#231;&#227;o com SNc recorrente&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objectivo</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Caracterizar a resposta hemodin&#226;mica e auton&#243;mica durante um programa de TTr em doentes com SNc refrat&#225;ria &#224;s medidas convencionais&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Popula&#231;&#227;o e m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Foram estudados 28D &#40;50&#37; do sexo masculino&#44; 41<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14 anos&#41;&#44; sem evid&#234;ncia de cardiopatia&#44; com SNc documentada em teste de ortostatismo passivo&#46; O TTr incluiu 9 sess&#245;es hospitalares &#40;3x&#47;semana&#44; 30 minutos&#41; com monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua de press&#227;o arterial e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#40;60&#176; - 6 sess&#245;es - 70&#176; - 3 sess&#245;es&#41;&#44; complementadas com treino di&#225;rio no domic&#237;lio e eleva&#231;&#227;o da cabeceira a 10&#176; durante o sono&#46; O volume sist&#243;lico&#44; o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco&#44; a resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica&#44; a sensibilidade do barorreflexo e a variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foram calculados&#46; Todos os doentes foram reavaliados no fim do 1&#46;&#176; m&#234;s e no final de cada 6 meses num per&#237;odo m&#225;ximo de 36 meses &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">follow-up</span> 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12 meses&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ao longo das sess&#245;es de TTr verificou-se um aumento significativo e consistente da resist&#234;ncia total perif&#233;rica &#40;1485<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>225 vs&#46; 1591<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>187 dyne&#42;s&#47;cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;5</span>&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41; associado a uma diminui&#231;&#227;o do seu desvio-padr&#227;o &#40;206<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60 vs&#46; 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>42&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#46; Durante o per&#237;odo de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">follow-up</span>&#44; houve recorr&#234;ncia de s&#237;ncope em 5D &#40;19&#37;&#41;&#44; com redu&#231;&#227;o significativa do numero de s&#237;ncopes &#40;4&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;2&#47;D nos 12 meses pre-TTr vs&#46; 1&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;8&#47;D pos-TTr&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Em doentes com SNc refrat&#225;ria&#44; o TTr mostrou ser uma op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica eficaz&#44; com beneficio a longo prazo&#46; A melhor toler&#226;ncia ao ortostatismo parece resultar do aumento da reserva vasoconstritora e da sua menor variabilidade&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Neurocardiogenic syncope &#40;NCS&#41; is a common clinical entity resulting from an excessive reflex autonomic response&#44; particularly during orthostatism&#46; Treatment options are controversial and of limited effectiveness&#46; Tilt training &#40;TT&#41; is a promising option to treat these patients&#46; However&#44; its mechanism of action and clinical impact remain unclear&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objective</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To characterize hemodynamic and autonomic responses during a TT program in patients with NCS refractory to conventional measures&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Methods</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We studied 28 patients &#40;50&#37; male&#44; mean age 41<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14 years&#41; without structural heart disease&#44; with NCS documented by tilt testing&#46; The TT program included 9 tilt sessions &#40;3 times a week&#44; 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#41; &#40;60&#176; &#8211; 6 sessions&#44; 70&#176; &#8211; 3 sessions&#41;&#44; under ECG and blood pressure monitoring combined with home orthostatic self-training and 10&#176; head-up during sleep&#46; Systolic volume&#44; cardiac output&#44; total peripheral resistance&#44; baroreflex sensitivity and heart-rate variability were computed&#46; Patients were reassessed at 1 month and every 6 months for a maximum of 36 months &#40;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12 months&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Over the course of the TT program there was a significant increase in total peripheral resistance &#40;1485<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>225 vs&#46; 1591<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>187 dyn&#183;s&#183;cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;5</span>&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#44; with a decrease in standard deviation &#40;206<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60 vs&#46; 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>42&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46; During follow-up&#44; syncope recurred in five patients &#40;19&#37;&#41;&#44; with a significant reduction in the number of episodes &#40;4&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;2&#47;patient in the 12 months before TT vs&#46; 1&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;8&#47;patient post-TT&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In refractory NCS&#44; TT may be an effective therapeutic option&#44; with long-term benefits&#46; These results appear to be due to an increase in vasoconstrictor reserve combined with a reduction in its variance&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">138&#44;54<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>32<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">226&#44;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>93&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">193&#44;99<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">20min</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sess&#227;o 1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sess&#227;o 9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sess&#227;o 1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sess&#227;o 9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sess&#227;o 1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sess&#227;o 9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">RRI &#40;ms</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">LF&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">500&#44;87<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>106&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">942&#44;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>280<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">544&#44;08<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>146&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">914&#44;64<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>225<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">712&#44;91<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>288&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1063&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>216<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">HF&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">217<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">335&#44;18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>103&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">182&#44;06<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">325&#44;27<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">208&#44;17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">524&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>120&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">LF&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&#44;11<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7&#44;56<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;9&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#44;32<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#44;42<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;8&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#44;64<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6&#44;92<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;7&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Artigo Original
O treino de ortostatismo (tilt training) aumenta a reserva vasoconstritora em doentes com síncope reflexa neurocardiogénica
Tilt training increases vasoconstrictor reserve in patients with neurocardiogenic syncope
Sérgio Laranjoa,b,
Autor para correspondência
sergiolaranjo@gmail.com

Autor para correspondência.
, Mário Martins Oliveiraa,b, Cristiano Tavaresa,b, Vera Geraldesa,b, Sofia Santosc, Eunice Oliveirac, Rui Ferreirac, Isabel Rochaa,b
a Instituto de Fisiologia e Unidade de Sistema Nervoso Autónomo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
b Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
c Serviço de Cardiologia, Hospital de Santa Marta, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, EPE, Lisboa, Portugal
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          "pt" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Nestes doentes&#44; a resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica varia significativamente entre o in&#237;cio e o fim do treino&#44; sendo o seu aumento um dos fatores implicados na aus&#234;ncia e&#47;ou diminui&#231;&#227;o dos epis&#243;dios sincopais&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introdu&#231;&#227;o</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A s&#237;ncope definida como a perda transit&#243;ria de consci&#234;ncia devida a hipoperfus&#227;o cerebral transit&#243;ria e caracterizada por um in&#237;cio r&#225;pido&#44; uma dura&#231;&#227;o curta e recupera&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea completa &#233; uma doen&#231;a comum na popula&#231;&#227;o geral&#44; com uma incid&#234;ncia estimada entre 18&#44;1 e 39&#44;7 eventos sincopais&#47;1000 pessoas ano<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Esta situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica que condiciona um marcado impacto na qualidade de vida dos doentes&#44; estando associada a uma elevada morbilidade&#44; risco de les&#245;es f&#237;sicas e absentismo laboral<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a>&#46; A s&#237;ncope reflexa &#40;SNc&#41; &#233; a sua forma mais comum&#44; apresentando uma maior incid&#234;ncia em adultos jovens<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A patofisiologia da s&#237;ncope reflexa &#233; ainda pouco conhecida&#44; n&#227;o obstante&#44; est&#225; j&#225; demonstrado que a reatividade alterada do sistema nervoso aut&#243;nomo a est&#237;mulos geradores de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">stress</span>&#44; como o ortostatismo ativo&#44; est&#225; envolvida no desencadear da resposta sincopal<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">V&#225;rias op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas t&#234;m sido propostas ao longo dos anos como tratamento da s&#237;ncope reflexa&#46; Estas v&#227;o desde medidas comportamentais at&#233; ao <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pacing</span> card&#237;aco&#44; passando por v&#225;rias op&#231;&#245;es de terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica&#46; No entanto&#44; todas se revelaram apenas parcialmente eficazes nos indiv&#237;duos selecionados&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em 1998&#44; foi proposta uma nova alternativa terap&#234;utica n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica para a s&#237;ncope reflexa&#58; o treino de ortostatismo &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tilt training</span>- TTr&#41;&#46; De facto&#44; Ector et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> mostraram que a exposi&#231;&#227;o repetida e prolongada do sistema cardiovascular a est&#237;mulos ortost&#225;ticos proporcionava um efeito terap&#234;utico em doentes com s&#237;ncope reflexa&#46; A efic&#225;cia do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">tilt training</span> tem sido avaliada em v&#225;rios estudos observacionais&#44; n&#227;o aleatorizados<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8-10</span></a>&#44; mas os resultados obtidos t&#234;m sido contradit&#243;rios&#44; dependendo muito do protocolo de treino e&#44; essencialmente&#44; da ades&#227;o dos doentes&#46; Os seus mecanismos de a&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o globalmente desconhecidos&#44; pensando-se que possam estar envolvidos n&#227;o s&#243; a dessensibiliza&#231;&#227;o dos recetores cardiopulmonares ao ortostatismo mas&#44; tamb&#233;m&#44; mecanismos de remodelagem auton&#243;mia e da atividade barorreflexa&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Assim&#44; &#233; objetivo do presente trabalho contribuir para a clarifica&#231;&#227;o dos mecanismos de a&#231;&#227;o do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tilt training</span> &#40;TTr&#41;&#44; mais especificamente&#44; a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da resposta hemodin&#226;mica e auton&#243;mica em doentes com SNc refrat&#225;ria &#224;s medidas convencionais e aos quais foi aplicado um programa de TTr&#46; Parte deste trabalho recebeu o Pr&#233;mio de melhor comunica&#231;&#227;o apresentada ao Congresso Portugu&#234;s de Cardiologia em 2010&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Popula&#231;&#227;o e m&#233;todos</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Popula&#231;&#227;o</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Entre 2007 e 2010 foram inclu&#237;dos no presente estudo 28 doentes &#40;50&#37; do sexo masculino&#44; 41<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14 anos&#41;&#44; com mais de dois epis&#243;dios sincopais nos 6 meses precedentes&#46; Todos os doentes tinham SNc refrat&#225;ria &#224;s medidas convencionais &#40;meias de conten&#231;&#227;o el&#225;sticas&#59; midrodrine&#59; paroxetina&#59; manobras de contrapuls&#227;o&#41; e documentada em teste de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">tilt</span> diagn&#243;stico&#44; de acordo com o protocolo padr&#227;o adotado pelo nosso centro&#46; De uma forma breve&#44; ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de repouso em posi&#231;&#227;o supina&#44; o doente era sujeito a uma fase de teste de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">tilt</span> passivo durante 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#47;70&#176; no final da qual&#44; caso n&#227;o tivesse ocorrido s&#237;ncope espont&#226;nea&#44; lhe eram administrados nitratos sublinguais na dose de 375<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#46; A prova terminava com a ocorr&#234;ncia de resposta positiva ou&#44; caso esta n&#227;o se observasse&#44; 20 minutos ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o dos f&#225;rmacos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; Definiu-se como uma resposta positiva ao teste de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">tilt</span> diagn&#243;stico a reprodu&#231;&#227;o de s&#237;ncope associada a bradicardia &#40;com diminui&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#62; 30&#37; do valor m&#225;ximo observado em ortostatismo&#41;&#44; a hipotens&#227;o &#40;com diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#62; 50&#37; do valor m&#225;ximo observado em ortostatismo&#41;&#44; ou a ambas&#44; e classificada de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o VASIS<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram os seguintes&#58; 1&#41; presen&#231;a de cardiopatia estrutural ou altera&#231;&#227;o do ritmo card&#237;aco&#59; 2&#41; causa neurol&#243;gica para a s&#237;ncope&#44; incluindo hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica cl&#225;ssica ou tardia&#59; 3&#41; resposta exagerada aos nitratos&#59; 4&#41; recusa em fornecer consentimento informado&#59; 5&#41; incapacidade f&#237;sica de permanecer 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min em posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica&#59; 6&#41; impossibilidade de descontinuar temporariamente medica&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular que pudesse interferir nas avalia&#231;&#245;es do sistema nervoso aut&#243;nomo&#59; 7&#41; gravidez&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este estudo cumpre os requisitos da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Hels&#237;nquia&#44; tendo sido obtido o consentimento informado de todos os doentes&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Programa de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tilt Training</span></span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O protocolo de TTr possui dois componentes que decorrem em simult&#226;neo&#58; o primeiro&#44; realizado em meio hospitalar&#44; &#233; constitu&#237;do por nove sess&#245;es de treino ortost&#225;tico&#44; de periodicidade trissemanal&#44; sempre no per&#237;odo da manh&#227;&#44; ap&#243;s um pequeno-almo&#231;o ligeiro&#44; sem ingest&#227;o de cafe&#237;na ou outras xantinas&#46; O TTr foi realizado num laborat&#243;rio dedicado &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o auton&#243;mica&#44; em ambiente calmo com temperatura e humidade controladas&#46; Ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de 15 minutos de repouso em posi&#231;&#227;o supina &#40;0&#176;&#41;&#44; os doentes foram colocados numa mesa basculante&#44; com apoio para os p&#233;s&#44; seguros com amarras de imobiliza&#231;&#227;o&#44; para impedir quedas&#44; na eventualidade da ocorr&#234;ncia de s&#237;ncope&#46; Nas duas primeiras semanas os doentes foram submetidos durante 30 minutos a TTr com inclina&#231;&#227;o da mesa basculante a 60&#176;&#44; a qual passou&#44; na terceira semana&#44; a uma inclina&#231;&#227;o de 70&#176;&#46; Durante o TTr&#44; os doentes foram monitorizados atrav&#233;s do registo cont&#237;nuo e n&#227;o invasivo da press&#227;o arterial&#44; do eletrocardiograma &#40;ECG&#41; e da imped&#226;ncia tor&#225;cica &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Task Force Monitor</span>&#44; CNSystems&#44; Austria&#41;&#44; sendo o teste interrompido sempre que se verificasse sintomatologia&#46; As sess&#245;es hospitalares foram complementadas com treino di&#225;rio no domic&#237;lio&#44; com o doente durante 20 minutos em posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica a 60&#176; contra superf&#237;cie vertical plana e os p&#233;s afastados &#40;a cerca de 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm da parede&#41; e eleva&#231;&#227;o da cabeceira a 10&#176; durante o sono&#46; Os doentes estavam instru&#237;dos para interromperem a manobra ortost&#225;tica di&#225;ria&#44; em qualquer momento&#44; se pressentissem o in&#237;cio de sintomas&#46; Todos os doentes foram reavaliados clinicamente no 1&#46;&#176; m&#234;s e a cada 6 meses&#44; num per&#237;odo m&#225;ximo de 36 meses&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Aquisi&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lise de dados</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os intervalos RR &#40;RRI&#41; e os sinais de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#40;PAS&#41; foram registados de forma cont&#237;nua&#44; batimento-a-batimento &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Task Force Monitor</span>&#44; CNSystems&#44; Graz&#44; Austria&#41;&#46; Os restantes par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#40;FC&#41;&#44; press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia &#40;MAP&#41;&#44; volume sist&#243;lico &#40;VS&#41;&#44; d&#233;bito card&#237;aco &#40;DC&#41; e resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica &#40;RVP&#41; foram calculados com base no sinal de imped&#226;ncia tor&#225;cica &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Task Force Monitor</span>&#44; CNSystems&#44; Graz&#44; Austria&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A an&#225;lise de dados foi realizada recorrendo a uma interface programada em Matlab &#40;MathWorks&#44; USA&#41;&#46; Para o efeito&#44; foi implementada uma rotina de modo a detetar os picos de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#40;PAs&#41; e os pontos fiduciais das ondas R de cada complexo eletrocardiogr&#225;fico&#44; batimento-a-batimento&#44; e de forma que fosse poss&#237;vel a reconstru&#231;&#227;o de uma curva de evolu&#231;&#227;o temporal da press&#227;o arterial &#40;sistograma&#41; e da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#40;FC&#59; tacograma&#41;&#46; Os sinais reconstru&#237;dos foram utilizados para o c&#225;lculo da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e da press&#227;o arterial e para o c&#225;lculo da sensibilidade do barorreflexo&#46;</p><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Neste estudo&#44; a t&#233;cnica de autorregress&#227;o foi utilizada para extra&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas dos sinais cardiovasculares&#58; frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e press&#227;o arterial&#46; O per&#237;odo de tempo total da manobra foi segmentado em intervalos de 5 minutos&#44; n&#227;o s&#243; para facilitar a computa&#231;&#227;o mas&#44; principalmente&#44; para melhor se visualizar a din&#226;mica das altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares que decorreram durante toda a manobra&#46; Para cada um dos intervalos analisados obteve-se um espetro de pot&#234;ncia de frequ&#234;ncias&#44; tendo sido isoladas duas bandas principais&#58; alta frequ&#234;ncia &#40;HF&#59; 0&#44;15-0&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hz&#41;&#44; marcadora da atividade parassimp&#225;tica&#59; baixa frequ&#234;ncia &#40;LF&#59; 0&#44;04-0&#44;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hz&#41;&#44; indicadora da atividade simp&#225;tica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Sensibilidade e efetividade do barorreflexo</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A sensibilidade do barorreflexo permite elucidar acerca da resposta final global decorrente da ativa&#231;&#227;o do reflexo barorrecetor atrav&#233;s da avalia&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es simult&#226;neas de press&#227;o arterial&#46; No presente trabalho&#44; a sensibilidade do barorreflexo foi estimada segundo o m&#233;todo sequencial&#46; Em resumo&#58; o sinal de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica foi analisado com o objetivo de identificar as rampas de tr&#234;s ou mais batimentos card&#237;acos consecutivos com um aumento progressivo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;up-ramp&#41;</span>&#44; ou diminui&#231;&#227;o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;down-ramp&#41;</span>&#44; de pelo menos 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg de press&#227;o arterial&#46; O algoritmo identificou as sequ&#234;ncias espont&#226;neas de barorreflexo&#44; definidas como rampas de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#40;PAs&#41; seguidas por varia&#231;&#245;es concomitantes e concordantes de RRI &#8805; a 5ms&#44; varia&#231;&#245;es essas que s&#227;o analisadas em tr&#234;s desfasamentos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;lags&#41;</span> temporais&#58; de &#8722;0&#44; &#8722;1 e &#8722;2 batimentos card&#237;acos&#46; Cada sequ&#234;ncia &#233; inclu&#237;da apenas uma vez<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46; Para cada sequ&#234;ncia espont&#226;nea foi calculado o declive da rela&#231;&#227;o linear entre a PAs e os valores de RRI&#46; Foram analisados apenas os per&#237;odos com valores de coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o &#62; 0&#44;8&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para cada per&#237;odo selecionado para an&#225;lise foi calculado o &#237;ndice de efetividade do barorreflexo &#40;BEI&#41;&#46; O BEI &#233; definido como a raz&#227;o entre o n&#250;mero total de sequ&#234;ncias de barorreflexo detetadas e o n&#250;mero total de rampas de PAs<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46; Quanto maior o valor de BEI&#44; maior o n&#250;mero de rampas de PAs que s&#227;o seguidas de altera&#231;&#245;es de RRI&#44; ou seja&#44; maior a efic&#225;cia do reflexo barorrecetor na adapta&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular que &#233; exigida&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica &#40;SPSS&#44; Vs 18&#41;&#44; cada sess&#227;o de treino foi dividida em sete per&#237;odos de 5 minutos&#44; o primeiro correspondendo ao per&#237;odo basal&#44; os restantes ap&#243;s eleva&#231;&#227;o da mesa basculante&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o&#46; A assum&#231;&#227;o de normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi analisada com o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov&#46; Foram analisados e comparados os resultados da primeira e da nona sess&#227;o de TTr utilizando o teste <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-student para dados emparelhados&#46; Foi considerada signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica para valores de p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo 28 doentes&#44; 14 dos quais do sexo masculino&#44; com idade de 41<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14 anos&#46; O n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de recorr&#234;ncias de s&#237;ncope&#44; antes do in&#237;cio do programa de TTr&#44; foi de 4&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;2 epis&#243;dios sincopais&#47;ano&#47;doente &#40;ver resumo na <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Varia&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca&#58;</span> quando se comparam os resultados da primeira sess&#227;o de TTr com os da nona sess&#227;o&#44; observa-se uma tend&#234;ncia para a diminui&#231;&#227;o dos valores de FC &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figura 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia &#40;PAM&#41; e volume sist&#243;lico &#40;VS&#41;</span>&#58; os valores de PAM &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figura 1</a>&#41; e os de VS &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figura 1</a>&#41; aumentam n&#227;o significativamente quando se comparam os resultados da primeira com os da nona sess&#227;o &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Tabela 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D&#233;bito card&#237;aco &#40;DC&#41;</span>&#58; no caso do DC n&#227;o se observam altera&#231;&#245;es entre os resultados da primeira com os da &#250;ltima sess&#227;o &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figura 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica &#40;RVP&#41;&#58;</span> em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; RVP &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">fig&#46; 2</a>e 2&#41;&#44; observa-se um aumento estatisticamente significativo dos seus valores entre a primeira e a &#250;ltima sess&#227;o &#40;1485<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>225 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 1591<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>187 dyne&#42;s&#47;cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;5</span>&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#44; o que tamb&#233;m &#233; evidenciado pelas modifica&#231;&#245;es observadas nos seus desvios-padr&#227;o &#40;206<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>42&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#44; os quais traduzem uma tend&#234;ncia para o alcan&#231;ar de um valor de equil&#237;brio din&#226;mico mais baixo&#44; como pode ser observado na <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Tabela 3</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#243;mica cardiovascular</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o do comportamento do sistema nervoso aut&#243;nomo para o cora&#231;&#227;o ao longo das diferentes sess&#245;es&#44; os estudos de variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e da press&#227;o arterial utilizando a t&#233;cnica de autorregress&#227;o evidenciam um aumento do t&#243;nus simp&#225;tico&#44; que se traduz&#44; durante o TTr&#44; num aumento progressivo da atividade auton&#243;mica global &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Tabela 4</a>&#41; e no aumento significativo dos &#237;ndices de variabilidade nas bandas das LF &#40;sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico&#41; e das HF &#40;sistema nervoso parassimp&#225;tico&#41;&#46; Este aumento da atividade auton&#243;mica pode&#44; igualmente&#44; ser observado&#44; ainda que n&#227;o com significado estat&#237;stico atrav&#233;s das modifica&#231;&#245;es do &#237;ndice de efetividade do barorreflexo &#8211; BEI &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Tabela 5</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Avalia&#231;&#227;o e seguimento dos doentes</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nos doentes submetidos ao programa de TTr verificou-se uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa do n&#250;mero de epis&#243;dios sincopais&#44; de 4&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;2&#47;doente nos 12 meses antes do treino para 1&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;8&#47;doente ap&#243;s o treino ortost&#225;tico &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#46; Em cinco doentes &#40;17&#37;&#41; n&#227;o se observaram altera&#231;&#245;es no padr&#227;o dos epis&#243;dios sincopais&#46; Apesar de todos os doentes terem cumprido a totalidade das sess&#245;es hospitalares&#44; observou-se&#44; ao fim de um ano&#44; que 11 destes doentes &#40;39&#37;&#41; deixaram de efetuar o treino domicili&#225;rio por sentirem melhoria da sua sintomatologia&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discuss&#227;o</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tanto quanto &#233; do nosso conhecimento&#44; este &#233; o primeiro estudo que combina a avalia&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea das altera&#231;&#245;es cardiocirculat&#243;rias&#44; da atividade auton&#243;mica para o sistema cardiovascular e da sensibilidade do barorreflexo&#44; induzidas pelo TTr em doentes com SNc refrat&#225;ria &#224;s medidas convencionais&#46; Mostramos o aumento significativo da reserva vasoconstritora nestes doentes ap&#243;s nove sess&#245;es de treino&#46; Verificamos&#44; igualmente&#44; um aumento significativo da sensibilidade do barorreflexo determinada pelo m&#233;todo sequencial&#44; bem como dos par&#226;metros da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#40;LF e HF&#41; calculados atrav&#233;s da t&#233;cnica da autorregress&#227;o&#46; Os nossos resultados mostram que o TTr aumenta o t&#243;nus auton&#243;mico&#44; com um aumento significativo da atividade simp&#225;tica e parassimp&#225;tica&#44; bem como da sensibilidade do barorreflexo&#44; ap&#243;s tr&#234;s semanas de treino&#46; Estas respostas&#44; que&#44; em nossa opini&#227;o&#44; se devem principalmente a uma remodelagem da atividade auton&#243;mica para a periferia&#44; em particular para o sistema cardiovascular&#44; foram ben&#233;ficas para os doentes ao reduzirem significativamente o n&#250;mero de epis&#243;dios sincopais&#44; confirmam o TTr como uma modalidade terap&#234;utica a ser usada como complemento &#224;s medidas terap&#234;uticas convencionais&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A SNc &#233; a mais frequente causa de perda transit&#243;ria de consci&#234;ncia&#44; podendo ser desencadeada por v&#225;rios est&#237;mulos de natureza variada como&#44; por exemplo&#44; a exposi&#231;&#227;o a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">stress</span> emocional&#44; calor ou perman&#234;ncia prolongada em posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica&#46; Apesar de o progn&#243;stico ser globalmente benigno&#44; &#233; acompanhado de uma marcada diminui&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida dos doentes&#44; seja por risco acrescido de trauma f&#237;sico ou pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da autoconfian&#231;a associada ao receio de novos epis&#243;dios de s&#237;ncope&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas para este grupo de doentes s&#227;o limitadas&#46; De facto&#44; o objetivo nestes doentes traduz-se na preven&#231;&#227;o de novas recorr&#234;ncias e dos danos f&#237;sicos a elas associados e na melhoria geral da sua qualidade de vida&#46; Assim&#44; as medidas mais comuns incluem o apoio educacional a fim de evitar poss&#237;veis causas desencadeantes&#44; o reconhecimento de pr&#243;dromos e a execu&#231;&#227;o de manobras&#47;gestos que possam abortar o epis&#243;dio sincopal&#46; Em alguns doentes&#44; a terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica pode complementar estas medidas&#44; enquanto que o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pacing</span> card&#237;aco se encontra reservado a grupos espec&#237;ficos de indiv&#237;duos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At&#233; ao momento&#44; alguns estudos t&#234;m indicado o treino de ortostatismo como uma medida terap&#234;utica com algumas limita&#231;&#245;es&#44; sendo a principal a necessidade de ades&#227;o do doente a um tratamento de longa dura&#231;&#227;o<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span></a>&#41;&#46; De facto&#44; a ades&#227;o ao TTr pode tornar-se problem&#225;tica&#44; principalmente nos doentes que&#44; ap&#243;s algumas sess&#245;es&#44; se tornam assintom&#225;ticos&#44; sendo&#44; por isso&#44; importante o refor&#231;o educacional e da motiva&#231;&#227;o para o treino&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De igual modo&#44; as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">guidelines</span> 1 sobre s&#237;ncope indicam a n&#227;o exist&#234;ncia de estudos n&#227;o aleatorizados que provem a utilidade do treino de ortostatismo como fator para que esta modalidade terap&#234;utica n&#227;o seja amplamente usada&#46; De facto&#44; ao compararmos o nosso trabalho com esses estudos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span></a> verificamos algumas diferen&#231;as que poder&#227;o ser importantes para as conclus&#245;es que s&#227;o extra&#237;das&#44; nomeadamente&#44; os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o dos doentes&#44; o desenho do protocolo de treino mas&#44; principalmente&#44; o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">end point</span> que &#233;&#44; de facto&#44; diverso e leva&#44; consequentemente&#44; a diferen&#231;as na interpreta&#231;&#227;o de resultados e na avalia&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia do treino&#46; Assim&#44; enquanto&#44; no nosso estudo&#44; pretendemos saber qual a efic&#225;cia do TTr&#44; complementado com as manobras no domic&#237;lio&#44; sobre a diminui&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de epis&#243;dios sincopais e&#44; por isso&#44; na melhoria da qualidade de vida do doente&#44; Foglia et al&#46; apresentam como <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">end point</span> o desencadear ou n&#227;o de s&#237;ncope durante um teste de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">tilt</span> efetuado um m&#234;s ap&#243;s o fim do treino de ortostatismo&#46; Neste caso&#44; pode-se discutir se o objetivo do treino &#233; a capacidade de induzir altera&#231;&#245;es que permitam ao indiv&#237;duo efetuar&#44; com melhorias significativas&#44; as suas rotinas di&#225;rias ou se&#44; pelo contr&#225;rio&#44; &#233; uma manobra que quer preparar o indiv&#237;duo para reagir a est&#237;mulos intensos como uma mudan&#231;a abrupta para a posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica&#46; &#201; nossa opini&#227;o&#44; depois de avaliarmos os nossos doentes&#44; que a escolha do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">end point</span> dever&#225; incidir sobre a primeira op&#231;&#227;o e&#44; nestas circunst&#226;ncias&#44; o treino de ortostatismo mostra-se eficaz&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Na mesma linha das nossas conclus&#245;es encontram-se os trabalhos de Abe<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a> e os de Reybrouck<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a>&#46; De facto&#44; Abe et al&#46;&#44; com um protocolo de treino ortost&#225;tico semelhante ao nosso&#44; observaram a n&#227;o exist&#234;ncia de epis&#243;dios sincopais espont&#226;neos e n&#227;o conseguiram induzir s&#237;ncope com teste de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">stress</span> ortost&#225;tico&#46; Estas observa&#231;&#245;es foram confirmadas tamb&#233;m por Reybrouck et al&#46;&#44; que reportaram um n&#250;mero significativamente inferior de epis&#243;dios sincopais nos doentes ap&#243;s o treino de ortostatismo complementado com manobras no domic&#237;lio&#46; Estes autores reportaram&#44; ainda&#44; que os doentes que abandonaram o treino ortost&#225;tico sem o completar n&#227;o tiveram nenhum epis&#243;dio sincopal at&#233; um ano ap&#243;s o abandono&#44; o que sugere uma restaura&#231;&#227;o da atividade auton&#243;mica reflexa nestes doentes&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No entanto&#44; apesar da demonstra&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia do treino&#44; os mecanismos fisiol&#243;gicos subjacentes &#224; melhoria do estado geral apresentado pelos doentes ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o bem determinados&#46; Estudos anteriores apontaram para a possibilidade do envolvimento de mecanismos humorais sistema renina-angiotensina<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#44; altera&#231;&#245;es barorreflexas e modifica&#231;&#245;es auton&#243;micas gerais nas respostas observadas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21-24</span></a>&#46; Em particular&#44; Ector et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> observaram o aumento da reserva vasoconstritora sem altera&#231;&#245;es simult&#226;neas do barorreflexo ou do t&#243;nus auton&#243;mico&#46; Por seu lado&#44; Pin Tan et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#44; documentam um aumento das altas &#40;HF&#41; e baixas frequ&#234;ncias &#40;LF&#41;&#44; indicadores de aumento do t&#243;nus auton&#243;mico&#46; O presente trabalho &#233; o primeiro a relacionar altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas com modifica&#231;&#245;es do t&#243;nus auton&#243;mico efetuada pela avalia&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade do barorreflexo e da avalia&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade da press&#227;o arterial e da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca&#46; Assim&#44; os nossos resultados mostram um aumento significativo da RVP juntamente com o aumento significativo de LF e HF e da sensibilidade ao barorreflexo sem altera&#231;&#245;es significativas das outras vari&#225;veis&#46; Estas varia&#231;&#245;es permitem dizer que o aumento da RVP se deve preferencialmente a um aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica para os vasos&#44; permitindo a manuten&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sem grandes varia&#231;&#245;es durante a altera&#231;&#227;o postural&#46; Por outro lado&#44; observa-se uma tend&#234;ncia para o aumento ligeiro da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia que &#233; acompanhado&#44; como seria esperado&#44; pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da resposta cronotr&#243;pica&#44; o que &#233; traduzido no aumento da altas frequ&#234;ncias e pelo ligeiro aumento&#44; n&#227;o significativo&#44; da sensibilidade ao barorreflexo e da sua efic&#225;cia na adapta&#231;&#227;o &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es de postura&#46; Para al&#233;m destas varia&#231;&#245;es de RVP&#44; h&#225; ainda a salientar a diminui&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade dos desvios-padr&#227;o da RVP que traduz&#44; no nosso entender&#44; uma remodelagem simp&#225;tica perif&#233;rica e som&#225;tica&#46; De facto&#44; a menor variabilidade dos desvios-padr&#227;o da RVP indica que o indiv&#237;duo passou de uma posi&#231;&#227;o de grande oscila&#231;&#227;o em torno de um valor m&#233;dio de equil&#237;brio para uma posi&#231;&#227;o de menor oscila&#231;&#227;o que lhe permite adaptar melhor&#44; ou seja&#44; adaptar com menos varia&#231;&#245;es durante as altera&#231;&#245;es posturais&#46; Por outro lado&#44; embora n&#227;o avaliado no presente trabalho&#44; o TTr poder&#225; igualmente induzir um aumento do t&#243;nus muscular dos membros inferiores que coadjuvar&#225; o aumento da RVP&#44; permitindo uma melhor adapta&#231;&#227;o postural&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em conclus&#227;o&#44; nos doentes com s&#237;ncope reflexa refrat&#225;ria&#44; o nosso protocolo de treino mostrou ser uma op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica eficaz&#44; com benef&#237;cios a longo prazo&#44; permitindo uma melhor toler&#226;ncia ao ortostatismo atrav&#233;s de tr&#234;s mecanismos principais&#58; aumento da reserva vasoconstritora e da sua menor variabilidade&#59; aumento global do t&#243;nus auton&#243;mico e altera&#231;&#227;o da atividade barorreflexa e sugerindo uma melhoria na qualidade de vida dos doentes&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflito de interesses</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Conflito de interesses"
        ]
        13 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Bibliografia"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2011-07-11"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2011-12-15"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "pt" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palavras-chave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec237998"
          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "S&#237;ncope"
            1 => "Treino de ortostatismo"
            2 => "Sistema nervoso aut&#243;nomo"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec237997"
          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Syncope"
            1 => "Tilt training"
            2 => "Autonomic nervous system"
          ]
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    "tieneResumen" => true
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        "titulo" => "Resumo"
        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A s&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#233;nica &#40;SNc&#41; &#233; uma entidade cl&#237;nica comum&#44; resultante de uma resposta auton&#243;mica reflexa excessiva durante o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">stress</span> ortost&#225;tico&#46; As diferentes op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas s&#227;o controversas e de efic&#225;cia limitada&#46; O treino de ortostatismo &#40;TTr&#41; tem-se mostrado uma alternativa prometedora no tratamento destes doentes &#40;D&#41;&#46; No entanto&#44; permanece por esclarecer o seu mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o e o impacto cl&#237;nico numa popula&#231;&#227;o com SNc recorrente&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objectivo</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Caracterizar a resposta hemodin&#226;mica e auton&#243;mica durante um programa de TTr em doentes com SNc refrat&#225;ria &#224;s medidas convencionais&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Popula&#231;&#227;o e m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Foram estudados 28D &#40;50&#37; do sexo masculino&#44; 41<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14 anos&#41;&#44; sem evid&#234;ncia de cardiopatia&#44; com SNc documentada em teste de ortostatismo passivo&#46; O TTr incluiu 9 sess&#245;es hospitalares &#40;3x&#47;semana&#44; 30 minutos&#41; com monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua de press&#227;o arterial e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#40;60&#176; - 6 sess&#245;es - 70&#176; - 3 sess&#245;es&#41;&#44; complementadas com treino di&#225;rio no domic&#237;lio e eleva&#231;&#227;o da cabeceira a 10&#176; durante o sono&#46; O volume sist&#243;lico&#44; o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco&#44; a resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica&#44; a sensibilidade do barorreflexo e a variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foram calculados&#46; Todos os doentes foram reavaliados no fim do 1&#46;&#176; m&#234;s e no final de cada 6 meses num per&#237;odo m&#225;ximo de 36 meses &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">follow-up</span> 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12 meses&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ao longo das sess&#245;es de TTr verificou-se um aumento significativo e consistente da resist&#234;ncia total perif&#233;rica &#40;1485<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>225 vs&#46; 1591<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>187 dyne&#42;s&#47;cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;5</span>&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41; associado a uma diminui&#231;&#227;o do seu desvio-padr&#227;o &#40;206<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60 vs&#46; 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>42&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#46; Durante o per&#237;odo de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">follow-up</span>&#44; houve recorr&#234;ncia de s&#237;ncope em 5D &#40;19&#37;&#41;&#44; com redu&#231;&#227;o significativa do numero de s&#237;ncopes &#40;4&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;2&#47;D nos 12 meses pre-TTr vs&#46; 1&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;8&#47;D pos-TTr&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Em doentes com SNc refrat&#225;ria&#44; o TTr mostrou ser uma op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica eficaz&#44; com beneficio a longo prazo&#46; A melhor toler&#226;ncia ao ortostatismo parece resultar do aumento da reserva vasoconstritora e da sua menor variabilidade&#46;</p>"
      ]
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Neurocardiogenic syncope &#40;NCS&#41; is a common clinical entity resulting from an excessive reflex autonomic response&#44; particularly during orthostatism&#46; Treatment options are controversial and of limited effectiveness&#46; Tilt training &#40;TT&#41; is a promising option to treat these patients&#46; However&#44; its mechanism of action and clinical impact remain unclear&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objective</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To characterize hemodynamic and autonomic responses during a TT program in patients with NCS refractory to conventional measures&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Methods</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We studied 28 patients &#40;50&#37; male&#44; mean age 41<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14 years&#41; without structural heart disease&#44; with NCS documented by tilt testing&#46; The TT program included 9 tilt sessions &#40;3 times a week&#44; 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#41; &#40;60&#176; &#8211; 6 sessions&#44; 70&#176; &#8211; 3 sessions&#41;&#44; under ECG and blood pressure monitoring combined with home orthostatic self-training and 10&#176; head-up during sleep&#46; Systolic volume&#44; cardiac output&#44; total peripheral resistance&#44; baroreflex sensitivity and heart-rate variability were computed&#46; Patients were reassessed at 1 month and every 6 months for a maximum of 36 months &#40;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12 months&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Over the course of the TT program there was a significant increase in total peripheral resistance &#40;1485<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>225 vs&#46; 1591<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>187 dyn&#183;s&#183;cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;5</span>&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#44; with a decrease in standard deviation &#40;206<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60 vs&#46; 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>42&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46; During follow-up&#44; syncope recurred in five patients &#40;19&#37;&#41;&#44; with a significant reduction in the number of episodes &#40;4&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;2&#47;patient in the 12 months before TT vs&#46; 1&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;8&#47;patient post-TT&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In refractory NCS&#44; TT may be an effective therapeutic option&#44; with long-term benefits&#46; These results appear to be due to an increase in vasoconstrictor reserve combined with a reduction in its variance&#46;</p>"
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    ]
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                  \t\t\t\t">1790&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>323<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1462&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>334&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1818&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>361<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1455&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>351&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1767&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>270<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1469&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>359&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1759&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>293<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1337&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>365&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1535&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>340<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab354771.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          "notaPie" => array:2 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0005"
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            1 => array:3 [
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "pt" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Varia&#231;&#227;o dos valores da RVP &#40;dine&#42;s&#47;cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;5</span>&#41;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      4 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0015"
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            0 => array:2 [
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sess&#227;o 1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sess&#227;o 9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">225&#44;45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>83&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">184&#44;52<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>80<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">159&#44;33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">132&#44;05<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>36<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">156&#44;23<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">134&#44;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">159&#44;27<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">143&#44;55<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">151&#44;37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">140&#44;76<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">155&#44;04<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>49&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">138&#44;54<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>32<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">226&#44;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>93&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">193&#44;99<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab354769.png"
              ]
            ]
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            0 => array:3 [
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "pt" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Varia&#231;&#227;o dos desvio-padr&#227;o da RVP</p>"
        ]
      ]
      5 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0020"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabela 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">20min</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">30min</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sess&#227;o 1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sess&#227;o 9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sess&#227;o 1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sess&#227;o 9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sess&#227;o 1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sess&#227;o 9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">RRI &#40;ms</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">LF&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">500&#44;87<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>106&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">942&#44;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>280<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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ISSN: 08702551
Idioma original: Português
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