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or levulose&#44; is a monosaccharide&#44; composed of six carbon atoms in simple covalent bonds&#44; with a carbonyl group at the end of the chain &#40;molecular formula C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">6</span>H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">12</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">6</span>&#41;&#44; and is a ketohexose&#46; It is found in the diet in corn syrup&#44; sucrose&#44; soft drinks&#44; and fruit and fruit-derived products&#46; Its consumption in the form of soft drinks is a public health concern&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although fructose has the same molecular formula and mass as glucose&#44; physiologically they are processed differently&#46; Fructose does not require insulin for cellular internalization&#46; Phosphorylation of fructose into fructose-1-phosphate occurs through the action of fructokinase&#44; leading to the formation of two pentoses&#44; dihydroxyacetone and glyceraldehyde&#46; This enzyme is not regulatory and can thus stimulate lipogenesis&#46; Similarly&#44; glucose is phosphorylated twice before entering the fructose pathway&#44; in which it is also broken down into dihydroxyacetone and glyceraldehyde&#44; but its metabolism depends on a limiting enzyme&#44; phosphofructokinase&#44; which is inhibited by ATP and citrate&#44; which limits the accumulation of carbon-rich intermediaries entering the Krebs cycle&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Among the metabolic disorders associated with fructose are hypertriglyceridemia&#44; hyperuricemia&#44; hyperinsulinemia&#44; hepatic steatosis&#44; vascular compromise&#44; peripheral insulin resistance and increased visceral adiposity&#44; and there may also be increased food intake and body mass and obesity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These effects have sparked interest in the role of fructose consumption in the development of the metabolic syndrome and CVD&#44; and it is thus important to understand the mechanisms involved in fructose metabolism&#46; The objective of this study was to assess the effects of chronic fructose consumption on food intake&#44; body weight and adipose tissue&#44; as well as on serum glucose and triglyceride levels&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Study design</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All experimental procedures were approved by the research ethics committee of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro&#46; Thirty-day-old male Wistar rats weighing around 85 g from a local laboratory animal supplier&#44; were divided into a control group &#40;C&#41; &#40;n&#61;10&#41; and a fructose group &#40;F&#41; &#40;n&#61;10&#41;&#44; and had free access to commercial chow and water &#40;group C&#41; or 20&#37; fructose solution &#40;group F&#41; for 60 days&#44; under a 12-h light cycle &#40;6 am to 6 pm&#41; at a constant temperature &#40;24&#177;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Food intake</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To assess food intake&#44; the rats were kept in individual cages and consumption was calculated as the difference between the amount of chow and fructose or water provided and the amount remaining in a 24-h period at 30 days &#40;beginning of treatment&#41;&#44; 60 days &#40;half-way point&#41; and 90 days &#40;end of treatment&#41;&#46; Energy intake was estimated on the basis of 9 kcal&#47;g for lipids and 4 kcal&#47;g for protein and carbohydrate from chow and 20&#37; fructose solution&#46; Data were expressed per 100 g of body weight&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Feed efficiency was estimated using the following formula&#58; &#40;body weight gain &#40;g&#41;&#47;energy intake &#40;kcal&#41;&#41;&#215;100&#44; adapted from Novelli et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> and the results were presented in percentages&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Body mass and fat deposits</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Body mass was assessed weekly from the beginning of treatment to determine weight gain in each group&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Epididymal&#44; mesenteric and retroperitoneal fat deposits were assessed by gravimetry&#44; total adipose tissue being taken as the sum of the values for the above three compartments&#46; The results were expressed in g of fat per 100 g of carcass&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Glycemia and triglyceridemia</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After 12 h fasting&#44; the animals were killed by decapitation and their blood was collected and centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 15 min at 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46; The serum was then used to measure glucose by the enzymatic method using a commercial kit &#40;Glucose PAP Liquiform&#44; Labtest Diagnostics&#44; Minas Gerais&#44; Brazil&#41;&#46; Triglycerides were measured by the colorimetric method using a commercial kit &#40;Triglycerides Liquiform&#44; Labtest Diagnostics&#44; Minas Gerais&#44; Brazil&#41;&#46; Both assays used an absorbance of 505 nm&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results were expressed as means &#177; standard error of the mean and the Student&#39;s t test was used in IBM SPSS software&#44; version 20&#46;0&#46; A level of significance of p&#60;0&#46;05 was adopted&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Results</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The two groups had similar body mass at the beginning of treatment&#44; and after 60 days&#44; there was no significant difference between the groups in either weekly weight gain &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#41; or final weight gain &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; group F presented greater total adipose tissue&#44; as well as significantly higher percentages of epididymal and retroperitoneal adipose tissue&#59; they also had a non-significant 38&#37; increase in mesenteric adipose tissue compared to group C &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With regard to food intake&#44; group F presented lower chow intake at 60 and 90 days&#44; while total energy intake and fructose solution consumption were higher at 30 and 60 days&#59; feed efficiency was lower in group F during the latter two periods &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There was no significant difference in serum glucose levels between the two groups&#44; but triglyceride levels were higher in group F &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Discussion</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study demonstrated that consumption of 20&#37; fructose solution in Wistar rats leads to gains in body mass and adipose tissue&#44; as well as changes in serum glucose and triglyceride levels&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fructose appears to interfere with energy homeostasis&#44; although it does not directly affect food intake&#46; In any event&#44; the significance of changes in these parameters is the subject of debate and our study found no difference between the two groups&#46; This indicates that the metabolism of fructose is inefficient and does not in fact contribute to energy intake or result in body weight gain&#44; even though this might be expected since fructose&#44; as a carbohydrate&#44; provides 4 kcal&#47;g&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This corroborates a 1995 study by Dai and McNeill<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> who found no increase in body mass with increasing consumption of fructose&#44; even after 14 weeks&#46; However&#44; other studies using 10&#37; and 20&#37; fructose solutions have found a positive association between chronic ingestion of this monosaccharide and body weight gain in hamsters&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although our study did not find changes in body mass&#44; it has been reported that fructose disrupts the complex mechanisms that maintain energy intake and energy expenditure in balance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Furthermore&#44; we showed that total fat mass and epididymal and retroperitoneal deposits were significantly greater in group F&#44; demonstrating that pure fructose may contribute to adipogenesis&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Interestingly&#44; some studies indicate that fructose ingestion promotes greater accumulation of body fat in mice than water and other types of sweetened beverages&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> as well as increasing adipocyte size<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> and visceral adiposity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> In rats&#44; retroperitoneal and epididymal fat correspond in humans to central and visceral adipose tissue&#44; respectively&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> and visceral fat is a component of the metabolic syndrome and plays an important role in CVD risk&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At the beginning of treatment&#44; we observed greater consumption of the fructose solution&#44; which increased energy intake&#44; with higher values at 30 and 60 days of life&#44; but leveling out toward the end of treatment&#46; Group F presented lower chow intake at 60 and 90 days of life&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Molecule for molecule&#44; fructose provides the same energy as glucose&#44; but it is not used directly by extrahepatic cells&#44; since such cells do not express key enzymes that are required in the initial catabolic steps of producing energy from fructose&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Thus&#44; fructose&#39;s low energy efficiency may explain why the treatment did not result in body weight gain&#44; as characterized by feed efficiency&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Food intake is modulated by limbic structures in the brain that establish feedback mechanisms with the hypothalamus&#44; which are linked to the hedonic value of food intake&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> It is thus possible that consumption of fructose&#44; which is pleasant tasting&#44; could lead directly to changes in hunger and satiety mechanisms and in reward signals&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> and encourage energy intake irrespective of energy needs&#46; In addition&#44; fructose consumption can lead to resistance to leptin and insulin&#44; two hormones that are involved in the hedonic response to food and other stimuli of the pleasure pathway&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Various studies have investigated the effect of fructose in combinations with corn syrup or sucrose&#46; We used a 20&#37; pure fructose solution in water as the only drinking source in group F&#44; while group C had water only&#44; with no added sweetener&#46; Other studies have used different forms of fructose and varying treatment periods&#44; which makes comparison of results difficult&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No differences in serum glucose were observed between the groups&#44; and while insulin was not assessed&#44; it is possible that there was a compensatory increase in order to maintain euglycemia&#46; The glycemic response to a high fructose intake suggests that it may trigger insulin resistance&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> but there have been conflicting results&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Studies in humans have demonstrated that consumption of fructose compared to glucose does not lead to systemic increases in glucose levels&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> which corroborates our findings in rats&#44; although previous studies in both humans and animal models indicate that high consumption of fructose results in metabolic disturbances that together lead to insulin resistance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a></p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With regard to triglycerides&#44; group F presented higher levels than group C&#46; Hypertriglyceridemia is one of the most common disorders caused by a fructose-rich diet&#46; High fructose consumption leads to a higher rate of de novo lipogenesis&#44; a process that can increase the availability of fatty acids by directly affecting their synthesis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Conclusion</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Further studies are needed to assess the effects of fructose&#44; pure or in combinations of carbohydrates&#44; as well as to compare it with other sugars&#44; in order to clarify whether the effects described above are due to fructose itself or the increased energy intake resulting from its consumption&#44; since data in the literature are conflicting&#46; The present study identified the possible effects of fructose on abdominal adiposity and serum triglyceride levels&#46; These two factors increase risk of CVD&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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              "titulo" => "Food intake"
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              "titulo" => "Body mass and fat deposits"
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              "titulo" => "Glycemia and triglyceridemia"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2016-09-24"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2017-04-19"
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
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          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Fructose"
            1 => "Adipose tissue"
            2 => "Glucose"
            3 => "Triglycerides"
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          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palavras-chave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec930792"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Frutose"
            1 => "Tecido adiposo"
            2 => "Glicose"
            3 => "Triglicer&#237;deo"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction and Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Increased fructose consumption is associated with various metabolic changes that favor the onset of obesity and related comorbidities&#46; The objective of this study was to assess the effects of chronic fructose consumption on body weight and adipose tissue&#44; as well as on serum glucose and triglyceride levels&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Thirty-day-old Wistar rats were divided into two groups&#58; fructose &#40;F&#41; and control &#40;C&#41;&#44; which had free access to commercial chow and either water or a 20&#37; fructose solution&#46; Body mass was measured weekly and food consumption at 30&#44; 60 and 90 days&#46; At 90 days&#44; the animals were killed by decapitation and fat deposits &#40;mesenteric&#44; epididymal and retroperitoneal&#41; were removed and blood collected for measurement of glucose and triglyceride levels&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">There was no significant difference in body weight gain&#44; but the percentage of body fat was higher in group F&#46; This group also consumed less feed at 60 and 90 days and had higher consumption of fructose solution than water in group C at 30 and 60 days&#46; This meant higher calorie intake in group F and lower feed efficiency&#46; Retroperitoneal and epididymal fat deposits and triglycerides were higher in group F than in group C&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Consumption of fructose solution for eight weeks&#44; while not directly reflected in body weight gain&#44; did increase abdominal fat in group F compared to group C&#44; as well as changing triglyceride levels&#46; These two factors increase risk of cardiovascular disease&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Introduction and Objective"
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          1 => array:2 [
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            "titulo" => "Methods"
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          2 => array:2 [
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            "titulo" => "Results"
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      "pt" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumo"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introdu&#231;&#227;o e objetivos</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O aumento do consumo de frutose pela popula&#231;&#227;o vem sendo associado &#224;s diversas altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas&#44; que favorecem ao aparecimento da obesidade e suas comorbidades&#46; O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do consumo cr&#244;nico de frutose sobre o consumo alimentar&#44; ganho de massa corporal e de tecido adiposo&#44; al&#233;m de n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de glicose e triglicer&#237;deos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ratos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Wistar</span> com 30 dias de vida foram divididas em dois grupos&#58; frutose &#40;F&#41; e controle &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">C</span>&#41;&#44; os quais receberam um tratamento com livre acesso a ra&#231;&#227;o comercial&#44; &#225;gua ou solu&#231;&#227;o a 20&#37; de frutose&#46; A massa corporal foi avaliada semanalmente e o consumo alimentar aos 30&#44; 60 e 90 dias&#46; Aos 90 dias de vida&#44; os animais foram eutanasiados por decapita&#231;&#227;o e retirados os dep&#243;sitos de gordura &#40;mesent&#233;rico&#44; retroperitoneal e epididimal&#41;&#44; e coletado o sangue para dosagem da glicose e triglicer&#237;deos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre o ganho de massa corporal&#44; todavia os percentuais de gordura corporal foram maiores nos grupos que consumiram bebidas ado&#231;adas&#46; O grupo F consumiu menor quantidade de ra&#231;&#227;o aos 60 e 90 dias e maior consumo de solu&#231;&#227;o de frutose comparado ao controle h&#237;drico nos per&#237;odos de 30 e 60 dias&#44; e isso significou maior consumo cal&#243;rico do grupo F e menor efici&#234;ncia alimentar&#46; Os dep&#243;sitos de gordura retroperitoneal e epididimal&#44; bem como a trigliceridemia apresentaram-se elevados no grupo F quando comparado ao grupo C&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O tratamento por 60 dias com solu&#231;&#227;o de frutose&#44; apesar de n&#227;o ter influenciado diretamente no ganho de massa corporal&#44; foi capaz de aumentar a gordura corporal na regi&#227;o abdominal neste grupo&#44; quando comparado com o grupo C&#44; al&#233;m de alterar n&#237;veis de triglicer&#237;deos&#46; E estes dois fatores implicam risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Please cite this article as&#58; Ramos VW&#44; Batista LO&#44; Albuquerque KT&#46; Efeitos do consumo de frutose sobre ingest&#227;o alimentar&#44; par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos e corporais em ratos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Wistar</span>&#46; Rev Port Cardiol&#46; 2017&#59;36&#58;937&#8211;941&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Body mass gain over eight weeks in the fructose and control groups&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Control group&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Fructose group&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Body weight gain &#40;g&#41; &#40;n&#61;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">253&#177;5&#46;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">269&#46;7&#177;9&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Retroperitoneal adipose tissue &#40;g&#47;100 g&#41; &#40;n&#61;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;58&#177;0&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;94&#177;0&#46;07<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Mesenteric adipose tissue &#40;g&#47;100 g&#41; &#40;n&#61;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;67&#177;0&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;87&#177;0&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Epididymal adipose tissue &#40;g&#47;100 g&#41; &#40;n&#61;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;74&#177;0&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;97&#177;0&#46;06<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Total adipose tissue &#40;g&#47;100 g&#41; &#40;n&#61;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;99&#177;0&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Original Article
Effects of fructose consumption on food intake and biochemical and body parameters in Wistar rats
Efeitos do consumo de frutose sobre ingestão alimentar, parâmetros bioquímicos e corporais em ratos Wistar
Viviane Wagner Ramosa,c,
Corresponding author
vivianewr@yahoo.com.br

Corresponding author.
, Leandro Oliveira Batistaa,b, Kelse Tibau Albuquerquea,b
a Programa de Pós-graduação em Nutrição, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
b Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Campus Macaé, Macaé, Brazil
c Prefeitura Municipal de Macaé, Macaé, Brazil
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        "titulo" => "Efeitos do consumo de frutose sobre ingest&#227;o alimentar&#44; par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos e corporais em ratos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Wistar</span>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Diet plays an important role in the development of cardiovascular disease &#40;CVD&#41;&#44; and sugar intake appears to be linked to its risk factors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Studies have shown the health risks associated with fructose consumption&#44; in both humans<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> and rodents&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> whether consumed in pure form or in combinations of carbohydrates&#44; and at different concentrations and durations of ingestion&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fructose&#44; or levulose&#44; is a monosaccharide&#44; composed of six carbon atoms in simple covalent bonds&#44; with a carbonyl group at the end of the chain &#40;molecular formula C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">6</span>H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">12</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">6</span>&#41;&#44; and is a ketohexose&#46; It is found in the diet in corn syrup&#44; sucrose&#44; soft drinks&#44; and fruit and fruit-derived products&#46; Its consumption in the form of soft drinks is a public health concern&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although fructose has the same molecular formula and mass as glucose&#44; physiologically they are processed differently&#46; Fructose does not require insulin for cellular internalization&#46; Phosphorylation of fructose into fructose-1-phosphate occurs through the action of fructokinase&#44; leading to the formation of two pentoses&#44; dihydroxyacetone and glyceraldehyde&#46; This enzyme is not regulatory and can thus stimulate lipogenesis&#46; Similarly&#44; glucose is phosphorylated twice before entering the fructose pathway&#44; in which it is also broken down into dihydroxyacetone and glyceraldehyde&#44; but its metabolism depends on a limiting enzyme&#44; phosphofructokinase&#44; which is inhibited by ATP and citrate&#44; which limits the accumulation of carbon-rich intermediaries entering the Krebs cycle&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Among the metabolic disorders associated with fructose are hypertriglyceridemia&#44; hyperuricemia&#44; hyperinsulinemia&#44; hepatic steatosis&#44; vascular compromise&#44; peripheral insulin resistance and increased visceral adiposity&#44; and there may also be increased food intake and body mass and obesity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These effects have sparked interest in the role of fructose consumption in the development of the metabolic syndrome and CVD&#44; and it is thus important to understand the mechanisms involved in fructose metabolism&#46; The objective of this study was to assess the effects of chronic fructose consumption on food intake&#44; body weight and adipose tissue&#44; as well as on serum glucose and triglyceride levels&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Study design</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All experimental procedures were approved by the research ethics committee of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro&#46; Thirty-day-old male Wistar rats weighing around 85 g from a local laboratory animal supplier&#44; were divided into a control group &#40;C&#41; &#40;n&#61;10&#41; and a fructose group &#40;F&#41; &#40;n&#61;10&#41;&#44; and had free access to commercial chow and water &#40;group C&#41; or 20&#37; fructose solution &#40;group F&#41; for 60 days&#44; under a 12-h light cycle &#40;6 am to 6 pm&#41; at a constant temperature &#40;24&#177;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Food intake</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To assess food intake&#44; the rats were kept in individual cages and consumption was calculated as the difference between the amount of chow and fructose or water provided and the amount remaining in a 24-h period at 30 days &#40;beginning of treatment&#41;&#44; 60 days &#40;half-way point&#41; and 90 days &#40;end of treatment&#41;&#46; Energy intake was estimated on the basis of 9 kcal&#47;g for lipids and 4 kcal&#47;g for protein and carbohydrate from chow and 20&#37; fructose solution&#46; Data were expressed per 100 g of body weight&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Feed efficiency was estimated using the following formula&#58; &#40;body weight gain &#40;g&#41;&#47;energy intake &#40;kcal&#41;&#41;&#215;100&#44; adapted from Novelli et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> and the results were presented in percentages&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Body mass and fat deposits</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Body mass was assessed weekly from the beginning of treatment to determine weight gain in each group&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Epididymal&#44; mesenteric and retroperitoneal fat deposits were assessed by gravimetry&#44; total adipose tissue being taken as the sum of the values for the above three compartments&#46; The results were expressed in g of fat per 100 g of carcass&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Glycemia and triglyceridemia</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After 12 h fasting&#44; the animals were killed by decapitation and their blood was collected and centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 15 min at 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46; The serum was then used to measure glucose by the enzymatic method using a commercial kit &#40;Glucose PAP Liquiform&#44; Labtest Diagnostics&#44; Minas Gerais&#44; Brazil&#41;&#46; Triglycerides were measured by the colorimetric method using a commercial kit &#40;Triglycerides Liquiform&#44; Labtest Diagnostics&#44; Minas Gerais&#44; Brazil&#41;&#46; Both assays used an absorbance of 505 nm&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results were expressed as means &#177; standard error of the mean and the Student&#39;s t test was used in IBM SPSS software&#44; version 20&#46;0&#46; A level of significance of p&#60;0&#46;05 was adopted&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Results</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The two groups had similar body mass at the beginning of treatment&#44; and after 60 days&#44; there was no significant difference between the groups in either weekly weight gain &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#41; or final weight gain &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; group F presented greater total adipose tissue&#44; as well as significantly higher percentages of epididymal and retroperitoneal adipose tissue&#59; they also had a non-significant 38&#37; increase in mesenteric adipose tissue compared to group C &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With regard to food intake&#44; group F presented lower chow intake at 60 and 90 days&#44; while total energy intake and fructose solution consumption were higher at 30 and 60 days&#59; feed efficiency was lower in group F during the latter two periods &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There was no significant difference in serum glucose levels between the two groups&#44; but triglyceride levels were higher in group F &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Discussion</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study demonstrated that consumption of 20&#37; fructose solution in Wistar rats leads to gains in body mass and adipose tissue&#44; as well as changes in serum glucose and triglyceride levels&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fructose appears to interfere with energy homeostasis&#44; although it does not directly affect food intake&#46; In any event&#44; the significance of changes in these parameters is the subject of debate and our study found no difference between the two groups&#46; This indicates that the metabolism of fructose is inefficient and does not in fact contribute to energy intake or result in body weight gain&#44; even though this might be expected since fructose&#44; as a carbohydrate&#44; provides 4 kcal&#47;g&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This corroborates a 1995 study by Dai and McNeill<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> who found no increase in body mass with increasing consumption of fructose&#44; even after 14 weeks&#46; However&#44; other studies using 10&#37; and 20&#37; fructose solutions have found a positive association between chronic ingestion of this monosaccharide and body weight gain in hamsters&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although our study did not find changes in body mass&#44; it has been reported that fructose disrupts the complex mechanisms that maintain energy intake and energy expenditure in balance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Furthermore&#44; we showed that total fat mass and epididymal and retroperitoneal deposits were significantly greater in group F&#44; demonstrating that pure fructose may contribute to adipogenesis&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Interestingly&#44; some studies indicate that fructose ingestion promotes greater accumulation of body fat in mice than water and other types of sweetened beverages&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> as well as increasing adipocyte size<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> and visceral adiposity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> In rats&#44; retroperitoneal and epididymal fat correspond in humans to central and visceral adipose tissue&#44; respectively&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> and visceral fat is a component of the metabolic syndrome and plays an important role in CVD risk&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At the beginning of treatment&#44; we observed greater consumption of the fructose solution&#44; which increased energy intake&#44; with higher values at 30 and 60 days of life&#44; but leveling out toward the end of treatment&#46; Group F presented lower chow intake at 60 and 90 days of life&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Molecule for molecule&#44; fructose provides the same energy as glucose&#44; but it is not used directly by extrahepatic cells&#44; since such cells do not express key enzymes that are required in the initial catabolic steps of producing energy from fructose&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Thus&#44; fructose&#39;s low energy efficiency may explain why the treatment did not result in body weight gain&#44; as characterized by feed efficiency&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Food intake is modulated by limbic structures in the brain that establish feedback mechanisms with the hypothalamus&#44; which are linked to the hedonic value of food intake&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> It is thus possible that consumption of fructose&#44; which is pleasant tasting&#44; could lead directly to changes in hunger and satiety mechanisms and in reward signals&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> and encourage energy intake irrespective of energy needs&#46; In addition&#44; fructose consumption can lead to resistance to leptin and insulin&#44; two hormones that are involved in the hedonic response to food and other stimuli of the pleasure pathway&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Various studies have investigated the effect of fructose in combinations with corn syrup or sucrose&#46; We used a 20&#37; pure fructose solution in water as the only drinking source in group F&#44; while group C had water only&#44; with no added sweetener&#46; Other studies have used different forms of fructose and varying treatment periods&#44; which makes comparison of results difficult&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No differences in serum glucose were observed between the groups&#44; and while insulin was not assessed&#44; it is possible that there was a compensatory increase in order to maintain euglycemia&#46; The glycemic response to a high fructose intake suggests that it may trigger insulin resistance&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> but there have been conflicting results&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Studies in humans have demonstrated that consumption of fructose compared to glucose does not lead to systemic increases in glucose levels&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> which corroborates our findings in rats&#44; although previous studies in both humans and animal models indicate that high consumption of fructose results in metabolic disturbances that together lead to insulin resistance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a></p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With regard to triglycerides&#44; group F presented higher levels than group C&#46; Hypertriglyceridemia is one of the most common disorders caused by a fructose-rich diet&#46; High fructose consumption leads to a higher rate of de novo lipogenesis&#44; a process that can increase the availability of fatty acids by directly affecting their synthesis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Conclusion</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Further studies are needed to assess the effects of fructose&#44; pure or in combinations of carbohydrates&#44; as well as to compare it with other sugars&#44; in order to clarify whether the effects described above are due to fructose itself or the increased energy intake resulting from its consumption&#44; since data in the literature are conflicting&#46; The present study identified the possible effects of fructose on abdominal adiposity and serum triglyceride levels&#46; These two factors increase risk of CVD&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "identificador" => "sec0055"
          "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest"
        ]
        10 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2016-09-24"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2017-04-19"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec930793"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Fructose"
            1 => "Adipose tissue"
            2 => "Glucose"
            3 => "Triglycerides"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "pt" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palavras-chave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec930792"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Frutose"
            1 => "Tecido adiposo"
            2 => "Glicose"
            3 => "Triglicer&#237;deo"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction and Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Increased fructose consumption is associated with various metabolic changes that favor the onset of obesity and related comorbidities&#46; The objective of this study was to assess the effects of chronic fructose consumption on body weight and adipose tissue&#44; as well as on serum glucose and triglyceride levels&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Thirty-day-old Wistar rats were divided into two groups&#58; fructose &#40;F&#41; and control &#40;C&#41;&#44; which had free access to commercial chow and either water or a 20&#37; fructose solution&#46; Body mass was measured weekly and food consumption at 30&#44; 60 and 90 days&#46; At 90 days&#44; the animals were killed by decapitation and fat deposits &#40;mesenteric&#44; epididymal and retroperitoneal&#41; were removed and blood collected for measurement of glucose and triglyceride levels&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">There was no significant difference in body weight gain&#44; but the percentage of body fat was higher in group F&#46; This group also consumed less feed at 60 and 90 days and had higher consumption of fructose solution than water in group C at 30 and 60 days&#46; This meant higher calorie intake in group F and lower feed efficiency&#46; Retroperitoneal and epididymal fat deposits and triglycerides were higher in group F than in group C&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Consumption of fructose solution for eight weeks&#44; while not directly reflected in body weight gain&#44; did increase abdominal fat in group F compared to group C&#44; as well as changing triglyceride levels&#46; These two factors increase risk of cardiovascular disease&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Introduction and Objective"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Methods"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Results"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Conclusion"
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        ]
      ]
      "pt" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumo"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introdu&#231;&#227;o e objetivos</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O aumento do consumo de frutose pela popula&#231;&#227;o vem sendo associado &#224;s diversas altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas&#44; que favorecem ao aparecimento da obesidade e suas comorbidades&#46; O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do consumo cr&#244;nico de frutose sobre o consumo alimentar&#44; ganho de massa corporal e de tecido adiposo&#44; al&#233;m de n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de glicose e triglicer&#237;deos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ratos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Wistar</span> com 30 dias de vida foram divididas em dois grupos&#58; frutose &#40;F&#41; e controle &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">C</span>&#41;&#44; os quais receberam um tratamento com livre acesso a ra&#231;&#227;o comercial&#44; &#225;gua ou solu&#231;&#227;o a 20&#37; de frutose&#46; A massa corporal foi avaliada semanalmente e o consumo alimentar aos 30&#44; 60 e 90 dias&#46; Aos 90 dias de vida&#44; os animais foram eutanasiados por decapita&#231;&#227;o e retirados os dep&#243;sitos de gordura &#40;mesent&#233;rico&#44; retroperitoneal e epididimal&#41;&#44; e coletado o sangue para dosagem da glicose e triglicer&#237;deos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre o ganho de massa corporal&#44; todavia os percentuais de gordura corporal foram maiores nos grupos que consumiram bebidas ado&#231;adas&#46; O grupo F consumiu menor quantidade de ra&#231;&#227;o aos 60 e 90 dias e maior consumo de solu&#231;&#227;o de frutose comparado ao controle h&#237;drico nos per&#237;odos de 30 e 60 dias&#44; e isso significou maior consumo cal&#243;rico do grupo F e menor efici&#234;ncia alimentar&#46; Os dep&#243;sitos de gordura retroperitoneal e epididimal&#44; bem como a trigliceridemia apresentaram-se elevados no grupo F quando comparado ao grupo C&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O tratamento por 60 dias com solu&#231;&#227;o de frutose&#44; apesar de n&#227;o ter influenciado diretamente no ganho de massa corporal&#44; foi capaz de aumentar a gordura corporal na regi&#227;o abdominal neste grupo&#44; quando comparado com o grupo C&#44; al&#233;m de alterar n&#237;veis de triglicer&#237;deos&#46; E estes dois fatores implicam risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Introdu&#231;&#227;o e objetivos"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "M&#233;todos"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclus&#227;o"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Please cite this article as&#58; Ramos VW&#44; Batista LO&#44; Albuquerque KT&#46; Efeitos do consumo de frutose sobre ingest&#227;o alimentar&#44; par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos e corporais em ratos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Wistar</span>&#46; Rev Port Cardiol&#46; 2017&#59;36&#58;937&#8211;941&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Body mass gain over eight weeks in the fructose and control groups&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Control group&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Fructose group&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Body weight gain &#40;g&#41; &#40;n&#61;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">253&#177;5&#46;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">269&#46;7&#177;9&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Retroperitoneal adipose tissue &#40;g&#47;100 g&#41; &#40;n&#61;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;58&#177;0&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;94&#177;0&#46;07<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Mesenteric adipose tissue &#40;g&#47;100 g&#41; &#40;n&#61;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;67&#177;0&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;87&#177;0&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Epididymal adipose tissue &#40;g&#47;100 g&#41; &#40;n&#61;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;74&#177;0&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;97&#177;0&#46;06<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Total adipose tissue &#40;g&#47;100 g&#41; &#40;n&#61;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;99&#177;0&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;78&#177;0&#46;18<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Glycemia &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41; &#40;n&#61;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">96&#46;2&#177;3&#46;71&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">104&#46;7&#177;5&#46;53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Triglyceridemia &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41; &#40;n&#61;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">130&#46;5&#177;5&#46;56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">162&#46;32&#177;12&#46;31<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Body mass&#44; adipose tissue and serum glucose and triglyceride levels&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="table-head ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Parameters&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="6" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Days of life</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Control group</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Fructose group</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">30 days&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">60 days&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">90 days&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">30 days&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">60 days&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">90 days&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Food intake &#40;g&#47;100 g&#41; &#40;n&#61;9&#47;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15&#46;18&#177;0&#46;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9&#46;88&#177;0&#46;47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9&#46;20&#177;0&#46;31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&#46;66&#177;0&#46;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;09&#177;0&#46;29<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;38&#177;0&#46;22<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Energy intake &#40;kcal&#47;100 g&#41; &#40;n&#61;9&#47;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">63&#46;76&#177;2&#46;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">41&#46;48&#177;1&#46;96&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">38&#46;64&#177;1&#46;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">85&#46;81&#177;3&#46;90<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">47&#46;32&#177;1&#46;35<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">41&#46;54&#177;1&#46;46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Water&#47;fructose solution consumption &#40;ml&#47;100 g&#41; &#40;n&#61;9&#47;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">28&#46;32&#177;2&#46;34&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&#46;64&#177;0&#46;40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">19&#46;91&#177;0&#46;81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">35&#46;56&#177;2&#46;23<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21&#46;90&#177;1&#46;22<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">23&#46;64&#177;1&#46;88&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Feed efficiency &#40;&#37;&#41; &#40;n&#61;9&#47;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">77&#177;0&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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ISSN: 21742049
Original language: English
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Idiomas
Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia (English edition)
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