was read the article
array:25 [ "pii" => "S2174204917302817" "issn" => "21742049" "doi" => "10.1016/j.repce.2017.06.008" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2017-11-01" "aid" => "1071" "copyright" => "Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia" "copyrightAnyo" => "2017" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "rev" "cita" => "Rev Port Cardiol. 2017;36:859-67" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1911 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 123 "HTML" => 1354 "PDF" => 434 ] ] "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "pt" => array:20 [ "pii" => "S0870255116302955" "issn" => "08702551" "doi" => "10.1016/j.repc.2017.06.007" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2017-11-01" "aid" => "1071" "copyright" => "Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "rev" "cita" => "Rev Port Cardiol. 2017;36:859-67" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 3391 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 168 "HTML" => 2632 "PDF" => 591 ] ] "pt" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Artigo de Revisão</span>" "titulo" => "Distúrbios respiratórios do sono na insuficiência cardíaca: o estado da arte depois do estudo SERVE‐HF" "tienePdf" => "pt" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "pt" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "pt" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "859" "paginaFinal" => "867" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Sleep‐disordered breathing in heart failure: The state of the art after the SERVE‐HF trial" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "pt" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "pt" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "pt" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figura 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1000 "Ancho" => 1519 "Tamanyo" => 131578 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "pt" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Servo‐ventilação adaptativa – mantém a via aérea patente através da pressão positiva no final da expiração (PEEP) e fornece pressão de suporte inspiratória durante a ventilação espontânea. Quando ocorre apneia, aumenta a pressão de suporte ou fornece ventilação mínima de reserva. Assim que volta a ventilação espontânea, o suporte diminui.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "João Carmo, Inês Araújo, Filipa Marques, Cândida Fonseca" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "João" "apellidos" => "Carmo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Inês" "apellidos" => "Araújo" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Filipa" "apellidos" => "Marques" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Cândida" "apellidos" => "Fonseca" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "pt" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S2174204917302817" "doi" => "10.1016/j.repce.2017.06.008" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2174204917302817?idApp=UINPBA00004E" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0870255116302955?idApp=UINPBA00004E" "url" => "/08702551/0000003600000011/v2_201801180628/S0870255116302955/v2_201801180628/pt/main.assets" ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S2174204917303306" "issn" => "21742049" "doi" => "10.1016/j.repce.2017.11.009" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2017-11-01" "aid" => "1100" "documento" => "simple-article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "crp" "cita" => "Rev Port Cardiol. 2017;36:869.e1-4" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1415 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 144 "HTML" => 1055 "PDF" => 216 ] ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Case report</span>" "titulo" => "A rare variant of intracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous connection" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "pt" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "869.e1" "paginaFinal" => "869.e4" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "pt" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Uma variante rara da conexão venosa pulmonar anómala total intracardíaca" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "pt" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1547 "Ancho" => 2333 "Tamanyo" => 394871 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Subcostal transthoracic echocardiographic views showing drainage of the right and left pulmonary veins into the confluent chamber with a broad-mouthed opening into the right atrium. ASD: atrial septal defect; LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; RA: right atrium; RV: right ventricle.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Arun Gopalakrishnan, Venkateshwaran Subramanian, Bijulal Sasidharan, Deepa Sasikumar, Kavassery Mahadevan Krishnamoorthy, Baiju S. Dharan, Ajitkumar Valaparambil" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Arun" "apellidos" => "Gopalakrishnan" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Venkateshwaran" "apellidos" => "Subramanian" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Bijulal" "apellidos" => "Sasidharan" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Deepa" "apellidos" => "Sasikumar" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Kavassery Mahadevan" "apellidos" => "Krishnamoorthy" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Baiju S." "apellidos" => "Dharan" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ajitkumar" "apellidos" => "Valaparambil" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0870255117307825" "doi" => "10.1016/j.repc.2017.03.009" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0870255117307825?idApp=UINPBA00004E" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2174204917303306?idApp=UINPBA00004E" "url" => "/21742049/0000003600000011/v1_201712190639/S2174204917303306/v1_201712190639/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S2174204917302842" "issn" => "21742049" "doi" => "10.1016/j.repce.2017.10.002" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2017-11-01" "aid" => "1013" "documento" => "simple-article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "dis" "cita" => "Rev Port Cardiol. 2017;36:857-8" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1188 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 123 "HTML" => 803 "PDF" => 262 ] ] "en" => array:10 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Editorial comment</span>" "titulo" => "Early reperfusion in myocardial infarction requires widespread access to prehospital emergency care" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "857" "paginaFinal" => "858" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "pt" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "A reperfusão precoce no enfarte agudo do miocárdio implica acesso generalizado à emergência pré-hospitalar" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Jorge Ferreira" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Jorge" "apellidos" => "Ferreira" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "pt" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S087025511730361X" "doi" => "10.1016/j.repc.2017.05.004" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "pt" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S087025511730361X?idApp=UINPBA00004E" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2174204917302842?idApp=UINPBA00004E" "url" => "/21742049/0000003600000011/v1_201712190639/S2174204917302842/v1_201712190639/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:18 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Review Article</span>" "titulo" => "Sleep-disordered breathing in heart failure: The state of the art after the SERVE-HF trial" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "859" "paginaFinal" => "867" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "João Carmo, Inês Araújo, Filipa Marques, Cândida Fonseca" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "João" "apellidos" => "Carmo" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "jfgcarmo@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Inês" "apellidos" => "Araújo" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Filipa" "apellidos" => "Marques" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Cândida" "apellidos" => "Fonseca" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Serviço de Cardiologia, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Carnaxide, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Unidade de Insuficiência Cardíaca, Serviço de Medicina III, Hospital de São Francisco Xavier/Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental – NOVA <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Medical School</span>, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "pt" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Distúrbios respiratórios do sono na insuficiência cardíaca: o estado da arte depois do estudo SERVE-HF" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1000 "Ancho" => 1519 "Tamanyo" => 132754 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Adaptive servo-ventilation keeps the airway open by means of positive end-expiratory pressure and provides inspiratory pressure support during spontaneous breathing. When apnea occurs, it increases support pressure to provide minimum ventilatory reserve. As soon as spontaneous breathing returns, support is reduced. PEEP: positive end-expiratory pressure.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Heart failure (HF) is recognized as a worldwide epidemic, with high morbidity and mortality. Its prevalence is around 1-2% and can exceed 10% in those aged 70 years or over.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> In Portugal, it ranges from 1.36% in those aged over 25 years to 16% in those over 80; the prevalence of HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is 1.3% and 1.7%, respectively.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Despite therapeutic advances, the short- and long-term prognosis of HF remains poor, which has prompted an ongoing search for risk modifiers and treatments that can demonstrably improve prognosis. In this context, in recent years there has been considerable interest in sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), a condition that is frequently associated with worse prognosis in HF patients. The main form of treatment for SDB in HF is non-invasive ventilation, either by continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or bilevel positive airway pressure (BPAP) for patients who mainly suffer from obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), or by adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV) for those with predominantly central sleep apnea (CSA). It has been hypothesized that in addition to optimal HF therapy, such treatment could bring added benefits for HF patients.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Preliminary observational studies suggested that treatment of SDB could modify the prognosis of HF, reducing hospitalizations and long-term mortality.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> However, these expectations were frustrated by the recently published results of the SERVE-HF trial,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> in which treatment of SDB by ASV in fact increased mortality in patients with symptomatic HFrEF. The discrepancy between the results of observational studies and those of SERVE-HF call into question the pathogenesis of SDB in HF, challenging clinicians and researchers to improve their knowledge in this area. To this end, we present a review of the subject.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Concepts</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sleep apnea syndrome is characterized by repeated pauses in breathing resulting in sleep fragmentation, daytime sleepiness and blood oxygen desaturation. According to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, apnea is defined as a drop of ≥90% in respiratory flow from baseline lasting for ≥10 s, and hypopnea as a drop of ≥30% in respiratory flow from baseline lasting for ≥10 s in association with either ≥3% arterial oxygen desaturation or an arousal.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with HF can suffer from CSA, OSA, or both. The prevalence of CSA increases with increasing severity of HF. OSA is caused by upper airway collapse with increased reflex respiratory effort. Predisposing factors include obesity and unfavorable craniofacial structure.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In CSA, there is no strengthening of the respiratory reflex during episodes of apnea or hypopnea. The underlying mechanism is increased sensitivity of chemoreceptors in the brainstem and the carotid bodies to small variations in partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>), leading to inappropriate hyperventilation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6,7</span></a> The resulting reduction in PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> weakens the respiratory stimulus and apnea or hypopnea occurs; when PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> rises, the cycle repeats. In addition to this excessive respiratory response to CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> levels, another mechanism at play in hyperventilation is stimulation of vagal mechanoreceptors (J receptors) due to pulmonary congestion via vagal afferents.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8–11</span></a> CSA with a cyclic pattern of hyperventilation-apnea-hyperventilation is known as Cheyne-Stokes respiration.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) is the number of events (apnea and/or hypopnea) per hour of sleep. To be considered as CSA, the number of central events must be more than 50% of the total number of events recorded by polysomnography. Sleep apnea can be classified as mild (AHI 6-14/h), moderate (15-29/h) or severe (>30/h). Although this is not universally accepted, there is general agreement that the threshold requiring treatment in symptomatic patients is an AHI >15/h.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> This cutoff is further complicated in HF patients by the fact that the clinical features of SDB in HF are atypical, and that the symptoms of HF can mimic those of SDB and vice versa.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Pathophysiology</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">OSA is considered an independent risk factor for HF.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> The main pathophysiological mechanisms by which it worsens HF are increased intrathoracic pressure, resulting in raised pre- and afterload leading to left ventricular compromise, excessive activation of the sympathetic nervous system, and hypoxemia.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CSA is thought to be a consequence rather than a cause of HF.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Besides hypoxemia, sympathetic activation is predominant, resulting in increased peripheral vascular resistance, tachycardia, and stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In both forms, variations in blood pressure and heart rate contribute to endothelial dysfunction and elevated inflammatory markers, particularly C-reactive protein.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16,17</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with SDB are at increased risk of ventricular and other arrhythmias, especially atrial fibrillation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0470"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18–20</span></a> In an observational study, appropriate therapies from an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator were more frequent at night in patients with OSA and during the day in those with CSA.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> In addition to arrhythmic risk, SDB also is associated with increased risk of atherothrombotic phenomena<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> and metabolic alterations, particularly type 2 diabetes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0495"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recently, and particularly after the SERVE-HF trial,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> the idea has gained ground that CSA in HF patients is a compensatory mechanism that has some beneficial effects, including the provision of periodic rest to fatigue-prone respiratory muscles, attenuation of excessive sympathetic nervous activity, avoidance of hypercapnic acidosis and increases in end-expiratory lung volume and intrinsic positive airway pressure.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Epidemiology</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of SDB in HF is high (over 50%). In a study of 700 patients with HFrEF in New York Heart Association (NYHA) class ≥II, Oldenburg et al. found a prevalence of 76% (40% CSA and 36% OSA) using a cutoff AHI value of ≥5/h.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0505"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> Schulz et al., studying 203 patients with HFrEF in NYHA class II-III, observed a prevalence of 71% (43% CSA and 28% OSA) with a cutoff of AHI ≥10/h,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0510"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> while in a study by Vazir et al. of 55 men with mildly symptomatic HFrEF, 53% presented SDB defined as AHI ≥15/h.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0515"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In patients with HFpEF, the prevalence of SDB is also high. Using a cutoff of AHI >10/h, Chan et al. found a prevalence of 56%, mainly OSA,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0520"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> while Bitter et al., using a definition of AHI ≥15/h, observed a prevalence of 69%, mainly OSA.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0525"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A prospective observational study in Germany including 1500 patients with HFrEF revealed a prevalence of SDB of 80% despite optimal HF therapy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0530"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> Snoring was more prevalent in patients with OSA, while atrial fibrillation and ischemic cardiomyopathy were more common in the CSA group. The most frequent symptoms were nocturia, witnessed apnea and fatigue, which illustrates the difficulty of distinguishing these symptoms from those of HF itself.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Diagnosis</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In daily clinical practice, HF patients with SDB rarely report daytime sleepiness, possibly because of sympathetic hyperactivation, and thus many of them remain undiagnosed.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0535"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> Questionnaires such as the Epworth Sleepiness Scale,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0540"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> the Berlin Questionnaire<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0545"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> and the Maislin Questionnaire<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0550"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> are used to screen for SDB, although their usefulness has been questioned.</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Polysomnography remains the gold standard for diagnosis of SDB. However, despite the comprehensive and detailed information it provides, polysomnography requires specialized technical and human resources, and is slow and expensive, with long waiting lists. There is thus a need for simpler and more accessible protocols, and a large number of portable devices have been developed for this purpose using techniques that include simplified cardiorespiratory polygraphy with single or multiple channels, oximetry and/or nasal air flow,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0555"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35,36</span></a> which could be alternatives to polysomnography for screening purposes.</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One such device is the ApneaLink (ResMed Corp, San Diego, CA). A study by Erman et al. validating this device in screening for SDB in 59 diabetic patients showed that the ApneaLink provided reliable information and was easy to use, with high sensitivity and specificity in calculating AHI compared to polysomnography, especially for AHI ≥15/h (sensitivity 91% and specificity 95%).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0565"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> Ragette et al. also found an excellent correlation between the ApneaLink and polysomnography, with better results for AHI ≥10/h.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0570"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a> In addition, the device showed good diagnostic ability compared to polysomnography (sensitivity 87.1% and specificity 94.9%) for detecting CSA events in a study of 70 individuals (41 with HF) with Cheyne-Stokes respiration.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0575"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Prognosis</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Given its pathophysiology, it is no surprise that SDB is associated with worse prognosis in HF patients. OSA is described as a cardiovascular risk marker that is more often found in mild forms of HF (NYHA I-II), while CSA tends to be an indicator of more severe cases (NYHA III-IV).</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">OSA was associated with increased mortality in patients with HFrEF over a mean follow-up of three years (hazard ratio [HR] 2.81, p=0.029)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0580"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a> and in patients with ischemic HF after a mean follow-up of 32 months (HR 3.03, p=0.043).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0585"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a> Other authors report similar results in patients in whom CSA was identified during hospital stay, with lower survival in those with more severe disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0590"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In a study including 784 patients with systolic HF, CSA was an independent predictor of six-month cardiac readmission,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0595"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a> and in another study, the same authors reported that both OSA and CSA are independent risk factors for long-term post-discharge mortality in patients hospitalized for acute HF.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In patients with HF and CSA, one of the most important prognostic indicators is the nocturnal hypoxemic burden. In a study of 963 patients with HFrEF, time with peripheral oxygen saturation <90% (T90) was associated with a 16% increase in all-cause mortality per hour of T90 in multivariate analysis, while AHI was no longer significant after adjustment for confounding factors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0600"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a> The best cutoff for mortality in this population was a T90 of at least 22 min. According to these authors, nocturnal hypoxemic burden could be an important therapeutic target and reducing hypoxemia could be more useful than reducing AHI.</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Treatment</span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Obstructive sleep apnea</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Positive pressure devices are an established therapy in the treatment of OSA in patients without HF.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0605"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a> In OSA, nocturnal CPAP reduces sleepiness, improves quality of life and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and lowers catecholamine levels.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0610"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46,47</span></a> In an observational study of OSA in HF, CPAP was associated with lower death and hospitalization rates (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0620"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In patients who do not tolerate CPAP, nocturnal oxygen therapy reduces desaturation, although with prolonged apnea and hypopnea episodes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0625"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Optimization of HF therapy improves cardiac output and reduces peripheral edema, and diuretics improve OSA in patients with HF and hypervolemia.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0635"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51</span></a> Weight loss also significantly reduces AHI, according to a meta-analysis of seven randomized trials (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0635"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Central sleep apnea</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Indications for treatment and the choice of treatment modality for CSA in HF patients are the subject of debate. According to the latest guidelines, the first step is to optimize HF therapy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0640"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">52</span></a> Anti-remodeling therapy with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and adrenergic blockers reduces CSA in congestive HF.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0645"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53,54</span></a> In a randomized trial,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0655"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55</span></a> theophylline, which stimulates respiration by competing with adenosine, reduced CSA in 50% of patients, but due to its narrow therapeutic window it is not used in clinical practice. Acetazolamide also reduces CSA and daytime sleepiness and improves sleep quality in HF patients, by promoting diuresis and metabolic acidosis, which stimulates ventilation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0660"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56</span></a> However, acetazolamide may cause hypokalemia, with pro-arrhythmic effects. According to a recent meta-analysis, cardiac resynchronization (CRT) in patients with CSA, HFrEF and complete left bundle branch block led to a mean reduction in AHI of 13/h, although this improvement was not seen in patients with OSA (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0665"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">57</span></a> In an observational study, atrial overdrive pacing resulted in an additional reduction in CSA when combined with CRT.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0670"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Implantation of a left ventricular assist device was associated with improvement in CSA and exercise capacity in HF patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0675"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">59</span></a> Cardiac transplantation<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0680"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">60</span></a> and mitral valve replacement, when indicated,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0685"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">61</span></a> have also been followed by improvement in Cheyne-Stokes breathing.</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nocturnal oxygen therapy reduces CSA and sympathetic activity, improving quality of life and exercise capacity in HF.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0690"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">62–64</span></a> A post-hoc analysis of the CHF-HOT randomized trials including 97 patients with HF and CSA showed reduced AHI and improved LVEF and functional class with nocturnal oxygen therapy compared to medical therapy alone (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0705"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">65</span></a></p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Positive pressure devices reduce pulmonary edema by decreasing ventricular pre- and afterload and hence CSA. Small studies, most of them observational, in patients with HF and CSA have shown that CPAP also improves AHI and LVEF and reduces sympathetic activity, with a tendency for lower mortality.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0710"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">66</span></a> A randomized trial, the Canadian Positive Airway Pressure for Patients with Central Sleep Apnea and Heart Failure Trial (CANCAP), compared CPAP with optimal medical therapy in 258 patients with HFrEF and CSA. After a mean follow-up of two years, no significant differences were found in the primary outcome of death from all causes and heart transplantation (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0715"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">67</span></a> It should be noted that CPAP had only a weak effect on CSA in this trial, reducing mean AHI to 19/h, which was more than the 15/h inclusion criterion. A post-hoc analysis of this trial showed that prognosis was better for patients in whom CPAP resulted in CSA being reduced to less than 15 events/h.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0720"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">68</span></a></p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An observational study involving 296 patients with chronic HFrEF and sleep apnea (central and obstructive) revealed lower long-term mortality in patients with severe apnea (AHI >22.5) in those treated with CPAP compared to untreated patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0725"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">69</span></a></p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">BPAP has been described as a valid alternative for patients who do not tolerate CPAP and as equally effective in improving NYHA functional class and sleep quality in HF patients with CSA (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0730"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">70</span></a></p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ASV is a positive pressure technology that controls airway pressure according to the patient's ventilation, re-establishing a normal breathing pattern. It is a promising alternative to CPAP for the treatment of CSA in HF (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0735"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">71</span></a> A meta-analysis of studies on CSA and HF showed that ASV reduced AHI and improved cardiac function and exercise capacity,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0740"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">72</span></a> while another meta-analysis demonstrated a significant reduction in all-cause mortality with ASV compared to CPAP in patients with HF and SDB.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0745"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">73</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In view of these apparent benefits of ASV, the SERVE-HF trial randomized 1325 patients with HFrEF and CSA to guideline-based medical treatment (controls) or ASV for at least five hours per night, seven days per week.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> After a median follow-up of 31 months, despite effective control of CSA by ASV, there were no differences in the primary study endpoint of death from any cause, lifesaving cardiovascular intervention, or unplanned hospitalization for worsening heart failure. The event rate for the primary endpoint was 54.1% in the ASV group and 50.8% in the control group (HR 1.13; p=0.10). Furthermore, the addition of ASV to optimal medical treatment had no beneficial effect on quality of life, six-minute walk test or symptoms. On the contrary, there was higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the ASV group than in controls (34.8% vs. 29.3%, HR 1.28; p=0.01 and 29.9% vs. 24.0%, HR 1.34; p=0.006). The early and sustained increase in cardiovascular mortality with ASV was unexpected in light of the results of previous meta-analyses and there has been considerable speculation concerning the causes of these results and alternative treatments (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). One possible explanation is that in some HF patients CSA could in fact be a compensatory mechanism that provides periods of rest to respiratory muscles and reduces excessive sympathetic nervous activity. Another theory is that positive airway pressure may reduce systolic ejection volume and hence cardiac output, especially in the presence of low pulmonary wedge pressure. A recent sub-analysis of the SERVE-HF trial examined the types of death that contributed to the higher mortality in the ASV group, and found that patients in this group without previous hospital admission for worsening heart failure were at higher risk for cardiovascular death, suggesting that the additional mortality was due to sudden death. This is supported by the fact that it was patients with the lowest LVEF (<30%) and without implantable cardioverter-defibrillators who were most affected (HR 5.2; p=0.026).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0750"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">74</span></a></p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An interesting finding of SERVE-HF is that although ASV reduced AHI and the oxygen desaturation index, mean T90 was only decreased from 51 to 19 min, and so many patients still had a considerable hypoxemic burden.</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The search for explanations of the unexpected results of SERVE-HF has led to the idea that the therapeutic target in patients with HFrEF and SDB should be T90 rather than AHI, and has cast doubt on the usefulness of AHI for defining SDB or for risk stratification in these patients. Nevertheless, in the light of SERVE-HF, ASV is now contradicted in patients with CSA and symptomatic HF with LVEF ≤45%. It should be noted that the study population was composed exclusively of patients with HFrEF, most of whom had CSA, and therefore the results cannot be extrapolated to patients with HFpEF or predominantly OSA. A randomized trial, ADVENT-HF, is under way in patients with HFrEF and CSA or OSA (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: <a href="ctgov:NCT01128816">NCT01128816</a>).</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Transvenous phrenic nerve stimulation has been proposed as a new, more physiological approach in the treatment of CSA that can prevent apnea, eliminating the need for positive airway pressure or patient compliance. An implanted device similar to a pacemaker is used, with an electrode in the left pericardiophrenic or right brachiocephalic vein, which stimulates the phrenic nerve when no impulse is detected for a specified period of time. An observational study of 30 patients with HF and CSA showed that unilateral transvenous phrenic nerve stimulation significantly reduced the number of CSA episodes,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0755"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">75</span></a> while in a prospective study of 57 patients it led to improvements in sleep, oxygenation and quality of life.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0760"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">76</span></a> A multicenter randomized trial, the Pivotal Trial of the remedē System (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: <a href="ctgov:NCT01816776">NCT01816776</a>), is under way that will evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the remedē system (Respicardia, Inc.). Although this is an invasive technique, it has attracted greater attention since the negative results of SERVE-HF.</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">The future</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Following the publication of SERVE-HF, many questions remain concerning the pathophysiology of SDB in HF patients, as well as how to classify and investigate the severity of the syndrome, in particular regarding AHI and T90, and what should be the therapeutic targets. The effects on morbidity and mortality of decreasing nocturnal hypoxemia, as opposed to reducing AHI, need to be tested, as do other therapeutic modalities, particularly oxygen supplementation and phrenic nerve stimulation. Among other challenges, there is a need for a consensual definition of SDB in HF and for simple screening methods, and there has still been no unequivocal identification of the best therapeutic targets and most appropriate treatments for each phenotype of the disease (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>). It is clear that HF patients with SDB have a poor prognosis, but it remains to be demonstrated whether treating SDB improves quality of life and survival in these patients, and confirmation is still awaited that SDB is a risk factor and not simply an indicator of HF severity.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Conclusion</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">SDB is a common comorbidity in HF that worsens morbidity and mortality, and thus HF specialists, especially cardiologists and internists, must be able to suspect and diagnose the condition and refer patients to sleep specialists, as well as to monitor the effects of treatments administered to their patients.</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Results of studies on various treatments have been inconsistent. Following SERVE-HF, ASV is contraindicated for patients with HFrEF and CSA. However, this finding cannot necessarily be extrapolated to other populations, such as those with HFpEF or CSA. SERVE-HF has opened new horizons for research, and studies currently under way may be crucial in defining the most appropriate approach to SDB in HF.</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:14 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres957269" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec928591" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres957268" "titulo" => "Resumo" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec928592" "titulo" => "Palavras-chave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Concepts" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Pathophysiology" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Epidemiology" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Diagnosis" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Prognosis" ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Treatment" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Obstructive sleep apnea" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Central sleep apnea" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "The future" ] ] ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 12 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 13 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec928591" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Heart failure" 1 => "Sleep-disordered breathing" 2 => "Treatment" 3 => "Non-invasive ventilation" 4 => "Adaptive servo-ventilation" 5 => "Prognosis" ] ] ] "pt" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palavras-chave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec928592" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Insuficiência cardíaca" 1 => "Distúrbios respiratórios do sono" 2 => "Tratamento" 3 => "Ventilação não invasiva" 4 => "Servo-ventilação adaptativa" 5 => "Prognóstico" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Heart failure (HF) is one of the most prevalent conditions worldwide and despite therapeutic advances, its prognosis remains poor. Among the multiple comorbidities in HF, sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is frequent and worsens the prognosis. Preliminary observational studies suggested that treatment of SDB could modify the prognosis of HF, and the issue has gained importance in recent years. The diagnosis of SDB is expensive, slow and suboptimal, and there is thus a need for screening devices that are easier to use and validated in this population. The first-line treatment involves optimization of medical therapy for heart failure. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is used in patients who mainly suffer from obstructive sleep apnea. In patients with predominantly central sleep apnea, CPAP is not sufficient and adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV), despite promising results in observational studies, showed no benefit in patients with symptomatic HF and reduced ejection fraction in the SERVE-HF randomized trial; on the contrary, there was unexpectedly increased mortality in the ASV group compared to controls, and so ASV is contraindicated in these patients, calling into question the definition and pathogenesis of SDB and risk stratification in these patients. There are many gaps in the evidence, and so further research is needed to better understand this issue: definitions, simple screening methods, and whether and how to treat SDB in patients with HF.</p></span>" ] "pt" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumo" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) é uma das entidades mais prevalentes em todo o mundo e o seu prognóstico, apesar dos avanços terapêuticos, continua reservado. De entre as múltiplas comorbilidades, os distúrbios respiratórios do sono (DRS) são frequentes na IC e agravam o seu prognóstico. Estudos preliminares observacionais sugeriam que o tratamento dos DRS poderia modificar o prognóstico da IC, motivo pelo qual o tema tem ganho importância nos últimos anos. O diagnóstico dos DRS é caro e moroso, pelo que subótimo, com necessidade de dispositivos de rastreio mais fáceis de usar e validados nesta população de doentes. O tratamento em primeira linha passa pela otimização da terapêutica médica da IC. A pressão positiva contínua na via aérea (CPAP) é utilizada em doentes com predomínio de apneia obstrutiva. Já nos doentes com predomínio de apneia central, o CPAP não é suficiente e a servo-ventilação adaptativa (SVA), apesar de ter mostrado resultados promissores em estudos observacionais, não mostrou benefício nos doentes com IC sintomática e fração de ejeção deprimida no estudo aleatorizado SERVE-HF; pelo contrário, registou-se, inesperadamente, um aumento da mortalidade no grupo do SVA em relação ao grupo controlo, razão pela qual está contraindicada nestes doentes, pondo em causa a definição e etiopatogenia dos DRS e estratificação de risco destes doentes. Existem muitas lacunas na evidência, pelo que será necessária mais investigação para um melhor entendimento deste tema: definição, métodos simples de rastreio, bem como da necessidade ou não, e melhor forma de tratar os DRS nos doentes com IC.</p></span>" ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Carmo J, Araújo I, Marques F, et al. Distúrbios respiratórios do sono na insuficiência cardíaca: o estado da arte depois do estudo SERVE-HF. Rev Port Cardiol. 2017;36:859–867.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1000 "Ancho" => 1519 "Tamanyo" => 132754 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Adaptive servo-ventilation keeps the airway open by means of positive end-expiratory pressure and provides inspiratory pressure support during spontaneous breathing. When apnea occurs, it increases support pressure to provide minimum ventilatory reserve. As soon as spontaneous breathing returns, support is reduced. PEEP: positive end-expiratory pressure.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">AHI: apnea-hypopnea index; CPAP: continuous positive airway pressure; HF: heart failure.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Authors \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Design \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Main conclusions \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Mansfield et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0615"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Randomized trial in 40 patients (CPAP vs. placebo) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Improvements in ventricular function, quality of life, and sympathetic nervous system activity with CPAP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Kasai et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0620"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Observational study of 88 patients \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Reduced risk of death and hospitalization for HF with CPAP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Mehra et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0625"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Systematic review and meta-analysis of 14 observational studies \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Reduced nocturnal oxygen desaturation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Bucca et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0630"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Observational study of 15 patients \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Reduced AHI with diuretics \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Araghi et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0635"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Systematic review and meta-analysis of 7 randomized trials \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Reduced AHI with reduction in body weight \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1621970.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Studies on obstructive sleep apnea in heart failure.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">AHI: apnea-hypopnea index; ASV: adaptive servo-ventilation; BPAP: bilevel positive airway pressure; CPAP: continuous positive airway pressure; CRT: cardiac resynchronization; CSA: central sleep apnea; HR: hazard ratio; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; OSA: obstructive sleep apnea.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Authors \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Design \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Main conclusions \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Walsh et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0645"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53</span></a> and Tamura et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0650"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">54</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Observational studies \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Improved AHI under captopril and carvedilol \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Javaheri et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0655"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Randomized trial with 15 patients (theophylline vs. control) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Fewer apnea and hypopnea episodes with theophylline \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Javaheri et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0660"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Randomized trial with 12 patients (acetazolamide-KCl and control) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Improvement in CSA and symptoms with acetazolamide \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Lamba et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0665"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">57</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Systematic review and meta-analysis of 9 observational studies \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Reduced AHI with CRT (no benefit in patients with OSA) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Nakao et al. (CHF-HOT)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0705"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">65</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Post-hoc analysis of 2 randomized trials with 97 patients (nocturnal oxygen vs. control) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Improved CSA, quality of life and ventricular function with nocturnal oxygen \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Bradley et al. (CANCAP)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0715"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">67</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Randomized trial with 258 patients with reduced LVEF (CPAP vs. control) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No significant differences in primary endpoint of number of hospitalizations, mortality or transplantation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Köhnlein et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0730"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">70</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Randomized trial with 35 patients with reduced LVEF (CPAP vs. BPAP – crossover) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Improvement in Cheyne-Stokes respiration with CPAP and BPAP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Sharma et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0740"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">72</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Systematic review and meta-analysis of 14 observational studies with 538 patients (ASV vs. control) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Improved AHI, LVEF and functional capacity with ASV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Cowie et al. (SERVE-HF)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Randomized trial with 1325 patients with CSA and reduced LVEF (ASV vs. control) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No differences in primary endpoint (HR 1.13; p=0.10). Increased overall and cardiovascular mortality in patients treated by ASV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Abraham et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0760"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">76</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Observational study with 57 patients with CSA (phrenic nerve stimulation vs. control) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">55% reduction in AHI with phrenic nerve stimulation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1621971.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Studies on central sleep apnea in heart failure.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at3" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">AHI: apnea-hypopnea index; ASV: adaptive servo-ventilation; HF: heart failure; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; OSA: obstructive sleep apnea; SDB: sleep disordered breathing; T90: time with oxygen saturation <90%.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">An agreed definition of SDB \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Simpler, faster and cheaper diagnostic methods \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Establishing a consensus on T90 vs. AHI reduction as the therapeutic target \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Role of oxygen therapy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Treatment of other populations with HF and SDB (HFpEF, OSA) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">The role of ASV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Benefits of phrenic nerve stimulation in HFrEF and SDB \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1621969.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Areas for future research.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:76 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0385" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Clinical epidemiology of heart failure" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "A. Mosterd" 1 => "A.W. Hoes" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1136/hrt.2003.025270" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Heart" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "93" "paginaInicial" => "1137" "paginaFinal" => "1146" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17699180" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0390" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Prevalence of chronic heart failure in Southwestern Europe: the EPICA study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "F. Ceia" 1 => "C. Fonseca" 2 => "T. Mota" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur J Heart Fail" "fecha" => "2002" "volumen" => "4" "paginaInicial" => "531" "paginaFinal" => "539" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12167394" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0395" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Sleep disordered breathing and post-discharge mortality in patients with acute heart failure" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "R. Khayat" 1 => "D. Jarjoura" 2 => "K. Porter" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1093/eurheartj/ehu522" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur Heart J" "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "36" "paginaInicial" => "1463" "paginaFinal" => "1469" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25636743" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0400" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Adaptive servo-ventilation for central sleep apnea in systolic heart failure" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "M. Cowie" 1 => "H. Woehrle" 2 => "K. Wegscheider" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1056/NEJMoa1506459" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "N Engl J Med" "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "373" "paginaInicial" => "1095" "paginaFinal" => "1105" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26323938" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0405" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Rules for scoring respiratory events in sleep: update of the 2007 AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "R.B. Berry" 1 => "R. Budhiraja" 2 => "D.J. Gottlieb" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.5664/jcsm.2172" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Clin Sleep Med" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "8" "paginaInicial" => "597" "paginaFinal" => "619" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23066376" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0410" "etiqueta" => "6" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A mechanism of central sleep apnea in patients with heart failure" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "S. Javaheri" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1056/NEJM199909233411304" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "N Engl J Med" "fecha" => "1999" "volumen" => "341" "paginaInicial" => "949" "paginaFinal" => "954" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10498490" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0415" "etiqueta" => "7" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Peripheral and central ventilatory responses in central sleep apnea with and without congestive heart failure" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "P. Solin" 1 => "T. Roebuck" 2 => "D.P. Johns" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1164/ajrccm.162.6.2002024" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Respir Crit Care Med" "fecha" => "2000" "volumen" => "162" "paginaInicial" => "2194" "paginaFinal" => "2200" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11112137" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0420" "etiqueta" => "8" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Influence of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure on central sleep apnea in heart failure" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "P. Solin" 1 => "P. Bergin" 2 => "M. Richardson" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Circulation" "fecha" => "1999" "volumen" => "99" "paginaInicial" => "1574" "paginaFinal" => "1579" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10096933" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0425" "etiqueta" => "9" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Relationship of carbon dioxide tension in arterial blood to pulmonary wedge pressure in heart failure" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "G. Lorenzi-Filho" 1 => "E.R. Azevedo" 2 => "J.D. Parker" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir J" "fecha" => "2002" "volumen" => "19" "paginaInicial" => "37" "paginaFinal" => "40" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11843325" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0430" "etiqueta" => "10" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Vagal sensory receptors and their reflex effects" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "A.S. Paintal" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1152/physrev.1973.53.1.159" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Physiol Rev" "fecha" => "1973" "volumen" => "53" "paginaInicial" => "159" "paginaFinal" => "227" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4568412" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0435" "etiqueta" => "11" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and pulmonary arterial pressure in heart failure patients with sleep-disordered breathing" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "O. Oldenburg" 1 => "T. Bitter" 2 => "M. Wiemer" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.sleep.2008.08.004" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Sleep Med" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "10" "paginaInicial" => "726" "paginaFinal" => "730" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19135413" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0440" "etiqueta" => "12" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The AASM manual for scoring of sleep and associated events: rules, terminology and technical specifications" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "C. Iber" 1 => "S. Ancoli-Israel" 2 => "A.L. Chesson" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:4 [ "edicion" => "1st ed." "fecha" => "2007" "editorial" => "American Academy of Sleep Medicine" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Westchester, IL, USA" ] ] ] ] ] ] 12 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0445" "etiqueta" => "13" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Sleep-disordered breathing and cardiovascular disease: cross-sectional results of the Sleep Heart Health Study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "E. Shahar" 1 => "C.W. Whitney" 2 => "S. Redline" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1164/ajrccm.163.1.2001008" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Respir Crit Care Med" "fecha" => "2001" "volumen" => "163" "paginaInicial" => "19" "paginaFinal" => "25" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11208620" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 13 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0450" "etiqueta" => "14" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Sleep-disordered breathing in patients with heart failure: new trends in therapy" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "A. Kazimierczak" 1 => "P. Krzesinski" 2 => "K. Krzyhanowski" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1155/2013/459613" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Biomed Res Int" "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "2013" "paginaInicial" => "459613" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23984365" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 14 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0455" "etiqueta" => "15" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease: a bidirectional relationship" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "T. Kasai" 1 => "J.S. Floras" 2 => "T.D. Bradley" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.070813" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Circulation" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "126" "paginaInicial" => "1495" "paginaFinal" => "1510" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22988046" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 15 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0460" "etiqueta" => "16" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Elevated levels of C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome are decreased by nasal continuous positive airway pressure" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "T. Yokoe" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Circulation" "fecha" => "2003" "volumen" => "107" "paginaInicial" => "1129" "paginaFinal" => "1134" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12615790" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 16 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0465" "etiqueta" => "17" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "C-reactive protein is elevated in heart failure patients with central sleep apnea and Cheyne-Stokes respiration" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "H. Schalmegeier" 1 => "T. Bitter" 2 => "T. Fischbach" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1159/000351115" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Respiration" "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "87" "paginaInicial" => "113" "paginaFinal" => "120" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23988380" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 17 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0470" "etiqueta" => "18" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Provocation of ventricular ectopy by Cheyne-Stokes respiration in patients with heart failure" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "R.S. Leung" 1 => "T.M. Diep" 2 => "M.E. Bowman" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Sleep" "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "27" "paginaInicial" => "1337" "paginaFinal" => "1343" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15586786" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 18 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0475" "etiqueta" => "19" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Sleep apnoea induces cardiac electrical instability assessed by T-wave alternans in patients with congestive heart failure" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "N. Takasugi" 1 => "K. Nishigaki" 2 => "T. Kubota" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1093/eurjhf/hfp138" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur J Heart Fail" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "11" "paginaInicial" => "1063" "paginaFinal" => "1070" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19875406" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 19 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0480" "etiqueta" => "20" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Association of nocturnal arrhythmias with sleep-disordered breathing: the Sleep Heart Health Study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "R. Mehra" 1 => "E. Benjamin" 2 => "E. Shahar" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1164/rccm.200509-1442OC" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Respir Crit Care Med" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "173" "paginaInicial" => "910" "paginaFinal" => "916" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16424443" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 20 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0485" "etiqueta" => "21" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cheyne-Stokes respiration and obstructive sleep apnoea are independent risk factors for malignant ventricular arrhythmias requiring appropriate cardioverter-defibrillator therapies in patients with congestive heart failure" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "T. Bitter" 1 => "N. Westerheide" 2 => "C. Prinz" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1093/eurheartj/ehq327" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur Heart J" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "32" "paginaInicial" => "61" "paginaFinal" => "74" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20846992" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 21 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0490" "etiqueta" => "22" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Chronic intermittent asphyxia increases platelet reactivity in rats" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "M. Dunleavy" 1 => "M. Dooley" 2 => "D. Cox" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1113/expphysiol.2004.029306" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Exp Physiol" "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "90" "paginaInicial" => "411" "paginaFinal" => "416" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15728138" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 22 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0495" "etiqueta" => "23" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Association of sleep apnea and type II diabetes: a population-based study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "K. Reichmuth" 1 => "D. Austin" 2 => "J. Skatrud" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1164/rccm.200504-637OC" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Respir Crit Care Med" "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "172" "paginaInicial" => "1590" "paginaFinal" => "1595" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16192452" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 23 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0500" "etiqueta" => "24" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cheyne-Stokes respiration: friend or foe?" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "M.T. Naughton" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-200927" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Thorax" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "67" "paginaInicial" => "357" "paginaFinal" => "360" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22318163" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 24 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0505" "etiqueta" => "25" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Sleep-disordered breathing in patients with symptomatic heart failure. A contemporary study of prevalence in and characteristics of 700 patients" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "O. Oldenburg" 1 => "B. Lamp" 2 => "F. Faber" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ejheart.2006.08.003" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur J Heart Fail" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "9" "paginaInicial" => "251" "paginaFinal" => "257" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17027333" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 25 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0510" "etiqueta" => "26" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Sleep apnoea in heart failure" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "R. Schulz" 1 => "A. Blau" 2 => "J. Borgel" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1183/09031936.00037106" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir J" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "29" "paginaInicial" => "1201" "paginaFinal" => "1205" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17360729" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 26 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0515" "etiqueta" => "27" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A high prevalence of sleep disordered breathing in men with mild symptomatic chronic heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "A. Vazir" 1 => "P.C. Hastings" 2 => "M. Dayer" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ejheart.2006.08.001" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur J Heart Fail" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "9" "paginaInicial" => "243" "paginaFinal" => "250" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17030014" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 27 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0520" "etiqueta" => "28" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in diastolic heart failure" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "J. Chan" 1 => "J. Sanderson" 2 => "W. Chan" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Chest" "fecha" => "1997" "volumen" => "111" "paginaInicial" => "1488" "paginaFinal" => "1493" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9187161" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 28 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0525" "etiqueta" => "29" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Sleep-disordered breathing in heart failure with normal left ventricular ejection fraction" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "T. Bitter" 1 => "L. Faber" 2 => "D. Hering" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1093/eurjhf/hfp057" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur J Heart Fail" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "11" "paginaInicial" => "602" "paginaFinal" => "608" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19468022" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 29 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0530" "etiqueta" => "30" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Symptoms of sleep apnoea in chronic heart failure – results from a prospective cohort study in 1,500 patients" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "T. Bitter" 1 => "N. Westerheide" 2 => "S. Hossain" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s11325-011-0575-0" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Sleep Breath" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "16" "paginaInicial" => "781" "paginaFinal" => "791" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21874604" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 30 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0535" "etiqueta" => "31" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Sleep apnea testing and outcomes in a large cohort of Medicare beneficiaries with newly diagnosed heart failure" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "S. Javaheri" 1 => "E.B. Caref" 2 => "E. Chen" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1164/rccm.201003-0406OC" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Respir Crit Care Med" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "183" "paginaInicial" => "539" "paginaFinal" => "546" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20656940" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 31 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0540" "etiqueta" => "32" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth sleepiness scale" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "M.W. Johns" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Sleep" "fecha" => "1991" "volumen" => "14" "paginaInicial" => "540" "paginaFinal" => "545" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1798888" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 32 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0545" "etiqueta" => "33" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Using the Berlin questionnaire to identify patients at risk for the sleep apnea syndrome" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "N.C. Netzer" 1 => "R.A. Stoohs" 2 => "C.M. Netzer" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Ann Intern Med" "fecha" => "1999" "volumen" => "131" "paginaInicial" => "485" "paginaFinal" => "491" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10507956" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 33 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0550" "etiqueta" => "34" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A survey screen for prediction of apnea" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "G. Maislin" 1 => "A.I. Pack" 2 => "N.B. Kribbs" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Sleep" "fecha" => "1995" "volumen" => "18" "paginaInicial" => "158" "paginaFinal" => "166" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7610311" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 34 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0555" "etiqueta" => "35" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Practice parameters for the use of portable monitoring devices in the investigation of suspected obstructive sleep apnea in adults" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "A.L. Chesson Jr." 1 => "R.B. Berry" 2 => "A. Pack" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Sleep" "fecha" => "2003" "volumen" => "26" "paginaInicial" => "907" "paginaFinal" => "913" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14655928" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 35 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0560" "etiqueta" => "36" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Executive summary on the systematic review and practice parameters for portable monitoring in the investigation of suspected sleep apnea in adults" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "American Thoracic Society/American College of Chest Physicians/American Academy of Sleep Medicine Taskforce Steering Committee" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1164/rccm.169.1160" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Respir Crit Care Med" "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "169" "paginaInicial" => "1160" "paginaFinal" => "1163" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15132960" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 36 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0565" "etiqueta" => "37" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Validation of the ApneaLink for the screening of sleep apnea: a novel and simple single-channel recording device" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "M.K. Erman" 1 => "D. Stewart" 2 => "D. Einhorn" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Clin Sleep Med" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "3" "paginaInicial" => "387" "paginaFinal" => "392" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17694728" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 37 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0570" "etiqueta" => "38" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Diagnostic performance of single airflow channel recording (ApneaLink) in home diagnosis of sleep apnea" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "R. Ragette" 1 => "Y. Wang" 2 => "G. Weinreich" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s11325-009-0290-2" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Sleep Breath" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "14" "paginaInicial" => "109" "paginaFinal" => "114" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19714380" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 38 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0575" "etiqueta" => "39" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Validation of ApneaLink as screening device for Cheyne-Stokes respiration" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "G. Weinreich" 1 => "J. Armitstead" 2 => "V. Töpfer" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Sleep" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "32" "paginaInicial" => "553" "paginaFinal" => "557" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19413150" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 39 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0580" "etiqueta" => "40" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Influence of obstructive sleep apnea on mortality in patients with heart failure" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "H. Wang" 1 => "J. Parker" 2 => "G. Newten" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.jacc.2006.12.046" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Am Coll Cardiol" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "49" "paginaInicial" => "1625" "paginaFinal" => "1631" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17433953" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 40 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0585" "etiqueta" => "41" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Relationship between sleep apnoea and mortality in patients with ischaemic heart failure" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "D. Yumino" 1 => "H. Wang" 2 => "J.S. Floras" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1136/hrt.2008.160952" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Heart" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "95" "paginaInicial" => "819" "paginaFinal" => "824" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19131443" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 41 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0590" "etiqueta" => "42" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Central sleep apnea, right ventricular dysfunction, and low diastolic blood pressure are predictors of mortality in systolic heart failure" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "S. Javaheri" 1 => "R. Shukla" 2 => "H. Zeigler" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.jacc.2007.01.084" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Am Coll Cardiol" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "49" "paginaInicial" => "2028" "paginaFinal" => "2034" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17512359" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 42 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0595" "etiqueta" => "43" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Central sleep apnea is a predictor of cardiac readmission in hospitalized patients with systolic heart failure" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "R. Khayat" 1 => "W. Abraham" 2 => "B. Patt" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.cardfail.2012.05.003" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Card Fail" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "18" "paginaInicial" => "534" "paginaFinal" => "540" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22748486" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 43 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0600" "etiqueta" => "44" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Nocturnal hypoxaemia is associated with increased mortality in stable heart failure patients" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "O. Oldenburg" 1 => "B. Wellmann" 2 => "A. Buchholz" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1093/eurheartj/ehv624" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur Heart J" "fecha" => "2016" "volumen" => "37" "paginaInicial" => "1695" "paginaFinal" => "1703" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26612581" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 44 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0605" "etiqueta" => "45" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Clinical guideline for the evaluation, management and long-term care of obstructive sleep apnea in adults" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea Task Force of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Clin Sleep Med" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "5" "paginaInicial" => "263" "paginaFinal" => "276" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19960649" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 45 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0610" "etiqueta" => "46" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Sleep disordered breathing in patients with heart failure: pathophysiology and management" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "B. Sharma" 1 => "D. McSharry" 2 => "A. Malhotra" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s11936-011-0145-6" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "13" "paginaInicial" => "506" "paginaFinal" => "516" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21894522" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 46 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0615" "etiqueta" => "47" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Controlled trial of continuous positive airway pressure in obstructive sleep apnea and heart failure" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "D.R. Mansfield" 1 => "N.C. Gollogly" 2 => "D.M. Kaye" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1164/rccm.200306-752OC" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Respir Crit Care Med" "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "169" "paginaInicial" => "361" "paginaFinal" => "366" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14597482" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 47 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0620" "etiqueta" => "48" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Prognosis of patients with heart failure and obstructive sleep apnea treated with continuous positive airway pressure" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "T. Kasai" 1 => "K. Narui" 2 => "T. Dohi" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1378/chest.07-1901" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Chest" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "133" "paginaInicial" => "690" "paginaFinal" => "696" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18198253" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 48 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0625" "etiqueta" => "49" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Obstructive sleep apnea and oxygen therapy: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "V. Mehra" 1 => "T.S. Vasu" 2 => "B. Phillips" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.5664/jcsm.2500" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Clin Sleep Med" "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "9" "paginaInicial" => "271" "paginaFinal" => "279" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23493498" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 49 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0630" "etiqueta" => "50" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Diuretics in obstructive sleep apnea with diastolic heart failure" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "C.B. Bucca" 1 => "L. Brussino" 2 => "A. Battisti" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1378/chest.07-0311" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Chest" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "132" "paginaInicial" => "440" "paginaFinal" => "446" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17699130" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 50 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0635" "etiqueta" => "51" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Effectiveness of lifestyle interventions on obstructive sleep apnea (OSA): systematic review and meta-analysis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "M.H. Araghi" 1 => "Y.F. Chen" 2 => "A. Jagielski" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.5665/sleep.3056" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Sleep" "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "36" "paginaInicial" => "1553" "paginaFinal" => "1562" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24082315" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 51 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0640" "etiqueta" => "52" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "P. Ponikowski" 1 => "A.A. Voors" 2 => "S.D. Anker" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur J Heart Fail" "fecha" => "2016" "volumen" => "14" "paginaInicial" => "2129" "paginaFinal" => "2200" ] ] ] ] ] ] 52 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0645" "etiqueta" => "53" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Effects of captopril and oxygen on sleep apnoea in patients with mild to moderate congestive cardiac failure" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "J.T. Walsh" …2 ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Br Heart J" "fecha" => "1995" "volumen" => "73" "paginaInicial" => "237" "paginaFinal" => "241" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 53 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0650" "etiqueta" => "54" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Carvedilol reduces the severity of central sleep apnea in chronic heart failure" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Circ J" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "73" "paginaInicial" => "295" "paginaFinal" => "298" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 54 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0655" "etiqueta" => "55" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Effect of theophylline on sleep-disordered breathing in heart failure" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1056/NEJM199608223350805" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "N Engl J Med" "fecha" => "1996" "volumen" => "335" "paginaInicial" => "562" "paginaFinal" => "567" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 55 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0660" "etiqueta" => "56" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Acetazolamide improves central sleep apnea in heart failure: a double-blind, prospective study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1164/rccm.200507-1035OC" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Respir Crit Care Med" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "173" "paginaInicial" => "234" "paginaFinal" => "237" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 56 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0665" "etiqueta" => "57" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cardiac resynchronization therapy for the treatment of sleep apnoea: a meta-analysis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1093/europace/eur128" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Europace" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "13" "paginaInicial" => "1174" "paginaFinal" => "1179" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 57 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0670" "etiqueta" => "58" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cardiac resynchronization therapy and atrial overdrive pacing for the treatment of central sleep apnoea" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1093/eurjhf/hfn042" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur J Heart Fail" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "11" "paginaInicial" => "273" "paginaFinal" => "280" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 58 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0675" "etiqueta" => "59" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resolution of central sleep apnoea following implantation of a left ventricular assist device" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.06.072" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int J Cardiol" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "138" "paginaInicial" => "317" "paginaFinal" => "319" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 59 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0680" "etiqueta" => "60" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Sleep apnea in 81 ambulatory male patients with stable heart failure. Types and their prevalences, consequences, and presentations" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Circulation" "fecha" => "1999" "volumen" => "99" "paginaInicial" => "2709" "paginaFinal" => "2712" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 60 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0685" "etiqueta" => "61" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Disappearance of periodic breathing after heart operations" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg" "fecha" => "1994" "volumen" => "107" "paginaInicial" => "317" "paginaFinal" => "318" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 61 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0690" "etiqueta" => "62" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Effect of oxygen on sleep quality, cognitive function and sympathetic activity in patients with chronic heart failure and Cheyne-Stokes respiration" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur Heart J" "fecha" => "1998" "volumen" => "19" "paginaInicial" => "922" "paginaFinal" => "928" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 62 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0695" "etiqueta" => "63" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Improvement of quality of life with nocturnal oxygen therapy in heart failure patients with central sleep apnea" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Circ J" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "73" "paginaInicial" => "1255" "paginaFinal" => "1262" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 63 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0700" "etiqueta" => "64" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Effectiveness of nocturnal home oxygen therapy to improve exercise capacity, cardiac function and cardiac sympathetic nerve activity in patients with chronic heart failure and central sleep apnea" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Circ J" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "73" "paginaInicial" => "299" "paginaFinal" => "304" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 64 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0705" "etiqueta" => "65" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Effects of nocturnal oxygen therapy in patients with chronic heart failure and central sleep apnea. CHF-HOT study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s00380-014-0592-6" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Heart Vessels" "fecha" => "2016" "volumen" => "31" "paginaInicial" => "165" "paginaFinal" => "172" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 65 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0710" "etiqueta" => "66" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Effects of continuous positive airway pressure on cardiovascular outcomes in heart failure patients with and without Cheyne-Stokes respiration" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Circulation" "fecha" => "2000" "volumen" => "102" "paginaInicial" => "61" "paginaFinal" => "66" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 66 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0715" "etiqueta" => "67" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Continuous positive airway pressure for central sleep apnea and heart failure" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1056/NEJMoa051001" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "N Engl J Med" "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "353" "paginaInicial" => "2025" "paginaFinal" => "2033" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 67 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0720" "etiqueta" => "68" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Suppression of central sleep apnea by continuous positive airway pressure and transplant-free survival in heart failure: a post hoc analysis of the Canadian Continuous Positive Airway Pressure for Patients with Central Sleep Apnea and Heart Failure Trial (CANPAP)" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.683482" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Circulation" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "115" "paginaInicial" => "3173" "paginaFinal" => "3180" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 68 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0725" "etiqueta" => "69" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Prognostic impact of sleep disordered breathing and its treatment in heart failure: an observational study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1093/eurjhf/hfq183" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur J Heart Fail" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "13" "paginaInicial" => "68" "paginaFinal" => "75" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 69 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0730" "etiqueta" => "70" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Assisted ventilation for heart failure patients with Cheyne-Stokes respiration" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir J" "fecha" => "2002" "volumen" => "20" "paginaInicial" => "934" "paginaFinal" => "941" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 70 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0735" "etiqueta" => "71" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Adaptive pressure support servo-ventilation: a novel treatment for Cheyne-Stokes respiration in heart failure" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1164/ajrccm.164.4.9908114" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Respir Crit Care Med" "fecha" => "2001" "volumen" => "164" "paginaInicial" => "614" "paginaFinal" => "619" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 71 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0740" "etiqueta" => "72" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Adaptive servoventilation for treatment of sleep-disordered breathing in heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1378/chest.12-0815" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Chest" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "142" "paginaInicial" => "1211" "paginaFinal" => "1221" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 72 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0745" "etiqueta" => "73" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Impact of sleep-disordered breathing and efficacy of positive airway pressure on mortality in patients with chronic heart failure and sleep-disordered breathing: a meta-analysis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s00392-014-0774-3" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Clin Res Cardiol" "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "104" "paginaInicial" => "208" "paginaFinal" => "216" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 73 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0750" "etiqueta" => "74" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Mechanisms underlying increased mortality risk in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction randomly assigned to adaptive servoventilation in the SERVE-HF study: results of a secondary multistate modelling analysis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/S2213-2600(16)30244-2" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Lancet Respir Med" "fecha" => "2016" "volumen" => "4" "paginaInicial" => "873" "paginaFinal" => "881" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 74 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0755" "etiqueta" => "75" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Transvenous phrenic nerve stimulation for the treatment of central sleep apnoea in heart failure" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1093/eurheartj/ehr298" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur Heart J" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "33" "paginaInicial" => "889" "paginaFinal" => "894" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 75 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0760" "etiqueta" => "76" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Phrenic nerve stimulation for the treatment of central sleep apnea" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.jchf.2014.12.013" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "JACC Heart Fail" "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "3" "paginaInicial" => "360" "paginaFinal" => "369" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/21742049/0000003600000011/v1_201712190639/S2174204917302817/v1_201712190639/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "9924" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Review Article" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/21742049/0000003600000011/v1_201712190639/S2174204917302817/v1_201712190639/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004E&text.app=https://revportcardiol.org/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2174204917302817?idApp=UINPBA00004E" ]
Year/Month | Html | Total | |
---|---|---|---|
2024 November | 5 | 2 | 7 |
2024 October | 32 | 35 | 67 |
2024 September | 45 | 26 | 71 |
2024 August | 39 | 31 | 70 |
2024 July | 28 | 26 | 54 |
2024 June | 29 | 30 | 59 |
2024 May | 28 | 16 | 44 |
2024 April | 26 | 20 | 46 |
2024 March | 27 | 27 | 54 |
2024 February | 34 | 26 | 60 |
2024 January | 19 | 19 | 38 |
2023 December | 17 | 26 | 43 |
2023 November | 26 | 25 | 51 |
2023 October | 14 | 23 | 37 |
2023 September | 17 | 18 | 35 |
2023 August | 26 | 13 | 39 |
2023 July | 34 | 14 | 48 |
2023 June | 35 | 10 | 45 |
2023 May | 53 | 34 | 87 |
2023 April | 24 | 6 | 30 |
2023 March | 77 | 28 | 105 |
2023 February | 53 | 25 | 78 |
2023 January | 36 | 21 | 57 |
2022 December | 85 | 28 | 113 |
2022 November | 62 | 38 | 100 |
2022 October | 70 | 37 | 107 |
2022 September | 48 | 35 | 83 |
2022 August | 46 | 45 | 91 |
2022 July | 39 | 51 | 90 |
2022 June | 39 | 47 | 86 |
2022 May | 33 | 43 | 76 |
2022 April | 36 | 32 | 68 |
2022 March | 40 | 48 | 88 |
2022 February | 42 | 49 | 91 |
2022 January | 42 | 38 | 80 |
2021 December | 24 | 36 | 60 |
2021 November | 37 | 41 | 78 |
2021 October | 36 | 49 | 85 |
2021 September | 22 | 35 | 57 |
2021 August | 42 | 41 | 83 |
2021 July | 21 | 24 | 45 |
2021 June | 24 | 31 | 55 |
2021 May | 41 | 38 | 79 |
2021 April | 48 | 33 | 81 |
2021 March | 64 | 16 | 80 |
2021 February | 64 | 16 | 80 |
2021 January | 44 | 18 | 62 |
2020 December | 42 | 10 | 52 |
2020 November | 40 | 23 | 63 |
2020 October | 31 | 16 | 47 |
2020 September | 79 | 9 | 88 |
2020 August | 38 | 10 | 48 |
2020 July | 86 | 14 | 100 |
2020 June | 52 | 13 | 65 |
2020 May | 69 | 7 | 76 |
2020 April | 55 | 12 | 67 |
2020 March | 61 | 12 | 73 |
2020 February | 122 | 55 | 177 |
2020 January | 36 | 9 | 45 |
2019 December | 52 | 8 | 60 |
2019 November | 34 | 9 | 43 |
2019 October | 37 | 8 | 45 |
2019 September | 27 | 8 | 35 |
2019 August | 46 | 5 | 51 |
2019 July | 39 | 11 | 50 |
2019 June | 33 | 27 | 60 |
2019 May | 29 | 18 | 47 |
2019 April | 20 | 10 | 30 |
2019 March | 109 | 11 | 120 |
2019 February | 125 | 10 | 135 |
2019 January | 80 | 18 | 98 |
2018 December | 45 | 16 | 61 |
2018 November | 61 | 11 | 72 |
2018 October | 67 | 12 | 79 |
2018 September | 27 | 11 | 38 |
2018 August | 37 | 10 | 47 |
2018 July | 13 | 9 | 22 |
2018 June | 34 | 22 | 56 |
2018 May | 35 | 14 | 49 |
2018 April | 55 | 14 | 69 |
2018 March | 49 | 15 | 64 |
2018 February | 34 | 16 | 50 |
2018 January | 43 | 26 | 69 |
2017 December | 65 | 36 | 101 |
2017 November | 12 | 18 | 30 |