Editorial comment
Therapeutic strategies targeting oxidative stress to improve dyslipidemia and left ventricular hypertrophy
Estratégias terapêuticas dirigidas ao stress oxidativo para melhoria da dislipidemia e da hipertrofia ventricular esquerda
a Laboratory of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
b Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology – Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (CNC.IBILI) Research Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Read
4113
Timeswas read the article
1520
Total PDF
2593
Total HTML
Share statistics
array:26 [ "pii" => "S2174204917302428" "issn" => "21742049" "doi" => "10.1016/j.repce.2017.09.001" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2017-09-01" "aid" => "1042" "copyright" => "Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia" "copyrightAnyo" => "2017" "documento" => "simple-article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "dis" "cita" => "Rev Port Cardiol. 2017;36:639-40" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1465 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 134 "HTML" => 1061 "PDF" => 270 ] ] "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:20 [ "pii" => "S0870255117305486" "issn" => "08702551" "doi" => "10.1016/j.repc.2017.07.003" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2017-09-01" "aid" => "1042" "copyright" => "Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia" "documento" => "simple-article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "dis" "cita" => "Rev Port Cardiol. 2017;36:639-40" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1803 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 184 "HTML" => 1230 "PDF" => 389 ] ] "en" => array:11 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Editorial comment</span>" "titulo" => "Therapeutic strategies targeting oxidative stress to improve dyslipidemia and left ventricular hypertrophy" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "639" "paginaFinal" => "640" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Estratégias terapêuticas dirigidas ao <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">stress</span> oxidativo para melhoria da dislipidemia e da hipertrofia ventricular esquerda" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1247 "Ancho" => 1583 "Tamanyo" => 193059 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Proposed mechanisms to explain the improvement of dyslipidemia and left ventricular hypertrophy by Tempol, a superoxide dismutase mimetic, in agreement with Gonçalves et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> NO: nitric oxide; NOS: nitric oxide synthase; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SOD: superoxide dismutase.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Flávio Reis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Flávio" "apellidos" => "Reis" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S2174204917302428" "doi" => "10.1016/j.repce.2017.09.001" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2174204917302428?idApp=UINPBA00004E" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0870255117305486?idApp=UINPBA00004E" "url" => "/08702551/0000003600000009/v1_201709150927/S0870255117305486/v1_201709150927/en/main.assets" ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:20 [ "pii" => "S217420491730243X" "issn" => "21742049" "doi" => "10.1016/j.repce.2017.01.005" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2017-09-01" "aid" => "1043" "copyright" => "Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Port Cardiol. 2017;36:641-9" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 2605 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 177 "HTML" => 2076 "PDF" => 352 ] ] "en" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original Article</span>" "titulo" => "Brief psychological intervention in phase I of cardiac rehabilitation after acute coronary syndrome" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "pt" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "641" "paginaFinal" => "649" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "pt" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Intervenção psicológica na fase I da reabilitação cardíaca pós-síndroma coronária aguda" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "pt" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Ana Cláudia Fernandes, Teresa McIntyre, Rui Coelho, Joana Prata, Maria Júlia Maciel" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ana Cláudia" "apellidos" => "Fernandes" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Teresa" "apellidos" => "McIntyre" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Rui" "apellidos" => "Coelho" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Joana" "apellidos" => "Prata" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Maria Júlia" "apellidos" => "Maciel" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0870255116303572" "doi" => "10.1016/j.repc.2017.01.005" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0870255116303572?idApp=UINPBA00004E" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S217420491730243X?idApp=UINPBA00004E" "url" => "/21742049/0000003600000009/v1_201709220127/S217420491730243X/v1_201709220127/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:20 [ "pii" => "S2174204917302416" "issn" => "21742049" "doi" => "10.1016/j.repce.2017.02.014" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2017-09-01" "aid" => "1040" "copyright" => "Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Port Cardiol. 2017;36:629-38" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 2621 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 133 "HTML" => 2170 "PDF" => 318 ] ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original Article</span>" "titulo" => "Tempol improves lipid profile and prevents left ventricular hypertrophy in LDL receptor gene knockout (LDLr-/-) mice on a high-fat diet" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "pt" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "629" "paginaFinal" => "638" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "pt" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Tempol melhora o perfil lipídico e previne a hipertrofia ventricular esquerda em camundongos nocaute para o gene do receptor de LDL (LDL-/-) sob uma dieta hiperlipídica" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "pt" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 1419 "Ancho" => 1573 "Tamanyo" => 66169 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Blood levels of low-density lipoprotein in the experimental groups fed a standard diet and a high-fat diet. HFD: high-fat diet; HFD+T: high-fat diet + Tempol; HFD+S: high-fat diet + simvastatin; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; SC: standard chow; SC+T: standard chow + Tempol. Values are mean ± standard error of the mean; α=0.05; *p<0.05.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Igor Cândido Viana Gonçalves, Cláudio Daniel Cerdeira, Eduardo Poletti Camara, José Antônio Dias Garcia, Maísa Ribeiro Pereira Lima Brigagão, Roberta Bessa Veloso Silva, Gérsika Bitencourt dos Santos" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Igor Cândido" "apellidos" => "Viana Gonçalves" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Cláudio Daniel" "apellidos" => "Cerdeira" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Eduardo" "apellidos" => "Poletti Camara" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "José Antônio" "apellidos" => "Dias Garcia" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Maísa" "apellidos" => "Ribeiro Pereira Lima Brigagão" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Roberta" "apellidos" => "Bessa Veloso Silva" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Gérsika" "apellidos" => "Bitencourt dos Santos" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0870255117305450" "doi" => "10.1016/j.repc.2017.02.014" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0870255117305450?idApp=UINPBA00004E" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2174204917302416?idApp=UINPBA00004E" "url" => "/21742049/0000003600000009/v1_201709220127/S2174204917302416/v1_201709220127/en/main.assets" ] "asociados" => array:1 [ 0 => array:20 [ "pii" => "S2174204917302416" "issn" => "21742049" "doi" => "10.1016/j.repce.2017.02.014" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2017-09-01" "aid" => "1040" "copyright" => "Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Port Cardiol. 2017;36:629-38" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 2621 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 133 "HTML" => 2170 "PDF" => 318 ] ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original Article</span>" "titulo" => "Tempol improves lipid profile and prevents left ventricular hypertrophy in LDL receptor gene knockout (LDLr-/-) mice on a high-fat diet" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "pt" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "629" "paginaFinal" => "638" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "pt" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Tempol melhora o perfil lipídico e previne a hipertrofia ventricular esquerda em camundongos nocaute para o gene do receptor de LDL (LDL-/-) sob uma dieta hiperlipídica" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "pt" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 1419 "Ancho" => 1573 "Tamanyo" => 66169 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Blood levels of low-density lipoprotein in the experimental groups fed a standard diet and a high-fat diet. HFD: high-fat diet; HFD+T: high-fat diet + Tempol; HFD+S: high-fat diet + simvastatin; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; SC: standard chow; SC+T: standard chow + Tempol. Values are mean ± standard error of the mean; α=0.05; *p<0.05.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Igor Cândido Viana Gonçalves, Cláudio Daniel Cerdeira, Eduardo Poletti Camara, José Antônio Dias Garcia, Maísa Ribeiro Pereira Lima Brigagão, Roberta Bessa Veloso Silva, Gérsika Bitencourt dos Santos" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Igor Cândido" "apellidos" => "Viana Gonçalves" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Cláudio Daniel" "apellidos" => "Cerdeira" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Eduardo" "apellidos" => "Poletti Camara" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "José Antônio" "apellidos" => "Dias Garcia" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Maísa" "apellidos" => "Ribeiro Pereira Lima Brigagão" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Roberta" "apellidos" => "Bessa Veloso Silva" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Gérsika" "apellidos" => "Bitencourt dos Santos" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0870255117305450" "doi" => "10.1016/j.repc.2017.02.014" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0870255117305450?idApp=UINPBA00004E" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2174204917302416?idApp=UINPBA00004E" "url" => "/21742049/0000003600000009/v1_201709220127/S2174204917302416/v1_201709220127/en/main.assets" ] ] "en" => array:15 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Editorial comment</span>" "titulo" => "Therapeutic strategies targeting oxidative stress to improve dyslipidemia and left ventricular hypertrophy" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "639" "paginaFinal" => "640" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "autoresLista" => "Flávio Reis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Flávio" "apellidos" => "Reis" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "freis@fmed.uc.pt" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Laboratory of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology – Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (CNC.IBILI) Research Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Estratégias terapêuticas dirigidas ao <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">stress</span> oxidativo para melhoria da dislipidemia e da hipertrofia ventricular esquerda" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1247 "Ancho" => 1583 "Tamanyo" => 193059 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Proposed mechanisms to explain the improvement of dyslipidemia and left ventricular hypertrophy by Tempol, a superoxide dismutase mimetic, in agreement with Gonçalves et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> NO: nitric oxide; NOS: nitric oxide synthase; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SOD: superoxide dismutase.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of premature death worldwide, including in Europe,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> is predominantly caused by atherosclerosis, a multifactorial disease strongly associated with dyslipidemia.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Management of dyslipidemia with statins has resulted in decreases in cardiovascular events and mortality. Unfortunately, although aggressive statin therapy leads to significant reductions in total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, a proportion of treated patients remain at increased risk for cardiovascular mortality, a phenomenon known as residual cardiovascular risk.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> It thus appears that the benefits of statin therapy have reached a plateau. In addition, many patients are unable to tolerate statins due to adverse effects, particularly muscle-related complications (myalgia, myopathy and rhabdomyolysis) and hepatotoxicity, particularly when under intensive therapy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Considering the current unmet needs in the treatment of dyslipidemia, there is considerable potential to reduce CVD mortality and morbidity, which highlights the need for new and effective drugs that can target mediators of atherosclerosis other than cholesterol and lipoproteins.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Oxidative stress is a crucial factor in the development and progression of atherosclerosis, as it is involved in various molecular mechanisms that contribute to vascular damage and foam cell formation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Oxidative damage to the endothelium and oxidative modification of LDL contribute significantly to atherogenesis; oxidized LDL activates the endothelium via the production of adhesion molecules, recruiting monocytes and T cells, and thus stimulating immune and inflammatory responses.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Oxidative stress also appears to be among the multifactorial pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7,8</span></a> which can be generally viewed as a maladaptive response to chronic pressure overload, and is a major risk factor for atrial fibrillation, diastolic heart failure, systolic heart failure and sudden death in patients with CVD and hypertension.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Despite the unequivocal role of oxidative stress mechanisms in the progression of CVD, the impact of therapeutic strategies based on antioxidant diets and compounds on cardiovascular risk and events is controversial.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10–13</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The experimental study by Gonçalves et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> in this issue of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Journal</span> assessed the impact of the nitroxide Tempol (4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl), a superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic, on lipid profile and cardiac morphology in the LDL receptor gene knockout (LDLr-/-) mice. After 30 days of a high-fat diet, the animals presented dyslipidemia, with increased concentrations of triglycerides and LDL and very-low density lipoprotein cholesterol, as well as LVH. Tempol (30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/kg) prevented the development of dyslipidemia and attenuated LVH. The authors claim that Tempol exerted antioxidant effects, thus reducing cardiac oxidative stress, and prevented LVH by alleviating oxidative stress-mediated fibrosis. They also cited previous studies by other groups<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15–17</span></a> suggesting that the beneficial effects of Tempol on dyslipidemia and cardiac damage may be exerted by multiple mechanisms, in pleiotropic-like actions that may explain the restoration of nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS) activity and levels of NO, which is recognized as an anti-hypertrophic mediator, as schematized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However, the study by Gonçalves et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> did not present sufficient evidence to confirm this hypothesis. It is also important to assess markers of oxidative stress (such as superoxide anion and peroxynitrite), measures of antioxidant mechanisms (including SOD activity) and NO pathway markers (such as NOS activity and/or NO levels), as well as other molecules, particularly oxidized LDL. Furthermore, determining the impact of Tempol on markers of cardiac oxidative stress and fibrosis, as well as on immune and inflammatory response mediators, will be critical for verifying the suggestion that pleiotropic activity could be responsible for its anti-dyslipidemic and anti-fibrotic cardioprotective action. This question is unanswered by the article, although the effects reported for Tempol and simvastatin (20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/kg) were similar. Statins exert pleiotropic effects in addition to their cholesterol-lowering properties, but these effects mostly require the use of higher doses, which cannot be confirmed by the present study. Overall, the approach of Gonçalves et al. is an interesting one, targeting oxidative stress to improve dyslipidemia and LVH, but the molecular mechanisms involved need further confirmation in preclinical models before being transposed into clinical practice, in which similar interventions targeting oxidative stress have yet to achieve the expected outcomes in terms of reducing cardiovascular risk and mortality.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The author has no conflicts of interest to declare.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack301135" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 2 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "multimedia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1247 "Ancho" => 1583 "Tamanyo" => 193059 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Proposed mechanisms to explain the improvement of dyslipidemia and left ventricular hypertrophy by Tempol, a superoxide dismutase mimetic, in agreement with Gonçalves et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> NO: nitric oxide; NOS: nitric oxide synthase; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SOD: superoxide dismutase.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:17 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0090" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cardiovascular disease in Europe: epidemiological update 2016" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "N. Townsend" 1 => "L. Wilson" 2 => "P. Bhatnagar" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1093/eurheartj/ehw334" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur Heart J." "fecha" => "2016" "volumen" => "37" "paginaInicial" => "3232" "paginaFinal" => "3245" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27523477" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0095" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Usefulness of atherogenic dyslipidemia for predicting cardiovascular risk in patients with angiographically defined coronary artery disease" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "M. Arca" 1 => "A. Montali" 2 => "S. Valiante" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.06.049" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Cardiol" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "100" "paginaInicial" => "1511" "paginaFinal" => "1516" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17996510" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0100" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Residual cardiovascular risk despite optimal LDL cholesterol reduction with statins: the evidence, etiology, and therapeutic challenges" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "U.K. Sampson" 1 => "S. Fazio" 2 => "M.F. Linton" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s11883-011-0219-7" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Curr Atheroscler Rep" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "14" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "10" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22102062" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0105" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Statin intolerance: a literature review and management strategies" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "D.R. Saxon" 1 => "R.H. Eckel" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.pcad.2016.07.009" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Prog Cardiovasc Dis." "fecha" => "2016" "volumen" => "59" "paginaInicial" => "153" "paginaFinal" => "164" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27497504" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0110" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "CVD and oxidative stress" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "K. Cervantes Gracia" 1 => "D. Llanas-Cornejo" 2 => "H. Husi" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Clin Med." "fecha" => "2017" "volumen" => "6" "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S1058274615004759" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "10582746" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0115" "etiqueta" => "6" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "LOX-1 OxLDL, and atherosclerosis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "A. Pirillo" 1 => "G.D. Norata" 2 => "A.L. Catapano" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "Mediat Inflam." "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "2013" "paginaInicial" => "152786" ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0120" "etiqueta" => "7" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Molecular mechanisms of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in systemic hypertension (SH)-possible therapeutic perspectives" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "F. Cacciapuoti" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.jash.2011.08.006" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Am Soc Hypertens." "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "5" "paginaInicial" => "449" "paginaFinal" => "455" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22015318" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0125" "etiqueta" => "8" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Oxidative stress biomarkers and left ventricular hypertrophy in children with chronic kidney disease" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "D. Drożdż" 1 => "P. Kwinta" 2 => "K. Sztefko" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1155/2016/7520231" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Oxid Med Cell Longev." "fecha" => "2016" "volumen" => "2016" "paginaInicial" => "7520231" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26885251" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0130" "etiqueta" => "9" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Left ventricular hypertrophy: major risk factor in patients with hypertension: update and practical clinical applications" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "R.E. Katholi" 1 => "D.M. Couri" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.4061/2011/495349" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int J Hypertens." "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "2011" "paginaInicial" => "495349" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21755036" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0135" "etiqueta" => "10" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "J. Zhan" 1 => "Y.J. Liu" 2 => "L.B. Cai" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1080/10408398.2015.1008980" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr." "fecha" => "2017" "volumen" => "57" "paginaInicial" => "1650" "paginaFinal" => "1663" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26114864" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0140" "etiqueta" => "11" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Mediterranean diet and cardiovascular risk: beyond traditional risk factors" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "J. Delgado-Lista" 1 => "P. Perez-Martinez" 2 => "A. Garcia-Rios" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1080/10408398.2012.726660" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr." "fecha" => "2016" "volumen" => "56" "paginaInicial" => "788" "paginaFinal" => "801" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25118147" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0145" "etiqueta" => "12" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A randomized factorial trial of vitamins C and E and beta-carotene in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in women: results from the Women's Antioxidant Cardiovascular Study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "N.R. Cook" 1 => "C.M. Albert" 2 => "J.M. Gaziano" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Arch Intern Med." "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "67" "paginaInicial" => "1610" "paginaFinal" => "1618" ] ] ] ] ] ] 12 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0150" "etiqueta" => "13" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "ROS and RNS signaling in heart disorders: could antioxidant treatment be successful?" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "I. Afanas’ev" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1155/2011/293769" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Oxid Med Cell Longev." "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "2011" "paginaInicial" => "293769" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21912722" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 13 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0155" "etiqueta" => "14" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Tempol improves lipid profile and prevents left ventricular hypertrophy in LDL receptor gene knockout (LDLr-/-) mice under a high-fat diet" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "I. Gonçalves" 1 => "C. Cerdeira" 2 => "E. Camara" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.repc.2017.02.014" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Rev Port Cardiol." "fecha" => "2017" "volumen" => "36" "paginaInicial" => "629" "paginaFinal" => "638" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28826937" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 14 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0160" "etiqueta" => "15" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The nitroxide radical TEMPOL prevents obesity, hyperlipidaemia, elevation of inflammatory cytokines, and modulates atherosclerotic plaque composition in apoE-/- mice" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "C.H. Kim" 1 => "J.B. Mitchell" 2 => "C.A. Bursill" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.03.012" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Atherosclerosis." "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "240" "paginaInicial" => "234" "paginaFinal" => "241" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25818249" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 15 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0165" "etiqueta" => "16" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "comentario" => "4139851:7" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Tempol, a membrane-permeable radical scavenger, exhibits anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective effects in the cerulein-induced pancreatitis rat model" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "A. Marciniak" 1 => "B. Walczyna" 2 => "G. Rajtar" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "Oxid Med Cell Longev." "fecha" => "2016" "volumen" => "2016" ] ] ] ] ] ] 16 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0170" "etiqueta" => "17" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Tempol inhibits TGF-β and MMPs upregulation and prevents cardiac hypertensive changes" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "E. Rizzi" 1 => "M.M. Castro" 2 => "C.S. Ceron" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.08.060" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int J Cardiol." "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "165" "paginaInicial" => "165" "paginaFinal" => "173" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21917342" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "agradecimientos" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "identificador" => "xack301135" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" "texto" => "<p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The author acknowledges the support of the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) and FEDER-COMPETE, through UID/NEU/04539/2013, FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-028417 and POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007440, as well as Centro 2020 Regional Operational Programmes (CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000012: HealthyAging2020).</p>" "vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/21742049/0000003600000009/v1_201709220127/S2174204917302428/v1_201709220127/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "9917" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Original Articles" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/21742049/0000003600000009/v1_201709220127/S2174204917302428/v1_201709220127/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004E&text.app=https://revportcardiol.org/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2174204917302428?idApp=UINPBA00004E" ]
| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 9 | 5 | 14 |
| 2024 October | 38 | 28 | 66 |
| 2024 September | 35 | 22 | 57 |
| 2024 August | 41 | 23 | 64 |
| 2024 July | 31 | 31 | 62 |
| 2024 June | 27 | 17 | 44 |
| 2024 May | 25 | 13 | 38 |
| 2024 April | 33 | 22 | 55 |
| 2024 March | 25 | 21 | 46 |
| 2024 February | 30 | 22 | 52 |
| 2024 January | 18 | 26 | 44 |
| 2023 December | 27 | 34 | 61 |
| 2023 November | 28 | 25 | 53 |
| 2023 October | 20 | 17 | 37 |
| 2023 September | 18 | 12 | 30 |
| 2023 August | 22 | 15 | 37 |
| 2023 July | 16 | 8 | 24 |
| 2023 June | 23 | 18 | 41 |
| 2023 May | 39 | 33 | 72 |
| 2023 April | 26 | 4 | 30 |
| 2023 March | 70 | 17 | 87 |
| 2023 February | 46 | 21 | 67 |
| 2023 January | 25 | 17 | 42 |
| 2022 December | 52 | 21 | 73 |
| 2022 November | 56 | 29 | 85 |
| 2022 October | 24 | 15 | 39 |
| 2022 September | 28 | 40 | 68 |
| 2022 August | 30 | 34 | 64 |
| 2022 July | 34 | 40 | 74 |
| 2022 June | 23 | 26 | 49 |
| 2022 May | 19 | 30 | 49 |
| 2022 April | 28 | 40 | 68 |
| 2022 March | 21 | 34 | 55 |
| 2022 February | 27 | 33 | 60 |
| 2022 January | 20 | 23 | 43 |
| 2021 December | 20 | 40 | 60 |
| 2021 November | 28 | 32 | 60 |
| 2021 October | 24 | 45 | 69 |
| 2021 September | 17 | 24 | 41 |
| 2021 August | 26 | 27 | 53 |
| 2021 July | 14 | 26 | 40 |
| 2021 June | 16 | 18 | 34 |
| 2021 May | 24 | 35 | 59 |
| 2021 April | 34 | 39 | 73 |
| 2021 March | 43 | 19 | 62 |
| 2021 February | 32 | 20 | 52 |
| 2021 January | 19 | 6 | 25 |
| 2020 December | 12 | 9 | 21 |
| 2020 November | 22 | 19 | 41 |
| 2020 October | 15 | 9 | 24 |
| 2020 September | 27 | 5 | 32 |
| 2020 August | 15 | 17 | 32 |
| 2020 July | 24 | 10 | 34 |
| 2020 June | 15 | 11 | 26 |
| 2020 May | 23 | 3 | 26 |
| 2020 April | 19 | 9 | 28 |
| 2020 March | 19 | 6 | 25 |
| 2020 February | 56 | 17 | 73 |
| 2020 January | 9 | 9 | 18 |
| 2019 December | 26 | 3 | 29 |
| 2019 November | 17 | 4 | 21 |
| 2019 October | 23 | 9 | 32 |
| 2019 September | 29 | 7 | 36 |
| 2019 August | 17 | 4 | 21 |
| 2019 July | 19 | 9 | 28 |
| 2019 June | 18 | 8 | 26 |
| 2019 May | 17 | 12 | 29 |
| 2019 April | 15 | 16 | 31 |
| 2019 March | 63 | 9 | 72 |
| 2019 February | 59 | 6 | 65 |
| 2019 January | 38 | 4 | 42 |
| 2018 December | 16 | 9 | 25 |
| 2018 November | 111 | 7 | 118 |
| 2018 October | 235 | 11 | 246 |
| 2018 September | 38 | 11 | 49 |
| 2018 August | 74 | 9 | 83 |
| 2018 July | 13 | 0 | 13 |
| 2018 June | 18 | 8 | 26 |
| 2018 May | 18 | 5 | 23 |
| 2018 April | 18 | 7 | 25 |
| 2018 March | 25 | 13 | 38 |
| 2018 February | 7 | 9 | 16 |
| 2018 January | 17 | 11 | 28 |
| 2017 December | 25 | 16 | 41 |
| 2017 November | 11 | 13 | 24 |
| 2017 October | 32 | 23 | 55 |
| 2017 September | 7 | 6 | 13 |
Show all
