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Studies that reported prevalence estimates in community&#8208;dwelling people &#8805;60 years old were included if echocardiography was used to establish the diagnosis&#46; In total&#44; 28 articles from 25 different study populations were included&#46; The median prevalence of systolic and &#8216;isolated&#8217; diastolic LVD was 5&#46;5&#37; &#40;range 3&#46;3&#8211;9&#46;2&#37;&#41; and 36&#46;0&#37; &#40;range 15&#46;8&#8211;52&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#44; respectively&#46; A peak in systolic dysfunction prevalence seems to have occurred between 1995 and 2000&#46; &#8216;All type&#8217; heart failure had a median prevalence rate of 11&#46;8&#37; &#40;range 4&#46;7&#8211;13&#46;3&#37;&#41;&#44; with fairly stable rates in the last decade and with HFpEF being more common than HFrEF &#91;median prevalence 4&#46;9&#37; &#40;range 3&#46;8&#8211;7&#46;4&#37;&#41; and 3&#46;3&#37; &#40;range 2&#46;4&#8211;5&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#44; respectively&#93;&#46; Both LVD and heart failure remain common in the older population at large&#46; The prevalence of diastolic dysfunction is on the rise and currently higher than that of systolic dysfunction&#46; The prevalence of the latter seems to have decreased in the 21st century&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Comment</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A sustentabilidade dos sistemas nacionais de sa&#250;de em todo o mundo industrializado est&#225; a ser desafiada pelo aumento absoluto e relativo do n&#250;mero de idosos com doen&#231;a cr&#243;nica e m&#250;ltiplas comorbilidades&#46; S&#227;o os <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">high users</span> dos servi&#231;os de urg&#234;ncia geral e a grande maioria da popula&#231;&#227;o habitualmente internada nos servi&#231;os hospitalares das v&#225;rias especialidades m&#233;dicas&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#201; consensual que a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#40;IC&#41; &#233; um problema grave da sa&#250;de p&#250;blica&#59; atinge propor&#231;&#245;es epid&#233;micas&#46; Envolve 1&#8208;3&#37; da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta na Europa e nos Estados Unidos&#44; e a sua preval&#234;ncia aumenta exponencialmente com a idade&#44; atingindo os 5&#8208;9&#37; dos indiv&#237;duos acima dos 65 anos&#46; &#201; expect&#225;vel que um em cada cinco adultos venha a sofrer de IC ao longo da vida&#46; No fim da d&#233;cada de 90&#44; o estudo Epidemiologia da Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca e Aprendizagem &#40;EPICA&#41; estimou a preval&#234;ncia global da IC em Portugal continental em 4&#44;36&#37;&#44; com base numa amostra representativa da popula&#231;&#227;o portuguesa adulta do ambulat&#243;rio<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; A preval&#234;ncia estimada da IC por disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda foi de 1&#44;36&#37; e a da IC com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada de 1&#44;7&#37;&#46; A preval&#234;ncia global da IC aumenta abruptamente com a idade&#44; sobretudo ap&#243;s os 60 anos&#44; em ambos os g&#233;neros &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por outro lado&#44; &#233; previs&#237;vel que existam pelo menos outros tantos indiv&#237;duos com disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca assintom&#225;tica &#40;a por&#231;&#227;o submersa do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">iceberg</span>&#41;&#44; que sem diagn&#243;stico precoce e tratamento adequado evoluir&#227;o inexoravelmente para a IC sintom&#225;tica&#44; doen&#231;a cr&#243;nica incapacitante&#44; com &#40;re&#41;internamentos frequentes&#44; compromisso da qualidade de vida e elevada mortalidade<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46; A IC est&#225; identificada como a principal causa de internamento hospitalar ap&#243;s os 65 anos&#44; na Europa e nos Estados Unidos&#46; Sessenta a 80&#37; dos custos com a s&#237;ndrome&#44; estimados em 1&#8208;3&#37; do or&#231;amento para a sa&#250;de dos pa&#237;ses industrializados&#44; s&#227;o atribu&#237;dos ao internamento&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A IC &#233; a derradeira fase da maioria das doen&#231;as card&#237;acas&#44; aspeto que&#44; associado aos progressos terap&#234;uticos em geral e nas &#225;reas da pr&#243;pria IC&#44; da hipertens&#227;o arterial e da doen&#231;a das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias em particular&#44; e ao aumento da esperan&#231;a m&#233;dia de vida&#44; sugerem que a preval&#234;ncia da IC no idoso continue a aumentar&#44; enquanto&#44; nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas&#44; a preval&#234;ncia e a mortalidade global por doen&#231;a cardiovascular tendem a decrescer no mundo ocidental&#46; Contudo&#44; dados epidemiol&#243;gicos rigorosos e atualizados sobre a preval&#234;ncia da IC na popula&#231;&#227;o idosa s&#227;o escassos&#44; tornando&#8208;se dif&#237;cil quantificar o seu real impacto nos sistemas nacionais de sa&#250;de&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#201; assim da maior import&#226;ncia a an&#225;lise das tend&#234;ncias epidemiol&#243;gicas da IC nas v&#225;rias popula&#231;&#245;es ao longo do tempo&#44; certificando&#8208;nos que compreendemos e acompanhamos a sua hist&#243;ria natural e detetamos atempadamente novas tend&#234;ncias&#44; caso ocorram&#44; de forma a adequarmos estruturas da sa&#250;de e recursos&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Perante a escassez dos dados referentes &#224; preval&#234;ncia da IC e da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular adequadamente avaliada por ecocardiografia em adultos ap&#243;s os 60 anos&#44; no ambulat&#243;rio&#44; Van Riet et al&#46; fazem uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica dos estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos existentes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46; Inclu&#237;ram os estudos recentes de preval&#234;ncia da disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular&#44; da IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#40;VE&#41; reduzida e da IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE preservada&#44; diagnosticadas pela cl&#237;nica e comprovadas por ecocardiograma&#44; na popula&#231;&#227;o geral adulta do ambulat&#243;rio&#44; com 60 anos ou mais&#46; Estimaram uma preval&#234;ncia global m&#233;dia para a IC ap&#243;s os 60 anos de 11&#44;8&#37;&#44; que tende a manter&#8208;se est&#225;vel ao longo dos &#250;ltimos anos&#46; As preval&#234;ncias m&#233;dias da disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE e da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica isolada foram de 5&#44;5 e 36&#44;0&#37;&#44; respetivamente&#46; A preval&#234;ncia da disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE ter&#225; atingido o seu pico entre 1995 e 2000&#44; &#40;coincidindo com o estudo EPICA&#41; e tende a diminuir no s&#233;culo XXI&#46; A da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica est&#225; a aumentar e j&#225; &#233; superior &#224; da disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Estes dados&#44; oriundos de uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica com metodologia rigorosa&#44; merecem&#8208;nos algumas considera&#231;&#245;es&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Confirmam a magnitude do problema da IC e as suas propor&#231;&#245;es epid&#233;micas para o s&#233;culo XXI&#44; que estar&#227;o na g&#233;nese de gastos consider&#225;veis em recursos para a sa&#250;de&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Apesar de alguns pa&#237;ses europeus terem vindo a relatar uma melhoria na sobrevida dos doentes com IC&#44; e at&#233; alguma estabiliza&#231;&#227;o e&#47;ou at&#233; diminui&#231;&#227;o das taxas de 1&#46;&#176; internamento por IC ao longo das &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#8211;7</span></a>&#44; outros&#44; como a Alemanha&#44; relatam um constante aumento do n&#250;mero de internamentos por IC e dos custos inerentes aos mesmos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Assumindo&#8208;se a IC com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada&#44; como a forma predominante de IC e em crescendo nos &#250;ltimos anos&#44; tamb&#233;m este aspeto &#233; importante&#46; S&#227;o doentes mais idosos&#44; predominantemente mulheres&#44; obesas&#44; com m&#250;ltiplas outras comorbilidades&#44; e mais habitualmente internados em servi&#231;os de medicina interna&#44; o que implica necessariamente a forma&#231;&#227;o continuada de equipas multidisciplinares com treino no tratamento da s&#237;ndrome e das v&#225;rias comorbilidades&#46; Equipas e estruturas capazes de garantir um atendimento especializado&#44; de proximidade e em tempo &#250;til&#44; aquando das descompensa&#231;&#245;es que sabemos ser recorrentes&#46; Por outro lado&#44; e contrariamente &#224; IC por disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular&#44; nenhum grupo farmacol&#243;gico demonstrou benef&#237;cio no tratamento da IC por disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica predominante&#44; no que &#224; mortalidade a curto e longo prazo diz respeito&#46; Assim&#44; precisamos de mais e melhor investiga&#231;&#227;o na procura de f&#225;rmacos capazes de modificar a evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a&#44; uma vez que&#44; at&#233; hoje&#44; os ensaios cl&#237;nicos nesta &#225;rea foram negativos ou neutros e o seu tratamento continua a ser direcionado&#44; de forma essencialmente emp&#237;rica&#44; &#224; doen&#231;a subjacente e aos sintomas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finalmente e sabendo que a IC sintom&#225;tica representa apenas a por&#231;&#227;o vis&#237;vel do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">iceberg</span> &#40;a menor&#41;&#44; o desenvolvimento de estrat&#233;gias de rastreio da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular assintom&#225;tica nos grupos de maior risco e a preven&#231;&#227;o dever&#227;o constituir uma prioridade&#44; no sentido de impedir a progress&#227;o para quadros de IC sintom&#225;tica e como forma de conter a epidemia&#46; Potenciais precursoras da IC&#44; como a diabetes&#44; a hipertens&#227;o arterial&#44; a doen&#231;a das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias&#44; algumas doen&#231;as valvulares&#44; dever&#227;o ser sistematicamente pesquisadas ao n&#237;vel dos cuidados prim&#225;rios de sa&#250;de e prontamente tratadas&#44; de acordo com as respetivas Recomenda&#231;&#245;es&#46; Dever&#227;o ainda ser disponibilizados aos cuidados prim&#225;rios de sa&#250;de os meios necess&#225;rios para um diagn&#243;stico custo&#47;efetivo da IC&#44; bem como protocolos devidamente articulados de referencia&#231;&#227;o ao especialista hospitalar dos novos casos de IC&#44; bem como daqueles que levantam d&#250;vidas de diagn&#243;stico e&#47;ou tratamento<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este artigo tem ainda o m&#233;rito de contribuir para o aumento da perce&#231;&#227;o&#44; junto dos profissionais de sa&#250;de bem como dos decisores&#44; da gravidade da s&#237;ndrome e da progressiva modifica&#231;&#227;o da epidemiologia da mesma&#44; bem como para a necessidade de um maior e melhor planeamento da abordagem e tratamento da IC&#44; cujo progn&#243;stico continua a ser pior que o do conjunto das doen&#231;as neopl&#225;sicas malignas&#46; Torna&#8208;se cada dia mais evidente a necessidade de priorizar a IC&#44; na agenda para a sa&#250;de&#44; aos v&#225;rios n&#237;veis do sistema nacional de sa&#250;de&#44; em Portugal&#44; como em todo o mundo industrializado<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The author has no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Evelien E&#46;S&#46; van Riet&#44; Arno W&#46; Hoes&#44; Kim P&#46; Wagenaar&#44; Alexander Limburg&#44; Marcel A&#46;J&#46; Landman&#44; and Frans H&#46; Rutten&#46; Eur J Heart Fail&#46; 2016&#59;18&#58;242&#8211;52&#46; doi&#58;10&#46;1002&#47;ejhf&#46;483&#46;</p></span>"
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                      "titulo" => "Prevalence of chronic heart failure in Southwestern Europe&#58; the EPICA study"
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                      "titulo" => "A closer look at acute heart failure&#58; putting Portuguese and European data into perspective"
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                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.repc.2015.10.011"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Rev Port Cardiol&#46;"
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Comment on “Epidemiology of heart failure: the prevalence of heart failure and ventricular dysfunction in older adults over time. A systematic review”
Comentário a «Epidemiologia da insuficiência cardíaca: prevalência da insuficiência cardíaca e da disfunção ventricular nos idosos ao longo do tempo. Uma revisão sistemática»
Cândida Fonsecaa,b,c
a Unidade de Insuficiência Cardíaca, Hospital S. Francisco Xavier, CHLO, Lisboa, Portugal
b NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
c Membro do Corpo Redatorial da Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia
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    "titulo" => "Comment on &#8220;Epidemiology of heart failure&#58; the prevalence of heart failure and ventricular dysfunction in older adults over time&#46; A systematic review&#8221;"
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        "titulo" => "Coment&#225;rio a &#171;Epidemiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca&#58; preval&#234;ncia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular nos idosos ao longo do tempo&#46; Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica&#187;"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><elsevierMultimedia ident="tb0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Abstract</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The &#8216;epidemic&#8217; of heart failure seems to be changing&#44; but precise prevalence estimates of heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction &#40;LVD&#41; in older adults&#44; based on adequate echocardiographic assessment&#44; are scarce&#46; Systematic reviews including recent studies on the prevalence of heart failure and LVD are lacking&#46; We aimed to assess the trends in the prevalence of LVD&#44; and heart failure with reduced &#40;HFrEF&#41; and preserved ejection fraction &#40;HFpEF&#41; in the older population at large&#46; A systematic electronic search of the databases Medline and Embase was performed&#46; Studies that reported prevalence estimates in community&#8208;dwelling people &#8805;60 years old were included if echocardiography was used to establish the diagnosis&#46; In total&#44; 28 articles from 25 different study populations were included&#46; The median prevalence of systolic and &#8216;isolated&#8217; diastolic LVD was 5&#46;5&#37; &#40;range 3&#46;3&#8211;9&#46;2&#37;&#41; and 36&#46;0&#37; &#40;range 15&#46;8&#8211;52&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#44; respectively&#46; A peak in systolic dysfunction prevalence seems to have occurred between 1995 and 2000&#46; &#8216;All type&#8217; heart failure had a median prevalence rate of 11&#46;8&#37; &#40;range 4&#46;7&#8211;13&#46;3&#37;&#41;&#44; with fairly stable rates in the last decade and with HFpEF being more common than HFrEF &#91;median prevalence 4&#46;9&#37; &#40;range 3&#46;8&#8211;7&#46;4&#37;&#41; and 3&#46;3&#37; &#40;range 2&#46;4&#8211;5&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#44; respectively&#93;&#46; Both LVD and heart failure remain common in the older population at large&#46; The prevalence of diastolic dysfunction is on the rise and currently higher than that of systolic dysfunction&#46; The prevalence of the latter seems to have decreased in the 21st century&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Comment</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A sustentabilidade dos sistemas nacionais de sa&#250;de em todo o mundo industrializado est&#225; a ser desafiada pelo aumento absoluto e relativo do n&#250;mero de idosos com doen&#231;a cr&#243;nica e m&#250;ltiplas comorbilidades&#46; S&#227;o os <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">high users</span> dos servi&#231;os de urg&#234;ncia geral e a grande maioria da popula&#231;&#227;o habitualmente internada nos servi&#231;os hospitalares das v&#225;rias especialidades m&#233;dicas&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#201; consensual que a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#40;IC&#41; &#233; um problema grave da sa&#250;de p&#250;blica&#59; atinge propor&#231;&#245;es epid&#233;micas&#46; Envolve 1&#8208;3&#37; da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta na Europa e nos Estados Unidos&#44; e a sua preval&#234;ncia aumenta exponencialmente com a idade&#44; atingindo os 5&#8208;9&#37; dos indiv&#237;duos acima dos 65 anos&#46; &#201; expect&#225;vel que um em cada cinco adultos venha a sofrer de IC ao longo da vida&#46; No fim da d&#233;cada de 90&#44; o estudo Epidemiologia da Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca e Aprendizagem &#40;EPICA&#41; estimou a preval&#234;ncia global da IC em Portugal continental em 4&#44;36&#37;&#44; com base numa amostra representativa da popula&#231;&#227;o portuguesa adulta do ambulat&#243;rio<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; A preval&#234;ncia estimada da IC por disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda foi de 1&#44;36&#37; e a da IC com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada de 1&#44;7&#37;&#46; A preval&#234;ncia global da IC aumenta abruptamente com a idade&#44; sobretudo ap&#243;s os 60 anos&#44; em ambos os g&#233;neros &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por outro lado&#44; &#233; previs&#237;vel que existam pelo menos outros tantos indiv&#237;duos com disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca assintom&#225;tica &#40;a por&#231;&#227;o submersa do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">iceberg</span>&#41;&#44; que sem diagn&#243;stico precoce e tratamento adequado evoluir&#227;o inexoravelmente para a IC sintom&#225;tica&#44; doen&#231;a cr&#243;nica incapacitante&#44; com &#40;re&#41;internamentos frequentes&#44; compromisso da qualidade de vida e elevada mortalidade<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46; A IC est&#225; identificada como a principal causa de internamento hospitalar ap&#243;s os 65 anos&#44; na Europa e nos Estados Unidos&#46; Sessenta a 80&#37; dos custos com a s&#237;ndrome&#44; estimados em 1&#8208;3&#37; do or&#231;amento para a sa&#250;de dos pa&#237;ses industrializados&#44; s&#227;o atribu&#237;dos ao internamento&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A IC &#233; a derradeira fase da maioria das doen&#231;as card&#237;acas&#44; aspeto que&#44; associado aos progressos terap&#234;uticos em geral e nas &#225;reas da pr&#243;pria IC&#44; da hipertens&#227;o arterial e da doen&#231;a das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias em particular&#44; e ao aumento da esperan&#231;a m&#233;dia de vida&#44; sugerem que a preval&#234;ncia da IC no idoso continue a aumentar&#44; enquanto&#44; nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas&#44; a preval&#234;ncia e a mortalidade global por doen&#231;a cardiovascular tendem a decrescer no mundo ocidental&#46; Contudo&#44; dados epidemiol&#243;gicos rigorosos e atualizados sobre a preval&#234;ncia da IC na popula&#231;&#227;o idosa s&#227;o escassos&#44; tornando&#8208;se dif&#237;cil quantificar o seu real impacto nos sistemas nacionais de sa&#250;de&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#201; assim da maior import&#226;ncia a an&#225;lise das tend&#234;ncias epidemiol&#243;gicas da IC nas v&#225;rias popula&#231;&#245;es ao longo do tempo&#44; certificando&#8208;nos que compreendemos e acompanhamos a sua hist&#243;ria natural e detetamos atempadamente novas tend&#234;ncias&#44; caso ocorram&#44; de forma a adequarmos estruturas da sa&#250;de e recursos&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Perante a escassez dos dados referentes &#224; preval&#234;ncia da IC e da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular adequadamente avaliada por ecocardiografia em adultos ap&#243;s os 60 anos&#44; no ambulat&#243;rio&#44; Van Riet et al&#46; fazem uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica dos estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos existentes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46; Inclu&#237;ram os estudos recentes de preval&#234;ncia da disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular&#44; da IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#40;VE&#41; reduzida e da IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE preservada&#44; diagnosticadas pela cl&#237;nica e comprovadas por ecocardiograma&#44; na popula&#231;&#227;o geral adulta do ambulat&#243;rio&#44; com 60 anos ou mais&#46; Estimaram uma preval&#234;ncia global m&#233;dia para a IC ap&#243;s os 60 anos de 11&#44;8&#37;&#44; que tende a manter&#8208;se est&#225;vel ao longo dos &#250;ltimos anos&#46; As preval&#234;ncias m&#233;dias da disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE e da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica isolada foram de 5&#44;5 e 36&#44;0&#37;&#44; respetivamente&#46; A preval&#234;ncia da disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE ter&#225; atingido o seu pico entre 1995 e 2000&#44; &#40;coincidindo com o estudo EPICA&#41; e tende a diminuir no s&#233;culo XXI&#46; A da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica est&#225; a aumentar e j&#225; &#233; superior &#224; da disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Estes dados&#44; oriundos de uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica com metodologia rigorosa&#44; merecem&#8208;nos algumas considera&#231;&#245;es&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Confirmam a magnitude do problema da IC e as suas propor&#231;&#245;es epid&#233;micas para o s&#233;culo XXI&#44; que estar&#227;o na g&#233;nese de gastos consider&#225;veis em recursos para a sa&#250;de&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Apesar de alguns pa&#237;ses europeus terem vindo a relatar uma melhoria na sobrevida dos doentes com IC&#44; e at&#233; alguma estabiliza&#231;&#227;o e&#47;ou at&#233; diminui&#231;&#227;o das taxas de 1&#46;&#176; internamento por IC ao longo das &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#8211;7</span></a>&#44; outros&#44; como a Alemanha&#44; relatam um constante aumento do n&#250;mero de internamentos por IC e dos custos inerentes aos mesmos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Assumindo&#8208;se a IC com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada&#44; como a forma predominante de IC e em crescendo nos &#250;ltimos anos&#44; tamb&#233;m este aspeto &#233; importante&#46; S&#227;o doentes mais idosos&#44; predominantemente mulheres&#44; obesas&#44; com m&#250;ltiplas outras comorbilidades&#44; e mais habitualmente internados em servi&#231;os de medicina interna&#44; o que implica necessariamente a forma&#231;&#227;o continuada de equipas multidisciplinares com treino no tratamento da s&#237;ndrome e das v&#225;rias comorbilidades&#46; Equipas e estruturas capazes de garantir um atendimento especializado&#44; de proximidade e em tempo &#250;til&#44; aquando das descompensa&#231;&#245;es que sabemos ser recorrentes&#46; Por outro lado&#44; e contrariamente &#224; IC por disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular&#44; nenhum grupo farmacol&#243;gico demonstrou benef&#237;cio no tratamento da IC por disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica predominante&#44; no que &#224; mortalidade a curto e longo prazo diz respeito&#46; Assim&#44; precisamos de mais e melhor investiga&#231;&#227;o na procura de f&#225;rmacos capazes de modificar a evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a&#44; uma vez que&#44; at&#233; hoje&#44; os ensaios cl&#237;nicos nesta &#225;rea foram negativos ou neutros e o seu tratamento continua a ser direcionado&#44; de forma essencialmente emp&#237;rica&#44; &#224; doen&#231;a subjacente e aos sintomas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finalmente e sabendo que a IC sintom&#225;tica representa apenas a por&#231;&#227;o vis&#237;vel do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">iceberg</span> &#40;a menor&#41;&#44; o desenvolvimento de estrat&#233;gias de rastreio da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular assintom&#225;tica nos grupos de maior risco e a preven&#231;&#227;o dever&#227;o constituir uma prioridade&#44; no sentido de impedir a progress&#227;o para quadros de IC sintom&#225;tica e como forma de conter a epidemia&#46; Potenciais precursoras da IC&#44; como a diabetes&#44; a hipertens&#227;o arterial&#44; a doen&#231;a das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias&#44; algumas doen&#231;as valvulares&#44; dever&#227;o ser sistematicamente pesquisadas ao n&#237;vel dos cuidados prim&#225;rios de sa&#250;de e prontamente tratadas&#44; de acordo com as respetivas Recomenda&#231;&#245;es&#46; Dever&#227;o ainda ser disponibilizados aos cuidados prim&#225;rios de sa&#250;de os meios necess&#225;rios para um diagn&#243;stico custo&#47;efetivo da IC&#44; bem como protocolos devidamente articulados de referencia&#231;&#227;o ao especialista hospitalar dos novos casos de IC&#44; bem como daqueles que levantam d&#250;vidas de diagn&#243;stico e&#47;ou tratamento<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este artigo tem ainda o m&#233;rito de contribuir para o aumento da perce&#231;&#227;o&#44; junto dos profissionais de sa&#250;de bem como dos decisores&#44; da gravidade da s&#237;ndrome e da progressiva modifica&#231;&#227;o da epidemiologia da mesma&#44; bem como para a necessidade de um maior e melhor planeamento da abordagem e tratamento da IC&#44; cujo progn&#243;stico continua a ser pior que o do conjunto das doen&#231;as neopl&#225;sicas malignas&#46; Torna&#8208;se cada dia mais evidente a necessidade de priorizar a IC&#44; na agenda para a sa&#250;de&#44; aos v&#225;rios n&#237;veis do sistema nacional de sa&#250;de&#44; em Portugal&#44; como em todo o mundo industrializado<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The author has no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ceia et al&#46; 2002</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#8208;99&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia (English edition)
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