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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><elsevierMultimedia ident="tb0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In patients with left ventricular heart failure &#40;HF&#41;&#44; the development of pulmonary hypertension &#40;PH&#41; and right ventricular &#40;RV&#41; dysfunction are frequent and have important impact on disease progression&#44; morbidity&#44; and mortality&#44; and therefore warrant clinical attention&#46; Pulmonary hypertension related to left heart disease &#40;LHD&#41; by far represents the most common form of PH&#44; accounting for 65&#8211;80&#37; of cases&#46; The proper distinction between pulmonary arterial hypertension and PH&#8208;LHD may be challenging&#44; yet it has direct therapeutic consequences&#46; Despite recentadvances in the pathophysiological understanding and clinical assessment&#44; and adjustments in the haemodynamic definitions and classification of PH&#8208;LHD&#44; the haemodynamic interrelations in combined post&#8208; and pre&#8208;capillary PH are complex&#44; definitions and prognostic significance of</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">haemodynamic variables characterizing the degree of pre&#8208;capillary PH in LHD remain suboptimal&#44; and there are currently no evidence&#8208;based recommendations for the management of PH&#8208;LHD&#46; Here&#44; we highlight the prevalence and significance of PH and RV dysfunction in patients with both HF with reduced ejection fraction &#40;HFrEF&#41; and HF with preserved ejection fraction &#40;HFpEF&#41;&#44; and provide insights into the complex pathophysiology of cardiopulmonary interaction in LHD&#44; which may lead to the evolution from a &#8216;left ventricular phenotype&#8217; to a &#8216;right ventricular phenotype&#8217; across the natural history of HF&#46; Furthermore&#44; we propose to better define the individual phenotype of PH by integrating the clinical context&#44; non&#8208;invasive assessment&#44; and invasive haemodynamic variables in a structured diagnostic work&#8208;up&#46; Finally&#44; we challenge current definitions and diagnostic short falls&#44; and discuss gaps in evidence&#44; therapeutic options and the necessity for future developments in this context&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Coment&#225;rio</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os caminhos da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca esquerda &#40;ICE&#41; e da hipertens&#227;o pulmonar &#40;HTP&#41; est&#227;o intimamente interligados&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A ICE &#233; a causa mais comum de HTP no mundo ocidental<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> e&#44; frequentemente&#44; est&#225; associada a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita e aumento da mortalidade<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46; Enquanto a HTP associada &#224; ICE &#40;HTP p&#243;s capilar&#41; &#233; uma entidade frequente para a qual n&#227;o existem interven&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas para al&#233;m da otimiza&#231;&#227;o das terap&#234;uticas aprovadas para a ICE&#44; a hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar &#40;HTAP&#41;&#44; uma forma de HTP pr&#233;&#8208;capilar&#44; ocorre mais raramente na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e tem conhecido nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas uma enorme divulga&#231;&#227;o&#44; impulsionada sobretudo por um conhecimento mais aprofundado da sua patologia&#44; e pelo surgimento de novos f&#225;rmacos e estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas com impacto favor&#225;vel no progn&#243;stico&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre estas duas entidades com base na classifica&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> afigura&#8208;se enganadoramente simples&#46; De facto&#44; assenta em par&#226;metros complexos medidos invasivamente &#40;press&#227;o capilar pulmonar&#44; resist&#234;ncia arterial pulmonar&#44; gradiente diast&#243;lico transpulmonar&#41; que s&#227;o vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas&#44; influenciadas por m&#250;ltiplos fatores como o estado de reple&#231;&#227;o volum&#233;trico e a contractilidade card&#237;aca&#44; e cuja correta medi&#231;&#227;o &#233; por vezes problem&#225;tica e muito vulner&#225;vel a incorre&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O diagn&#243;stico diferencial exato entre a HTP da ICE e a HTAP &#233; crucial para decidir a terap&#234;utica adequada e para evitar o uso abusivo de f&#225;rmacos espec&#237;ficos para a HTAP&#44; em doentes com ICE&#46; Infelizmente&#44; estes novos f&#225;rmacos espec&#237;ficos n&#227;o provaram at&#233; agora ser efetivos na ICE e podem at&#233; ser delet&#233;rios&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O artigo de revis&#227;o aqui recomendado<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> aborda&#44; de forma acess&#237;vel&#44; os conceitos mais atuais sobre os mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos da doen&#231;a vascular pulmonar na ICE&#44; e discute as principais dificuldades na caracteriza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica e no diagn&#243;stico diferencial entre a HTP da ICE e a HTAP&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores alertam para o risco de valorizar de forma cega os achados hemodin&#226;micos&#44; em particular a press&#227;o capilar pulmonar&#46; Um valor de press&#227;o capilar pulmonar abaixo de 15 unidades <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Wood</span>&#44; conforme &#233; preconizado nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es&#44; n&#227;o exclui com seguran&#231;a a presen&#231;a de HTP p&#243;s&#8208;capilar e&#44; se valorizado isoladamente&#44; pode levar ao diagn&#243;stico errado de HTAP&#46; A exata caracteriza&#231;&#227;o do tipo de HTP e do fen&#243;tipo individual de cada doente deve&#44; assim&#44; compreender a avalia&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica e integrada do contexto cl&#237;nico e de todos os exames invasivos e n&#227;o invasivos&#46; Este problema assume particular relev&#226;ncia quando o diagn&#243;stico de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda &#233; menos &#243;bvio&#44; como acontece na ICE com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A presen&#231;a dos fatores de risco para ICE integra o algoritmo diagn&#243;stico aqui proposto&#44; refor&#231;ando a probabilidade de HTP p&#243;s&#8208;capilar&#46; Conv&#233;m&#44; no entanto&#44; sublinhar que a sua identifica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o exclui o diagn&#243;stico de HTAP&#46; Foi recentemente proposto o termo de HTAP at&#237;pica para este grupo de doentes&#44; que apresenta caracter&#237;sticas comuns com o grupo de ICE com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada e HTP combinada<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Merece tamb&#233;m aqui particular destaque a forma elegante como &#233; introduzido o conceito de fen&#243;tipo ventricular esquerdo&#44; por oposi&#231;&#227;o ao fen&#243;tipo ventricular direito&#44; como duas formas extremas de resposta da vasculariza&#231;&#227;o pulmonar na ICE&#44; sendo esta &#250;ltima caracterizada por um predom&#237;nio da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita&#44; maior mortalidade e menor evid&#234;ncia de terap&#234;uticas eficazes&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este artigo ilustra bem a complexidade que o diagn&#243;stico da HTP pode assumir nos dias de hoje&#44; ao mesmo tempo que aponta estrat&#233;gias para compensar as lacunas no conhecimento atual&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Conflito de interesses</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A autora declara n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Artigo Recomendado do Mês
Comentário a «Insuficiência cardíaca esquerda e hipertensão pulmonar»
Comment on “Left ventricular failure and pulmonary hypertension”
Maria da Graça Castro
Corresponding author
castro2406@gmail.com

Autor para correspondência.
Membro do Corpo Redatorial da Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><elsevierMultimedia ident="tb0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In patients with left ventricular heart failure &#40;HF&#41;&#44; the development of pulmonary hypertension &#40;PH&#41; and right ventricular &#40;RV&#41; dysfunction are frequent and have important impact on disease progression&#44; morbidity&#44; and mortality&#44; and therefore warrant clinical attention&#46; Pulmonary hypertension related to left heart disease &#40;LHD&#41; by far represents the most common form of PH&#44; accounting for 65&#8211;80&#37; of cases&#46; The proper distinction between pulmonary arterial hypertension and PH&#8208;LHD may be challenging&#44; yet it has direct therapeutic consequences&#46; Despite recentadvances in the pathophysiological understanding and clinical assessment&#44; and adjustments in the haemodynamic definitions and classification of PH&#8208;LHD&#44; the haemodynamic interrelations in combined post&#8208; and pre&#8208;capillary PH are complex&#44; definitions and prognostic significance of</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">haemodynamic variables characterizing the degree of pre&#8208;capillary PH in LHD remain suboptimal&#44; and there are currently no evidence&#8208;based recommendations for the management of PH&#8208;LHD&#46; Here&#44; we highlight the prevalence and significance of PH and RV dysfunction in patients with both HF with reduced ejection fraction &#40;HFrEF&#41; and HF with preserved ejection fraction &#40;HFpEF&#41;&#44; and provide insights into the complex pathophysiology of cardiopulmonary interaction in LHD&#44; which may lead to the evolution from a &#8216;left ventricular phenotype&#8217; to a &#8216;right ventricular phenotype&#8217; across the natural history of HF&#46; Furthermore&#44; we propose to better define the individual phenotype of PH by integrating the clinical context&#44; non&#8208;invasive assessment&#44; and invasive haemodynamic variables in a structured diagnostic work&#8208;up&#46; Finally&#44; we challenge current definitions and diagnostic short falls&#44; and discuss gaps in evidence&#44; therapeutic options and the necessity for future developments in this context&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Coment&#225;rio</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os caminhos da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca esquerda &#40;ICE&#41; e da hipertens&#227;o pulmonar &#40;HTP&#41; est&#227;o intimamente interligados&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A ICE &#233; a causa mais comum de HTP no mundo ocidental<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> e&#44; frequentemente&#44; est&#225; associada a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita e aumento da mortalidade<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46; Enquanto a HTP associada &#224; ICE &#40;HTP p&#243;s capilar&#41; &#233; uma entidade frequente para a qual n&#227;o existem interven&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas para al&#233;m da otimiza&#231;&#227;o das terap&#234;uticas aprovadas para a ICE&#44; a hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar &#40;HTAP&#41;&#44; uma forma de HTP pr&#233;&#8208;capilar&#44; ocorre mais raramente na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e tem conhecido nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas uma enorme divulga&#231;&#227;o&#44; impulsionada sobretudo por um conhecimento mais aprofundado da sua patologia&#44; e pelo surgimento de novos f&#225;rmacos e estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas com impacto favor&#225;vel no progn&#243;stico&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre estas duas entidades com base na classifica&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> afigura&#8208;se enganadoramente simples&#46; De facto&#44; assenta em par&#226;metros complexos medidos invasivamente &#40;press&#227;o capilar pulmonar&#44; resist&#234;ncia arterial pulmonar&#44; gradiente diast&#243;lico transpulmonar&#41; que s&#227;o vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas&#44; influenciadas por m&#250;ltiplos fatores como o estado de reple&#231;&#227;o volum&#233;trico e a contractilidade card&#237;aca&#44; e cuja correta medi&#231;&#227;o &#233; por vezes problem&#225;tica e muito vulner&#225;vel a incorre&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O diagn&#243;stico diferencial exato entre a HTP da ICE e a HTAP &#233; crucial para decidir a terap&#234;utica adequada e para evitar o uso abusivo de f&#225;rmacos espec&#237;ficos para a HTAP&#44; em doentes com ICE&#46; Infelizmente&#44; estes novos f&#225;rmacos espec&#237;ficos n&#227;o provaram at&#233; agora ser efetivos na ICE e podem at&#233; ser delet&#233;rios&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O artigo de revis&#227;o aqui recomendado<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> aborda&#44; de forma acess&#237;vel&#44; os conceitos mais atuais sobre os mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos da doen&#231;a vascular pulmonar na ICE&#44; e discute as principais dificuldades na caracteriza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica e no diagn&#243;stico diferencial entre a HTP da ICE e a HTAP&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores alertam para o risco de valorizar de forma cega os achados hemodin&#226;micos&#44; em particular a press&#227;o capilar pulmonar&#46; Um valor de press&#227;o capilar pulmonar abaixo de 15 unidades <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Wood</span>&#44; conforme &#233; preconizado nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es&#44; n&#227;o exclui com seguran&#231;a a presen&#231;a de HTP p&#243;s&#8208;capilar e&#44; se valorizado isoladamente&#44; pode levar ao diagn&#243;stico errado de HTAP&#46; A exata caracteriza&#231;&#227;o do tipo de HTP e do fen&#243;tipo individual de cada doente deve&#44; assim&#44; compreender a avalia&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica e integrada do contexto cl&#237;nico e de todos os exames invasivos e n&#227;o invasivos&#46; Este problema assume particular relev&#226;ncia quando o diagn&#243;stico de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda &#233; menos &#243;bvio&#44; como acontece na ICE com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A presen&#231;a dos fatores de risco para ICE integra o algoritmo diagn&#243;stico aqui proposto&#44; refor&#231;ando a probabilidade de HTP p&#243;s&#8208;capilar&#46; Conv&#233;m&#44; no entanto&#44; sublinhar que a sua identifica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o exclui o diagn&#243;stico de HTAP&#46; Foi recentemente proposto o termo de HTAP at&#237;pica para este grupo de doentes&#44; que apresenta caracter&#237;sticas comuns com o grupo de ICE com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada e HTP combinada<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Merece tamb&#233;m aqui particular destaque a forma elegante como &#233; introduzido o conceito de fen&#243;tipo ventricular esquerdo&#44; por oposi&#231;&#227;o ao fen&#243;tipo ventricular direito&#44; como duas formas extremas de resposta da vasculariza&#231;&#227;o pulmonar na ICE&#44; sendo esta &#250;ltima caracterizada por um predom&#237;nio da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita&#44; maior mortalidade e menor evid&#234;ncia de terap&#234;uticas eficazes&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este artigo ilustra bem a complexidade que o diagn&#243;stico da HTP pode assumir nos dias de hoje&#44; ao mesmo tempo que aponta estrat&#233;gias para compensar as lacunas no conhecimento atual&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Conflito de interesses</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A autora declara n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Article information
ISSN: 21742049
Original language: Portuguese
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Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia (English edition)
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