Epicardial fat tissue thickness is increased in patients with lichen planus and is linked to inflammation and dyslipidemia | Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia (English edition)

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array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "525" "paginaFinal" => "530" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Ahmet Goktug Ertem, Mehmet Erdogan, Cemal Koseoglu, Gulsen Akoglu, Elcin Ozdemir, Gamze Koseoglu, Serkan Sivri, Telat Keles, Tahir Durmaz, Akın Aktas, Engin Bozkurt" "autores" => array:11 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Ahmet Goktug" "apellidos" => "Ertem" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "agertem@hotmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Mehmet" "apellidos" => "Erdogan" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Cemal" "apellidos" => "Koseoglu" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Gulsen" "apellidos" => "Akoglu" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => 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"nombre" => "Engin" "apellidos" => "Bozkurt" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Cardiology, Turkiye Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Cardiology, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Cardiology, Tokat State Hospital, Tokat, Turkey" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Dermatology, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Dermatology, Tokat State Hospital, Tokat, Turkey" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "pt" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Espessura do tecido adiposo epicárdico aumentada em pacientes com líquen plano e relação com inflamação e dislipidemia" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionLichen planus (LP) is a mucocutaneous inflammatory disease that affects 0.5-1% of the population. Its etiology remains unknown; it may be caused by a cell-mediated immunological response in which auto-reactive T4 and T8 lymphocytes are the cytotoxic effector cells which cause degeneration and destruction of keratinocytes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180">1,2</a> LP is associated with lipid disorders, and the inflammatory process may lead to lipid metabolism disturbances such as increased serum triglycerides (TG) and decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190">3,4</a> Inflammation is the predominant mechanical contributor to atherothrombosis and measurement of inflammatory markers could have a role in the management of risk stratification beyond the scope of current global risk assessment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200">5,6</a> It has been hypothesized that the association between LP and cardiovascular risk is due to chronic systemic inflammation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190">3,6</a>Epicardial fat tissue (EFT) is the adipose tissue located between the myocardial epicardium and visceral epicardium of the heart. EFT has been shown to produce and secrete various proatherogenic and proinflammatory hormones and cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, adipocytokines and leptin.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210">7–9</a> Previous studies have demonstrated an association between EFT and insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, increased cardiometabolic risk, inflammatory markers and coronary artery disease (CAD).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225">10–15</a>Like psoriasis, LP is a chronic inflammatory disease. Bacaksız et al. indicate that EFT is significantly increased in patients with psoriasis vulgaris.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255">16</a> The aim of this study was to assess EFT in patients with lichen planus.MethodsPatient selectionA total of 54 patients with LP and 50 age-matched controls were enrolled in the study from January 2014 to January 2015. The inclusion criteria for the study group were as follows: men or women aged more than 18 years with LP confirmed according to the clinical and histopathologic criteria established by the World Health Organization. LP was assessed clinically in a standardized dermatological examination by trained and experienced physicians, some of them dermatological consultants. The examination involved the whole body including the scalp and nails. Patients with renal failure, hepatic insufficiency, a history of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular or connective tissue disease, hypertension or epithelial dysplasia were excluded from the study, as were those undergoing systemic treatment with steroids or other drugs, immunosuppressive treatment, retinoids, lipid-lowering therapy, or antihypertensive or antiplatelet drugs. The study was approved by the local ethics committee. Informed consent was obtained from all participants.Clinical and biochemical parametersBody height and weight, blood pressure, and body mass index were measured. Serum TG, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and glucose levels were determined in samples collected after a 12-hour fasting period. Total plasma cholesterol, TG, and HDL cholesterol were measured by an enzymatic colorimetric method using an autoanalyzer (Olympus AU 600) and reagents from Olympus Diagnostics GmbH, Hamburg, Germany. LDL cholesterol levels were calculated by the Friedewald formula. Blood glucose was measured by the glucose oxidase method. Blood was collected in tripotassium EDTA tubes. Blood counts were performed on an XT-1800i Hematology Analyzer (Sysmex Corporation, Kobe, Japan). Baseline neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was determined by dividing neutrophil count by lymphocyte count and baseline platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) by dividing platelet count by lymphocyte count.Echocardiographic examinationThe echocardiographic examination was performed at rest, with the patient in left lateral decubitus position, using a commercially available echocardiographic device (Vivid 7, GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI, USA) with a 3-MHz transducer, by a single experienced echocardiographer (M.E.) who was blinded to the clinical data. Using M-mode echocardiography, long-axis measurements were obtained at the level distal to the mitral valve leaflets according to the current recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260">17</a>Measurement of epicardial fat tissueEFT was measured on the free wall of the right ventricle in parasternal long-axis view, as previously described and validated.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265">18</a> EFT was described as an echo-free space in the pericardial layers on two-dimensional echocardiography, and its thickness was measured perpendicularly to the free wall of the right ventricle at end-systole for 3-10 cardiac cycles. The measurement was performed at a point on the free wall of the right ventricle along the midline of the ultrasound beam, perpendicular to the aortic annulus. In order to increase confidence in the results, EFT measurement was performed at two different times and the percentage of the R-R interval with the least amount of motion was used.Statistical analysisThe Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess normal distribution. Continuous variables were expressed as mean±SD and categorical variables were expressed as numbers and percentages. The Student's t test was used to compare continuous variables and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for non-normally distributed data. Differences in the distribution of categorical variables were assessed by chi-square analysis. Pearson and Spearman analyses were used for correlation analysis. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed for parameters affecting EFT. p values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. SPSS version 16.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) was used for all statistical analyses.ResultsDemographic, clinical, hematological and biochemical characteristics of patients with LP and control subjects are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>. Mean duration of LP was 20.51±11.40 months. No statistical differences was found between LP and controls except in terms of NLR, PLR, EFT thickness, hsCRP and HDL cholesterol (p<0.001, p<0.001, p=0.005, p=0.001, p=0.001 and p=0.001, respectively). There were positive correlations between EFT thickness and PLR, NLR, duration of LP, and hsCRP (p<0.001, p<0.001, p=0.002 and p<0.001, respectively) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). As shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>, in multivariate analysis, after adjustments for relevant confounders, LDL cholesterol, hsCRP, PLR and duration of LP were independent predictors of EFT thickness in patients with LP (β=0.231, p=0.014; β=0.205, p=0.037; β=0.361, p=0.001 and β=0.133, p=0.047, respectively).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia>DiscussionThe major findings of our study are that EFT thickness is increased in patients with LP compared to controls, and that duration of LP, LDL cholesterol, hsCRP, and PLR are independent predictors of increased EFT thickness in patients with LP.LP is an immune-mediated disease of unknown cause that affects the skin, genitalia, mucous membranes and appendages, in which antigens are processed by Langerhans cells and then presented to T lymphocytes. Previous studies showed that patients with LP have high lipid levels, acute phase reactants and atherogenic index. Similar to previous studies, in our population HDL cholesterol levels were lower in patients with LP than controls. Several cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-2, and IL-6, have been implicated in the increased lipids levels in patients with LP.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195">4,19</a>Studies have shown that LP is associated with cardiovascular risk factors including dyslipidemia, diabetes, and increased oxidative stress.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190">3,5,20,21</a> Most cardiovascular disorders (including atherosclerosis, hypertension, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and arrhythmias) have similar mechanisms, such as chronic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and increased oxidative stress.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285">22</a> In our study, indirect parameters of oxidative stress levels (PLR and NLR) were higher in patients with LP than in controls.Saleh et al. have shown that serum homocysteine, fibrinogen and hsCRP are significantly higher in patients with lichen planus.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290">23</a> In LP, Th1 inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10 are increased in skin and blood.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">4</a> The inflammatory mediators involved in LP may have a range of effects on insulin signaling, lipid metabolism, and adipogenesis.EFT shares the same embryological origin as intra-abdominal visceral adipose tissue.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295">24</a> Similarly to other visceral adipose tissues, epicardial adipose tissue functions as a lipid store that secretes hormones, inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as TNF-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, IL-6 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300">25</a> EFT is associated with higher levels of atherogenic IL-6 in subjects with CAD.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305">26</a>It is important to identify subclinical atherosclerosis, for which noninvasive tests play an important role. A close association between EFT and subclinical atherosclerosis, coronary calcium score, and presence and severity of coronary stenosis has been reported in several observational studies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0310">27–32</a>EFT (as measured by echocardiography) is associated with increased left ventricular mass, endothelial dysfunction, and the presence and severity of CAD.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320">29</a> It is also independently associated with blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, fasting glucose, and both traditional and novel cardiovascular risk factors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340">33</a> Although EFT thickness was increased in patients with LP, we were unable to show these associations in comparisons between patients with LP and control subjects.EFT is an endocrine and paracrine source of cytokines, and its thickness is correlated with several circulating proatherogenic and proinflammatory adipokines such as visfatin, PAI-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and CRP.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260">17,33,34</a> However, it is inversely related to adiponectin, an anti-inflammatory and antiatherogenic adipokine.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">12</a> In our study, hsCRP levels correlated with EFT and were an independent predictor of increased EFT thickness.A recent article by Aksu et al. showed reduced flow-mediated dilatation and increased carotid-intima media thickness, which are predictors of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular end organ damage, in LP patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350">35</a> In our study, we found that duration of LP is correlated with EFT, and also that duration of LP is an independent predictor of increased EFT, which is a predictor of subclinical atherosclerosis.Why is EFT thickness increased in patients with LP? One possible underlying mechanism may be persistent inflammation. Inflammatory adipokines such as TNF-α, MCP-1, and IL-6 play a significant role in inflammation and can potentially lead to a predisposition to atherosclerosis.ConclusionIn conclusion, we have shown that patients with LP have more EFT, indicating an increased risk for atherosclerosis. Further long-term prospective studies are needed to clarify the clinical utility and prognostic importance of the link between LP and atherosclerosis.Ethical disclosuresProtection of human and animal subjectsThe authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study.Confidentiality of dataThe authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work center on the publication of patient data.Right to privacy and informed consentThe authors declare that no patient data appear in this article.Conflicts of interestThe authors have no conflicts of interest to declare." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres740730" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background and Objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec744944" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres740731" "titulo" => "Resumo" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introdução e objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusão" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec744943" "titulo" => "Palavras-chave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Methods" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Patient selection" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Clinical and biochemical parameters" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Echocardiographic examination" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Measurement of epicardial fat tissue" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Ethical disclosures" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Protection of human and animal subjects" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Confidentiality of data" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent" ] ] ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0075" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 11 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2016-01-27" "fechaAceptado" => "2016-04-05" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec744944" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Echocardiography" 1 => "Epicardial fat tissue" 2 => "Lichen planus" ] ] ] "pt" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palavras-chave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec744943" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Ecocardiograma" 1 => "Tecido adiposo epicárdico" 2 => "Líquen plano" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "Background and ObjectivesLichen planus (LP) is a mucocutaneous inflammatory disease. Inflammation plays a major role in the progression of atherosclerosis. Epicardial fat tissue (EFT) has been shown to produce and secrete various proatherogenic and proinflammatory hormones and cytokines. The aim of this study was to assess EFT in patients with lichen planus. MethodsFifty-four patients with LP and 50 controls were enrolled in the study. LP was diagnosed according to the World Health Organization criteria. EFT was measured on the free wall of the right ventricle in parasternal long-axis view, as previously described and validated. ResultsThere were positive correlations between EFT thickness and platelet/lymphocyte ratio, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, duration of LP, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) (p<0.001, p<0.001, p=0.002 and p<0.001, respectively). In multivariate analysis, after adjustments for relevant confounders, LDL cholesterol, hsCRP, platelet/lymphocyte ratio and duration of LP were independent predictors of EFT thickness in patients with LP (β=0.231, p=0.014; β=0.205, p=0.037; β=0.361, p=0.001 and β=0.133, p=0.047, respectively). ConclusionEFT is increased in patients with LP compared to control subjects. Duration of LP is correlated with EFT, and duration of LP is also an independent predictor of increased EFT, which is a predictor of subclinical atherosclerosis." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background and Objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] "pt" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumo" "resumen" => "Introdução e objetivosO líquen plano (LP) é uma doença inflamatória mucocutânea. A inflamação tem um papel importante na progressão da aterosclerose. Demonstrou-se que o tecido adiposo epicárdico (TAE) produz e segrega várias hormonas e citocinas pró-aterogénicas e pró-inflamatórias. O objetivo deste estudo foi a avaliação do TAE em pacientes com LP. MétodosCinquenta e quatro pacientes com LP e 50 controlos foram inscritos no estudo. O LP foi diagnosticado de acordo com os critérios da Organização Mundial de Saúde. O TAE foi medido na parede livre do ventrículo direito, do ponto de vista do eixo longo para-esternal, conforme descrito e validado anteriormente. ResultadosVerificaram-se correlações positivas entre a espessura da gordura epicárdica e a relação linfócitos-plaquetas, a relação neutrófilos-linfócitos, a longevidade do LP, e o hsCRP (p < 0,001, p < 0,001, p = 0,002 e p < 0,001, respetivamente). Após análises multivariadas e ajustamentos para confundidores relevantes (colesterol LDL, hsCRP, relação plaquetas-linfócitos e longevidade do LP), foram confirmados como preditores independentes da espessura da gordura epicárdica em pacientes com LP (β = 0,231, p = 0,014; β = 0,205, p = 0,037; β = 0,361, p = 0,001 e β = 0,133, p = 0,047, respetivamente). ConclusãoO TAE está aumentado em pacientes com LP em comparação com o grupo de controlo. A longevidade do LP está correlacionada com o TAE, e a sua longevidade é uma variável independente de previsão do TAE aumentado, que por sua vez é uma variável de previsão da aterosclerose subclínica." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introdução e objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusão" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "BMI: body mass index; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; EFT: epicardial fat tissue; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; hsCRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; LP: lichen planus; NLR: neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio; PLR: platelet/lymphocyte ratio; SBP: systolic blood pressure; TG: triglycerides; WBC: white blood cell." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patients with LP (n=54) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Controls (n=50) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age (years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">45.68±13.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">47.29±6.88 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.475 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Female, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">32 (59.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">30 (60.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.866 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">BMI (kg/m2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">28.8±4.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">29.4±5.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.518 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">SBP (mmHg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">126±9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">127±12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.262 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">DBP (mmHg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">79±6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">78±9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.577 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Diabetes, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">10 (18.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">14 (29.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.221 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Smoking, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">15 (27.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">14 (29.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.284 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Hypercholesterolemia, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">22 (40.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">13 (26.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.161 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Topical steroid treatment, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">30 (55.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Duration of LP (months) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">20.51±11.40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Positive family history, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">17 (31) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">8 (17) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.111 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LDL (mg/dl) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">118.5±39.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">117.4±33.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.891 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HDL (mg/dl) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">42.8±10.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">55.4±2.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.005 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">TG (mg/dl) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">161±97 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">141±82 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.281 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Total cholesterol (mg/dl) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">203±44 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">192±36 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.207 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Creatinine (mg/dl) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.8±0.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.1±0.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.228 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Blood glucose (mg/dl) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">97±30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">109±37 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.101 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Hemoglobin (g/l) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">11.4±3.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">12.1±2.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.475 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">WBC count (103/μl) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">7.6±1.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">7.5±1.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.772 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">NLR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.1±1.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.8±0.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">PLR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">165±31 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">107±26 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">EFT thickness (mm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.89±0.21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.53±0.11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">hsCRP (mg/l) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.67±3.35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.48±0.50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1224401.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Baseline demographic, clinical, hematological and biochemical characteristics of study and control subjects." ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "HDL: high-density lipoprotein; hsCRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LP: lichen planus; NLR: neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio; PLR: platelet/lymphocyte ratio; WBC: white blood cell." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">R \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">WBC count \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.007 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.943 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">NLR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.359 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">PLR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.487 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HDL cholesterol \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.090 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.384 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Duration of LP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.318 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.002 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">hsCRP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.405 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1224402.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Correlation analysis of epicardial fat tissue and confounding variables." ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at3" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "HDL: high-density lipoprotein; hsCRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; LP: lichen planus; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NLR: neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio; PLR: platelet/lymphocyte ratio." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">β \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.101 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.275 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Diabetes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">-0.164 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.062 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Smoking \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.027 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.765 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LDL cholesterol \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.231 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.014 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HDL cholesterol \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">-0.060 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.492 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">hsCRP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.205 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.037 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">NLR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.179 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.069 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">PLR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.361 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LVEF \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">-0.071 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.408 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Duration of LP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.133 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.047 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1224403.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Multivariate linear regression analysis of predictors of epicardial fat tissue in patients with lichen planus." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:35 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0180" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Infiltrating CD8+ T cells in oral lichen planus predominantly express CCR5 and CXCR3 and carry respective chemokine ligands RANTES/CCL5 and IP-10/CXCL10 in their cytolytic granules: a potential self-recruiting mechanism" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "W. 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Original Article

Epicardial fat tissue thickness is increased in patients with lichen planus and is linked to inflammation and dyslipidemia

Espessura do tecido adiposo epicárdico aumentada em pacientes com líquen plano e relação com inflamação e dislipidemia

Ahmet Goktug Ertema,

Corresponding author

agertem@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.

, Mehmet Erdoganb, Cemal Koseogluc, Gulsen Akoglud, Elcin Ozdemirb, Gamze Koseoglue, Serkan Sivrib, Telat Kelesb, Tahir Durmazb, Akın Aktasd, Engin Bozkurtb

a Department of Cardiology, Turkiye Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

b Department of Cardiology, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey

c Department of Cardiology, Tokat State Hospital, Tokat, Turkey

d Department of Dermatology, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey

e Department of Dermatology, Tokat State Hospital, Tokat, Turkey

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    "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
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        "titulo" => "Espessura do tecido adiposo epic&#225;rdico aumentada em pacientes com l&#237;quen plano e rela&#231;&#227;o com inflama&#231;&#227;o e dislipidemia"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lichen planus &#40;LP&#41; is a mucocutaneous inflammatory disease that affects 0&#46;5-1&#37; of the population&#46; Its etiology remains unknown&#59; it may be caused by a cell-mediated immunological response in which auto-reactive T4 and T8 lymphocytes are the cytotoxic effector cells which cause degeneration and destruction of keratinocytes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> LP is associated with lipid disorders&#44; and the inflammatory process may lead to lipid metabolism disturbances such as increased serum triglycerides &#40;TG&#41; and decreased high-density lipoprotein &#40;HDL&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> Inflammation is the predominant mechanical contributor to atherothrombosis and measurement of inflammatory markers could have a role in the management of risk stratification beyond the scope of current global risk assessment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> It has been hypothesized that the association between LP and cardiovascular risk is due to chronic systemic inflammation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;6</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Epicardial fat tissue &#40;EFT&#41; is the adipose tissue located between the myocardial epicardium and visceral epicardium of the heart&#46; EFT has been shown to produce and secrete various proatherogenic and proinflammatory hormones and cytokines&#44; including tumor necrosis factor &#40;TNF&#41;-&#945;&#44; interleukin &#40;IL&#41;-6&#44; adipocytokines and leptin&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;9</span></a> Previous studies have demonstrated an association between EFT and insulin resistance&#44; diabetes mellitus&#44; increased cardiometabolic risk&#44; inflammatory markers and coronary artery disease &#40;CAD&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#8211;15</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Like psoriasis&#44; LP is a chronic inflammatory disease&#46; Bacaks&#305;z et al&#46; indicate that EFT is significantly increased in patients with psoriasis vulgaris&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> The aim of this study was to assess EFT in patients with lichen planus&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Patient selection</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 54 patients with LP and 50 age-matched controls were enrolled in the study from January 2014 to January 2015&#46; The inclusion criteria for the study group were as follows&#58; men or women aged more than 18 years with LP confirmed according to the clinical and histopathologic criteria established by the World Health Organization&#46; LP was assessed clinically in a standardized dermatological examination by trained and experienced physicians&#44; some of them dermatological consultants&#46; The examination involved the whole body including the scalp and nails&#46; Patients with renal failure&#44; hepatic insufficiency&#44; a history of cardiovascular&#44; cerebrovascular or connective tissue disease&#44; hypertension or epithelial dysplasia were excluded from the study&#44; as were those undergoing systemic treatment with steroids or other drugs&#44; immunosuppressive treatment&#44; retinoids&#44; lipid-lowering therapy&#44; or antihypertensive or antiplatelet drugs&#46; The study was approved by the local ethics committee&#46; Informed consent was obtained from all participants&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Clinical and biochemical parameters</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Body height and weight&#44; blood pressure&#44; and body mass index were measured&#46; Serum TG&#44; low-density lipoprotein &#40;LDL&#41; cholesterol&#44; HDL cholesterol&#44; and glucose levels were determined in samples collected after a 12-hour fasting period&#46; Total plasma cholesterol&#44; TG&#44; and HDL cholesterol were measured by an enzymatic colorimetric method using an autoanalyzer &#40;Olympus AU 600&#41; and reagents from Olympus Diagnostics GmbH&#44; Hamburg&#44; Germany&#46; LDL cholesterol levels were calculated by the Friedewald formula&#46; Blood glucose was measured by the glucose oxidase method&#46; Blood was collected in tripotassium EDTA tubes&#46; Blood counts were performed on an XT-1800i Hematology Analyzer &#40;Sysmex Corporation&#44; Kobe&#44; Japan&#41;&#46; Baseline neutrophil&#47;lymphocyte ratio &#40;NLR&#41; was determined by dividing neutrophil count by lymphocyte count and baseline platelet&#47;lymphocyte ratio &#40;PLR&#41; by dividing platelet count by lymphocyte count&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Echocardiographic examination</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The echocardiographic examination was performed at rest&#44; with the patient in left lateral decubitus position&#44; using a commercially available echocardiographic device &#40;Vivid 7&#44; GE Medical Systems&#44; Milwaukee&#44; WI&#44; USA&#41; with a 3-MHz transducer&#44; by a single experienced echocardiographer &#40;M&#46;E&#46;&#41; who was blinded to the clinical data&#46; Using M-mode echocardiography&#44; long-axis measurements were obtained at the level distal to the mitral valve leaflets according to the current recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Measurement of epicardial fat tissue</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">EFT was measured on the free wall of the right ventricle in parasternal long-axis view&#44; as previously described and validated&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> EFT was described as an echo-free space in the pericardial layers on two-dimensional echocardiography&#44; and its thickness was measured perpendicularly to the free wall of the right ventricle at end-systole for 3-10 cardiac cycles&#46; The measurement was performed at a point on the free wall of the right ventricle along the midline of the ultrasound beam&#44; perpendicular to the aortic annulus&#46; In order to increase confidence in the results&#44; EFT measurement was performed at two different times and the percentage of the R-R interval with the least amount of motion was used&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess normal distribution&#46; Continuous variables were expressed as mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD and categorical variables were expressed as numbers and percentages&#46; The Student&#39;s t test was used to compare continuous variables and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for non-normally distributed data&#46; Differences in the distribution of categorical variables were assessed by chi-square analysis&#46; Pearson and Spearman analyses were used for correlation analysis&#46; Multiple linear regression analysis was performed for parameters affecting EFT&#46; p values less than 0&#46;05 were considered statistically significant&#46; SPSS version 16&#46;0 &#40;SPSS&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#44; USA&#41; was used for all statistical analyses&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Results</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Demographic&#44; clinical&#44; hematological and biochemical characteristics of patients with LP and control subjects are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; Mean duration of LP was 20&#46;51&#177;11&#46;40 months&#46; No statistical differences was found between LP and controls except in terms of NLR&#44; PLR&#44; EFT thickness&#44; hsCRP and HDL cholesterol &#40;p&#60;0&#46;001&#44; p&#60;0&#46;001&#44; p&#61;0&#46;005&#44; p&#61;0&#46;001&#44; p&#61;0&#46;001 and p&#61;0&#46;001&#44; respectively&#41;&#46; There were positive correlations between EFT thickness and PLR&#44; NLR&#44; duration of LP&#44; and hsCRP &#40;p&#60;0&#46;001&#44; p&#60;0&#46;001&#44; p&#61;0&#46;002 and p&#60;0&#46;001&#44; respectively&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; As shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#44; in multivariate analysis&#44; after adjustments for relevant confounders&#44; LDL cholesterol&#44; hsCRP&#44; PLR and duration of LP were independent predictors of EFT thickness in patients with LP &#40;&#946;&#61;0&#46;231&#44; p&#61;0&#46;014&#59; &#946;&#61;0&#46;205&#44; p&#61;0&#46;037&#59; &#946;&#61;0&#46;361&#44; p&#61;0&#46;001 and &#946;&#61;0&#46;133&#44; p&#61;0&#46;047&#44; respectively&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Discussion</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The major findings of our study are that EFT thickness is increased in patients with LP compared to controls&#44; and that duration of LP&#44; LDL cholesterol&#44; hsCRP&#44; and PLR are independent predictors of increased EFT thickness in patients with LP&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">LP is an immune-mediated disease of unknown cause that affects the skin&#44; genitalia&#44; mucous membranes and appendages&#44; in which antigens are processed by Langerhans cells and then presented to T lymphocytes&#46; Previous studies showed that patients with LP have high lipid levels&#44; acute phase reactants and atherogenic index&#46; Similar to previous studies&#44; in our population HDL cholesterol levels were lower in patients with LP than controls&#46; Several cytokines&#44; such as TNF-&#945;&#44; IL-2&#44; and IL-6&#44; have been implicated in the increased lipids levels in patients with LP&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;19</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Studies have shown that LP is associated with cardiovascular risk factors including dyslipidemia&#44; diabetes&#44; and increased oxidative stress&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;5&#44;20&#44;21</span></a> Most cardiovascular disorders &#40;including atherosclerosis&#44; hypertension&#44; insulin resistance&#44; dyslipidemia&#44; and arrhythmias&#41; have similar mechanisms&#44; such as chronic inflammation&#44; endothelial dysfunction&#44; and increased oxidative stress&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> In our study&#44; indirect parameters of oxidative stress levels &#40;PLR and NLR&#41; were higher in patients with LP than in controls&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Saleh et al&#46; have shown that serum homocysteine&#44; fibrinogen and hsCRP are significantly higher in patients with lichen planus&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> In LP&#44; Th1 inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-&#945;&#44; IL-4&#44; IL-6 and IL-10 are increased in skin and blood&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The inflammatory mediators involved in LP may have a range of effects on insulin signaling&#44; lipid metabolism&#44; and adipogenesis&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">EFT shares the same embryological origin as intra-abdominal visceral adipose tissue&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> Similarly to other visceral adipose tissues&#44; epicardial adipose tissue functions as a lipid store that secretes hormones&#44; inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as TNF-&#945;&#44; monocyte chemoattractant protein &#40;MCP&#41;-1&#44; IL-6 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 &#40;PAI-1&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> EFT is associated with higher levels of atherogenic IL-6 in subjects with CAD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is important to identify subclinical atherosclerosis&#44; for which noninvasive tests play an important role&#46; A close association between EFT and subclinical atherosclerosis&#44; coronary calcium score&#44; and presence and severity of coronary stenosis has been reported in several observational studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27&#8211;32</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">EFT &#40;as measured by echocardiography&#41; is associated with increased left ventricular mass&#44; endothelial dysfunction&#44; and the presence and severity of CAD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> It is also independently associated with blood pressure&#44; LDL cholesterol&#44; fasting glucose&#44; and both traditional and novel cardiovascular risk factors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> Although EFT thickness was increased in patients with LP&#44; we were unable to show these associations in comparisons between patients with LP and control subjects&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">EFT is an endocrine and paracrine source of cytokines&#44; and its thickness is correlated with several circulating proatherogenic and proinflammatory adipokines such as visfatin&#44; PAI-1&#44; monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 &#40;MCP-1&#41;&#44; and CRP&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;33&#44;34</span></a> However&#44; it is inversely related to adiponectin&#44; an anti-inflammatory and antiatherogenic adipokine&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> In our study&#44; hsCRP levels correlated with EFT and were an independent predictor of increased EFT thickness&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A recent article by Aksu et al&#46; showed reduced flow-mediated dilatation and increased carotid-intima media thickness&#44; which are predictors of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular end organ damage&#44; in LP patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> In our study&#44; we found that duration of LP is correlated with EFT&#44; and also that duration of LP is an independent predictor of increased EFT&#44; which is a predictor of subclinical atherosclerosis&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Why is EFT thickness increased in patients with LP&#63; One possible underlying mechanism may be persistent inflammation&#46; Inflammatory adipokines such as TNF-&#945;&#44; MCP-1&#44; and IL-6 play a significant role in inflammation and can potentially lead to a predisposition to atherosclerosis&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Conclusion</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; we have shown that patients with LP have more EFT&#44; indicating an increased risk for atherosclerosis&#46; Further long-term prospective studies are needed to clarify the clinical utility and prognostic importance of the link between LP and atherosclerosis&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work center on the publication of patient data&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background and Objectives</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Lichen planus &#40;LP&#41; is a mucocutaneous inflammatory disease&#46; Inflammation plays a major role in the progression of atherosclerosis&#46; Epicardial fat tissue &#40;EFT&#41; has been shown to produce and secrete various proatherogenic and proinflammatory hormones and cytokines&#46; The aim of this study was to assess EFT in patients with lichen planus&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Fifty-four patients with LP and 50 controls were enrolled in the study&#46; LP was diagnosed according to the World Health Organization criteria&#46; EFT was measured on the free wall of the right ventricle in parasternal long-axis view&#44; as previously described and validated&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">There were positive correlations between EFT thickness and platelet&#47;lymphocyte ratio&#44; neutrophil&#47;lymphocyte ratio&#44; duration of LP&#44; and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein &#40;hsCRP&#41; &#40;p&#60;0&#46;001&#44; p&#60;0&#46;001&#44; p&#61;0&#46;002 and p&#60;0&#46;001&#44; respectively&#41;&#46; In multivariate analysis&#44; after adjustments for relevant confounders&#44; LDL cholesterol&#44; hsCRP&#44; platelet&#47;lymphocyte ratio and duration of LP were independent predictors of EFT thickness in patients with LP &#40;&#946;&#61;0&#46;231&#44; p&#61;0&#46;014&#59; &#946;&#61;0&#46;205&#44; p&#61;0&#46;037&#59; &#946;&#61;0&#46;361&#44; p&#61;0&#46;001 and &#946;&#61;0&#46;133&#44; p&#61;0&#46;047&#44; respectively&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">EFT is increased in patients with LP compared to control subjects&#46; Duration of LP is correlated with EFT&#44; and duration of LP is also an independent predictor of increased EFT&#44; which is a predictor of subclinical atherosclerosis&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introdu&#231;&#227;o e objetivos</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O l&#237;quen plano &#40;LP&#41; &#233; uma doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria mucocut&#226;nea&#46; A inflama&#231;&#227;o tem um papel importante na progress&#227;o da aterosclerose&#46; Demonstrou-se que o tecido adiposo epic&#225;rdico &#40;TAE&#41; produz e segrega v&#225;rias hormonas e citocinas pr&#243;-aterog&#233;nicas e pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias&#46; O objetivo deste estudo foi a avalia&#231;&#227;o do TAE em pacientes com LP&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cinquenta e quatro pacientes com LP e 50 controlos foram inscritos no estudo&#46; O LP foi diagnosticado de acordo com os crit&#233;rios da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de&#46; O TAE foi medido na parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito&#44; do ponto de vista do eixo longo para-esternal&#44; conforme descrito e validado anteriormente&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Verificaram-se correla&#231;&#245;es positivas entre a espessura da gordura epic&#225;rdica e a rela&#231;&#227;o linf&#243;citos-plaquetas&#44; a rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filos-linf&#243;citos&#44; a longevidade do LP&#44; e o hsCRP &#40;p &#60; 0&#44;001&#44; p &#60; 0&#44;001&#44; p &#61; 0&#44;002 e p &#60; 0&#44;001&#44; respetivamente&#41;&#46; Ap&#243;s an&#225;lises multivariadas e ajustamentos para confundidores relevantes &#40;colesterol LDL&#44; hsCRP&#44; rela&#231;&#227;o plaquetas-linf&#243;citos e longevidade do LP&#41;&#44; foram confirmados como preditores independentes da espessura da gordura epic&#225;rdica em pacientes com LP &#40;&#946; &#61; 0&#44;231&#44; p &#61; 0&#44;014&#59; &#946; &#61; 0&#44;205&#44; p &#61; 0&#44;037&#59; &#946; &#61; 0&#44;361&#44; p &#61; 0&#44;001 e &#946; &#61; 0&#44;133&#44; p &#61; 0&#44;047&#44; respetivamente&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O TAE est&#225; aumentado em pacientes com LP em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de controlo&#46; A longevidade do LP est&#225; correlacionada com o TAE&#44; e a sua longevidade &#233; uma vari&#225;vel independente de previs&#227;o do TAE aumentado&#44; que por sua vez &#233; uma vari&#225;vel de previs&#227;o da aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
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            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Introdu&#231;&#227;o e objetivos"
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          1 => array:2 [
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            "titulo" => "M&#233;todos"
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          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
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          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclus&#227;o"
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    "multimedia" => array:3 [
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        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "detalles" => array:1 [
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        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">BMI&#58; body mass index&#59; DBP&#58; diastolic blood pressure&#59; EFT&#58; epicardial fat tissue&#59; HDL&#58; high-density lipoprotein&#59; hsCRP&#58; high-sensitivity C-reactive protein&#59; LDL&#58; low-density lipoprotein&#59; LP&#58; lichen planus&#59; NLR&#58; neutrophil&#47;lymphocyte ratio&#59; PLR&#58; platelet&#47;lymphocyte ratio&#59; SBP&#58; systolic blood pressure&#59; TG&#58; triglycerides&#59; WBC&#58; white blood cell&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patients with LP &#40;n&#61;54&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Controls &#40;n&#61;50&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age &#40;years&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">45&#46;68&#177;13&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">47&#46;29&#177;6&#46;88&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;475&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Female&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">32 &#40;59&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">30 &#40;60&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;866&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">BMI &#40;kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">28&#46;8&#177;4&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">29&#46;4&#177;5&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;518&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">SBP &#40;mmHg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">126&#177;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">127&#177;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;262&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">DBP &#40;mmHg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">79&#177;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">78&#177;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;577&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Diabetes&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10 &#40;18&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14 &#40;29&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;221&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Smoking&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15 &#40;27&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14 &#40;29&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;284&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Hypercholesterolemia&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">22 &#40;40&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13 &#40;26&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;161&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Topical steroid treatment&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">30 &#40;55&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Duration of LP &#40;months&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">20&#46;51&#177;11&#46;40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Positive family history&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">17 &#40;31&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8 &#40;17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;111&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LDL &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">118&#46;5&#177;39&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">117&#46;4&#177;33&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;891&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HDL &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">42&#46;8&#177;10&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">55&#46;4&#177;2&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;005&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">TG &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">161&#177;97&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">141&#177;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;281&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Total cholesterol &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">203&#177;44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">192&#177;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;207&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Creatinine &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;8&#177;0&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;1&#177;0&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;228&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Blood glucose &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">97&#177;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">109&#177;37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;101&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Hemoglobin &#40;g&#47;l&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11&#46;4&#177;3&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12&#46;1&#177;2&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;475&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">WBC count &#40;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#47;&#956;l&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#46;6&#177;1&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#46;5&#177;1&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;772&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">NLR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;1&#177;1&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;8&#177;0&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">PLR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">165&#177;31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">107&#177;26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">EFT thickness &#40;mm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;89&#177;0&#46;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;53&#177;0&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">hsCRP &#40;mg&#47;l&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#46;67&#177;3&#46;35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;48&#177;0&#46;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Baseline demographic&#44; clinical&#44; hematological and biochemical characteristics of study and control subjects&#46;</p>"
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Article information

ISSN: 21742049
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.repce.2016.04.007

The statistics are updated each day

Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	5	3	8
2024 October	23	31	54
2024 September	30	23	53
2024 August	38	25	63
2024 July	33	38	71
2024 June	30	13	43
2024 May	34	34	68
2024 April	28	21	49
2024 March	30	22	52
2024 February	25	35	60
2024 January	26	32	58
2023 December	28	27	55
2023 November	49	22	71
2023 October	43	17	60
2023 September	28	16	44
2023 August	20	15	35
2023 July	21	10	31
2023 June	22	13	35
2023 May	37	18	55
2023 April	22	5	27
2023 March	63	28	91
2023 February	37	18	55
2023 January	21	13	34
2022 December	48	27	75
2022 November	65	23	88
2022 October	23	25	48
2022 September	31	33	64
2022 August	26	29	55
2022 July	27	37	64
2022 June	22	16	38
2022 May	22	37	59
2022 April	27	19	46
2022 March	27	35	62
2022 February	18	33	51
2022 January	30	20	50
2021 December	19	31	50
2021 November	47	35	82
2021 October	74	33	107
2021 September	55	27	82
2021 August	51	31	82
2021 July	40	31	71
2021 June	19	19	38
2021 May	37	40	77
2021 April	55	48	103
2021 March	59	30	89
2021 February	47	19	66
2021 January	43	18	61
2020 December	53	16	69
2020 November	27	14	41
2020 October	36	20	56
2020 September	56	8	64
2020 August	21	12	33
2020 July	53	13	66
2020 June	54	10	64
2020 May	36	4	40
2020 April	40	23	63
2020 March	42	13	55
2020 February	72	29	101
2020 January	42	8	50
2019 December	38	7	45
2019 November	27	8	35
2019 October	49	5	54
2019 September	21	6	27
2019 August	36	13	49
2019 July	39	7	46
2019 June	32	13	45
2019 May	31	7	38
2019 April	31	25	56
2019 March	32	13	45
2019 February	51	7	58
2019 January	22	8	30
2018 December	48	12	60
2018 November	118	14	132
2018 October	256	30	286
2018 September	42	19	61
2018 August	36	8	44
2018 July	17	6	23
2018 June	31	13	44
2018 May	46	12	58
2018 April	38	2	40
2018 March	28	12	40
2018 February	16	2	18
2018 January	22	10	32
2017 December	31	3	34
2017 November	21	10	31
2017 October	23	7	30
2017 September	18	8	26
2017 August	26	9	35
2017 July	22	2	24
2017 June	27	24	51
2017 May	42	13	55
2017 April	22	5	27
2017 March	38	42	80
2017 February	38	12	50
2017 January	26	14	40
2016 December	50	14	64
2016 November	40	28	68
2016 October	46	21	67

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