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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Acute myocarditis is an inflammatory myocardial disease usually caused by viral infection and subsequent inflammatory response in cardiac myocytes&#46; Fulminant myocarditis is the most severe subtype of myocarditis&#44; characterized by a rapidly progressive course&#44; severe clinical symptoms and a high mortality rate&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> Diagnosis and treatment of fulminant myocarditis remain challenging in clinical practice&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> especially when its manifestation closely mimics acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction &#40;STEMI&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> Medical treatment is still the main therapy for fulminant myocarditis&#46; Intra-aortic balloon pump &#40;IABP&#41; and ventricular assist devices have been increasingly used as mechanical circulatory support in cases of cardiogenic shock&#44; but their effectiveness in fulminant myocarditis requires further confirmation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;8</span></a> Moreover&#44; since life-threatening arrhythmias such as ventricular tachycardia and atrioventricular block can cause cardiac arrest in fulminant myocarditis&#44; optimization of anti-arrhythmia therapy is critically important in preventing sudden death&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Case report</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A man in his 40s was admitted to our department for recurrent chest pain&#44; cough and expectoration during the previous three days&#46; The patient had no relevant previous history&#46; The admission electrocardiogram &#40;ECG&#41; showed 1&#8211;2 mm ST-segment elevation and QS waves in leads II&#44; III and aVF &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>A&#41;&#59; the myocardial injury marker troponin I was elevated to 13&#46;02 ng&#47;ml&#46; The patient was initially diagnosed with suspected acute inferior STEMI&#46; However&#44; seven hours after admission&#44; he complained of severe chest pain&#44; dyspnea and sweating&#46; Immediate blood pressure determination was 54&#47;33 mmHg and immediate 12-lead ECG showed 4&#8211;5 mm ST-segment elevation in leads II&#44; III and aVF&#44; exhibiting dynamic changes from the admission ECG &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>B&#41;&#46; A diagnosis of acute inferior STEMI was established&#46; Blood pressure was maintained at normal levels by dopamine&#46; An urgent coronary angiography was also performed&#46; However&#44; all the major coronary arteries were demonstrated to be normal except for a myocardial bridge in the left anterior descending artery &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>&#41;&#46; The diagnosis was subsequently corrected to fulminant myocarditis&#46; Two hours after angiography&#44; the patient experienced cardiogenic shock again&#44; and his blood pressure fell to 67&#47;35 mmHg&#44; resistant to cardiotonic or vasopressor drugs&#44; including dopamine&#44; dobutamine and aramine&#46; The shock was not effectively reversed until emergent IABP implantation&#46; Four hours after IABP implantation&#44; the patient suffered Adams-Stokes syndrome three times&#59; the ECG monitor showed that one attack was due to ventricular tachycardia &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>A&#41;&#44; while the other two were due to ventricular fibrillation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>B&#41;&#46; Synchronized cardioversion was performed three times with an energy setting of 200 J&#46; The patient was successfully resuscitated and continuous amiodarone was administered&#46; However&#44; about 10 hours later&#44; he again suffered a syncopal episode&#44; with blood pressure of 72&#47;37 mmHg&#46; The ECG monitor recorded high-degree atrioventricular block &#40;AVB&#41;&#44; with a longest R-R interval of 7&#46;0 s &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>C&#41;&#46; A temporary pacemaker was emergently implanted and the bradycardia was effectively resolved &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>D&#41;&#46; A dose of 450 mg hydrocortisone was subsequently administered and maintained continuously for one week&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Two days after admission&#44; viral serology showed a significantly increased cytomegalovirus IgG level &#40;60&#46;3 U&#47;ml&#41;&#46; During hospitalization&#44; relevant serum parameters including troponin I&#44; pro-BNP&#44; and liver injury markers including alanine aminotransferase &#40;ALT&#41; and aspartate aminotransferase &#40;AST&#41; were also measured repeatedly&#46; Troponin I and pro-BNP increased significantly and then reduced slowly&#46; ALT and AST also rose to extremely high levels &#40;3475 U&#47;l and 5670 U&#47;l&#44; respectively&#41; and declined with improvement of heart failure&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient recovered&#44; and after being hospitalized for 23 days was discharged with a left ventricular ejection fraction &#40;LVEF&#41; of 72&#37;&#46; He underwent a follow-up visit four months after discharge&#44; which demonstrated fully recovered heart function and normal cardiac structure on cardiac ultrasound&#46; Coronary arteries and heart rhythm were also normal on coronary computed tomography &#40;CT&#41; angiography and Holter ECG monitoring&#44; respectively&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Discussion</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We report a case of severe fulminant myocarditis and share our experience in diagnosing and treating this patient&#46; Several points deserve consideration&#46; Firstly&#44; this case was initially misdiagnosed as acute inferior STEMI&#46; In clinical practice&#44; it is unusual for myocarditis to manifest with a STEMI-like ECG&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> However&#44; in this case&#44; the ECG demonstrated features seen in myocardial infarction as well as dynamic changes typical of STEMI&#46; Under such circumstances&#44; coronary angiography is still the most reliable approach for differential diagnosis&#46; We performed emergency angiography and effectively differentiated the patient&#39;s condition from STEMI&#46; The results of IgG serology and coronary CT angiography further supported the diagnosis of myocarditis&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another feature of the case was rapidly progressive heart failure&#44; refractory cardiogenic shock and resistance to pharmaceutical therapy&#46; Fortunately&#44; emergent IABP implantation effectively reversed the heart failure and shock&#46; This is further evidence for using IABP under these circumstances&#46; Besides pro-BNP&#44; the significantly increased ALT and AST levels might also have resulted from severe heart failure and cardiogenic shock&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Malignant arrhythmias are usually the leading causes of death in the setting of fulminant myocarditis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> In this case&#44; three life-threatening arrhythmias occurred simultaneously and were terminated by immediate cardioversion or pacemaker implantation&#46; We therefore suggest timely and aggressive interventions to prevent sudden death in fulminant myocarditis&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The efficacy and safety of immunosuppressive agents in acute myocarditis remain controversial&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#8211;13</span></a> but they are empirically recommended in fulminant myocarditis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> In this case&#44; hydrocortisone at a dose of 450 mg as steroid pulse therapy convincingly demonstrated efficacy and excellent safety&#46; An LVEF of 72&#37; indicated fully recovered heart function&#46; This is further confirmation of the efficacy of immunosuppressive therapy in fulminant myocarditis&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One shortcoming of our case was a lack of evidence from endomyocardial biopsy or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging&#44; due to the patient&#39;s extremely emergent condition and the limited availability of these two techniques in China&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Overall&#44; we conclude that coronary angiography is still the most effective approach to differentiating fulminant myocarditis from acute myocardial infarction&#46; Timely and aggressive interventional measures may significantly reduce the risk of sudden death from cardiogenic shock or life-threatening arrhythmias in fulminant myocarditis&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have obtained the written informed consent of the patients or subjects mentioned in the article&#46; The corresponding author is in possession of this document&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This work was supported by the <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs1">National Natural Science Foundation of China</span> &#40;No&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs1">81200603</span>&#41;&#46; The authors have no conflict of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We report a case of severe fulminant myocarditis that closely mimicked acute inferior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction &#40;STEMI&#41; and presented with refractory cardiogenic shock&#44; multiple life-threatening arrhythmias and rapidly progressive liver failure&#46; This case was successfully differentiated from STEMI by emergency coronary angiography&#46; Recurrent cardiogenic shock was reversed by intra-aortic balloon pumping &#40;IABP&#41;&#46; Life-threatening arrhythmias including ventricular tachycardia&#44; ventricular fibrillation&#44; and high-degree atrioventricular block &#40;AVB&#41; were terminated by immediate cardioversion and temporary pacemaker&#46; High-dose hydrocortisone effectively attenuated the inflammatory injury to the myocardium&#46; The patient recovered and was well at the follow-up visit four months after discharge&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Relatamos um caso real de miocardite fulminante grave simulando enfarte agudo do mioc&#225;rdio agudo inferior com supra desnivelamento ST &#40;STEMI&#41; com choque cardiog&#233;nico refrat&#225;rio&#44; arritmias fatais m&#250;ltiplas e les&#227;o hep&#225;tica funcional progressiva&#46; Detetou-se com efic&#225;cia que n&#227;o se tratava de STEMI atrav&#233;s de angiografia coron&#225;ria de urg&#234;ncia&#46; O choque cardiog&#233;nico recorrente foi resolvido com efici&#234;ncia atrav&#233;s de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico&#46; Arritmias fatais incluindo a taquicardia ventricular&#44; a fibrilha&#231;&#227;o ventricular e o bloqueio auriculoventricular de alto grau foram ultrapassadas por cardiovers&#227;o imediata e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pacemaker</span> tempor&#225;rio&#46; Uma dose elevada de hidrocortisona atenuou eficazmente les&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias no mioc&#225;rdio&#46; O doente ultrapassou esta situa&#231;&#227;o e estava totalmente recuperado na consulta de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">follow-up</span> quatro meses ap&#243;s a alta&#46;</p></span>"
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Case report
An unusual case of fulminant myocarditis closely mimicking ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and presenting as refractory cardiogenic shock complicated by multiple life-threatening arrhythmiasAn unusual case of fulminant myocarditis
Zhi-quan Wang
Corresponding author
wangzq007@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Yi-Gang Li
Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Coronary angiography showing normal left main&#44; left descending and left circumflex coronary arteries &#40;A&#41; and right coronary artery &#40;B&#41;&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Acute myocarditis is an inflammatory myocardial disease usually caused by viral infection and subsequent inflammatory response in cardiac myocytes&#46; Fulminant myocarditis is the most severe subtype of myocarditis&#44; characterized by a rapidly progressive course&#44; severe clinical symptoms and a high mortality rate&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> Diagnosis and treatment of fulminant myocarditis remain challenging in clinical practice&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> especially when its manifestation closely mimics acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction &#40;STEMI&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> Medical treatment is still the main therapy for fulminant myocarditis&#46; Intra-aortic balloon pump &#40;IABP&#41; and ventricular assist devices have been increasingly used as mechanical circulatory support in cases of cardiogenic shock&#44; but their effectiveness in fulminant myocarditis requires further confirmation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;8</span></a> Moreover&#44; since life-threatening arrhythmias such as ventricular tachycardia and atrioventricular block can cause cardiac arrest in fulminant myocarditis&#44; optimization of anti-arrhythmia therapy is critically important in preventing sudden death&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Case report</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A man in his 40s was admitted to our department for recurrent chest pain&#44; cough and expectoration during the previous three days&#46; The patient had no relevant previous history&#46; The admission electrocardiogram &#40;ECG&#41; showed 1&#8211;2 mm ST-segment elevation and QS waves in leads II&#44; III and aVF &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>A&#41;&#59; the myocardial injury marker troponin I was elevated to 13&#46;02 ng&#47;ml&#46; The patient was initially diagnosed with suspected acute inferior STEMI&#46; However&#44; seven hours after admission&#44; he complained of severe chest pain&#44; dyspnea and sweating&#46; Immediate blood pressure determination was 54&#47;33 mmHg and immediate 12-lead ECG showed 4&#8211;5 mm ST-segment elevation in leads II&#44; III and aVF&#44; exhibiting dynamic changes from the admission ECG &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>B&#41;&#46; A diagnosis of acute inferior STEMI was established&#46; Blood pressure was maintained at normal levels by dopamine&#46; An urgent coronary angiography was also performed&#46; However&#44; all the major coronary arteries were demonstrated to be normal except for a myocardial bridge in the left anterior descending artery &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>&#41;&#46; The diagnosis was subsequently corrected to fulminant myocarditis&#46; Two hours after angiography&#44; the patient experienced cardiogenic shock again&#44; and his blood pressure fell to 67&#47;35 mmHg&#44; resistant to cardiotonic or vasopressor drugs&#44; including dopamine&#44; dobutamine and aramine&#46; The shock was not effectively reversed until emergent IABP implantation&#46; Four hours after IABP implantation&#44; the patient suffered Adams-Stokes syndrome three times&#59; the ECG monitor showed that one attack was due to ventricular tachycardia &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>A&#41;&#44; while the other two were due to ventricular fibrillation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>B&#41;&#46; Synchronized cardioversion was performed three times with an energy setting of 200 J&#46; The patient was successfully resuscitated and continuous amiodarone was administered&#46; However&#44; about 10 hours later&#44; he again suffered a syncopal episode&#44; with blood pressure of 72&#47;37 mmHg&#46; The ECG monitor recorded high-degree atrioventricular block &#40;AVB&#41;&#44; with a longest R-R interval of 7&#46;0 s &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>C&#41;&#46; A temporary pacemaker was emergently implanted and the bradycardia was effectively resolved &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>D&#41;&#46; A dose of 450 mg hydrocortisone was subsequently administered and maintained continuously for one week&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Two days after admission&#44; viral serology showed a significantly increased cytomegalovirus IgG level &#40;60&#46;3 U&#47;ml&#41;&#46; During hospitalization&#44; relevant serum parameters including troponin I&#44; pro-BNP&#44; and liver injury markers including alanine aminotransferase &#40;ALT&#41; and aspartate aminotransferase &#40;AST&#41; were also measured repeatedly&#46; Troponin I and pro-BNP increased significantly and then reduced slowly&#46; ALT and AST also rose to extremely high levels &#40;3475 U&#47;l and 5670 U&#47;l&#44; respectively&#41; and declined with improvement of heart failure&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient recovered&#44; and after being hospitalized for 23 days was discharged with a left ventricular ejection fraction &#40;LVEF&#41; of 72&#37;&#46; He underwent a follow-up visit four months after discharge&#44; which demonstrated fully recovered heart function and normal cardiac structure on cardiac ultrasound&#46; Coronary arteries and heart rhythm were also normal on coronary computed tomography &#40;CT&#41; angiography and Holter ECG monitoring&#44; respectively&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Discussion</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We report a case of severe fulminant myocarditis and share our experience in diagnosing and treating this patient&#46; Several points deserve consideration&#46; Firstly&#44; this case was initially misdiagnosed as acute inferior STEMI&#46; In clinical practice&#44; it is unusual for myocarditis to manifest with a STEMI-like ECG&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> However&#44; in this case&#44; the ECG demonstrated features seen in myocardial infarction as well as dynamic changes typical of STEMI&#46; Under such circumstances&#44; coronary angiography is still the most reliable approach for differential diagnosis&#46; We performed emergency angiography and effectively differentiated the patient&#39;s condition from STEMI&#46; The results of IgG serology and coronary CT angiography further supported the diagnosis of myocarditis&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another feature of the case was rapidly progressive heart failure&#44; refractory cardiogenic shock and resistance to pharmaceutical therapy&#46; Fortunately&#44; emergent IABP implantation effectively reversed the heart failure and shock&#46; This is further evidence for using IABP under these circumstances&#46; Besides pro-BNP&#44; the significantly increased ALT and AST levels might also have resulted from severe heart failure and cardiogenic shock&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Malignant arrhythmias are usually the leading causes of death in the setting of fulminant myocarditis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> In this case&#44; three life-threatening arrhythmias occurred simultaneously and were terminated by immediate cardioversion or pacemaker implantation&#46; We therefore suggest timely and aggressive interventions to prevent sudden death in fulminant myocarditis&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The efficacy and safety of immunosuppressive agents in acute myocarditis remain controversial&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#8211;13</span></a> but they are empirically recommended in fulminant myocarditis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> In this case&#44; hydrocortisone at a dose of 450 mg as steroid pulse therapy convincingly demonstrated efficacy and excellent safety&#46; An LVEF of 72&#37; indicated fully recovered heart function&#46; This is further confirmation of the efficacy of immunosuppressive therapy in fulminant myocarditis&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One shortcoming of our case was a lack of evidence from endomyocardial biopsy or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging&#44; due to the patient&#39;s extremely emergent condition and the limited availability of these two techniques in China&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Overall&#44; we conclude that coronary angiography is still the most effective approach to differentiating fulminant myocarditis from acute myocardial infarction&#46; Timely and aggressive interventional measures may significantly reduce the risk of sudden death from cardiogenic shock or life-threatening arrhythmias in fulminant myocarditis&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have obtained the written informed consent of the patients or subjects mentioned in the article&#46; The corresponding author is in possession of this document&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This work was supported by the <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs1">National Natural Science Foundation of China</span> &#40;No&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs1">81200603</span>&#41;&#46; The authors have no conflict of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We report a case of severe fulminant myocarditis that closely mimicked acute inferior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction &#40;STEMI&#41; and presented with refractory cardiogenic shock&#44; multiple life-threatening arrhythmias and rapidly progressive liver failure&#46; This case was successfully differentiated from STEMI by emergency coronary angiography&#46; Recurrent cardiogenic shock was reversed by intra-aortic balloon pumping &#40;IABP&#41;&#46; Life-threatening arrhythmias including ventricular tachycardia&#44; ventricular fibrillation&#44; and high-degree atrioventricular block &#40;AVB&#41; were terminated by immediate cardioversion and temporary pacemaker&#46; High-dose hydrocortisone effectively attenuated the inflammatory injury to the myocardium&#46; The patient recovered and was well at the follow-up visit four months after discharge&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Relatamos um caso real de miocardite fulminante grave simulando enfarte agudo do mioc&#225;rdio agudo inferior com supra desnivelamento ST &#40;STEMI&#41; com choque cardiog&#233;nico refrat&#225;rio&#44; arritmias fatais m&#250;ltiplas e les&#227;o hep&#225;tica funcional progressiva&#46; Detetou-se com efic&#225;cia que n&#227;o se tratava de STEMI atrav&#233;s de angiografia coron&#225;ria de urg&#234;ncia&#46; O choque cardiog&#233;nico recorrente foi resolvido com efici&#234;ncia atrav&#233;s de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico&#46; Arritmias fatais incluindo a taquicardia ventricular&#44; a fibrilha&#231;&#227;o ventricular e o bloqueio auriculoventricular de alto grau foram ultrapassadas por cardiovers&#227;o imediata e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pacemaker</span> tempor&#225;rio&#46; Uma dose elevada de hidrocortisona atenuou eficazmente les&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias no mioc&#225;rdio&#46; O doente ultrapassou esta situa&#231;&#227;o e estava totalmente recuperado na consulta de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">follow-up</span> quatro meses ap&#243;s a alta&#46;</p></span>"
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                            1 => "D&#46;W&#46; Markham"
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Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia (English edition)
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