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one possibility is that the upright position might stretch the interatrial defect&#44; allowing streaming of systemic venous blood into the left atrium&#46; The treatment of choice is percutaneous closure of the interatrial communication&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Case report</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 92-year-old woman was admitted to hospital with a left femoral neck fracture caused by a non-syncopal fall at home&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Relevant medical history included hypertension&#44; dyslipidemia&#44; two previous strokes &#40;at the ages of 75 and 82 years&#41; without significant residual motor or cognitive deficits&#44; osteoporosis and severe kyphoscoliosis&#46; She was on treatment with aspirin&#44; simvastatin and losartan&#46; Within the year prior to the admission the patient&#39;s family had noticed a progressive functional decline&#44; with undue fatigue and dyspnea for progressively smaller efforts&#44; which were partially relieved by stooping and squatting&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Following admission&#44; hip replacement surgery was undertaken on day 3 of hospital stay&#44; with no relevant complications&#46; During routine early post-surgical observation in the intensive care unit&#44; she was found to be hypoxic when sitting for the first time after the intervention&#46; Physical examination was unremarkable&#44; but interestingly the observed breathlessness and desaturation improved after lying flat and were reproducible on subsequent mobilizations&#46; Blood chemistry&#44; coagulation panel and blood cell count were normal&#46; NT-proBNP level was within the age-adjusted normal range &#40;326 pg&#47;dl&#41;&#46; Blood gas analysis&#44; taken in the upright position&#44; showed normal pH and PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;7&#46;41 and 42 mmHg&#44; respectively&#41; and reduced PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;42 mmHg&#41;&#46; The chest X-ray revealed a tortuous proximal aorta with clear lung fields&#46; Given the clinical setting&#44; a contrast-enhanced chest computed tomography scan was performed&#44; which excluded both pulmonary embolism and parenchymal lung disease as potential causes&#46; However&#44; severe kyphosis&#44; aortic elongation and a grossly distorted relationship of the aortic root and proximal ascending aorta with the right atrium were noticed &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#41;&#46; A transthoracic echocardiogram showed normal left and right ventricular systolic function and chamber dimensions&#44; mild left ventricular diastolic dysfunction&#44; normal sized atria&#44; no significant valve disease and no signs of pulmonary hypertension &#40;pulmonary artery systolic pressure of 32 mmHg&#41;&#46; A bubble contrast study revealed a mild right-to-left atrial shunt in the supine position without Valsalva maneuver&#44; which increased significantly when sitting &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>&#41;&#46; In order to further assess the relationship between body position and the intensity of the shunt&#44; a tilt-table assisted transesophageal echocardiogram was subsequently performed&#46; While the patient was lying flat&#44; the interatrial septum was redundant and tended to bow towards the left atrium&#59; a small separation of the septum primum and septum secundum was seen&#44; increasing significantly to 4 mm at 45&#176;&#44; unmasking a large shunt by color Doppler flow &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>&#41;&#46; There was no evidence of embryonic remnants&#44; including a prominent persistent Eustachian valve or a Chiari network&#46; The contrast study confirmed a minimal right-to-left shunt through the PFO while lying flat&#44; which became significantly larger in the semi-upright position &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>&#41;&#46; During the tilt-table assisted echocardiographic imaging&#44; right and left atrial pressures were studied&#46; Central venous pressure was measured directly in the right atrium through an indwelling jugular catheter&#44; while left atrial pressure was estimated indirectly using the Nagueh formula<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> &#40;taking into account mitral flow velocity by pulsed Doppler and myocardial tissue velocity at the level of the lateral mitral annulus by tissue Doppler imaging on transthoracic echocardiography&#41;&#46; A positive right-to-left pressure gradient of 7 mmHg became evident at 45&#176;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the echocardiographic findings and the 30&#37; decline in arterial partial pressure of oxygen and oxygen saturation in the supine position&#44; a diagnosis of PFO-related POS was established&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Subsequently&#44; the patient underwent percutaneous closure of the PFO with a 25 mm Amplatzer<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> cribriform occluder device &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 4</a>&#41;&#46; The procedure was uneventful&#44; with no evidence of residual right-to-left shunt at the final angiogram&#46; Clinical follow-up has been favorable&#44; with the patient free from breathlessness and desaturation episodes&#44; thus enabling a full functional recovery from hip surgery&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Discussion</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To our knowledge&#44; this is the oldest patient ever reported in the medical literature diagnosed with PFO-related POS successfully treated by percutaneous closure&#44; with a subsequent full functional recovery from orthopedic surgery&#44; making this case unique&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">POS is an uncommon cause of dyspnea that requires a very high index of suspicion to be recognized&#59; for this reason&#44; it is probably underdiagnosed and its prevalence is likely to be underestimated&#46; It can be associated with cardiac&#44; pulmonary and liver disease&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> but the most common cause is an intracardiac right-to-left shunt&#44; caused by some type of interatrial communication&#44; that is enhanced by orthostatism&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Typically patients have normal pulmonary artery pressure&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At least two factors must coexist to cause this syndrome&#58; first the presence of an anatomical bypass to the pulmonary circulation&#44; which in the present case was a PFO&#59; second&#44; one or more dynamic factors with a functional impact on intracardiac blood flow patterns &#8211; in this case kyphosis and aortic elongation &#8211; that can cause or increase the right-to-left shunt in the upright position&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to case series and anecdotal reports in the literature&#44; most patients are over 60 years old by the time a diagnosis of POS is established&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;4&#44;11&#8211;13</span></a> The most common anatomical interatrial communication is a PFO&#44; followed by true atrial septal defect and fenestrated atrial septal aneurysm&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Contributing factors that have been identified as implicated in the pathogenesis of this condition are pneumectomy&#44; right lower or mid lobe resection&#44; aortic dilatation&#47;elongation&#44; localized or circumferential pericardial effusion&#44; constrictive pericarditis&#44; skeletal deformity &#40;kyphosis&#44; scoliosis&#41; and right diaphragmatic paralysis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;7&#44;13</span></a> In the majority of cases with a PFO&#44; POS was considered to be the first manifestation of a previously clinically silent PFO that became apparent as a consequence of one or more of the aforementioned conditions&#44; most of which are age-related&#46; Several anatomic and functional changes that occur with aging can create the hemodynamic conditions that facilitate right-to-left shunting through a PFO&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Progressive increase in PFO size may favor a larger shunt&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> while increased right ventricular stiffness will increase filling and right atrial pressures&#59; aortic dilatation and elongation<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> and thinning of intervertebral discs and vertebral bodies &#40;by accentuating kyphosis&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> can lead to atrial chamber and&#47;or septal deformation&#44; potentially changing the anatomical relationship between the atrial septum and the inferior vena cava and creating a dynamic right-to-left pressure gradient&#44; that may ultimately be related to respiratory and vascular movements&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the present case&#44; symptoms arose several months before the diagnosis&#44; and a causal relationship to the trauma that determined the initial hospital admission cannot be definitely ruled out&#46; We consider that the effect of an elongated aortic root lying on the top of the right atrium and compressing the chamber and stretching the septum &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#41;&#44; and severe kyphosis modifying thoracic architecture and thus facilitating abnormal anatomical relationships between intrathoracic structures&#44; are likely to have been contributing or precipitating factors&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Contrast transthoracic echocardiography is the most useful tool for screening right-to-left shunts&#44; in view of its widespread availability&#44; low cost&#44; safety and sensitivity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> On the other hand&#44; transesophageal echocardiography on the tilt table is better suited for assessing atrial&#44; septal&#44; inferior vena cava and aortic anatomy&#44; as well as the dynamic interactions between these structures and their positional dependency&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> In parallel with imaging&#44; serial positional oxygen measurements should be taken to estimate shunt magnitude&#46; Cardiac catheterization with direct measurement of oxygen saturation in the left atrium and pulmonary veins remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of POS related to intracardiac shunting&#46; However&#44; in daily practice&#44; non-invasive workup is usually sufficient&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The definitive treatment for platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome related to atrial shunting is closure of the atrial defect&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> The decision to treat should be guided by patient disability rather than shunt magnitude&#46; Percutaneous closure has shown to be effective in patients of all ages&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> avoiding the mortality&#44; morbidity and costs associated with open-heart surgery&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Conclusions</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">POS is an uncommon and multifaceted phenomenon that should be suspected in the presence of unexplained positional hypoxemia&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Contrast transthoracic echocardiography is a useful screening test when POS is suspected&#44; and the diagnosis can be safely and definitely established by tilt-table transesophageal echocardiography&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Percutaneous closure of a PFO is safe and effective even in nonagenarians with this condition&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome &#40;POS&#41; is an uncommon syndrome characterized by dyspnea and hypoxemia triggered by orthostatism and relieved by recumbency&#46; It is often associated with an interatrial shunt through a patent foramen ovale &#40;PFO&#41;&#46; We report the case of a 92-year-old woman initially admitted in the setting of a traumatic femoral neck fracture &#40;successfully treated with hip replacement surgery&#41; in whom a reversible decline in transcutaneous oxygen saturation from 98&#37; &#40;in the supine position&#41; to 84&#37; &#40;in the upright position&#41; was noted early post-operatively&#46; Thoracic multislice computed tomography excluded pulmonary embolism and severe parenchymal lung disease&#46; The diagnosis of POS was confirmed by tilt-table contrast transesophageal echocardiography&#44; which demonstrated a dynamic and position-dependent right-to-left shunt &#40;torrential when semi-upright and minimal in the supine position&#41; through a PFO&#46; The patient underwent percutaneous closure of the PFO with an Amplatzer device&#44; which led to prompt symptom relief and full functional recovery&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A s&#237;ndrome platipneia-ortodeoxia &#40;SPO&#41; &#233; uma entidade rara caracterizada por dispneia e hipoxemia desencadeadas pelo ortostatismo e aliviadas pelo dec&#250;bito&#46; Est&#225; frequentemente associada &#224; presen&#231;a de um <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">shunt</span> inter-auricular atrav&#233;s de um <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">foramen</span> ovale patente &#40;FOP&#41;&#46; Relata-se o caso de uma mulher de 92 anos&#44; internada inicialmente por fratura traum&#225;tica do colo do f&#233;mur&#46; Foi submetida a artroplastia da anca sem complica&#231;&#245;es&#46; No per&#237;odo p&#243;s operat&#243;rio inicial observou-se um decl&#237;nio revers&#237;vel da satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio de 98&#37; em dec&#250;bito dorsal para 84&#37; na posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica&#46; A angio-tomografia computorizada do t&#243;rax excluiu trombo-embolia pulmonar e doen&#231;a grave do par&#234;nquima pulmonar&#46; O diagn&#243;stico de SPO foi confirmado por ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica contrastada &#40;soro agitado&#41; com inclina&#231;&#227;o na mesa de tilt&#44; que demonstrou um <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">shunt</span> direito-esquerdo din&#226;mico e posicional &#40;torrencial a 45&#176; e m&#237;nimo a 0&#176;&#41; atrav&#233;s de um FOP&#46; A doente foi submetida a encerramento percut&#226;neo do FOP com dispositivo Amplatzer&#44; que proporcionou al&#237;vio sintom&#225;tico imediato e permitiu uma recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional total&#46;</p></span>"
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Case report
Dyspnea in a nonagenarian: The usual suspects, an unexpected culprit
Sérgio Madeiraa,
Corresponding author
serg.lou.madeira@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Luís Raposoa, Raquel Davidb, Alexandre Marquesb, José Andrade Gomesb, Nuno Cardimb, Rui Anjosa
a Hospital de Santa Cruz, Carnaxide, Portugal
b Hospital da Luz, Lisboa, Portugal
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome &#40;POS&#41; is characterized by dyspnea and hypoxemia induced by orthostatism and relieved by the supine position&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> It is a rare but probably underestimated cause of dyspnea that results from the postural accentuation of an intracardiac or pulmonary right-to-left shunt&#44; leading to arterial oxygen desaturation&#46; The most common etiologic association is an interatrial right-to-left shunt through a patent foramen ovale &#40;PFO&#41; or an atrial septal defect&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Although a right-to-left pressure gradient usually drives the shunt&#44; it can occur in the absence of an elevated right atrial pressure&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;4</span></a> In the latter cases&#44; embryonic remnants &#40;such as a prominent persistent Eustachian valve or a Chiari network&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> or acquired anatomical features &#40;like pulmonary resection&#44; aortic aneurysm&#44; aortic elongation&#44; pericardial effusion&#44; constrictive pericarditis and kyphoscoliosis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;7</span></a>&#41; can both direct the flow from the inferior vena cava through the fossa ovalis and distort the normal atrial and septal arrangement&#46; Individually or in association&#44; these can create a specific anatomical and functional condition leading to a right-to-left shunt boosted by orthostatism&#46; Although the ultimate underlying mechanisms are unknown&#44; one possibility is that the upright position might stretch the interatrial defect&#44; allowing streaming of systemic venous blood into the left atrium&#46; The treatment of choice is percutaneous closure of the interatrial communication&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Case report</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 92-year-old woman was admitted to hospital with a left femoral neck fracture caused by a non-syncopal fall at home&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Relevant medical history included hypertension&#44; dyslipidemia&#44; two previous strokes &#40;at the ages of 75 and 82 years&#41; without significant residual motor or cognitive deficits&#44; osteoporosis and severe kyphoscoliosis&#46; She was on treatment with aspirin&#44; simvastatin and losartan&#46; Within the year prior to the admission the patient&#39;s family had noticed a progressive functional decline&#44; with undue fatigue and dyspnea for progressively smaller efforts&#44; which were partially relieved by stooping and squatting&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Following admission&#44; hip replacement surgery was undertaken on day 3 of hospital stay&#44; with no relevant complications&#46; During routine early post-surgical observation in the intensive care unit&#44; she was found to be hypoxic when sitting for the first time after the intervention&#46; Physical examination was unremarkable&#44; but interestingly the observed breathlessness and desaturation improved after lying flat and were reproducible on subsequent mobilizations&#46; Blood chemistry&#44; coagulation panel and blood cell count were normal&#46; NT-proBNP level was within the age-adjusted normal range &#40;326 pg&#47;dl&#41;&#46; Blood gas analysis&#44; taken in the upright position&#44; showed normal pH and PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;7&#46;41 and 42 mmHg&#44; respectively&#41; and reduced PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;42 mmHg&#41;&#46; The chest X-ray revealed a tortuous proximal aorta with clear lung fields&#46; Given the clinical setting&#44; a contrast-enhanced chest computed tomography scan was performed&#44; which excluded both pulmonary embolism and parenchymal lung disease as potential causes&#46; However&#44; severe kyphosis&#44; aortic elongation and a grossly distorted relationship of the aortic root and proximal ascending aorta with the right atrium were noticed &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#41;&#46; A transthoracic echocardiogram showed normal left and right ventricular systolic function and chamber dimensions&#44; mild left ventricular diastolic dysfunction&#44; normal sized atria&#44; no significant valve disease and no signs of pulmonary hypertension &#40;pulmonary artery systolic pressure of 32 mmHg&#41;&#46; A bubble contrast study revealed a mild right-to-left atrial shunt in the supine position without Valsalva maneuver&#44; which increased significantly when sitting &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>&#41;&#46; In order to further assess the relationship between body position and the intensity of the shunt&#44; a tilt-table assisted transesophageal echocardiogram was subsequently performed&#46; While the patient was lying flat&#44; the interatrial septum was redundant and tended to bow towards the left atrium&#59; a small separation of the septum primum and septum secundum was seen&#44; increasing significantly to 4 mm at 45&#176;&#44; unmasking a large shunt by color Doppler flow &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>&#41;&#46; There was no evidence of embryonic remnants&#44; including a prominent persistent Eustachian valve or a Chiari network&#46; The contrast study confirmed a minimal right-to-left shunt through the PFO while lying flat&#44; which became significantly larger in the semi-upright position &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>&#41;&#46; During the tilt-table assisted echocardiographic imaging&#44; right and left atrial pressures were studied&#46; Central venous pressure was measured directly in the right atrium through an indwelling jugular catheter&#44; while left atrial pressure was estimated indirectly using the Nagueh formula<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> &#40;taking into account mitral flow velocity by pulsed Doppler and myocardial tissue velocity at the level of the lateral mitral annulus by tissue Doppler imaging on transthoracic echocardiography&#41;&#46; A positive right-to-left pressure gradient of 7 mmHg became evident at 45&#176;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the echocardiographic findings and the 30&#37; decline in arterial partial pressure of oxygen and oxygen saturation in the supine position&#44; a diagnosis of PFO-related POS was established&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Subsequently&#44; the patient underwent percutaneous closure of the PFO with a 25 mm Amplatzer<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> cribriform occluder device &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 4</a>&#41;&#46; The procedure was uneventful&#44; with no evidence of residual right-to-left shunt at the final angiogram&#46; Clinical follow-up has been favorable&#44; with the patient free from breathlessness and desaturation episodes&#44; thus enabling a full functional recovery from hip surgery&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Discussion</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To our knowledge&#44; this is the oldest patient ever reported in the medical literature diagnosed with PFO-related POS successfully treated by percutaneous closure&#44; with a subsequent full functional recovery from orthopedic surgery&#44; making this case unique&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">POS is an uncommon cause of dyspnea that requires a very high index of suspicion to be recognized&#59; for this reason&#44; it is probably underdiagnosed and its prevalence is likely to be underestimated&#46; It can be associated with cardiac&#44; pulmonary and liver disease&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> but the most common cause is an intracardiac right-to-left shunt&#44; caused by some type of interatrial communication&#44; that is enhanced by orthostatism&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Typically patients have normal pulmonary artery pressure&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At least two factors must coexist to cause this syndrome&#58; first the presence of an anatomical bypass to the pulmonary circulation&#44; which in the present case was a PFO&#59; second&#44; one or more dynamic factors with a functional impact on intracardiac blood flow patterns &#8211; in this case kyphosis and aortic elongation &#8211; that can cause or increase the right-to-left shunt in the upright position&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to case series and anecdotal reports in the literature&#44; most patients are over 60 years old by the time a diagnosis of POS is established&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;4&#44;11&#8211;13</span></a> The most common anatomical interatrial communication is a PFO&#44; followed by true atrial septal defect and fenestrated atrial septal aneurysm&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Contributing factors that have been identified as implicated in the pathogenesis of this condition are pneumectomy&#44; right lower or mid lobe resection&#44; aortic dilatation&#47;elongation&#44; localized or circumferential pericardial effusion&#44; constrictive pericarditis&#44; skeletal deformity &#40;kyphosis&#44; scoliosis&#41; and right diaphragmatic paralysis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;7&#44;13</span></a> In the majority of cases with a PFO&#44; POS was considered to be the first manifestation of a previously clinically silent PFO that became apparent as a consequence of one or more of the aforementioned conditions&#44; most of which are age-related&#46; Several anatomic and functional changes that occur with aging can create the hemodynamic conditions that facilitate right-to-left shunting through a PFO&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Progressive increase in PFO size may favor a larger shunt&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> while increased right ventricular stiffness will increase filling and right atrial pressures&#59; aortic dilatation and elongation<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> and thinning of intervertebral discs and vertebral bodies &#40;by accentuating kyphosis&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> can lead to atrial chamber and&#47;or septal deformation&#44; potentially changing the anatomical relationship between the atrial septum and the inferior vena cava and creating a dynamic right-to-left pressure gradient&#44; that may ultimately be related to respiratory and vascular movements&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the present case&#44; symptoms arose several months before the diagnosis&#44; and a causal relationship to the trauma that determined the initial hospital admission cannot be definitely ruled out&#46; We consider that the effect of an elongated aortic root lying on the top of the right atrium and compressing the chamber and stretching the septum &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#41;&#44; and severe kyphosis modifying thoracic architecture and thus facilitating abnormal anatomical relationships between intrathoracic structures&#44; are likely to have been contributing or precipitating factors&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Contrast transthoracic echocardiography is the most useful tool for screening right-to-left shunts&#44; in view of its widespread availability&#44; low cost&#44; safety and sensitivity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> On the other hand&#44; transesophageal echocardiography on the tilt table is better suited for assessing atrial&#44; septal&#44; inferior vena cava and aortic anatomy&#44; as well as the dynamic interactions between these structures and their positional dependency&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> In parallel with imaging&#44; serial positional oxygen measurements should be taken to estimate shunt magnitude&#46; Cardiac catheterization with direct measurement of oxygen saturation in the left atrium and pulmonary veins remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of POS related to intracardiac shunting&#46; However&#44; in daily practice&#44; non-invasive workup is usually sufficient&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The definitive treatment for platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome related to atrial shunting is closure of the atrial defect&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> The decision to treat should be guided by patient disability rather than shunt magnitude&#46; Percutaneous closure has shown to be effective in patients of all ages&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> avoiding the mortality&#44; morbidity and costs associated with open-heart surgery&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Conclusions</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">POS is an uncommon and multifaceted phenomenon that should be suspected in the presence of unexplained positional hypoxemia&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Contrast transthoracic echocardiography is a useful screening test when POS is suspected&#44; and the diagnosis can be safely and definitely established by tilt-table transesophageal echocardiography&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Percutaneous closure of a PFO is safe and effective even in nonagenarians with this condition&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            0 => "Platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome"
            1 => "Tilt table"
            2 => "Transesophageal echocardiography"
            3 => "Percutaneous closure"
            4 => "Patent foramen ovale"
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            2 => "Ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica"
            3 => "Encerramento percut&#226;neo"
            4 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Foramen</span> ovale patente"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome &#40;POS&#41; is an uncommon syndrome characterized by dyspnea and hypoxemia triggered by orthostatism and relieved by recumbency&#46; It is often associated with an interatrial shunt through a patent foramen ovale &#40;PFO&#41;&#46; We report the case of a 92-year-old woman initially admitted in the setting of a traumatic femoral neck fracture &#40;successfully treated with hip replacement surgery&#41; in whom a reversible decline in transcutaneous oxygen saturation from 98&#37; &#40;in the supine position&#41; to 84&#37; &#40;in the upright position&#41; was noted early post-operatively&#46; Thoracic multislice computed tomography excluded pulmonary embolism and severe parenchymal lung disease&#46; The diagnosis of POS was confirmed by tilt-table contrast transesophageal echocardiography&#44; which demonstrated a dynamic and position-dependent right-to-left shunt &#40;torrential when semi-upright and minimal in the supine position&#41; through a PFO&#46; The patient underwent percutaneous closure of the PFO with an Amplatzer device&#44; which led to prompt symptom relief and full functional recovery&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A s&#237;ndrome platipneia-ortodeoxia &#40;SPO&#41; &#233; uma entidade rara caracterizada por dispneia e hipoxemia desencadeadas pelo ortostatismo e aliviadas pelo dec&#250;bito&#46; Est&#225; frequentemente associada &#224; presen&#231;a de um <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">shunt</span> inter-auricular atrav&#233;s de um <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">foramen</span> ovale patente &#40;FOP&#41;&#46; Relata-se o caso de uma mulher de 92 anos&#44; internada inicialmente por fratura traum&#225;tica do colo do f&#233;mur&#46; Foi submetida a artroplastia da anca sem complica&#231;&#245;es&#46; No per&#237;odo p&#243;s operat&#243;rio inicial observou-se um decl&#237;nio revers&#237;vel da satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio de 98&#37; em dec&#250;bito dorsal para 84&#37; na posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica&#46; A angio-tomografia computorizada do t&#243;rax excluiu trombo-embolia pulmonar e doen&#231;a grave do par&#234;nquima pulmonar&#46; O diagn&#243;stico de SPO foi confirmado por ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica contrastada &#40;soro agitado&#41; com inclina&#231;&#227;o na mesa de tilt&#44; que demonstrou um <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">shunt</span> direito-esquerdo din&#226;mico e posicional &#40;torrencial a 45&#176; e m&#237;nimo a 0&#176;&#41; atrav&#233;s de um FOP&#46; A doente foi submetida a encerramento percut&#226;neo do FOP com dispositivo Amplatzer&#44; que proporcionou al&#237;vio sintom&#225;tico imediato e permitiu uma recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional total&#46;</p></span>"
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ISSN: 21742049
Original language: English
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Idiomas
Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia (English edition)
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