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setting&#44; and participants&#58;</span> Cross&#8208;sectional study in all individuals &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>63&#44;320&#41; who underwent DNA testing for familial hypercholesterolemia in the national Dutch screening program between 1994 and 2014&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Exposures&#58;</span> Deleteriousness and nondeleteriousness of familial hypercholesterolemia mutations were based on literature or laboratory function testing&#46; Low&#8208;density lipoprotein &#40;LDL&#41; receptor mutations were considered more severe than apolipoprotein B gene &#40;APOB&#41; mutations&#44; and receptor&#8208;negative LDL receptor mutations were considered more severe than receptor&#8208;deficient mutations&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Main outcomes and measures&#58;</span> Prevalence of type 2 diabetes&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Results&#58;</span> The prevalence of type 2 diabetes was 1&#46;75&#37; in familial hypercholesterolemia patients &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>440&#47;25&#44;137&#41; vs 2&#46;93&#37; in unaffected relatives &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1119&#47;38&#44;183&#41; &#40;P<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#59; odds ratio &#91;OR&#93;&#44; 0&#46;62 &#91;95&#37; CI&#44; 0&#46;55&#8208;0&#46;69&#93;&#41;&#46; The adjusted prevalence of type 2 diabetes in familial hypercholesterolemia&#44; determined using multivariable regression models&#44; was 1&#46;44&#37; &#40;difference&#44; 1&#46;49&#37; &#91;95&#37; CI&#44; 1&#46;24&#37;&#8208;1&#46;71&#37;&#93;&#41; &#40;OR&#44; 0&#46;49 &#91;95&#37; CI&#44; 0&#46;41&#8208;0&#46;58&#93;&#59; P<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#46; The adjusted prevalence of type 2 diabetes by APOB vs LDL receptor gene was 1&#46;91&#37; vs 1&#46;33&#37; &#40;OR&#44; 0&#46;65 &#91;95&#37; CI&#44; 0&#46;48&#8208;0&#46;87&#93; vs OR&#44; 0&#46;45 &#91;95&#37; CI&#44; 0&#46;38&#8208;0&#46;54&#93;&#41;&#44; and the prevalence for receptor&#8208;deficient vs receptor&#8208;negative mutation carriers was 1&#46;44&#37; vs 1&#46;12&#37; &#40;OR&#44; 0&#46;49 &#91;95&#37; CI&#44; 0&#46;40&#8208;0&#46;60&#93; vs OR&#44; 0&#46;38 &#91;95&#37; CI&#44; 0&#46;29&#8208;0&#46;49&#93;&#41;&#44; respectively &#40;P for trend &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001 in both comparisons&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Conclusions and relevance&#58;</span> In a cross&#8208;sectional analysis in the Netherlands&#44; the prevalence of type 2 diabetes among patients with familial hypercholesterolemia was significantly lower than among unaffected relatives&#44; with variability by mutation type&#46; If this finding is confirmed in longitudinal analysis&#44; it would raise the possibility of a causal relationship between LDL receptor&#8208;mediated transmembrane cholesterol transport and type 2 diabetes&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Comment</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0005"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Temos uma sustenta&#231;&#227;o biol&#243;gica para a diabetes associada &#224;s estatinas&#63;</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pedro Marques da Silva</span></p></span></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A redu&#231;&#227;o do colesterol das LDL &#40;LDL&#8208;C&#41; com as estatinas &#233; uma das bases estruturantes da preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria e prim&#225;ria de eventos cardiovasculares &#40;CV&#41; 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recentemente foi apontado um poss&#237;vel efeito diabetog&#233;nico &#224;s estatinas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a>&#44; bastante consistente e com um aparente efeito de dependente de dose&#44; que terminou com uma nota de pondera&#231;&#227;o por parte da <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">US Food and Drug Administration</span> &#40;FDA&#41; sobre o prov&#225;vel incremento dos n&#237;veis de glicemia e da HbA1c e da <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">European Medicines Agency</span> &#40;EMA&#41; acerca do aumento ligeiro do risco de diabetes tipo 2 &#40;DMT2&#41; com as estatinas&#46; Este apontamento foi&#44; recentemente&#44; confirmado &#40;com um risco tendencialmente mais alto do que o previamente relatado&#41;&#46; Num coorte populacional de 8749 homens &#40;idade&#58; 45&#8208;73 anos&#41;&#44; sem DMT2&#44; ao fim de seis anos de acompanhamento&#44; os doentes tratados com estatinas &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2142&#41; tiveram um aumento do risco de DMT2 de novo de 46&#37;&#44; ap&#243;s o ajustamento para numerosos fatores potenciais de confus&#227;o &#40;HR ajustado 1&#44;46 &#91;IC 95&#37; 1&#44;22&#44; 1&#44;74&#93;&#41;&#46; O risco foi dependente da dose e esteve arrolado a uma redu&#231;&#227;o em 24&#37; da sensibilidade &#224; insulina e da secre&#231;&#227;o da insulina em 12&#37;&#44; em compara&#231;&#227;o com os indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o tratados com estatinas &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No entanto&#44; apesar dos in&#250;meros mecanismos biol&#243;gicos &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figura 1</a>&#41; que t&#234;m sido aventados para explicitar o efeito diabetog&#233;nico das estatinas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;8&#44;10</span></a>&#44; permanece ainda desconhecido o seu elo essencial&#46; &#201; poss&#237;vel que as estatinas possam simplesmente antecipar a progress&#227;o para a DMT2 em indiv&#237;duos com fatores de risco pr&#233;&#8208;existentes reconhecidos &#40;e&#46; g&#46; s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica&#44; anomalia da glicemia em jejum&#44; IMC &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> ou HbA1c &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o se podem rejeitar fatores residuais de confus&#227;o &#40;e&#46; g&#46; a ingest&#227;o de calorias e de gorduras &#233;&#44; pretensamente&#44; maior nos doentes medicados com estatinas&#44; favorecendo o aumento do peso e conferindo um pretenso sentido de seguran&#231;a a quem est&#225; medicado&#44; facilitador do n&#227;o cumprimento das medidas de estilo de vida&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mas&#44; ser&#225; que o risco de DMT2 incidente &#233; intr&#237;nseco ao efeito farmacol&#243;gico das estatinas &#40;entendido&#44; dessa forma&#44; como um efeito inerente de classe&#41;&#63;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#201;&#44; neste entrecho&#44; que o artigo publicado agora &#233; basilar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46; Neste trabalho os autores sugerem que a redu&#231;&#227;o ou n&#227;o express&#227;o do recetor LDL &#40;LDLR&#41; &#8211; base fisiopatol&#243;gica das formas mais prevalentes de hipercolesterolemia familiar &#40;HF&#41; &#8211; est&#225; ligada a um baixo risco de DMT2&#46; Ap&#243;s o ajustamento para muitos dos fatores relatados com a diabetes&#44; os mais de 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>000 doentes com confirma&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica de HF aparentaram um risco significativamente menor de DMT2 &#40;OR&#44; 0&#44;62 &#91;IC 95&#37;&#44; 0&#44;55&#8208;0&#44;69&#93;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; nas muta&#231;&#245;es expostas a uma maior atenua&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o do LDLR a redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de DMT2 foi mais acentuada&#46; Depreende&#8208;se que o n&#250;mero elevado de doentes analisados e o car&#225;ter aleat&#243;rio gen&#233;tico das muta&#231;&#245;es envolvidas limitam&#44; de forma importante&#44; a turva&#231;&#227;o dos resultados por fatores de confus&#227;o n&#227;o identificados &#40;refor&#231;ando&#44; assim&#44; a import&#226;ncia dos dados&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dizemos&#44; ent&#227;o&#44; que o tratamento com estatinas est&#225; intimamente relacionado com a maior produ&#231;&#227;o de LDLR &#40;no hepat&#243;cito&#44; mas tamb&#233;m em todas as c&#233;lulas nucleadas&#41;&#46; A maior capta&#231;&#227;o&#47;depura&#231;&#227;o de colesterol &#40;causado pelas estatinas&#41; nas c&#233;lulas &#946; pancre&#225;ticas &#40;com consequ&#234;ncia da maior express&#227;o de recetores&#41; poderiam diminuir a secre&#231;&#227;o de insulina &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figura 1</a>&#41;&#46; Os doentes com HF&#44; com menor produ&#231;&#227;o do LDLR&#44; teriam&#44; por isso&#44; uma redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de incid&#234;ncia de DMT2&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Interessante a hip&#243;tese&#44; curiosamente apoiada num outro estudo recente de aleatoriza&#231;&#227;o mendeliana&#44; robustecedor de uma aparente causalidade biol&#243;gica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46; Neste estudo foram identificados dois polimorfismos de nucle&#243;tido &#250;nico &#40;SNP&#41; pr&#243;ximos ou &#237;ntimos do gene codificador da redutase do HMG CoA &#40;HMGCR&#41; &#8211; enzima central da s&#237;ntese end&#243;gena do colesterol&#44; inibida pelas estatinas &#8211; relacionados com valores baixos de LDL&#8208;C&#44; por isso&#44; tidos como <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">proxy</span> &#40;representante&#41; da inibi&#231;&#227;o da HMGCR&#46; Em 43 estudos observacionais gen&#233;ticos &#40;&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>220<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>000 indiv&#237;duos&#41; ambos os SNP &#8211; a par da redu&#231;&#227;o do LDL&#8208;C &#8211; estiveram expostos a uma maior incid&#234;ncia e preval&#234;ncia de DMT2 &#40;mas&#44; tamb&#233;m&#44; a aumentos do peso e do &#237;ndice de massa corporal e de maiores n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de glicose e insulina&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Novos estudos ser&#227;o necess&#225;rios para clarificarmos &#8211; de forma sustentada &#8211; um processo que pode&#44; naturalmente&#44; ser diversificado e multifatorial&#46; Ser&#225; necess&#225;rio&#44; por exemplo&#44; saber se a DMT2 associada a estatinas &#233; revers&#237;vel&#46; Se n&#227;o for&#44; em que medida este efeito condiciona a estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica em doentes com maior risco de diabetes ou com indica&#231;&#227;o marginal para o uso de estatinas&#63;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Entretanto&#44; o balan&#231;o de benef&#237;cio&#8208;risco continua indubitavelmente favor&#225;vel ao in&#237;cio de estatinas em doente com indica&#231;&#227;o para tal<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a>&#46; Antes da introdu&#231;&#227;o da estatina&#44; devemos avaliar &#8211; de forma sustentada &#8211; o risco individual de desenvolvimento de DMT2<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> &#40;acess&#237;vel em <a href="http://www.spd.pt/images/avaliacao.pdf">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;spd&#46;pt&#47;images&#47;avaliacao&#46;pdf</a>&#41; e informar &#40;e instruir&#41; o doente acerca desses riscos &#40;CV e DMT2&#41;&#44; estimulando&#8208;o a iniciar e a manter medidas de estilo de vida adequadas &#40;nomeadamente nos doentes com anomalias da regula&#231;&#227;o da glicose&#41;&#46; Os doentes tratados com estatinas e maior risco de DMT2 devem ser avaliados regularmente &#40;com monitoriza&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica da glicemia e da HbA1c&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figura 2</a>&#41;&#46; Se&#44; entretanto&#44; sobrevier uma DMT2&#44; o m&#233;dico deve continuar a estatina e iniciar o tratamento adequado da diabetes de acordo com a melhor pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;15&#44;16</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span>"
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Recommended Article of the Month
Comment on “Association between familial hypercholesterolemia and prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus”
Comentário a «Associação entre a hipercolesterolemia familiar e a prevalência de diabetes mellitus»
Pedro Marques da Silvaa,b
a Membro do Corpo Redatorial da Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia
b Núcleo de Investigação Arterial, Medicina 4, Hospital de Santa Marta, CHLC, Lisboa, Portugal
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o doente sem a diabetes medicado com estatinas&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><elsevierMultimedia ident="tb0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Abstract</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Importance&#58;</span> Familial hypercholesterolemia is characterized by impaired uptake of cholesterol in peripheral tissues&#44; including the liver and the pancreas&#46; In contrast&#44; statins increase the cellular cholesterol uptake and are associated with increased risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus&#46; We hypothesize that transmembrane cholesterol transport is linked to the development of type 2 diabetes&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Objective&#58;</span> To assess the association between type 2 diabetes prevalence and familial hypercholesterolemia&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Design&#44; setting&#44; and participants&#58;</span> Cross&#8208;sectional study in all individuals &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>63&#44;320&#41; who underwent DNA testing for familial hypercholesterolemia in the national Dutch screening program between 1994 and 2014&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Exposures&#58;</span> Deleteriousness and nondeleteriousness of familial hypercholesterolemia mutations were based on literature or laboratory function testing&#46; Low&#8208;density lipoprotein &#40;LDL&#41; receptor mutations were considered more severe than apolipoprotein B gene &#40;APOB&#41; mutations&#44; and receptor&#8208;negative LDL receptor mutations were considered more severe than receptor&#8208;deficient mutations&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Main outcomes and measures&#58;</span> Prevalence of type 2 diabetes&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Results&#58;</span> The prevalence of type 2 diabetes was 1&#46;75&#37; in familial hypercholesterolemia patients &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>440&#47;25&#44;137&#41; vs 2&#46;93&#37; in unaffected relatives &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1119&#47;38&#44;183&#41; &#40;P<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#59; odds ratio &#91;OR&#93;&#44; 0&#46;62 &#91;95&#37; CI&#44; 0&#46;55&#8208;0&#46;69&#93;&#41;&#46; The adjusted prevalence of type 2 diabetes in familial hypercholesterolemia&#44; determined using multivariable regression models&#44; was 1&#46;44&#37; &#40;difference&#44; 1&#46;49&#37; &#91;95&#37; CI&#44; 1&#46;24&#37;&#8208;1&#46;71&#37;&#93;&#41; &#40;OR&#44; 0&#46;49 &#91;95&#37; CI&#44; 0&#46;41&#8208;0&#46;58&#93;&#59; P<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#46; The adjusted prevalence of type 2 diabetes by APOB vs LDL receptor gene was 1&#46;91&#37; vs 1&#46;33&#37; &#40;OR&#44; 0&#46;65 &#91;95&#37; CI&#44; 0&#46;48&#8208;0&#46;87&#93; vs OR&#44; 0&#46;45 &#91;95&#37; CI&#44; 0&#46;38&#8208;0&#46;54&#93;&#41;&#44; and the prevalence for receptor&#8208;deficient vs receptor&#8208;negative mutation carriers was 1&#46;44&#37; vs 1&#46;12&#37; &#40;OR&#44; 0&#46;49 &#91;95&#37; CI&#44; 0&#46;40&#8208;0&#46;60&#93; vs OR&#44; 0&#46;38 &#91;95&#37; CI&#44; 0&#46;29&#8208;0&#46;49&#93;&#41;&#44; respectively &#40;P for trend &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001 in both comparisons&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Conclusions and relevance&#58;</span> In a cross&#8208;sectional analysis in the Netherlands&#44; the prevalence of type 2 diabetes among patients with familial hypercholesterolemia was significantly lower than among unaffected relatives&#44; with variability by mutation type&#46; If this finding is confirmed in longitudinal analysis&#44; it would raise the possibility of a causal relationship between LDL receptor&#8208;mediated transmembrane cholesterol transport and type 2 diabetes&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Comment</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0005"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Temos uma sustenta&#231;&#227;o biol&#243;gica para a diabetes associada &#224;s estatinas&#63;</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pedro Marques da Silva</span></p></span></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A redu&#231;&#227;o do colesterol das LDL &#40;LDL&#8208;C&#41; com as estatinas &#233; uma das bases estruturantes da preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria e prim&#225;ria de eventos cardiovasculares &#40;CV&#41; em doentes em risco e est&#225; arrolado a redu&#231;&#245;es significativas da morbimortalidade num leque alargado de doentes &#40;a redu&#231;&#227;o de 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol&#47;l &#91;38&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#93; do LDL&#8208;C est&#225; associada &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa de 21&#37; de eventos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">major</span> vasculares em indiv&#237;duos com ou sem diabetes&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;4</span></a>&#46; A prescri&#231;&#227;o de estatinas est&#225; tamb&#233;m relacionada com um perfil de seguran&#231;a e tolerabilidade excelente &#40;a este prop&#243;sito alvitro a leitura atenta do relat&#243;rio de 2014 da <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NLA Task Force on Statin Safety</span>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No entanto&#44; recentemente foi apontado um poss&#237;vel efeito diabetog&#233;nico &#224;s estatinas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a>&#44; bastante consistente e com um aparente efeito de dependente de dose&#44; que terminou com uma nota de pondera&#231;&#227;o por parte da <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">US Food and Drug Administration</span> &#40;FDA&#41; sobre o prov&#225;vel incremento dos n&#237;veis de glicemia e da HbA1c e da <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">European Medicines Agency</span> &#40;EMA&#41; acerca do aumento ligeiro do risco de diabetes tipo 2 &#40;DMT2&#41; com as estatinas&#46; Este apontamento foi&#44; recentemente&#44; confirmado &#40;com um risco tendencialmente mais alto do que o previamente relatado&#41;&#46; Num coorte populacional de 8749 homens &#40;idade&#58; 45&#8208;73 anos&#41;&#44; sem DMT2&#44; ao fim de seis anos de acompanhamento&#44; os doentes tratados com estatinas &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2142&#41; tiveram um aumento do risco de DMT2 de novo de 46&#37;&#44; ap&#243;s o ajustamento para numerosos fatores potenciais de confus&#227;o &#40;HR ajustado 1&#44;46 &#91;IC 95&#37; 1&#44;22&#44; 1&#44;74&#93;&#41;&#46; O risco foi dependente da dose e esteve arrolado a uma redu&#231;&#227;o em 24&#37; da sensibilidade &#224; insulina e da secre&#231;&#227;o da insulina em 12&#37;&#44; em compara&#231;&#227;o com os indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o tratados com estatinas &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No entanto&#44; apesar dos in&#250;meros mecanismos biol&#243;gicos &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figura 1</a>&#41; que t&#234;m sido aventados para explicitar o efeito diabetog&#233;nico das estatinas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;8&#44;10</span></a>&#44; permanece ainda desconhecido o seu elo essencial&#46; &#201; poss&#237;vel que as estatinas possam simplesmente antecipar a progress&#227;o para a DMT2 em indiv&#237;duos com fatores de risco pr&#233;&#8208;existentes reconhecidos &#40;e&#46; g&#46; s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica&#44; anomalia da glicemia em jejum&#44; IMC &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> ou HbA1c &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o se podem rejeitar fatores residuais de confus&#227;o &#40;e&#46; g&#46; a ingest&#227;o de calorias e de gorduras &#233;&#44; pretensamente&#44; maior nos doentes medicados com estatinas&#44; favorecendo o aumento do peso e conferindo um pretenso sentido de seguran&#231;a a quem est&#225; medicado&#44; facilitador do n&#227;o cumprimento das medidas de estilo de vida&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mas&#44; ser&#225; que o risco de DMT2 incidente &#233; intr&#237;nseco ao efeito farmacol&#243;gico das estatinas &#40;entendido&#44; dessa forma&#44; como um efeito inerente de classe&#41;&#63;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#201;&#44; neste entrecho&#44; que o artigo publicado agora &#233; basilar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46; Neste trabalho os autores sugerem que a redu&#231;&#227;o ou n&#227;o express&#227;o do recetor LDL &#40;LDLR&#41; &#8211; base fisiopatol&#243;gica das formas mais prevalentes de hipercolesterolemia familiar &#40;HF&#41; &#8211; est&#225; ligada a um baixo risco de DMT2&#46; Ap&#243;s o ajustamento para muitos dos fatores relatados com a diabetes&#44; os mais de 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>000 doentes com confirma&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica de HF aparentaram um risco significativamente menor de DMT2 &#40;OR&#44; 0&#44;62 &#91;IC 95&#37;&#44; 0&#44;55&#8208;0&#44;69&#93;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; nas muta&#231;&#245;es expostas a uma maior atenua&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o do LDLR a redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de DMT2 foi mais acentuada&#46; Depreende&#8208;se que o n&#250;mero elevado de doentes analisados e o car&#225;ter aleat&#243;rio gen&#233;tico das muta&#231;&#245;es envolvidas limitam&#44; de forma importante&#44; a turva&#231;&#227;o dos resultados por fatores de confus&#227;o n&#227;o identificados &#40;refor&#231;ando&#44; assim&#44; a import&#226;ncia dos dados&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dizemos&#44; ent&#227;o&#44; que o tratamento com estatinas est&#225; intimamente relacionado com a maior produ&#231;&#227;o de LDLR &#40;no hepat&#243;cito&#44; mas tamb&#233;m em todas as c&#233;lulas nucleadas&#41;&#46; A maior capta&#231;&#227;o&#47;depura&#231;&#227;o de colesterol &#40;causado pelas estatinas&#41; nas c&#233;lulas &#946; pancre&#225;ticas &#40;com consequ&#234;ncia da maior express&#227;o de recetores&#41; poderiam diminuir a secre&#231;&#227;o de insulina &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figura 1</a>&#41;&#46; Os doentes com HF&#44; com menor produ&#231;&#227;o do LDLR&#44; teriam&#44; por isso&#44; uma redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de incid&#234;ncia de DMT2&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Interessante a hip&#243;tese&#44; curiosamente apoiada num outro estudo recente de aleatoriza&#231;&#227;o mendeliana&#44; robustecedor de uma aparente causalidade biol&#243;gica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46; Neste estudo foram identificados dois polimorfismos de nucle&#243;tido &#250;nico &#40;SNP&#41; pr&#243;ximos ou &#237;ntimos do gene codificador da redutase do HMG CoA &#40;HMGCR&#41; &#8211; enzima central da s&#237;ntese end&#243;gena do colesterol&#44; inibida pelas estatinas &#8211; relacionados com valores baixos de LDL&#8208;C&#44; por isso&#44; tidos como <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">proxy</span> &#40;representante&#41; da inibi&#231;&#227;o da HMGCR&#46; Em 43 estudos observacionais gen&#233;ticos &#40;&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>220<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>000 indiv&#237;duos&#41; ambos os SNP &#8211; a par da redu&#231;&#227;o do LDL&#8208;C &#8211; estiveram expostos a uma maior incid&#234;ncia e preval&#234;ncia de DMT2 &#40;mas&#44; tamb&#233;m&#44; a aumentos do peso e do &#237;ndice de massa corporal e de maiores n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de glicose e insulina&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Novos estudos ser&#227;o necess&#225;rios para clarificarmos &#8211; de forma sustentada &#8211; um processo que pode&#44; naturalmente&#44; ser diversificado e multifatorial&#46; Ser&#225; necess&#225;rio&#44; por exemplo&#44; saber se a DMT2 associada a estatinas &#233; revers&#237;vel&#46; Se n&#227;o for&#44; em que medida este efeito condiciona a estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica em doentes com maior risco de diabetes ou com indica&#231;&#227;o marginal para o uso de estatinas&#63;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Entretanto&#44; o balan&#231;o de benef&#237;cio&#8208;risco continua indubitavelmente favor&#225;vel ao in&#237;cio de estatinas em doente com indica&#231;&#227;o para tal<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a>&#46; Antes da introdu&#231;&#227;o da estatina&#44; devemos avaliar &#8211; de forma sustentada &#8211; o risco individual de desenvolvimento de DMT2<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> &#40;acess&#237;vel em <a href="http://www.spd.pt/images/avaliacao.pdf">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;spd&#46;pt&#47;images&#47;avaliacao&#46;pdf</a>&#41; e informar &#40;e instruir&#41; o doente acerca desses riscos &#40;CV e DMT2&#41;&#44; estimulando&#8208;o a iniciar e a manter medidas de estilo de vida adequadas &#40;nomeadamente nos doentes com anomalias da regula&#231;&#227;o da glicose&#41;&#46; Os doentes tratados com estatinas e maior risco de DMT2 devem ser avaliados regularmente &#40;com monitoriza&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica da glicemia e da HbA1c&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figura 2</a>&#41;&#46; Se&#44; entretanto&#44; sobrevier uma DMT2&#44; o m&#233;dico deve continuar a estatina e iniciar o tratamento adequado da diabetes de acordo com a melhor pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;15&#44;16</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span>"
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Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia (English edition)
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