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observational studies and randomized&#44; controlled trials&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Data Extraction&#58;</span> Investigators extracted data about study characteristics and assessed study biases&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Data Synthesis&#58;</span> There were 32 observational studies &#40;512<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>420 participants&#41; of fatty acids from dietary intake&#59; 17 observational studies &#40;25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>721 participants&#41; of fatty acid biomarkers&#59; and 27 randomized&#44; controlled trials &#40;105<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>085 participants&#41; of fatty acid supplementation&#46; In observational studies&#44; relative risks for coronary disease were 1&#46;03 &#40;95&#37; <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">CI</span>&#44; 0&#46;98 to 1&#46;07&#41; for saturated&#44; 1&#46;00 &#40;CI&#44; 0&#46;91 to 1&#46;10&#41; for monounsaturated&#44; 0&#46;87 &#40;CI&#44; 0&#46;78 to 0&#46;97&#41; for long-chain -3 polyunsaturated&#44; 0&#46;98 &#40;CI&#44; 0&#46;90 to 1&#46;06&#41; for -6 polyunsaturated&#44; and 1&#46;16 &#40;CI&#44; 1&#46;06 to 1&#46;27&#41; for trans fatty acids when the top and bottom thirds of baseline dietary fatty acid intake were compared&#46; Corresponding estimates for circulating fatty acids were 1&#46;06 &#40;CI&#44; 0&#46;86 to 1&#46;30&#41;&#44; 1&#46;06 &#40;CI&#44; 0&#46;97 to 1&#46;17&#41;&#44; 0&#46;84 &#40;CI&#44; 0&#46;63 to 1&#46;11&#41;&#44; 0&#46;94 &#40;CI&#44; 0&#46;84 to 1&#46;06&#41;&#44; and 1&#46;05 &#40;CI&#44; 0&#46;76 to 1&#46;44&#41;&#44; respectively&#46; There was heterogeneity of the associations among individual circulating fatty acids and coronary disease&#46; In randomized&#44; controlled trials&#44; relative risks for coronary disease were 0&#46;97 &#40;CI&#44; 0&#46;69 to 1&#46;36&#41; for -linolenic&#44; 0&#46;94 &#40;CI&#44; 0&#46;86 to 1&#46;03&#41; for long-chain -3 polyunsaturated&#44; and 0&#46;86 &#40;CI&#44; 0&#46;69 to 1&#46;07&#41; for -6 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementations&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Limitation&#58;</span> Potential biases from preferential publication and selective reporting&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conclusion&#58;</span> Current evidence does not clearly support cardiovascular guidelines that encourage high consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids and low consumption of total saturated fats&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Comment</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O papel dos &#225;cidos gordos &#243;mega-3 como potenciais moduladores preventivos da doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria &#40;DC&#41; foi pela primeira vez avan&#231;ada h&#225; 40 anos&#44; com base em trabalhos realizados por dois investigadores dinamarqueses &#8211; H&#46;O&#46; Bang e J&#46; Dyerberg &#8211; em esquim&#243;s groenlandeses &#40;os Inuit&#41;&#46; Em diversos estudos publicados sobre a mesma coorte de pacientes&#44; conclu&#237;ram estes autores que a baixa preval&#234;ncia de DC diagnosticada se deveria &#224; dieta rica em gordura animal &#40;baleias e focas&#41; que estas popula&#231;&#245;es ingeriam<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Estes resultados &#8211; demonstrando benef&#237;cio na incid&#234;ncia de DC com a ingest&#227;o deste tipo de gorduras<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> &#8211; serviram de base &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es das Normas de Orienta&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica para o tratamento de fatores de risco coron&#225;rio provenientes da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia&#44; que passou a recomendar a ingest&#227;o regular de duas por&#231;&#245;es de peixe gordo por semana como preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#44; assim como da <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">American Heart Association</span>&#44; recomendando &#225;cidos gordos &#243;mega-3 &#40;&#225;cido alfa-linoleico&#44; o &#225;cido eicosapentaen&#243;ico e o &#225;cido docosahexaen&#243;ico&#41; em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Estas recomenda&#231;&#245;es t&#234;m-se mantido inalteradas&#44; apesar de estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos recentes apontarem para uma preval&#234;ncia de DC id&#234;ntica ou mesmo superior nos esquim&#243;s&#44; do que no resto da popula&#231;&#227;o<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A ingest&#227;o regular e&#47;ou suplementa&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica de &#225;cidos gordos passou a ser considerada uma medida de rotina de cardiologia preventiva e criou-se at&#233; uma ind&#250;stria de suplementos destas mol&#233;culas&#44; na convic&#231;&#227;o do seu benef&#237;cio indiscut&#237;vel&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Toda esta abordagem foi posta em causa por um artigo de Fodor et al&#46;&#44; recentemente publicado no <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Canadian Journal of Cardiology</span>&#44; em que o contexto em que os estudos de Bang e Dyerberg se realizaram com esquim&#243;s Inuit foi revisto&#44; tendo questionado as respetivas conclus&#245;es na base de n&#227;o identifica&#231;&#227;o direta da DC&#44; deficiente descri&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o da dieta e fraca representatividade da amostra estudada<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46; Especificamente&#44; estes autores afirmam que os investigadores dinamarqueses n&#227;o estudaram diretamente a preval&#234;ncia de DC na amostra dos esquim&#243;s Inuit&#44; antes lan&#231;ando m&#227;o de estat&#237;sticas oficiais de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Chief Medical Officer</span> da Groenl&#226;ndia para determina&#231;&#227;o de &#243;bitos por DC naquela remota regi&#227;o &#40;com a subsequente menor qualidade de dados deste registo&#41;&#46; Para al&#233;m disso&#44; a descri&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o da dieta foi executada em apenas sete pessoas durante uma semana&#44; utilizando a t&#233;cnica da por&#231;&#227;o-dupla &#40;uma para o paciente ingerir e outra an&#225;loga posta de lado para an&#225;lise&#41;&#46; Finalmente&#44; a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo era pouco representativa da popula&#231;&#227;o esquim&#243; &#40;a localidade tinha 1300 habitantes&#44; representando apenas 2&#44;3&#37; da popula&#231;&#227;o groenlandesa&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tudo isto vem p&#244;r em causa a validade da ingest&#227;o de &#225;cidos gordos como medida preventiva na DC&#44; apesar de se reconhecer um efeito ben&#233;fico &#40;ainda que modesto&#41; desta interven&#231;&#227;o na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> e no enfarte agudo do mioc&#225;rdio<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os resultados da presente revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica parecem confirmar esta aus&#234;ncia de benef&#237;cio da ingest&#227;o elevada de &#225;cidos gordos em doentes de alto risco para DC&#46; Incluiu diversos estudos observacionais e ensaios cl&#237;nicos comparando diretamente dietas com e sem &#225;cidos gordos&#44; n&#227;o tendo detetado benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico significativo na incid&#234;ncia de DC&#46; Numa outra revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica recente&#44; estes resultados foram confirmados<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em termos pr&#225;ticos&#44; pensamos que se deve manter a recomenda&#231;&#227;o de uma dieta saud&#225;vel &#40;afinal parte da dieta mediterr&#226;nica&#41; para todos os doentes&#44; mas sem necessidade de suplementa&#231;&#227;o com &#225;cidos gordos&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The author has no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Comment on “Association of dietary, circulating, and supplement fatty acids with coronary risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis”
Comentário a «Associação entre o risco coronário e os ácidos gordos na dieta, circulantes e administrados como suplementos: revisão sistemática e meta-análise»
António Vaz Carneiro
Membro do Corpo Redatorial da Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><elsevierMultimedia ident="tb0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Abstract</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Background&#58;</span> Guidelines advocate changes in fatty acid consumption to promote cardiovascular health&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Purpose&#58;</span> To summarize evidence about associations between fatty acids and coronary disease&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Data Sources&#58;</span> MEDLINE&#44; Science Citation Index&#44; and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials through July 2013&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Study Selection&#58;</span> Prospective&#44; observational studies and randomized&#44; controlled trials&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Data Extraction&#58;</span> Investigators extracted data about study characteristics and assessed study biases&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Data Synthesis&#58;</span> There were 32 observational studies &#40;512<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>420 participants&#41; of fatty acids from dietary intake&#59; 17 observational studies &#40;25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>721 participants&#41; of fatty acid biomarkers&#59; and 27 randomized&#44; controlled trials &#40;105<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>085 participants&#41; of fatty acid supplementation&#46; In observational studies&#44; relative risks for coronary disease were 1&#46;03 &#40;95&#37; <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">CI</span>&#44; 0&#46;98 to 1&#46;07&#41; for saturated&#44; 1&#46;00 &#40;CI&#44; 0&#46;91 to 1&#46;10&#41; for monounsaturated&#44; 0&#46;87 &#40;CI&#44; 0&#46;78 to 0&#46;97&#41; for long-chain -3 polyunsaturated&#44; 0&#46;98 &#40;CI&#44; 0&#46;90 to 1&#46;06&#41; for -6 polyunsaturated&#44; and 1&#46;16 &#40;CI&#44; 1&#46;06 to 1&#46;27&#41; for trans fatty acids when the top and bottom thirds of baseline dietary fatty acid intake were compared&#46; Corresponding estimates for circulating fatty acids were 1&#46;06 &#40;CI&#44; 0&#46;86 to 1&#46;30&#41;&#44; 1&#46;06 &#40;CI&#44; 0&#46;97 to 1&#46;17&#41;&#44; 0&#46;84 &#40;CI&#44; 0&#46;63 to 1&#46;11&#41;&#44; 0&#46;94 &#40;CI&#44; 0&#46;84 to 1&#46;06&#41;&#44; and 1&#46;05 &#40;CI&#44; 0&#46;76 to 1&#46;44&#41;&#44; respectively&#46; There was heterogeneity of the associations among individual circulating fatty acids and coronary disease&#46; In randomized&#44; controlled trials&#44; relative risks for coronary disease were 0&#46;97 &#40;CI&#44; 0&#46;69 to 1&#46;36&#41; for -linolenic&#44; 0&#46;94 &#40;CI&#44; 0&#46;86 to 1&#46;03&#41; for long-chain -3 polyunsaturated&#44; and 0&#46;86 &#40;CI&#44; 0&#46;69 to 1&#46;07&#41; for -6 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementations&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Limitation&#58;</span> Potential biases from preferential publication and selective reporting&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conclusion&#58;</span> Current evidence does not clearly support cardiovascular guidelines that encourage high consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids and low consumption of total saturated fats&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Comment</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O papel dos &#225;cidos gordos &#243;mega-3 como potenciais moduladores preventivos da doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria &#40;DC&#41; foi pela primeira vez avan&#231;ada h&#225; 40 anos&#44; com base em trabalhos realizados por dois investigadores dinamarqueses &#8211; H&#46;O&#46; Bang e J&#46; Dyerberg &#8211; em esquim&#243;s groenlandeses &#40;os Inuit&#41;&#46; Em diversos estudos publicados sobre a mesma coorte de pacientes&#44; conclu&#237;ram estes autores que a baixa preval&#234;ncia de DC diagnosticada se deveria &#224; dieta rica em gordura animal &#40;baleias e focas&#41; que estas popula&#231;&#245;es ingeriam<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Estes resultados &#8211; demonstrando benef&#237;cio na incid&#234;ncia de DC com a ingest&#227;o deste tipo de gorduras<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> &#8211; serviram de base &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es das Normas de Orienta&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica para o tratamento de fatores de risco coron&#225;rio provenientes da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia&#44; que passou a recomendar a ingest&#227;o regular de duas por&#231;&#245;es de peixe gordo por semana como preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#44; assim como da <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">American Heart Association</span>&#44; recomendando &#225;cidos gordos &#243;mega-3 &#40;&#225;cido alfa-linoleico&#44; o &#225;cido eicosapentaen&#243;ico e o &#225;cido docosahexaen&#243;ico&#41; em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Estas recomenda&#231;&#245;es t&#234;m-se mantido inalteradas&#44; apesar de estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos recentes apontarem para uma preval&#234;ncia de DC id&#234;ntica ou mesmo superior nos esquim&#243;s&#44; do que no resto da popula&#231;&#227;o<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A ingest&#227;o regular e&#47;ou suplementa&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica de &#225;cidos gordos passou a ser considerada uma medida de rotina de cardiologia preventiva e criou-se at&#233; uma ind&#250;stria de suplementos destas mol&#233;culas&#44; na convic&#231;&#227;o do seu benef&#237;cio indiscut&#237;vel&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Toda esta abordagem foi posta em causa por um artigo de Fodor et al&#46;&#44; recentemente publicado no <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Canadian Journal of Cardiology</span>&#44; em que o contexto em que os estudos de Bang e Dyerberg se realizaram com esquim&#243;s Inuit foi revisto&#44; tendo questionado as respetivas conclus&#245;es na base de n&#227;o identifica&#231;&#227;o direta da DC&#44; deficiente descri&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o da dieta e fraca representatividade da amostra estudada<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46; Especificamente&#44; estes autores afirmam que os investigadores dinamarqueses n&#227;o estudaram diretamente a preval&#234;ncia de DC na amostra dos esquim&#243;s Inuit&#44; antes lan&#231;ando m&#227;o de estat&#237;sticas oficiais de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Chief Medical Officer</span> da Groenl&#226;ndia para determina&#231;&#227;o de &#243;bitos por DC naquela remota regi&#227;o &#40;com a subsequente menor qualidade de dados deste registo&#41;&#46; Para al&#233;m disso&#44; a descri&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o da dieta foi executada em apenas sete pessoas durante uma semana&#44; utilizando a t&#233;cnica da por&#231;&#227;o-dupla &#40;uma para o paciente ingerir e outra an&#225;loga posta de lado para an&#225;lise&#41;&#46; Finalmente&#44; a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo era pouco representativa da popula&#231;&#227;o esquim&#243; &#40;a localidade tinha 1300 habitantes&#44; representando apenas 2&#44;3&#37; da popula&#231;&#227;o groenlandesa&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tudo isto vem p&#244;r em causa a validade da ingest&#227;o de &#225;cidos gordos como medida preventiva na DC&#44; apesar de se reconhecer um efeito ben&#233;fico &#40;ainda que modesto&#41; desta interven&#231;&#227;o na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> e no enfarte agudo do mioc&#225;rdio<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os resultados da presente revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica parecem confirmar esta aus&#234;ncia de benef&#237;cio da ingest&#227;o elevada de &#225;cidos gordos em doentes de alto risco para DC&#46; Incluiu diversos estudos observacionais e ensaios cl&#237;nicos comparando diretamente dietas com e sem &#225;cidos gordos&#44; n&#227;o tendo detetado benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico significativo na incid&#234;ncia de DC&#46; Numa outra revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica recente&#44; estes resultados foram confirmados<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em termos pr&#225;ticos&#44; pensamos que se deve manter a recomenda&#231;&#227;o de uma dieta saud&#225;vel &#40;afinal parte da dieta mediterr&#226;nica&#41; para todos os doentes&#44; mas sem necessidade de suplementa&#231;&#227;o com &#225;cidos gordos&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The author has no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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