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and a straight guidewire&#46; This was replaced by a pigtail catheter&#44; and transvalvular gradients of 15 mmHg were observed&#46; A stiff guidewire &#40;Amplatz Super Stiff&#44; Boston Scientific&#41; was placed over this catheter&#44; and a 30 mm&#215;4 mm balloon valvuloplasty catheter &#40;Tyshak&#44; Numed Inc&#46;&#41; was introduced&#46; Inflation was monitored by fluoroscopy &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>&#41; and RT3D-TEE&#46; After inflation&#44; a transvalvular gradient of 2&#46;8 mmHg was measured by echocardiography&#46; No tricuspid regurgitation was observed&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient was discharged after 48 hours without complications&#46; Six months after the procedure&#44; she was in NYHA functional class I with no clinical evidence of right heart failure&#46; The transvalvular gradient by transthoracic echocardiography was 2 mmHg&#44; and no tricuspid regurgitation was observed&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Discussion</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most common etiology of tricuspid stenosis is rheumatic&#44; and in most cases it is associated with valvular regurgitation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Interestingly&#44; there have been reports of cases of tricuspid stenosis without associated valvular regurgitation&#44; most of them pacemaker lead-induced&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The pathophysiology of this tricuspid stenosis includes mechanical irritation of the leaflets by the leads&#44; leading to fibrosis&#44; calcification&#44; endocarditis and&#47;or thrombus formation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">TVR may be a therapeutic alternative to surgery in cases of pure tricuspid stenosis without other concomitant valvulopathies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> There are few data for this option&#44; but the reported results are favorable&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The implementation of PTV is complicated by the choice of balloon size&#44; because the tricuspid annulus is oval in shape&#44; but assumes a more circular shape on dilation&#46; This makes it more difficult to assess the annulus with two-dimensional echocardiography and hence to choose a balloon for PTV&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">RT3D-TEE gives a clear characterization of the morphology and abnormalities of the tricuspid valve&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> as well as providing short-axis views of the valve &#40;simultaneously viewing the three leaflets and their junction with the annulus&#41;&#44; enabling planimetry and calculating the area and size of the annulus with high accuracy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">RT3D-TEE may thus be a helpful tool in monitoring TVR&#44; providing a detailed image of the tricuspid valve&#46; With this technique&#44; balloon size can be selected with greater accuracy and the results of its implementation can be comprehensively assessed&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work center on the publication of patient data&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have obtained the written informed consent of the patients or subjects mentioned in the article&#46; The corresponding author is in possession of this document&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare</p></span></span>"
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Case report
Pacemaker lead-related tricuspid stenosis successfully treated with percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty guided by 3D echocardiography
Estenose tricúspide associada a electrocateter de pacemaker tratada com sucesso com valvuloplastia percutânea com balão guiada por ecocardiografia 3D
Juan Carlos Rama-Merchana,
Corresponding author
ramamerchan@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Antonio Arribas-Jimeneza, Javier Martin-Moreirasa, Eulogio Garcia-Fernandezb, Ignacio Cruz-Gonzaleza
a Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
b Servicio de Cardiologia, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
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two epicardial leads were implanted in the right ventricle&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">PTV was performed with general anesthesia and orotracheal intubation&#44; and was monitored with real-time three-dimensional &#40;RT3D&#41; transesophageal echocardiography &#40;TEE&#41;&#46; In mid-esophageal plane at 25&#176; with simultaneous multiplanar visualization &#40;x-plane mode&#41;&#44; long- and short-axis images of the tricuspid valve were obtained&#46; In RT3D mode of the complete volume and using the cropping tool&#44; a view of the tricuspid valve was then obtained from the right atrium &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#41;&#46; The maximum diameter of the annulus in long- and short-axis views was 30 and 20 mm&#44; respectively&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The approach was via the right femoral vein&#44; and the tricuspid valve was crossed by a Glidecath MP catheter &#40;Terumo Medical Corporation&#41; and a straight guidewire&#46; This was replaced by a pigtail catheter&#44; and transvalvular gradients of 15 mmHg were observed&#46; A stiff guidewire &#40;Amplatz Super Stiff&#44; Boston Scientific&#41; was placed over this catheter&#44; and a 30 mm&#215;4 mm balloon valvuloplasty catheter &#40;Tyshak&#44; Numed Inc&#46;&#41; was introduced&#46; Inflation was monitored by fluoroscopy &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>&#41; and RT3D-TEE&#46; After inflation&#44; a transvalvular gradient of 2&#46;8 mmHg was measured by echocardiography&#46; No tricuspid regurgitation was observed&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient was discharged after 48 hours without complications&#46; Six months after the procedure&#44; she was in NYHA functional class I with no clinical evidence of right heart failure&#46; The transvalvular gradient by transthoracic echocardiography was 2 mmHg&#44; and no tricuspid regurgitation was observed&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Discussion</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most common etiology of tricuspid stenosis is rheumatic&#44; and in most cases it is associated with valvular regurgitation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Interestingly&#44; there have been reports of cases of tricuspid stenosis without associated valvular regurgitation&#44; most of them pacemaker lead-induced&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The pathophysiology of this tricuspid stenosis includes mechanical irritation of the leaflets by the leads&#44; leading to fibrosis&#44; calcification&#44; endocarditis and&#47;or thrombus formation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">TVR may be a therapeutic alternative to surgery in cases of pure tricuspid stenosis without other concomitant valvulopathies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> There are few data for this option&#44; but the reported results are favorable&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The implementation of PTV is complicated by the choice of balloon size&#44; because the tricuspid annulus is oval in shape&#44; but assumes a more circular shape on dilation&#46; This makes it more difficult to assess the annulus with two-dimensional echocardiography and hence to choose a balloon for PTV&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">RT3D-TEE gives a clear characterization of the morphology and abnormalities of the tricuspid valve&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> as well as providing short-axis views of the valve &#40;simultaneously viewing the three leaflets and their junction with the annulus&#41;&#44; enabling planimetry and calculating the area and size of the annulus with high accuracy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">RT3D-TEE may thus be a helpful tool in monitoring TVR&#44; providing a detailed image of the tricuspid valve&#46; With this technique&#44; balloon size can be selected with greater accuracy and the results of its implementation can be comprehensively assessed&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work center on the publication of patient data&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have obtained the written informed consent of the patients or subjects mentioned in the article&#46; 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        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The most common etiology of tricuspid stenosis is rheumatic&#44; and in most cases it is associated with valvular regurgitation&#46; Interestingly&#44; there have been reports of tricuspid stenosis without associated valvular regurgitation&#44; mostly related to pacemaker leads&#46; Percutaneous tricuspid valvuloplasty may be a therapeutic alternative to surgery in cases of pure tricuspid stenosis without other concomitant valvulopathies&#46; We report the case of a 52-year-old woman with pacemaker lead-related tricuspid stenosis successfully treated with percutaneous valvuloplasty guided by 3D echocardiography&#46;</p>"
      ]
      "pt" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumo"
        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A causa mais comum da estenose tric&#250;spide &#233; reum&#225;tica&#44; e na maioria dos casos est&#225; associada com insufici&#234;ncia valvular&#46; Curiosamente&#44; tem havido relatos de estenose tric&#250;spide sem insufici&#234;ncia associada&#44; sendo a maioria associados com electrocateteres de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pacemaker</span>&#46; A plastia da valva tric&#250;spide pode ser uma alternativa em casos de estenose valvular tric&#250;spide pura&#44; sem outras valvulopatias concomitantes&#46; Relatamos o caso de uma mulher de 52 anos com estenose tric&#250;spide associada a electrocateter de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pacemaker</span> tratada com sucesso com valvuloplastia percut&#226;nea guiada por ecocardiografia 3D&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography&#58; view of the tricuspid valve in diastole from the right atrium&#44; revealing adherence of the pacing lead to the septal leaflet &#40;arrow&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Angiographic images of percutaneous tricuspid valvuloplasty&#58; &#40;A&#41; pigtail catheter across the tricuspid valve&#59; &#40;B&#41; Amplatz Super Stiff guidewire across the valve&#59; &#40;C&#41; balloon inflation&#46;</p>"
        ]
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    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
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          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
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            0 => array:3 [
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Tricuspid and pulmonary valve disease evaluation and management"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "P&#46;M&#46; Shah"
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                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Rev Esp Cardiol"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "63"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1349"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1365"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21070730"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
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            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0010"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Lead-induced tricuspid stenosis &#8211; successful management by balloon angioplasty"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "T&#46; Hussain"
                            1 => "W&#46;B&#46; Knight"
                            2 => "K&#46;A&#46; McLeod"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1540-8159.2009.02189.x"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "32"
                        "paginaInicial" => "140"
                        "paginaFinal" => "142"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19140926"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
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                          "pii" => "S0168822711005511"
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                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0015"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Valvuloplasty for tricuspid stenosis caused by a ventriculoatrial shunt"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "Q&#46; Akram"
                            1 => "D&#46; Saravanan"
                            2 => "R&#46; Levy"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1002/ccd.22745"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Catheter Cardiovasc Interv"
                        "fecha" => "2011"
                        "volumen" => "77"
                        "paginaInicial" => "722"
                        "paginaFinal" => "725"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20824751"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
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                      ]
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                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0020"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease &#40;version 2012&#41;&#58; the Joint Task Force on the Management of Valvular Heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology &#40;ESC&#41; and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery &#40;EACTS&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Vahanian"
                            1 => "O&#46; Alfieri"
                            2 => "F&#46; Andreotti"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1093/ejcts/ezs455"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur J Cardiothorac Surg"
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "volumen" => "42"
                        "paginaInicial" => "S1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "S44"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22922698"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Tricuspid balloon valvuloplasty to treat tricuspid stenosis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "E&#46; Yeter"
                            1 => "K&#46; Ozlem"
                            2 => "H&#46; Kilic"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Heart Valve Dis"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "19"
                        "paginaInicial" => "159"
                        "paginaFinal" => "160"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20329507"
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                      "titulo" => "Three-dimensional echocardiography in valvular heart disease"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "Q&#46; Cai"
                            1 => "M&#46; Ahmad"
                          ]
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                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1540-8175.2011.01523.x"
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ISSN: 21742049
Original language: English
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Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia (English edition)
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