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was implanted&#44; and the patient remained asymptomatic for the next five years&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At the age of 66&#44; she was admitted to the cardiology department in heart failure &#40;HF&#41;&#44; NYHA class III&#46; Physical examination revealed atrial fibrillation &#40;AF&#41; with a controlled ventricular rate and anasarca &#40;total weight of 100 kg for a calculated ideal dry weight of about 60 kg&#41;&#46; The echo examination showed LV wall thickening &#40;15&#46;11 mm&#41;&#44; an enlarged LV cavity &#40;58&#46;47 mm at end-diastole&#41;&#44; greater LA dilatation &#40;56 mm&#41; and diastolic transmitral flow with an almost restrictive pattern&#44; with an E&#47;A-wave ratio of 2&#46;39 and deceleration time of 147 ms &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#41;&#46; Mild to moderate mitral regurgitation was also observed&#46; Mild thickening of the aortic and mitral valves persisted as well as the small pericardial effusion&#44; both findings observed six years previously&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient&#39;s anasarca &#40;also associated with nephrotic proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia&#41; improved slightly with intravenous administration of albumin plus diuretics&#44; but hemodialysis was needed&#46; She lost 40 kg of body fluids and was transferred to the nephrology department&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient had mild and well-controlled systemic hypertension&#46; There was no known family history of FAP type I&#46; Both her parents had died of malignant disease at unknown ages&#46; She has a daughter and a son&#44; both healthy adults&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Discussion</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The term &#8220;amyloidosis&#8221; covers a heterogeneous group of rare diseases &#40;acquired or inherited&#41; characterized by extracellular deposition of abnormal insoluble fibrils resulting from protein misfolding&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a> Accumulation of amyloid deposits in various tissues impairs their structure and function&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Currently&#44; there are 27 different types of amyloidosis classified according to their precursor protein&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> They may also be classified as systemic or local based on organ involvement&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A definitive diagnosis of amyloidosis is usually made by biopsy specimen&#44; in which Congo red staining reveals a typical red color under microscopy and apple-green birefringence under polarized light&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3&#44;6</span></a> But determination of the amyloid type is only possible by immunohistochemical techniques&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The heart is usually affected&#44; as part of systemic involvement&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> The most common systemic amyloidoses with myocardial involvement are acquired monoclonal immunoglobulin light-chain amyloidosis and TTR-related forms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> Under the broad designation of amyloidosis&#44; there are several clinically distinct entities that also require different treatment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> But the severity of cardiac involvement in all forms is an important prognostic factor and early diagnosis remains a challenge&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">FAP type I is a rare autosomal dominant systemic amyloidosis caused by the Val30Met mutation in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">TTR</span> gene&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#8211;11</span></a> It was first described by Corindo de Andrade&#44; a Portuguese neurologist&#44; in 1952&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Higher prevalences in endemic areas of Portugal&#44; Japan and Sweden have been reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a> TTR is a plasma protein synthesized mainly in the liver and to a lesser extent in the choroid plexus and ocular tissues&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;12&#44;13</span></a> It acts as a carrier for thyroxine and retinol-binding protein&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;13</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A wide phenotypic heterogeneity has been found in FAP type I and is influenced by several factors such as genetic status &#40;homozygosity or heterozygosity and penetrance&#41;&#44; geographic distribution&#44; 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renal&#44; ocular and gastrointestinal involvement often appear later&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cardiac involvement is common in hereditary TTR amyloidosis&#44; but its clinical expression and severity depend on the amyloidogenic TTR variant&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;16</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">FAP type I is mostly linked with dysrhythmias and cardiac conduction disturbances&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#8211;19</span></a> Amyloid infiltration into the subendocardium is probably the pathophysiological mechanism&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#44;20</span></a> Moreover&#44; dysautonomia may also contribute to these disturbances&#44; leading to sudden cardiac death &#40;SCD&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a> Cardiac conduction system involvement may result in sinus node dysfunction and atrioventricular and intraventricular block&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#8211;21</span></a> Sinoatrial and&#47;or atrioventricular block associated with Stokes&#8211;Adams syndrome requires pacemaker implantation<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;19&#44;22</span></a> as soon as possible&#44; in order to alleviate symptoms and possibly prevent SCD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Supraventricular dysrhythmias associated with interventricular septum &#40;IVS&#41; thickening and LA dilatation have been reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> In patients aged over 60 a relationship between ventricular late potentials&#44; non-sustained ventricular dysrhythmias and increased LV wall thickening has also been described&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Besides autonomic dysfunction&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#8211;25</span></a> ventricular dyssynchrony appears to be another mechanism responsible for the reduced heart rate variability observed in FAP type I&#44; as it correlates with shorter LV filling time and prolonged total isovolumic time&#44; regardless of QRS width&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are some reports of patients suffering hemodynamic instability and severe hypotension during anesthesia&#44; particularly with acetylcholine-like anesthetics&#44; due to the effects of dysautonomia on self-regulatory blood pressure mechanisms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#8211;27</span></a> This may be related to a discrepancy between cardiac muscarinic receptors and cardiac beta<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>-receptor regulation&#46; Circulating catecholamines produced by the adrenal medulla maintain beta<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>-receptor sensitivity&#44; while upregulation of muscarinic receptors may be due to lack of cholinergic neurostimulation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Amyloid cardiomyopathy with HF is an uncommon presentation in FAP type I&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;18&#44;21</span></a> A strong relationship between age of onset&#44; IVS thickness and LA dimension has been observed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Cardiomyopathy with mild LV thickening &#40;&#62;12 mm but below the usual value considered diagnostic for LV hypertrophy&#41; may appear prior to the onset of polyneuropathy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Electrocardiography &#40;ECG&#41; and echo have an important role in the diagnosis of amyloid heart disease&#46; Only a third of FAP type I patients show low-voltage QRS complexes due to amyloid infiltration&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> Dysrhythmias and conduction disturbances are frequently identified&#46; Amyloid cardiomyopathy may be demonstrated when there is IVS end-diastolic thickness &#62;12 mm on echo&#44; after excluding other more probable causes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> Echo findings other than LV wall thickening &#40;with a granular sparkling appearance of the IVS&#41; are a non-enlarged LV cavity&#44; diastolic dysfunction&#44; atrial septal thickening&#44; atrial dilatation&#44; valvular thickening and small pericardial effusion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;7&#44;29</span></a> In contrast to other types&#44; echo signs in FAP type I are subtle&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Early diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis is of great value since it determines therapy and prognosis&#46; But ECG and echo alone or in combination have low diagnostic accuracy for early detection of cardiac involvement&#46; Moreover&#44; only combining the findings of the two techniques &#40;low-voltage QRS complexes and IVS thickening &#62;19&#46;8 mm&#41; enables a diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis to be made with a sensitivity of 72&#37; and specificity of 92&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Other echo techniques &#40;such as tissue Doppler and strain&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">99m</span>Tc-DPD scintigraphy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">123</span>I-MIBG scintigraphy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> and serum NT-proBNP assay<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> have shown promising results in detecting early signs of cardiac amyloid infiltration before the development of clinical manifestations and even abnormal echo findings on standard examination&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Liver transplantation is established as a therapeutic option to prevent disease progression because it suppresses pathological TTR production&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32&#8211;34</span></a> Nevertheless&#44; development and&#47;or worsening of dysrhythmias and cardiac conduction disturbances&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32&#44;35</span></a> cardiac dysautonomia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> and amyloid cardiomyopathy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> have been reported after liver transplantation&#46; Constant deposition of wild-type TTR preferentially on pre-existing cardiac amyloid deposits after liver transplantation has been suggested as a plausible mechanism&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34&#44;37</span></a></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Myocardial involvement in FAP type I thus carries a poor prognosis even after liver transplantation&#44; and new treatments that offer better control of heart disease are therefore needed&#46; Recently&#44; the new drug tafamidis&#44; which stabilizes the native homotetramer&#44; preventing the formation of cytotoxic species&#44; has been approved by the European Medical Association for treatment of stage 1 FAP type I&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a> However&#44; its benefit in cardiac amyloidosis is not yet known&#46; Clinical trials of experimental drugs that block the amyloidogenic process in several ways&#44; such as resveratrol and its analogs&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a> carvedilol&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a> doxycycline<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a> and ribozymes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a> have shown promising results for future treatment of cardiac involvement in FAP type I&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The case reported here has some unusual aspects&#46; Our patient had late onset FAP type I &#40;the clinical picture emerged after the age of 50&#41;&#46; This is unusual in Portugal&#44; although similar cases outside the endemic areas have been reported&#46; However&#44; the lack of information on the patient&#39;s genealogy means that no conclusions can be drawn&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although the patient had no known family history of FAP type I&#44; genetic testing confirmed the presence of the Val30Met mutation in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">TTR</span> gene&#46; Her parents died without undergoing genetic screening&#44; so three hypotheses may be considered&#46; First&#44; given the condition&#39;s phenotypic variability&#44; her parents may have died prior to the clinical onset of the disease&#46; If this was the case&#44; they may also have had late-onset disease&#46; Second&#44; the parents may also have been asymptomatic owing to gonadal mosaicism&#46; And third&#44; a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">de novo</span> mutation may have occurred in our patient&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient had sinoatrial block and AF&#44; which are frequent complications of cardiac involvement&#46; Stokes&#8211;Adams syndrome related to sinoatrial block was treated successfully with pacemaker implantation&#46; Nevertheless the severity of amyloid cardiomyopathy as denoted by echo findings &#8211; including significant LV wall thickening and changes over time in Doppler mitral inflow pattern &#8211; is not typical in this type of amyloidosis&#46; The same is true for the clinical severity of HF&#44; which seems to be associated with amyloid cardiomyopathy and significant diastolic dysfunction&#46; The patient&#39;s anasarca may be explained by a maladaptive response to congestive low-output HF as well as by nephrotic syndrome associated with renal amyloid infiltration&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Conclusions</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The condition&#39;s phenotypic heterogeneity&#44; as well as the absence of a known family history&#44; should be considered when FAP type I is a diagnostic hypothesis&#46; This helps to avoid late and inaccurate diagnosis and enables counseling of the family with regard to genetic screening&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Symptomatic improvement and prevention of possible SCD can be achieved in patients with bradyarrhythmias by early pacemaker implantation&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Advances in diagnostic techniques that will allow detection of early signs of amyloid heart disease&#44; together with the development of new therapies&#44; are urgently needed to reduce mortality related to cardiac events in FAP type I patients and to offer them a better quality of life&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Due to its multisystemic nature&#44; patients with FAP type I should be referred to specialized centers capable of providing a multidisciplinary approach&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this investigation&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            0 => "Familial amyloid polyneuropathy type I"
            1 => "Dysrhythmia"
            2 => "Conduction disturbances"
            3 => "Cardiomyopathy"
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            0 => "Polineuropatia amiloid&#243;tica familiar tipo-I"
            1 => "Disritmia"
            2 => "Perturba&#231;&#245;es da condu&#231;&#227;o"
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        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Familial amyloid polyneuropathy type I &#40;FAP type I&#41; is a rare hereditary systemic amyloidosis caused by the Val30Met mutation in the transthyretin &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">TTR</span>&#41; gene&#46; The clinical onset and spectrum are variable and depend on phenotypic heterogeneity&#46; Cardiac complications &#40;dysrhythmias and conduction disturbances&#44; cardiomyopathy and dysautonomia&#41; indicate a poor prognosis&#44; even after liver transplantation&#46; We report an atypical case of FAP type I&#44; highlighting the severe cardiac involvement and its complications&#46;</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Early diagnosis of amyloid heart disease is increasingly important in the context of several clinical trials of promising new and experimental drugs&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A polineuropatia amiloid&#243;tica familiar tipo-I &#40;PAF tipo-I&#41; &#233; um tipo raro de amiloidose heredit&#225;ria e sist&#233;mica causada pela muta&#231;&#227;o Val30Met no gene da transtirretina &#40;TTR&#41;&#46; O in&#237;cio das manifesta&#231;&#245;es e o espectro cl&#237;nico podem ser vari&#225;veis e dependem da heterogeneidade fenot&#237;pica&#46; As complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas &#40;disritmias e perturba&#231;&#245;es da condu&#231;&#227;o&#44; miocardiopatia e disautonomia&#41; ditam um progn&#243;stico mais reservado&#44; mesmo ap&#243;s transplante hep&#225;tico&#46; &#201; descrito um caso cl&#237;nico at&#237;pico de PAF tipo-I com &#234;nfase no grave envolvimento card&#237;aco e nas suas complica&#231;&#245;es&#46;</p><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O diagn&#243;stico precoce de cardiopatia amiloid&#243;tica tem assumido relev&#226;ncia no &#226;mbito de v&#225;rios ensaios cl&#237;nicos com f&#225;rmacos experimentais promissores&#46;</p>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Oliveira Santos M&#44; Brito D&#46; Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca grave numa situa&#231;&#227;o invulgar de polineuropatia amiloid&#243;tica familiar tipo-I 2012&#46; http&#58;&#47;&#47;dx&#46;doi&#46;org&#47;&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Echocardiographic findings at age 66&#46; M-mode revealed a dilated left atrium &#40;56 mm&#41; &#40;A&#41;&#44; an enlarged left ventricular cavity &#40;58&#46;47 mm&#41; with wall thickening &#40;15&#46;11 mm&#41; and a small pericardial effusion &#40;B&#41;&#46; Doppler showed diastolic transmitral flow with an E&#47;A-wave ratio of 2&#46;39 and a deceleration time of 147 ms &#40;C&#41;&#46;</p>"
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Case report
Severe heart disease in an unusual case of familial amyloid polyneuropathy type I
Doença cardíaca grave numa situação invulgar de polineuropatia amiloidótica familiar tipo-I
Miguel Oliveira Santosa,
Corresponding author
, Dulce Britoa,b
a Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Centro de Cardiologia da Universidade de Lisboa (CCUL), Lisboa, Portugal
b Serviço de Cardiologia I, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, E.P.E., Lisboa, Portugal
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Echocardiographic findings at age 66&#46; M-mode revealed a dilated left atrium &#40;56 mm&#41; &#40;A&#41;&#44; an enlarged left ventricular cavity &#40;58&#46;47 mm&#41; with wall thickening &#40;15&#46;11 mm&#41; and a small pericardial effusion &#40;B&#41;&#46; Doppler showed diastolic transmitral flow with an E&#47;A-wave ratio of 2&#46;39 and a deceleration time of 147 ms &#40;C&#41;&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Case report</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 66-year-old white woman from Lisbon &#40;Portugal&#41; was being followed in the neurology department due to progressive sensorimotor and autonomic polyneuropathy of 12 years&#8217; duration&#46; Physical examination showed tetraparesis&#44; thermal hypoesthesia and distal muscle atrophy of the lower limbs&#46; Patellar and Achilles tendon reflexes were abolished&#46; Electromyography revealed severe axonal sensorimotor polyneuropathy&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most common diagnoses of polyneuropathy were excluded&#46; A fat biopsy showed amyloid deposits&#46; Genetic testing was performed and the Val30Met mutation in the transthyretin &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">TTR</span>&#41; gene was identified in heterozygosity&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The suspicion of amyloid cardiomyopathy had emerged at age 60&#44; when the patient underwent transthoracic echocardiography &#40;echo&#41; during investigation of anginal pain&#46; The echo findings suggestive of amyloid infiltration included an E&#47;A-wave ratio of 0&#46;6 &#40;Doppler mitral inflow&#41;&#44; left atrial &#40;LA&#41; dilatation &#40;end-systolic diameter of 50 mm&#41;&#44; mitral-aortic valvular thickening and a small pericardial effusion&#46; Left ventricular &#40;LV&#41; dimensions were normal &#40;50 mm in late diastole&#41;&#44; with no hypertrophy and preserved systolic function&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One year later&#44; in order to clarify episodes of syncope and dizziness&#44; 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic &#40;Holter&#41; monitoring was performed&#46; Supraventricular premature extrasystoles with compensatory pauses of up to 2&#46;5 s were detected&#46; Four months later&#44; sinoatrial block &#40;with some pauses longer than 4 s&#41; was also identified on Holter&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Due to symptomatic bradyarrhythmia a dual-chamber pacing system &#40;DDDR mode&#41; was implanted&#44; and the patient remained asymptomatic for the next five years&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At the age of 66&#44; she was admitted to the cardiology department in heart failure &#40;HF&#41;&#44; NYHA class III&#46; Physical examination revealed atrial fibrillation &#40;AF&#41; with a controlled ventricular rate and anasarca &#40;total weight of 100 kg for a calculated ideal dry weight of about 60 kg&#41;&#46; The echo examination showed LV wall thickening &#40;15&#46;11 mm&#41;&#44; an enlarged LV cavity &#40;58&#46;47 mm at end-diastole&#41;&#44; greater LA dilatation &#40;56 mm&#41; and diastolic transmitral flow with an almost restrictive pattern&#44; with an E&#47;A-wave ratio of 2&#46;39 and deceleration time of 147 ms &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#41;&#46; Mild to moderate mitral regurgitation was also observed&#46; Mild thickening of the aortic and mitral valves persisted as well as the small pericardial effusion&#44; both findings observed six years previously&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient&#39;s anasarca &#40;also associated with nephrotic proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia&#41; improved slightly with intravenous administration of albumin plus diuretics&#44; but hemodialysis was needed&#46; She lost 40 kg of body fluids and was transferred to the nephrology department&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient had mild and well-controlled systemic hypertension&#46; There was no known family history of FAP type I&#46; Both her parents had died of malignant disease at unknown ages&#46; She has a daughter and a son&#44; both healthy adults&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Discussion</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The term &#8220;amyloidosis&#8221; covers a heterogeneous group of rare diseases &#40;acquired or inherited&#41; characterized by extracellular deposition of abnormal insoluble fibrils resulting from protein misfolding&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a> Accumulation of amyloid deposits in various tissues impairs their structure and function&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Currently&#44; there are 27 different types of amyloidosis classified according to their precursor protein&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> They may also be classified as systemic or local based on organ involvement&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A definitive diagnosis of amyloidosis is usually made by biopsy specimen&#44; in which Congo red staining reveals a typical red color under microscopy and apple-green birefringence under polarized light&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3&#44;6</span></a> But determination of the amyloid type is only possible by immunohistochemical techniques&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The heart is usually affected&#44; as part of systemic involvement&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> The most common systemic amyloidoses with myocardial involvement are acquired monoclonal immunoglobulin light-chain amyloidosis and TTR-related forms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> Under the broad designation of amyloidosis&#44; there are several clinically distinct entities that also require different treatment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> But the severity of cardiac involvement in all forms is an important prognostic factor and early diagnosis remains a challenge&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">FAP type I is a rare autosomal dominant systemic amyloidosis caused by the Val30Met mutation in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">TTR</span> gene&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#8211;11</span></a> It was first described by Corindo de Andrade&#44; a Portuguese neurologist&#44; in 1952&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Higher prevalences in endemic areas of Portugal&#44; Japan and Sweden have been reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a> TTR is a plasma protein synthesized mainly in the liver and to a lesser extent in the choroid plexus and ocular tissues&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;12&#44;13</span></a> It acts as a carrier for thyroxine and retinol-binding protein&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;13</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A wide phenotypic heterogeneity has been found in FAP type I and is influenced by several factors such as genetic status &#40;homozygosity or heterozygosity and penetrance&#41;&#44; geographic distribution&#44; age of onset and clinical spectrum&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;12&#44;14</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In Portugal&#44; early-onset cases&#44; usually before the age of 40&#44; are more common than late-onset cases&#44; which are rare and tend to occur in non-endemic areas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;14</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Symptomatic disease usually evolves over 10&#8211;20 years&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Rapidly progressive sensorimotor polyneuropathy&#44; which may be associated with dysautonomia&#44; usually characterizes the initial clinical picture&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14</span></a> Other clinical manifestations of cardiac&#44; renal&#44; ocular and gastrointestinal involvement often appear later&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cardiac involvement is common in hereditary TTR amyloidosis&#44; but its clinical expression and severity depend on the amyloidogenic TTR variant&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;16</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">FAP type I is mostly linked with dysrhythmias and cardiac conduction disturbances&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#8211;19</span></a> Amyloid infiltration into the subendocardium is probably the pathophysiological mechanism&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#44;20</span></a> Moreover&#44; dysautonomia may also contribute to these disturbances&#44; leading to sudden cardiac death &#40;SCD&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a> Cardiac conduction system involvement may result in sinus node dysfunction and atrioventricular and intraventricular block&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#8211;21</span></a> Sinoatrial and&#47;or atrioventricular block associated with Stokes&#8211;Adams syndrome requires pacemaker implantation<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;19&#44;22</span></a> as soon as possible&#44; in order to alleviate symptoms and possibly prevent SCD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Supraventricular dysrhythmias associated with interventricular septum &#40;IVS&#41; thickening and LA dilatation have been reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> In patients aged over 60 a relationship between ventricular late potentials&#44; non-sustained ventricular dysrhythmias and increased LV wall thickening has also been described&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Besides autonomic dysfunction&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#8211;25</span></a> ventricular dyssynchrony appears to be another mechanism responsible for the reduced heart rate variability observed in FAP type I&#44; as it correlates with shorter LV filling time and prolonged total isovolumic time&#44; regardless of QRS width&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are some reports of patients suffering hemodynamic instability and severe hypotension during anesthesia&#44; particularly with acetylcholine-like anesthetics&#44; due to the effects of dysautonomia on self-regulatory blood pressure mechanisms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#8211;27</span></a> This may be related to a discrepancy between cardiac muscarinic receptors and cardiac beta<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>-receptor regulation&#46; Circulating catecholamines produced by the adrenal medulla maintain beta<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>-receptor sensitivity&#44; while upregulation of muscarinic receptors may be due to lack of cholinergic neurostimulation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Amyloid cardiomyopathy with HF is an uncommon presentation in FAP type I&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;18&#44;21</span></a> A strong relationship between age of onset&#44; IVS thickness and LA dimension has been observed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Cardiomyopathy with mild LV thickening &#40;&#62;12 mm but below the usual value considered diagnostic for LV hypertrophy&#41; may appear prior to the onset of polyneuropathy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Electrocardiography &#40;ECG&#41; and echo have an important role in the diagnosis of amyloid heart disease&#46; Only a third of FAP type I patients show low-voltage QRS complexes due to amyloid infiltration&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> Dysrhythmias and conduction disturbances are frequently identified&#46; Amyloid cardiomyopathy may be demonstrated when there is IVS end-diastolic thickness &#62;12 mm on echo&#44; after excluding other more probable causes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> Echo findings other than LV wall thickening &#40;with a granular sparkling appearance of the IVS&#41; are a non-enlarged LV cavity&#44; diastolic dysfunction&#44; atrial septal thickening&#44; atrial dilatation&#44; valvular thickening and small pericardial effusion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;7&#44;29</span></a> In contrast to other types&#44; echo signs in FAP type I are subtle&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Early diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis is of great value since it determines therapy and prognosis&#46; But ECG and echo alone or in combination have low diagnostic accuracy for early detection of cardiac involvement&#46; Moreover&#44; only combining the findings of the two techniques &#40;low-voltage QRS complexes and IVS thickening &#62;19&#46;8 mm&#41; enables a diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis to be made with a sensitivity of 72&#37; and specificity of 92&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Other echo techniques &#40;such as tissue Doppler and strain&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">99m</span>Tc-DPD scintigraphy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">123</span>I-MIBG scintigraphy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> and serum NT-proBNP assay<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> have shown promising results in detecting early signs of cardiac amyloid infiltration before the development of clinical manifestations and even abnormal echo findings on standard examination&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Liver transplantation is established as a therapeutic option to prevent disease progression because it suppresses pathological TTR production&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32&#8211;34</span></a> Nevertheless&#44; development and&#47;or worsening of dysrhythmias and cardiac conduction disturbances&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32&#44;35</span></a> cardiac dysautonomia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> and amyloid cardiomyopathy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> have been reported after liver transplantation&#46; Constant deposition of wild-type TTR preferentially on pre-existing cardiac amyloid deposits after liver transplantation has been suggested as a plausible mechanism&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34&#44;37</span></a></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Myocardial involvement in FAP type I thus carries a poor prognosis even after liver transplantation&#44; and new treatments that offer better control of heart disease are therefore needed&#46; Recently&#44; the new drug tafamidis&#44; which stabilizes the native homotetramer&#44; preventing the formation of cytotoxic species&#44; has been approved by the European Medical Association for treatment of stage 1 FAP type I&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a> However&#44; its benefit in cardiac amyloidosis is not yet known&#46; Clinical trials of experimental drugs that block the amyloidogenic process in several ways&#44; such as resveratrol and its analogs&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a> carvedilol&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a> doxycycline<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a> and ribozymes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a> have shown promising results for future treatment of cardiac involvement in FAP type I&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The case reported here has some unusual aspects&#46; Our patient had late onset FAP type I &#40;the clinical picture emerged after the age of 50&#41;&#46; This is unusual in Portugal&#44; although similar cases outside the endemic areas have been reported&#46; However&#44; the lack of information on the patient&#39;s genealogy means that no conclusions can be drawn&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although the patient had no known family history of FAP type I&#44; genetic testing confirmed the presence of the Val30Met mutation in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">TTR</span> gene&#46; Her parents died without undergoing genetic screening&#44; so three hypotheses may be considered&#46; First&#44; given the condition&#39;s phenotypic variability&#44; her parents may have died prior to the clinical onset of the disease&#46; If this was the case&#44; they may also have had late-onset disease&#46; Second&#44; the parents may also have been asymptomatic owing to gonadal mosaicism&#46; And third&#44; a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">de novo</span> mutation may have occurred in our patient&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient had sinoatrial block and AF&#44; which are frequent complications of cardiac involvement&#46; Stokes&#8211;Adams syndrome related to sinoatrial block was treated successfully with pacemaker implantation&#46; Nevertheless the severity of amyloid cardiomyopathy as denoted by echo findings &#8211; including significant LV wall thickening and changes over time in Doppler mitral inflow pattern &#8211; is not typical in this type of amyloidosis&#46; The same is true for the clinical severity of HF&#44; which seems to be associated with amyloid cardiomyopathy and significant diastolic dysfunction&#46; The patient&#39;s anasarca may be explained by a maladaptive response to congestive low-output HF as well as by nephrotic syndrome associated with renal amyloid infiltration&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Conclusions</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The condition&#39;s phenotypic heterogeneity&#44; as well as the absence of a known family history&#44; should be considered when FAP type I is a diagnostic hypothesis&#46; This helps to avoid late and inaccurate diagnosis and enables counseling of the family with regard to genetic screening&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Symptomatic improvement and prevention of possible SCD can be achieved in patients with bradyarrhythmias by early pacemaker implantation&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Advances in diagnostic techniques that will allow detection of early signs of amyloid heart disease&#44; together with the development of new therapies&#44; are urgently needed to reduce mortality related to cardiac events in FAP type I patients and to offer them a better quality of life&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Due to its multisystemic nature&#44; patients with FAP type I should be referred to specialized centers capable of providing a multidisciplinary approach&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this investigation&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            0 => "Familial amyloid polyneuropathy type I"
            1 => "Dysrhythmia"
            2 => "Conduction disturbances"
            3 => "Cardiomyopathy"
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            0 => "Polineuropatia amiloid&#243;tica familiar tipo-I"
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        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Familial amyloid polyneuropathy type I &#40;FAP type I&#41; is a rare hereditary systemic amyloidosis caused by the Val30Met mutation in the transthyretin &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">TTR</span>&#41; gene&#46; The clinical onset and spectrum are variable and depend on phenotypic heterogeneity&#46; Cardiac complications &#40;dysrhythmias and conduction disturbances&#44; cardiomyopathy and dysautonomia&#41; indicate a poor prognosis&#44; even after liver transplantation&#46; We report an atypical case of FAP type I&#44; highlighting the severe cardiac involvement and its complications&#46;</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Early diagnosis of amyloid heart disease is increasingly important in the context of several clinical trials of promising new and experimental drugs&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A polineuropatia amiloid&#243;tica familiar tipo-I &#40;PAF tipo-I&#41; &#233; um tipo raro de amiloidose heredit&#225;ria e sist&#233;mica causada pela muta&#231;&#227;o Val30Met no gene da transtirretina &#40;TTR&#41;&#46; O in&#237;cio das manifesta&#231;&#245;es e o espectro cl&#237;nico podem ser vari&#225;veis e dependem da heterogeneidade fenot&#237;pica&#46; As complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas &#40;disritmias e perturba&#231;&#245;es da condu&#231;&#227;o&#44; miocardiopatia e disautonomia&#41; ditam um progn&#243;stico mais reservado&#44; mesmo ap&#243;s transplante hep&#225;tico&#46; &#201; descrito um caso cl&#237;nico at&#237;pico de PAF tipo-I com &#234;nfase no grave envolvimento card&#237;aco e nas suas complica&#231;&#245;es&#46;</p><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O diagn&#243;stico precoce de cardiopatia amiloid&#243;tica tem assumido relev&#226;ncia no &#226;mbito de v&#225;rios ensaios cl&#237;nicos com f&#225;rmacos experimentais promissores&#46;</p>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Oliveira Santos M&#44; Brito D&#46; Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca grave numa situa&#231;&#227;o invulgar de polineuropatia amiloid&#243;tica familiar tipo-I 2012&#46; http&#58;&#47;&#47;dx&#46;doi&#46;org&#47;&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Echocardiographic findings at age 66&#46; M-mode revealed a dilated left atrium &#40;56 mm&#41; &#40;A&#41;&#44; an enlarged left ventricular cavity &#40;58&#46;47 mm&#41; with wall thickening &#40;15&#46;11 mm&#41; and a small pericardial effusion &#40;B&#41;&#46; Doppler showed diastolic transmitral flow with an E&#47;A-wave ratio of 2&#46;39 and a deceleration time of 147 ms &#40;C&#41;&#46;</p>"
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