Journal Information
Vol. 30. Issue 7 - 8.
Pages 643-648 (July - August 2011)
Vol. 30. Issue 7 - 8.
Pages 643-648 (July - August 2011)
Artigo Original
Open Access
Papel do ecocardiograma transesofágico na avaliação e orientação terapêutica dos doentes com evento cerebral isquémico agudo até aos 65 anos de idade
Role of transesophageal echocardiography in the assessment and therapeutic management of patients with acute ischemic cerebral events before the age of 65
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António Gaspar
Corresponding author
antoniog80@portugalmail.com

Autor para correspondência.
, Isabel Silva, António Costeira Pereira, Nuno Salomé, José António Mariz, Aida Brandão, Francisco Fernandes, Alda Simões, Alberto Salgado, Adelino Correia
Serviço de Cardiologia, Hospital de Braga, Braga, Portugal
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Resumo
Introdução

O acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) isquémico é a principal causa de morte em Portugal, estimando-se que cerca de 30 a 50% dos casos sejam de etiologia embólica cardíaca. O ecocardiograma transesofágico (ETE) tem assumido um papel cada vez mais importante na identificação de potenciais fontes cardíacas de embolização. No entanto, o seu papel na orientação terapêutica tem sido mais controverso.

Objectivos

Analisar os dados obtidos pelo ETE na avaliação diagnóstica dos doentes internados com AVC, assim como a influência dos mesmos na orientação terapêutica.

Métodos

Estudo retrospectivo de doentes com AVC ou acidente isquémico transitório (AIT) até aos 65 anos, sem diagnóstico após ecodoppler dos vasos do pescoço, electrocardiograma (ECG) e ecocardiograma transtorácico (ETT), submetidos à realização de ETE entre 1992 e 2009. Relativamente aos achados do ETE, foram considerados como potenciais fontes embólicas os seguintes diagnósticos: defeito do septo interauricular (SIA) ou comunicação interauricular; foramen ovale patente (FOP); aneurisma do SIA (ASIA); vegetação; trombo intracavitário; tumor; placas aórticas > 2mm (aorta ascendente e arco).

Resultados

Foram avaliados 294 doentes com idade média de 45 anos, sendo 56,8% do sexo masculino. O ETE diagnosticou potenciais fontes embólicas cardíacas em 36,7% dos casos, sendo o FOP e o ASIA os diagnósticos mais frequentes. Ao longo do período avaliado, verificou-se um aumento do número de exames realizados assim como do número de diagnósticos, principalmente de FOP e ASIA. Quando comparados os doentes com achado diagnóstico no ETE com os restantes, verificou-se que os primeiros eram mais idosos e mais frequentemente medicados com hipocoagulação oral. Através de análise multivariada, a presença de um achado diagnóstico no ETE foi confirmada como preditor independente da instituição de hipocoagulação oral (OR=2,48; IC 95%: 1,42–4,34; p=0,001).

Conclusão

Na população avaliada, o ETE revelou-se útil na pesquisa de potenciais fontes embólicas cardíacas e influenciou a subsequente orientação terapêutica.

Palavras-chave:
Fonte embólica cardíaca
Ecocardiograma transesofágico
Hipocoagulação oral
Abstract
Introduction

Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of mortality in Portugal, with around 30 to 50 % of cases being of cardioembolic etiology. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has assumed growing importance in the detection of cardiac sources of embolism. However, there is controversy regarding the implications of TEE findings for the therapeutic approach to patients with ischemic stroke.

Objectives

To analyze TEE findings in the diagnostic work-up of patients with ischemic cerebral events and to determine their influence on therapeutic strategy.

Methods

We retrospectively studied patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) before the age of 65, of no apparent cause after carotid ultrasound, electrocardiogram and transthoracic echocardiography, who underwent TEE between 1992 and 2009. The following diagnoses on TEE were considered as potential embolic sources: atrial septal defect; patent foramen ovale (PFO); atrial septal aneurysm (ASA); vegetations; tumors; intracavitary thrombi; and aortic plaques >2mm (ascending aorta and arch).

Results

We analyzed 294 patients, mean age 45 years, 56.8 % men. TEE revealed a potential cardioembolic source in 36.7 % of the patients, PFO and ASA being the most frequent. Throughout the period considered, there was an increase in the number of exams performed, as well as in diagnoses, mainly PFO and ASA. Comparison of patients with and without a diagnosis on TEE showed that the former were older and were more often prescribed oral anticoagulation. By multivariate analysis, the presence of a positive TEE finding was shown to be an independent predictor of treatment with oral anticoagulation (OR=2.48; CI 95%: 1.42–4.34; p=0.001).

Conclusion

In the population under analysis, TEE was useful in identifying potential cardioembolic sources and infl uenced the therapeutic strategy.

Keywords:
Cardioembolic source
Transesophageal echocardiogram
Oral anticoagulation
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