Editorial comment
Sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Improved risk stratification strategies are needed
Morte súbita cardíaca na miocardiopatia hipertrófica: é necessário melhorar as estratégias de estratificação de risco
Inês Cruz
Serviço de Cardiologia, Hospital Garcia de Orta, Almada, Portugal
Read
2959
Timeswas read the article
1342
Total PDF
1617
Total HTML
Share statistics
array:25 [ "pii" => "S2174204920300830" "issn" => "21742049" "doi" => "10.1016/j.repce.2020.03.004" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2019-12-01" "aid" => "1484" "copyright" => "Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia" "copyrightAnyo" => "2020" "documento" => "simple-article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "dis" "cita" => "Rev Port Cardiol. 2019;38:855-7" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:20 [ "pii" => "S0870255120300457" "issn" => "08702551" "doi" => "10.1016/j.repc.2020.01.007" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2019-12-01" "aid" => "1484" "copyright" => "Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia" "documento" => "simple-article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "dis" "cita" => "Rev Port Cardiol. 2019;38:855-7" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 36 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 20 "HTML" => 12 "PDF" => 4 ] ] "en" => array:10 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Editorial comment</span>" "titulo" => "Sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Improved risk stratification strategies are needed" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "855" "paginaFinal" => "857" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "pt" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Morte súbita cardíaca na miocardiopatia hipertrófica: é necessário melhorar as estratégias de estratificação de risco" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Inês Cruz" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Inês" "apellidos" => "Cruz" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S2174204920300830" "doi" => "10.1016/j.repce.2020.03.004" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2174204920300830?idApp=UINPBA00004E" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0870255120300457?idApp=UINPBA00004E" "url" => "/08702551/0000003800000012/v1_202003210703/S0870255120300457/v1_202003210703/en/main.assets" ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S2174204920300817" "issn" => "21742049" "doi" => "10.1016/j.repce.2019.06.012" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2019-12-01" "aid" => "1482" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Port Cardiol. 2019;38:859-67" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original Article</span>" "titulo" => "Is stenting for atherosclerotic renal stenosis an effective technique?" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "pt" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "859" "paginaFinal" => "867" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "pt" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "A angioplastia com <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">stent</span> da estenose aterosclerótica das artérias renais é uma técnica eficaz?" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "pt" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0030" "etiqueta" => "Figure 6" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr6.jpeg" "Alto" => 1192 "Ancho" => 1682 "Tamanyo" => 55208 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Kaplan-Meier survival curve showing months elapsed from surgery to the event (restenosis or last assessment without restenosis); eight restenosis lesions were identified, a rate of 8% (8/100). Events occurred mostly between 25 and 52 months of follow-up.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Mariana Moutinho, Luís Mendes Pedro, Ruy Fernandes e Fernandes, Diana Silva, José Fernandes e Fernandes" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Mariana" "apellidos" => "Moutinho" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Luís Mendes" "apellidos" => "Pedro" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ruy Fernandes e" "apellidos" => "Fernandes" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Diana" "apellidos" => "Silva" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "José Fernandes e" "apellidos" => "Fernandes" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2174204920300817?idApp=UINPBA00004E" "url" => "/21742049/0000003800000012/v1_202004041108/S2174204920300817/v1_202004041108/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S2174204920300799" "issn" => "21742049" "doi" => "10.1016/j.repce.2019.05.025" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2019-12-01" "aid" => "1479" "copyright" => "Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Port Cardiol. 2019;38:847-53" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original Article</span>" "titulo" => "The SHIFT model combines clinical, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic parameters to predict sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "pt" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "847" "paginaFinal" => "853" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "pt" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "O modelo SHIFT combina parâmetros clínicos, eletrocardiográficos e ecocardiográficos para predizer morte súbita cardíaca em doentes com miocardiopatia hipertrófica" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "pt" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 714 "Ancho" => 1256 "Tamanyo" => 31206 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Calibration plot between observed and predicted endpoints with linear regression fitting.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Catarina Ruivo, Fernando Montenegro Sá, Joana Correia, Adriana Belo, Maria Fátima Loureiro, João Morais" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Catarina" "apellidos" => "Ruivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Fernando" "apellidos" => "Montenegro Sá" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Joana" "apellidos" => "Correia" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Adriana" "apellidos" => "Belo" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Maria Fátima" "apellidos" => "Loureiro" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "João" "apellidos" => "Morais" ] 6 => array:1 [ "colaborador" => "on behalf of Portuguese National Registry of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2174204920300799?idApp=UINPBA00004E" "url" => "/21742049/0000003800000012/v1_202004041108/S2174204920300799/v1_202004041108/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Editorial comment</span>" "titulo" => "Sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Improved risk stratification strategies are needed" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "855" "paginaFinal" => "857" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "autoresLista" => "Inês Cruz" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Inês" "apellidos" => "Cruz" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "inesmariarosariocruz@gmail.com" ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Serviço de Cardiologia, Hospital Garcia de Orta, Almada, Portugal" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "pt" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Morte súbita cardíaca na miocardiopatia hipertrófica: é necessário melhorar as estratégias de estratificação de risco" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a common primary myocardial disease, defined as left ventricular hypertrophy in the absence of abnormal loading conditions. It is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and is caused by mutations in cardiac sarcomere protein genes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The disease is characterized by marked genetic heterogeneity, diverse clinical phenotypes and a highly variable natural history.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sudden cardiac death (SCD) remains the most devastating and feared clinical event for both HCM patients and their cardiologists.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Early studies from tertiary centers demonstrated alarmingly high rates of SCD, reaching up to 6% per year, although this was probably due to referral bias.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> With increased awareness of the disease, lower-risk patients are now more likely to be diagnosed and more recent studies demonstrate an annual SCD rate of 0.5-1% per year. Unfortunately young and asymptomatic patients are often affected.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,5,6</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">SCD in HCM is mainly caused by ventricular arrhythmias. The unpredictable ventricular arrhythmogenic substrate is thought to be the result of the histopathological hallmarks of myocyte disarray, interstitial collagen deposition and replacement fibrosis after myocyte death as a consequence of coronary microvascular-mediated flow dysfunction and ischemia.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,7</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Effective prevention of SCD with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy is the major factor in the significant reduction in HCM-related mortality and has provided HCM patients with the chance of normal life expectancy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Estimation of SCD risk is therefore now an integral part of clinical management of these patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9,10</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients who have previously experienced aborted SCD and malignant ventricular arrhythmias are at higher risk for further arrhythmic events (10% per year) and both the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association (ACCF/AHA) and European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines for the management of HCM recommend ICD implantation in such patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9–11</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However, the selection of patients to receive an ICD for purposes of primary prevention is more difficult, and the above recommendations differ and to some extent conflict regarding this issue.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In fact, the greatest challenge lies in identifying the minority of patients at sufficiently high risk of SCD to justify the possibility of device-related complications, mainly inappropriate shocks and lead-related complications such as displacement, malfunction, thrombosis or infection.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> On the other hand, it is important to provide reassurance to those deemed to be at low risk for sudden death.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Research conducted in recent decades has identified a number of phenotypic characteristics associated with the occurrence of adverse events. Different stratification strategies have emerged; however, consistent with the clinical diversity of the disease, none has proved infallible in predicting future adverse events.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Interestingly, in a study conducted by Spirito et al. including 668 HCM patients without conventional risk factors and with no or mild symptoms, the risk of sudden death was not negligible, with an event rate of 0.6% per year.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> This finding underscores the importance of expanding risk stratification.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another important consideration is that patient age itself influences the weight that should be given to specific risk factors, which have greater significance in younger patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As mentioned above, there are currently two distinct strategies for risk stratifying patients with HCM for ICD therapy (ACCF/AHA and ESC). Of note, no randomized clinical trial has been conducted and the present recommendations are based on observational, retrospective cohort studies.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The 2011 ACCF/AHA primary prevention stratification relies on identification of one or more major risk markers to guide ICD implantation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> An individual clinical approach with the flexibility to incorporate emerging risk modifiers (like the presence of apical aneurysms and diffuse/extensive fibrosis identified on late gadolinium enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance study) is proposed.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since 2014, the ESC has recommended the use of a novel quantitative risk score (HCM Risk-SCD), with an online decision-making tool composed of seven disease-related features, to predict sudden death events over five years.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Based on this score, patients are stratified into three subgroups for ICD recommendation for primary prevention: low (<4%, ICD generally not indicated), intermediate (4-6%, ICD may be considered) and high risk (≥6%, ICD should be considered).</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To assess the discrimination performance of the 2014 HCM Risk-SCD score, Wang and colleagues recently performed a systematic review and meta-analysis including 13 studies validating the model's usefulness.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> They concluded that the model has excellent specificity, although it has poor sensitivity when setting a recommended cutoff value of 6% for identifying high-risk patients, indicating that it is likely to miss a subgroup of high-risk patients. Moreover, subgroup meta-analysis based on geographic distribution showed a slightly weaker predictive ability for North America compared with other regions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the other hand, the results from a recently published single-center observational longitudinal study including 2094 HCM patients demonstrated that the enhanced ACCF/AHA algorithm for SCD prevention is highly sensitive, resulting in identification of nearly all at-risk patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> In the same study, the ESC risk score was much less sensitive for identifying patients requiring ICD therapy (sensitivity only 34% vs. 95% for ACCF/AHA). However, it was associated with relatively high specificity, suggesting that it could reduce the number of ICD implants in low-risk patients and limit ICD overuse.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Considering the importance of SCD risk stratification and the unsatisfactory results to date, it is understandable that the medical community wishes to pursue research in this field.</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study by Ruivo et al. published in the current issue of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Journal</span> sets out to assess SCD risk in Portuguese HCM patients, to develop a new SCD risk prediction model for this population and to compare its accuracy with the current ESC model.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors collected data on a cohort of 1022 patients enrolled in the Portuguese nationwide HCM registry (mean age 53.2±16.4 years, 59% male).</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During a median follow-up of five years, the observed rate of adverse events, defined as sudden cardiac death, aborted SCD or appropriate ICD shock therapy, was 1.9%.</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Four variables were independently associated with the occurrence of adverse events, that were subsequently included in the new five-year SCD predictor model proposed by the authors, which they call SHIFT: unexplained Syncope, Heart failure signs, Interventricular septum thickness ≥19 mm and FragmenTed QRS complex.</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of interest, in this study population, the authors found that heart failure signs and fragmented QRS complex on the surface electrocardiogram (ECG) (as an indirect sign of myocardial fibrosis) provide additional information for SCD risk stratification. These parameters are not considered in the current guidelines.</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Intuitively, the presence of heart failure signs may be associated with a more advanced stage of the disease and therefore worse prognosis; the outcome of patients with so-called end-stage HCM is poor, not only due to high rates of heart failure-related complications and mortality but also because of a high incidence of SCD, exceeding 10% per year.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fragmented QRS complexes on a 12-lead ECG reflect conduction delay from inhomogeneous activation of the ventricles and have high predictive value for myocardial scar and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease, as well as being associated with poor prognosis in patients with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> However, previous studies regarding the use of the ECG in risk stratification of HCM patients have shown conflicting results, and no ECG pattern can currently be used for clinical decision-making regarding prognosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the study by Ruivo et al., the HCM Risk-SCD model was additionally applied in a subgroup of patients for whom complete data were available on the eight risk factors used to calculate the ESC SCD risk score (349 patients), of whom 2.3% had SCD or an equivalent event during the five-year follow-up. Compared to the ESC model, the new proposed SHIFT model seemed to have better prognostic performance, with a C-index of 0.81 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.77-0.83) for SHIFT vs. 0.77 (95% CI: 0.73-0.81) for the ESC model (p=0.246, z: -1.160); D-statistic of 2.38 (95% CI: 0.95-4.35) for SHIFT vs. 1.97 (95% CI: 0.82-3.22) for ESC.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In summary, although most HCM cases have a benign prognosis, identifying patients at the highest risk for sudden death warranting lifesaving prophylactic ICD therapy remains a critical management priority. However, many gray zones remain regarding this topic.</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite the limitations inherent to the design of the study conducted by Ruivo et al., and the need for future external validation, its results are highly encouraging. The SHIFT model is easy to use and may add prognostic value in SCD risk stratification, especially for the subgroup of Portuguese patients with HCM.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The author has no conflicts of interest to declare.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 1 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:20 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0105" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "colaboracion" => "Classification of the cardiomyopathies: a position statement from the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases" "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "P. Elliott" 1 => "B. Andersson" 2 => "E. Arbustini" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1093/eurheartj/ehm342" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur Heart J" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "29" "paginaInicial" => "270" "paginaFinal" => "276" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17916581" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0110" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Patterns of disease progression in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: an individualized approach to clinical staging" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "I. Olivotto" 1 => "F. Cecchi" 2 => "C. Poggesi" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.112.967026" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Circ Heart Fail" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "5" "paginaInicial" => "535" "paginaFinal" => "546" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22811549" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0115" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Clinical course and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "B.J. Maron" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1056/NEJMc1812159" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "N Engl J Med" "fecha" => "2018" "volumen" => "379" "paginaInicial" => "1977" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30428294" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0120" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Prognosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: role of age and clinical, electrocardiographic and hemodynamic features" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "W. McKenna" 1 => "J. Deanfield" 2 => "A. Faruqui" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/0002-9149(81)90535-x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Cardiol" "fecha" => "1981" "volumen" => "47" "paginaInicial" => "532" "paginaFinal" => "538" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7193406" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0125" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Epidemiology of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-related death: revisited in a large non-referral-based patient population" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "B.J. Maron" 1 => "I. Olivotto" 2 => "P. Spirito" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1161/01.cir.102.8.858" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Circulation" "fecha" => "2000" "volumen" => "102" "paginaInicial" => "858" "paginaFinal" => "864" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10952953" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0130" "etiqueta" => "6" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Historical trends in reported survival rates in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "P.M. Elliot" 1 => "J.R. Gimeno" 2 => "Thaman" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1136/hrt.2005.068577" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Heart" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "92" "paginaInicial" => "785" "paginaFinal" => "791" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16216855" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0135" "etiqueta" => "7" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "C. O’Mahony" 1 => "P. Elliot" 2 => "W. McKenna" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1161/CIRCEP.111.962043" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol" "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "6" "paginaInicial" => "443" "paginaFinal" => "451" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23022709" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0140" "etiqueta" => "8" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Perspectives on the overall risks of living with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "B.J. Maron" 1 => "M.S. Maron" 2 => "E.J. Rowin" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.027738" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Circulation" "fecha" => "2017" "volumen" => "135" "paginaInicial" => "2317" "paginaFinal" => "2319" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28606946" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0145" "etiqueta" => "9" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, Developed in collaboration with the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Failure Society of America, Heart Rhythm Society, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "B.J. Gersh" 1 => "B.J. Maron" 2 => "R.O. Bonow" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1161/CIR.0b013e318223e2bd" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Circulation" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "124" "paginaInicial" => "e783" "paginaFinal" => "e831" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22068434" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0150" "etiqueta" => "10" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "2014 ESC Guidelines on diagnosis and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "P.M. Elliott" 1 => "A. Anastasakis" 2 => "M.A. Borger" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1093/eurheartj/ehu284" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur Heart J" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "35" "paginaInicial" => "2733" "paginaFinal" => "2779" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25173338" "web" => "Medline" ] ] "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S2468125319300123" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "24681253" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0155" "etiqueta" => "11" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Survival after cardiac arrest or sustained ventricular tachycardia in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "P.M. Elliott" 1 => "S. Sharma" 2 => "A. Varnava" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/s0735-1097(99)00056-x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Am Coll Cardiol" "fecha" => "1999" "volumen" => "33" "paginaInicial" => "1596" "paginaFinal" => "1601" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10334430" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0160" "etiqueta" => "12" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of outcomes and complications" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "N. Wang" 1 => "A. Xie" 2 => "R. Tjahjono" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.21037/acs.2017.07.05" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Ann Cardiothorac Surg" "fecha" => "2017" "volumen" => "6" "paginaInicial" => "298" "paginaFinal" => "306" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28944170" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 12 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0165" "etiqueta" => "13" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Prevention of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: bridging the gaps in knowledge" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "A. Weissler-Snir" 1 => "A. Adler" 2 => "L. Williams" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1093/eurheartj/ehw268" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur Heart J" "fecha" => "2017" "volumen" => "38" "paginaInicial" => "1728" "paginaFinal" => "1737" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27371714" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 13 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0170" "etiqueta" => "14" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Risk of sudden death and outcome in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with benign presentation and without risk factors" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "P. Spirito" 1 => "C. Autore" 2 => "F. Formisano" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.01.435" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Cardiol" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "113" "paginaInicial" => "1550" "paginaFinal" => "1555" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24630786" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 14 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0175" "etiqueta" => "15" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Risk stratification and outcome of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy ≥60 years of age" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "B.J. Maron" 1 => "Rowin ej" 2 => "S.A. Casey" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.136085" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Circulation" "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "127" "paginaInicial" => "585" "paginaFinal" => "593" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275385" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 15 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0180" "etiqueta" => "16" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Variable and limited predictive value of the European Society of Cardiology hypertrophic cardiomyopathy sudden-death risk model: a meta-analysis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "J. Wang" 1 => "Z. Zhang" 2 => "L. Yuancheng" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.cjca.2019.05.004" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Can J Cardiol" "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "35" "paginaInicial" => "1791" "paginaFinal" => "1799" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31474312" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 16 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0185" "etiqueta" => "17" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Enhanced American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Strategy for prevention of sudden cardiac death in high-risk patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "M.S. Maron" 1 => "E.J. Rowin" 2 => "B.S. Wessler" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1001/jamacardio.2019.1391" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "JAMA Cardiol" "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "4" "paginaInicial" => "644" "paginaFinal" => "657" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31116360" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 17 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0190" "etiqueta" => "18" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The SHIFT model combines clinical, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic parameters to predict sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "C. Ruivo" 1 => "F.M. Sá" 2 => "J. Correia" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.repc.2019.05.012" "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "Rev Port Cardiol" "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "38" ] ] ] ] ] ] 18 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0195" "etiqueta" => "19" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Fragmented ECG as a risk marker in cardiovascular diseases" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "R. Jain" 1 => "R. Singh" 2 => "S. Yamini" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.2174/1573403x10666140514103451" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Curr Cardiol Rev" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "10" "paginaInicial" => "277" "paginaFinal" => "286" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24827794" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 19 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0200" "etiqueta" => "20" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The eletrocardiogram in the diagnosis and management of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "G. Finocchiaro" 1 => "N. Sheikh" 2 => "E. Biagina" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:2 [ "tituloSerie" => "Heart Rhythm" "fecha" => "2019" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/21742049/0000003800000012/v1_202004041108/S2174204920300830/v1_202004041108/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "9917" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Original Articles" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/21742049/0000003800000012/v1_202004041108/S2174204920300830/v1_202004041108/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004E&text.app=https://revportcardiol.org/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2174204920300830?idApp=UINPBA00004E" ]
| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 9 | 4 | 13 |
| 2024 October | 37 | 24 | 61 |
| 2024 September | 51 | 23 | 74 |
| 2024 August | 42 | 23 | 65 |
| 2024 July | 37 | 37 | 74 |
| 2024 June | 20 | 21 | 41 |
| 2024 May | 37 | 18 | 55 |
| 2024 April | 26 | 26 | 52 |
| 2024 March | 36 | 24 | 60 |
| 2024 February | 33 | 21 | 54 |
| 2024 January | 28 | 23 | 51 |
| 2023 December | 31 | 29 | 60 |
| 2023 November | 35 | 29 | 64 |
| 2023 October | 15 | 24 | 39 |
| 2023 September | 22 | 29 | 51 |
| 2023 August | 22 | 12 | 34 |
| 2023 July | 22 | 14 | 36 |
| 2023 June | 26 | 16 | 42 |
| 2023 May | 56 | 27 | 83 |
| 2023 April | 29 | 6 | 35 |
| 2023 March | 54 | 23 | 77 |
| 2023 February | 27 | 19 | 46 |
| 2023 January | 23 | 15 | 38 |
| 2022 December | 44 | 21 | 65 |
| 2022 November | 25 | 30 | 55 |
| 2022 October | 41 | 23 | 64 |
| 2022 September | 21 | 30 | 51 |
| 2022 August | 25 | 34 | 59 |
| 2022 July | 27 | 44 | 71 |
| 2022 June | 16 | 33 | 49 |
| 2022 May | 23 | 26 | 49 |
| 2022 April | 22 | 38 | 60 |
| 2022 March | 28 | 44 | 72 |
| 2022 February | 31 | 37 | 68 |
| 2022 January | 11 | 24 | 35 |
| 2021 December | 24 | 28 | 52 |
| 2021 November | 29 | 31 | 60 |
| 2021 October | 26 | 40 | 66 |
| 2021 September | 30 | 32 | 62 |
| 2021 August | 22 | 29 | 51 |
| 2021 July | 16 | 24 | 40 |
| 2021 June | 22 | 15 | 37 |
| 2021 May | 22 | 37 | 59 |
| 2021 April | 52 | 42 | 94 |
| 2021 March | 24 | 18 | 42 |
| 2021 February | 27 | 20 | 47 |
| 2021 January | 24 | 17 | 41 |
| 2020 December | 30 | 19 | 49 |
| 2020 November | 26 | 11 | 37 |
| 2020 October | 25 | 17 | 42 |
| 2020 September | 27 | 17 | 44 |
| 2020 August | 16 | 11 | 27 |
| 2020 July | 16 | 10 | 26 |
| 2020 June | 17 | 10 | 27 |
| 2020 May | 24 | 17 | 41 |
| 2020 April | 86 | 26 | 112 |
Show all
