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in 2012&#44; 42&#46;2&#37; of the population had hypertension&#44; and of these&#44; 55&#46;6&#37; had controlled hypertension&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Similar prevalences were observed in 2003&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Elevated blood pressure &#40;BP&#41; results from environmental and genetic factors and their interaction&#46; The environmental factors involved in the etiology of hypertension include various dietary and lifestyle factors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Efforts to reduce the prevalence of hypertension focus on pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches&#46; Among non-pharmacological approaches&#44; the guidelines recommend weight control&#44; reduction of salt intake and alcohol consumption&#44; physical activity&#44; and a diet high in fruits&#44; vegetables and low-fat dairy products and low in saturated and total fat&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Smoking is also associated with the risk of hypertension and cessation is advised as part of hypertension control&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The effects of lifestyle factors on BP levels in the general population are well studied&#46; Although various goals and initiatives have been developed by public health services&#44; globally and nationally&#44; aimed at the behavioral determinants of health&#44; prevalences of lifestyles that run counter to the guidelines remain high&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Evidence suggests that the effect of lifestyle interventions on BP is more pronounced in hypertensive individuals&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> However&#44; to the best of our knowledge&#44; few data are available in Portugal in this field&#44; particularly in hypertensive populations under pharmacological treatment&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study aims to analyze associations between lifestyle factors &#40;added salt intake&#44; fruit and vegetable consumption&#44; alcohol consumption&#44; smoking and physical activity&#41; and BP in patients under antihypertensive medication in Portugal&#44; adjusted for obesity and sociodemographic variables&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Study setting</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study is based on data from the first Portuguese National Health Examination Survey &#40;INSEF&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> INSEF was a cross-sectional population-based survey carried out in 2015 by the National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge &#40;INSA&#41; in partnership with the five Regional Health Administrations of mainland Portugal&#44; the two Regional Health Secretariats of the autonomous island regions of the Azores and Madeira&#44; and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The INSEF target population included non-institutionalized individuals aged between 25 and 74 years&#44; resident in Portugal and able to follow an interview in Portuguese&#46; The INSEF sample &#40;n&#61;4911&#41; was selected using a complex multistage probabilistic design&#46; For each respondent&#44; in addition to the physical examination &#40;BP&#44; height and weight&#41;&#44; data on socioeconomic status&#44; medication intake&#44; lifestyles and healthcare use were collected through computer-assisted personal interview&#46; Detailed descriptions of the methodology and procedures of sample selection&#44; recruitment&#44; interview and examination have been published elsewhere&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">INSEF was approved by the Ethics Committee of INSA and by the National Data Protection Authority&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For this study&#44; 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and last consultation with a general practitioner in a health center &#91;&#60;12 months&#47;&#8805;12 months before the interview&#93;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">BP was measured during a single examination with the subject in a seated position after 5 min rest&#46; Three consecutive BP readings were obtained and the mean of the second and third readings of SBP and DBP was used&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fruit and vegetable intake was assessed by the question &#8220;How often do you eat fruit&#47;vegetables &#40;excluding juice and potatoes&#41;&#63;&#8221; Individuals who reported eating fruit&#47;vegetables less than four times a day were considered to have low consumption&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Added salt intake was measured by the question &#8220;How often do you add salt to your plate&#63;&#8221; Individuals who reported adding salt to their plate &#8220;rarely&#8221;&#44; &#8220;sometimes&#8221;&#44; &#8220;usually&#8221; and &#8220;always&#8221; were considered to have added salt intake&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Levels of physical activity were measured by the question &#8220;Which of these situations best describes your leisure time activities during the last 12 months&#63;&#8221; Individuals who answered &#8220;Reading&#44; watching TV and other sedentary activities&#8221; were considered to be sedentary&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Alcohol consumption was measured by the question &#8220;Have you drunk any alcoholic beverage in the past 12 months&#63;&#8221; Individuals who replied in the affirmative were considered to consume alcohol&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Smoking was measured by the question &#8220;Do you smoke&#63;&#8221; Individuals who responded that they smoked &#8220;daily&#8221; or &#8220;occasionally&#8221; were considered to be smokers&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Participants were considered obese if their body mass index &#40;BMI&#41; calculated from measured weight and height was &#8805;30 kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study sample was characterized using descriptive statistics &#40;means and standard deviations for continuous variables&#44; counts and percentages for categorical variables&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For each gender&#44; relationships between SBP and DBP&#44; lifestyle and sociodemographic variables were assessed using linear regression models that provided regression coefficients &#40;beta&#41; and respective 95&#37; confidence interval &#40;CI&#41;&#46; Additional adjustment for obesity was also performed&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS&#174; Statistics software&#46; The significance level for all analyses was set at 5&#37;&#46; Sampling weights were used in the data analysis to account for the complex sample design&#46; More detailed information on INSEF sampling and sampling weights is provided elsewhere&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Results</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Participants&#8217; characteristics and dietary and lifestyle patterns are presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; A total of 1277 participants met the inclusion criteria&#44; 710 &#40;54&#46;3&#37;&#41; women and 567 &#40;45&#46;7&#37;&#41; men&#46; Most of the population &#40;74&#46;7&#37;&#41; were aged 55 years or more&#46; Mean SBP was 132&#46;9 mmHg &#40;95&#37; CI 130&#46;9-133&#46;9&#41; and mean DBP was 75&#46;8 mmHg &#40;95&#37; CI 74&#46;7-76&#46;8&#41;&#46; Mean SBP was higher in men &#40;134&#46;7 mmHg&#44; 95&#37; CI 133&#46;26-136&#46;15&#41; than in women &#40;130&#46;53 mmHg&#44; 95&#37; CI 128&#46;49-132&#46;57&#41;&#44; as was mean DBP &#40;76&#46;97 mmHg&#44; 95&#37; CI 76&#46;05-77&#46;90 in men&#59; 74&#46;74 mmHg&#44; 95&#37; CI 73&#46;25-76&#46;23 in women&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding lifestyle patterns among the study population&#44; the prevalences of sedentary behavior &#40;50&#46;3&#37;&#41;&#44; alcohol consumption &#40;75&#46;3&#37;&#41;&#44; added salt intake &#40;13&#46;2&#37;&#41; and smoking &#40;9&#46;8&#37;&#41; were high&#44; while consumption of fruit and vegetables was low &#40;29&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#46; Stratification by gender showed that 47&#46;4&#37; of men and 52&#46;8&#37; of women were sedentary&#44; 89&#46;1&#37; of men and 63&#46;6&#37; of women had high alcohol consumption&#44; 78&#46;0&#37; of men and 63&#46;8&#37; of women had low fruit and vegetable consumption&#44; 16&#46;6&#37; of men and 10&#46;3&#37; of women reported high added salt intake and 12&#46;8&#37; of men and 7&#46;2&#37; of women were smokers&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">More than half of the study population &#40;51&#46;4&#37;&#41; were obese &#40;BMI &#8805;30 kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; &#40;47&#46;2&#37; of men and 54&#46;9&#37; of women&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The gender-stratified associations between SBP and lifestyle factors are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#46; In men&#44; a positive association between SBP and alcohol consumption &#40;beta&#61;3&#46;36&#44; p&#61;0&#46;007&#41; was observed&#46; In women&#44; SBP was not significantly associated with any variable&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The relationships with DBP are not reported because the results were similar to the associations found for SBP &#40;Supplementary Table 1&#41;&#46; Furthermore&#44; SBP is the most important BP parameter associated with hypertension complications&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of multiple linear regression analysis are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#46; Stratification by gender and adjustment for sociodemographic variables showed a significant positive association between SBP and alcohol consumption &#40;beta&#61;6&#46;43&#44; p&#61;0&#46;003&#41; and smoking &#40;beta&#61;4&#46;26&#44; p&#61;0&#46;019&#41; in men&#44; but there was no association in the remaining behavioral variables&#46; In women&#44; no significant associations were identified for any of the variables under study&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An additional multivariate model was established for both sexes by adding obesity&#44; but this did not change the previously found associations&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In men&#44; the positive association between SBP and alcohol consumption &#40;beta&#61;6&#46;31&#44; p&#61;0&#46;007&#41; and smoking &#40;beta&#61;4&#46;72&#44; p&#61;0&#46;018&#41; remained&#44; regardless of obesity&#46; SBP was 6&#46;3 mmHg higher in those who consumed alcohol &#40;p&#61;0&#46;007&#41; compared to non-consumers and was 4&#46;7 mmHg higher in smokers &#40;p&#61;0&#46;018&#41; compared to non-smokers&#46; In women&#44; no such association was found&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Discussion</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Alcohol consumption and smoking were significantly associated with SBP in men&#44; but not in women&#46; Added salt intake&#44; fruit and vegetable consumption&#44; and level of physical activity were not associated with SBP values in men or women&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of the bivariate analysis are in line with the evidence regarding the existence of associations between elevated SBP values and alcohol consumption and obesity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span></a></p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Stratification by gender and adjustment for behavioral variables and sociodemographic variables are discussed below&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Alcohol consumption</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After adjustment for sociodemographic variables&#44; alcohol consumption maintained a significant association with SBP&#44; but only in men&#46; In women&#44; there was no statistically significant association after adjustment&#46; These results are in line with the evidence&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> However&#44; a meta-analysis showed differences between the sexes in terms of the effect of alcohol consumption on BP&#58; while in men&#44; higher consumption was associated with an increased risk of hypertension&#44; in women light consumption was protective&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> The explanation for the apparent inverse relationship between mild to moderate alcohol consumption and the risk of hypertension seems to lie in plasma high-density lipoprotein &#40;HDL&#41; concentrations&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> since women physiologically have higher HDL concentrations than men&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> However&#44; despite this difference between the sexes&#44; it has been suggested that there are in fact differences in patterns of drinking and type of beverage&#44; not measured in this study&#44; that explain the observed differences in BP between men and women&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Smoking</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The association between smoking and SBP was statistically significant in our analysis&#44; but not in women&#46; Several studies have suggested that BP is increased in smokers but&#44; paradoxically&#44; other studies have concluded that smokers have lower BP than non-smokers&#46; The results obtained for men in our study&#44; with higher BP values in smokers than in non-smokers and significantly so for SBP&#44; are in line with published studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> In women&#44; there were no statistically significant associations between SBP values and smoking&#44; a similar result to that observed in a 2001 study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Fruit and vegetable consumption</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fruit and vegetable consumption lost its statistical association with SBP after adjustment&#44; in both men and women&#44; in contrast to the findings of published studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> Some research suggests that differences between fruit and vegetable types and how the foods themselves are prepared&#44; leading to differences in the final concentration of compounds &#40;fibers and flavonoids&#41; and consequently in their effect on BP&#44; could explain the lack of association between fruit and vegetable consumption and BP values&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> Unfortunately&#44; the present study was not able to measure these differences&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Added salt intake</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Added salt intake was not associated with SBP in men or women&#46; Although studies have reported a positive association between salt intake and increased BP&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24&#44;25</span></a> our results are in line with recent studies that found no association between them&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;22</span></a> The explanation may lie in the individual biological variability of salt sensitivity&#44; as BP is salt-sensitive in some individuals and not in others&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> or in a parallel mechanism of sodium regulation that depends on the non-osmotic accumulation of sodium in the interstitial space&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> Another explanation may be that added salt&#44; as measured in this study&#44; represents a small proportion of the total dietary salt intake in the population&#59; in fact&#44; in Western societies&#44; 75&#37; of daily dietary salt intake comes from processed foods&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> So measuring this type of intake may underestimate total salt intake&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Physical activity</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Levels of physical activity were not associated with SBP in either men or women after adjustment&#46; Numerous epidemiological studies have demonstrated the antihypertensive effects of exercise&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29&#44;30</span></a> The results of our study&#44; which conflict with this evidence&#44; can be explained by differences in types of physical activity&#44; which vary in frequency&#44; intensity and duration&#44; that the present study was not able to measure&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Obesity</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sedentary behavior&#44; low consumption of fruit and vegetables&#44; high consumption of salt and alcohol&#44; and smoking are associated with obesity&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> and this condition is known to be an important mediator of the effect of lifestyle on BP levels&#46; However&#44; in the present study&#44; adjustment for obesity did not alter the associations found&#44; with a significant positive association between SBP and alcohol consumption and smoking being found&#46; In women&#44; no association reached statistical significance&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Strengths and limitations</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main strength of this study is its investigation of the association between BP&#44; measured using a standardized protocol&#44; and lifestyle factors&#44; measured through a validated questionnaire&#44; in a population of Portuguese adults who reported taking antihypertensive medication&#44; enabling this association to be adjusted for sociodemographic variables and obesity&#46;</p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The differences in the distribution of the sample in relation to the target population were minimized by the use of sampling weights for age&#44; gender and region of the country&#46;</p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sample is representative of the national population&#44; so the study findings can be generalized to the Portuguese population aged between 25 and 74 years&#46;</p><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nevertheless&#44; there are some limitations&#46; There may be selection bias&#44; since the hypertensive individuals who agreed to participate in the study may be different from those who refused to do so&#46; We attempted to minimize this bias by characterizing non-participants through the application of a questionnaire&#44; which made it possible to conclude that the use of self-reported antihypertensive medication was similar in the two groups &#40;25&#46;0&#37; in participants and 26&#46;0&#37; in non-participants&#41; for the total population studied in INSEF&#44; so the effect of this bias may be small &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0095">Supplementary Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There may also be measurement bias related to the type of questions used to measure behaviors&#46; Alcohol consumption was measured through a question about alcohol consumption in the previous 12 months&#44; without questioning the frequency of consumption&#46; The question used to measure the frequency of consumption of fruit and vegetables in the population did not specify the type of fruit and vegetables consumed or the form of preparation and consumption&#46; Also&#44; the question about the frequency of salt added to prepared dishes did not provide information on the baseline amount of salt used in the preparation of food&#46;</p><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another limitation of the study concerns the lack of additional information &#8211; number&#44; type and dose &#8211; on the antihypertensive medication that the participants reported taking&#46; The effectiveness of the different classes of antihypertensive drugs and whether they are used in monotherapy or combined therapy affect therapeutic adherence and hence BP levels&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Conclusion</span><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most important result of the study is that&#44; of all the behavioral lifestyle factors most frequently described in the literature as associated with elevated BP&#44; alcohol consumption and smoking are those associated with SBP levels in medicated hypertensive men&#44; whether or not they are obese&#46;</p><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The significant positive associations found and the high prevalence of these behaviors in the hypertensive population highlight the need for public health strategies aimed at the population under antihypertensive medication that focus on the fight against high BP in the two modifiable and preventable behaviors of alcohol consumption and smoking&#46;</p><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Future research in this area should design follow-up periods that will enable causal links between lifestyle and BP levels to be determined&#46; The limitations of this study should also be borne in mind&#44; particularly those related to the issues of measuring frequency of alcohol and salt intake and to the lack of knowledge of the number and type of antihypertensive drugs used by hypertensive individuals&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Funding</span><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study&#44; a secondary analysis of data collected by INSEF was conducted&#46; INSEF was developed as part of a predefined project of the Public Health Initiatives Program&#44; &#8220;Improvement of epidemiological health information to support public health decision and management in Portugal&#46; Towards reduced inequalities&#44; improved health&#44; and bilateral cooperation&#8221;&#44; which received a &#8364;1 500 000 grant from Iceland&#44; Liechtenstein and Norway through the EEA Grants&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Conflicts of interests</span><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction and Objectives</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hypertension is one of the main risk factors for disability and death from cardiovascular disease&#46; Current guidelines include initiatives to control blood pressure in hypertensive patients that focus on lifestyle changes&#46; The main objective of this study was to analyze the association between lifestyle and blood pressure in patients under antihypertensive medication&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Data collected in the Portuguese National Health Examination Survey &#40;INSEF&#41; were analyzed&#46; Individuals who met INSEF inclusion criteria and reported being under antihypertensive medication in the two weeks prior to the questionnaire were studied&#46; Lifestyle variables &#40;alcohol consumption&#44; smoking&#44; added salt intake&#44; fruit and vegetable consumption&#44; and physical activity&#41; were assessed by questionnaire&#44; and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured by physical examination&#46; Associations between lifestyle factors and blood pressure&#44; stratified by gender and adjusted for sociodemographic variables and obesity&#44; were estimated through a multiple linear regression model&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Alcohol consumption &#40;beta&#61;6&#46;31&#44; p&#61;0&#46;007&#41; and smoking &#40;beta&#61;4&#46;72&#44; p&#61;0&#46;018&#41; were positively associated with systolic blood pressure in men&#46; Added salt intake&#44; fruit and vegetable consumption&#44; and physical activity were not associated with blood pressure in men&#46; In women&#44; no association was observed for any behavioral variable&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">These conclusions highlight the need in the population under antihypertensive medication&#44; particularly in men&#44; to focus on the fight against high systolic blood pressure in the two modifiable and preventable behaviors of smoking and alcohol consumption&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introdu&#231;&#227;o e objetivos</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A hipertens&#227;o arterial &#233; um dos principais fatores de risco para incapacidade e morte por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares&#46; Orienta&#231;&#245;es atuais de controlo da press&#227;o arterial em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos focam-se em altera&#231;&#245;es do estilo de vida&#46; O principal objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o estilo de vida e a press&#227;o arterial em indiv&#237;duos sob medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Procedeu-se a uma an&#225;lise dos dados colhidos no Inqu&#233;rito Nacional de Sa&#250;de com Exame F&#237;sico&#46; Indiv&#237;duos que cumpriram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e que referiram encontrar-se sob medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva foram estudados&#46; Vari&#225;veis de estilo de vida &#40;consumo de &#225;lcool&#44; h&#225;bito tab&#225;gico&#44; consumo adicional de sal&#44; consumo de fruta e vegetais&#44; pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica&#41; foram medidas por question&#225;rio e os valores de press&#227;o arterial foram obtidos por exame f&#237;sico&#46; Associa&#231;&#245;es entre fatores do estilo de vida e press&#227;o arterial&#44; estratificadas para o sexo e ajustadas a vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas e obesidade&#44; foram estimadas atrav&#233;s de um modelo de regress&#227;o lineal m&#250;ltipla&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Consumo de &#225;lcool &#40;b&#61;6&#44;31&#44; p&#61;0&#44;007&#41; e h&#225;bito tab&#225;gico &#40;b&#61;4&#44;72&#44; p&#61;0&#44;018&#41; foram positivamente associadas &#224; press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica em homens&#46; Consumo adicional de sal&#44; consumo de fruta e vegetais e pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica n&#227;o se encontraram associados &#224; press&#227;o arterial em homens&#46; Em mulheres&#44; nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o foi identificada para qualquer vari&#225;vel comportamental&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclus&#245;es</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estas conclus&#245;es refor&#231;am a necessidade&#44; tamb&#233;m na popula&#231;&#227;o sob medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva&#44; particularmente no sexo masculino&#44; de centrar o combate &#224; press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica nestes dois comportamentos modific&#225;veis e preven&#237;veis&#58; h&#225;bito tab&#225;gico e consumo de &#225;lcool&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Introdu&#231;&#227;o e objetivos"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "M&#233;todos"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclus&#245;es"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "apendice" => array:1 [
      0 => array:1 [
        "seccion" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "apendice" => "<p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following are the supplementary material to this article&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p>"
            "etiqueta" => "Appendix A"
            "titulo" => "Supplementary material"
            "identificador" => "sec0095"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:4 [
      0 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at1"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CI&#58; confidence interval&#59; DBP&#58; diastolic blood pressure&#59; GP&#58; general practitioner&#59; SBP&#58; systolic blood pressure&#59; SD&#58; standard deviation&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Variables&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">All &#40;n&#61;1277&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Men &#40;n&#61;567&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Women &#40;n&#61;710&#41;</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean &#40;SD&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95&#37; CI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean &#40;SD&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95&#37; CI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95&#37; CI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">SBP&#44; mmHg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">132&#46;44 &#40;0&#46;74&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">130&#46;94-133&#46;94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">134&#46;70 &#40;0&#46;71&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">133&#46;26-136&#46;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">130&#46;53 &#40;1&#46;00&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">128&#46;49-132&#46;57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">DBP&#44; mmHg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">75&#46;76 &#40;0&#46;51&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">74&#46;72-76&#46;80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">76&#46;97 &#40;0&#46;47&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">76&#46;05-77&#46;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">74&#46;74 &#40;0&#46;73&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">73&#46;25-76&#46;23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variables&#47;categories&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95&#37; CI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95&#37; CI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95&#37; CI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="10" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gender</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Women&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">710&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">54&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">50&#46;4-58&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Men&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">567&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">45&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">41&#46;9-49&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  """
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                  \t\t\t\t">Residential area</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Rural&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">138&#46;33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;93&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;75 to 8&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;003&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">130&#46;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">-0&#46;61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-3&#46;58 to 2&#46;37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;682&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Urban &#40;ref&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">133&#46;40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">130&#46;70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Education level</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">None&#47;elementary &#40;ref&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">134&#46;76&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-3&#46;28 to 9&#46;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;330&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">133&#46;41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-0&#46;10 to 17&#46;54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;053&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Middle school&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">135&#46;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;73 to 11&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;320&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">127&#46;46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;77&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-7&#46;15 to 12&#46;69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;574&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">High school&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">134&#46;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">-3&#46;47 to 9&#46;97&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;332&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">126&#46;63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">-4&#46;34 to 8&#46;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;535&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">University&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">131&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">124&#46;69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Income &#40;OECD modified scale&#41;</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Low&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">135&#46;26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-0&#46;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-8&#46;99 to 8&#46;51&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;956&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">133&#46;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;08 to 14&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;010&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Medium-low&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Last consultation with GP</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8805;12 months &#40;ref&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Obesity</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Non-obese&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Obese &#40;ref&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;531&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">132&#46;63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-0&#46;06 to 9&#46;45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;053&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Added salt intake</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No &#40;ref&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">135&#46;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">130&#46;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">133&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-2&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-8&#46;79 to 4&#46;74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;548&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">128&#46;87&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-1&#46;85&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-5&#46;81 to 2&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;351&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fruit and vegetable consumption</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8805;4 times a day &#40;ref&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">133&#46;60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">129&#46;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;4 times a day&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">135&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-2&#46;23 to 5&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;437&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">131&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-1&#46;88 to 5&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;354&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Alcohol consumption</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No &#40;ref&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">129&#46;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">130&#46;55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">135&#46;39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;83 to 10&#46;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;007&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">130&#46;52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-0&#46;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-2&#46;75 to 2&#46;68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;981&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Smoking</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No &#40;ref&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">134&#46;26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Added salt intake&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">-1&#46;15 &#40;-4&#46;39 to 2&#46;09&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Original Article
Effect of lifestyle on blood pressure in patients under antihypertensive medication: An analysis from the Portuguese Health Examination Survey
Efeito do estilo de vida na pressão arterial em indivíduos sob medicação anti-hipertensiva: uma análise do Inquérito Nacional de Saúde com Exame Físico
Mário Rui Salvadora,d,
Corresponding author
, Susana Cunha Gonçalvesb,d, Guilherme Quinaz Romanac,d, Baltazar Nunesd, Irina Kislayad, Carlos Matias Diasd, Ana Paula Rodriguesd
a Unidade de Saúde Pública, ACES Dão Lafões, Viseu, Portugal
b Unidade de Saúde Pública, ACES Médio Tejo, Alcanena, Portugal
c Unidade de Saúde Pública, ACES Lisboa Norte, Lisboa, Portugal
d Departamento de Epidemiologia, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hypertension is one of the main risk factors for disability and death from cardiovascular disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> Worldwide&#44; hypertension affects around one billion people and is responsible for 7&#46;5 million deaths a year&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Hypertension accounted for more than half of global deaths and disability-adjusted life years for ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease in 2016&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In Portugal&#44; in 2012&#44; 42&#46;2&#37; of the population had hypertension&#44; and of these&#44; 55&#46;6&#37; had controlled hypertension&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Similar prevalences were observed in 2003&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Elevated blood pressure &#40;BP&#41; results from environmental and genetic factors and their interaction&#46; The environmental factors involved in the etiology of hypertension include various dietary and lifestyle factors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Efforts to reduce the prevalence of hypertension focus on pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches&#46; Among non-pharmacological approaches&#44; the guidelines recommend weight control&#44; reduction of salt intake and alcohol consumption&#44; physical activity&#44; and a diet high in fruits&#44; vegetables and low-fat dairy products and low in saturated and total fat&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Smoking is also associated with the risk of hypertension and cessation is advised as part of hypertension control&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The effects of lifestyle factors on BP levels in the general population are well studied&#46; Although various goals and initiatives have been developed by public health services&#44; globally and nationally&#44; aimed at the behavioral determinants of health&#44; prevalences of lifestyles that run counter to the guidelines remain high&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Evidence suggests that the effect of lifestyle interventions on BP is more pronounced in hypertensive individuals&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> However&#44; to the best of our knowledge&#44; few data are available in Portugal in this field&#44; particularly in hypertensive populations under pharmacological treatment&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study aims to analyze associations between lifestyle factors &#40;added salt intake&#44; fruit and vegetable consumption&#44; alcohol consumption&#44; smoking and physical activity&#41; and BP in patients under antihypertensive medication in Portugal&#44; adjusted for obesity and sociodemographic variables&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Study setting</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study is based on data from the first Portuguese National Health Examination Survey &#40;INSEF&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> INSEF was a cross-sectional population-based survey carried out in 2015 by the National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge &#40;INSA&#41; in partnership with the five Regional Health Administrations of mainland Portugal&#44; the two Regional Health Secretariats of the autonomous island regions of the Azores and Madeira&#44; and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The INSEF target population included non-institutionalized individuals aged between 25 and 74 years&#44; resident in Portugal and able to follow an interview in Portuguese&#46; The INSEF sample &#40;n&#61;4911&#41; was selected using a complex multistage probabilistic design&#46; For each respondent&#44; in addition to the physical examination &#40;BP&#44; height and weight&#41;&#44; data on socioeconomic status&#44; medication intake&#44; lifestyles and healthcare use were collected through computer-assisted personal interview&#46; Detailed descriptions of the methodology and procedures of sample selection&#44; recruitment&#44; interview and examination have been published elsewhere&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">INSEF was approved by the Ethics Committee of INSA and by the National Data Protection Authority&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For this study&#44; analysis was restricted to the subsample of INSEF participants who reported using prescribed antihypertensive medication in the two weeks prior to the interview&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Measurements</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Variables were divided into outcome variables &#40;systolic &#91;SBP&#93; and diastolic &#91;DBP&#93; blood pressure&#41;&#59; lifestyle variables &#40;added salt intake&#44; fruit and vegetable consumption&#44; level of physical activity&#44; alcohol consumption and smoking&#41;&#59; anthropometric variable &#40;obesity&#41;&#59; sociodemographic variables &#40;gender&#44; age group &#91;25-44&#44; 45-54&#44; 55-64&#44; 65-74 years&#93;&#44; residential area &#91;rural&#47;urban&#93;&#44; education level &#91;none&#47;elementary&#44; middle school&#44; high school&#44; university&#93;&#44; and income &#91;quintile of equivalized household income according to the modified OECD scale&#93;&#41;&#44; and last consultation with a general practitioner in a health center &#91;&#60;12 months&#47;&#8805;12 months before the interview&#93;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">BP was measured during a single examination with the subject in a seated position after 5 min rest&#46; Three consecutive BP readings were obtained and the mean of the second and third readings of SBP and DBP was used&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fruit and vegetable intake was assessed by the question &#8220;How often do you eat fruit&#47;vegetables &#40;excluding juice and potatoes&#41;&#63;&#8221; Individuals who reported eating fruit&#47;vegetables less than four times a day were considered to have low consumption&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Added salt intake was measured by the question &#8220;How often do you add salt to your plate&#63;&#8221; Individuals who reported adding salt to their plate &#8220;rarely&#8221;&#44; &#8220;sometimes&#8221;&#44; &#8220;usually&#8221; and &#8220;always&#8221; were considered to have added salt intake&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Levels of physical activity were measured by the question &#8220;Which of these situations best describes your leisure time activities during the last 12 months&#63;&#8221; Individuals who answered &#8220;Reading&#44; watching TV and other sedentary activities&#8221; were considered to be sedentary&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Alcohol consumption was measured by the question &#8220;Have you drunk any alcoholic beverage in the past 12 months&#63;&#8221; Individuals who replied in the affirmative were considered to consume alcohol&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Smoking was measured by the question &#8220;Do you smoke&#63;&#8221; Individuals who responded that they smoked &#8220;daily&#8221; or &#8220;occasionally&#8221; were considered to be smokers&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Participants were considered obese if their body mass index &#40;BMI&#41; calculated from measured weight and height was &#8805;30 kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study sample was characterized using descriptive statistics &#40;means and standard deviations for continuous variables&#44; counts and percentages for categorical variables&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For each gender&#44; relationships between SBP and DBP&#44; lifestyle and sociodemographic variables were assessed using linear regression models that provided regression coefficients &#40;beta&#41; and respective 95&#37; confidence interval &#40;CI&#41;&#46; Additional adjustment for obesity was also performed&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS&#174; Statistics software&#46; The significance level for all analyses was set at 5&#37;&#46; Sampling weights were used in the data analysis to account for the complex sample design&#46; More detailed information on INSEF sampling and sampling weights is provided elsewhere&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Results</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Participants&#8217; characteristics and dietary and lifestyle patterns are presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; A total of 1277 participants met the inclusion criteria&#44; 710 &#40;54&#46;3&#37;&#41; women and 567 &#40;45&#46;7&#37;&#41; men&#46; Most of the population &#40;74&#46;7&#37;&#41; were aged 55 years or more&#46; Mean SBP was 132&#46;9 mmHg &#40;95&#37; CI 130&#46;9-133&#46;9&#41; and mean DBP was 75&#46;8 mmHg &#40;95&#37; CI 74&#46;7-76&#46;8&#41;&#46; Mean SBP was higher in men &#40;134&#46;7 mmHg&#44; 95&#37; CI 133&#46;26-136&#46;15&#41; than in women &#40;130&#46;53 mmHg&#44; 95&#37; CI 128&#46;49-132&#46;57&#41;&#44; as was mean DBP &#40;76&#46;97 mmHg&#44; 95&#37; CI 76&#46;05-77&#46;90 in men&#59; 74&#46;74 mmHg&#44; 95&#37; CI 73&#46;25-76&#46;23 in women&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding lifestyle patterns among the study population&#44; the prevalences of sedentary behavior &#40;50&#46;3&#37;&#41;&#44; alcohol consumption &#40;75&#46;3&#37;&#41;&#44; added salt intake &#40;13&#46;2&#37;&#41; and smoking &#40;9&#46;8&#37;&#41; were high&#44; while consumption of fruit and vegetables was low &#40;29&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#46; Stratification by gender showed that 47&#46;4&#37; of men and 52&#46;8&#37; of women were sedentary&#44; 89&#46;1&#37; of men and 63&#46;6&#37; of women had high alcohol consumption&#44; 78&#46;0&#37; of men and 63&#46;8&#37; of women had low fruit and vegetable consumption&#44; 16&#46;6&#37; of men and 10&#46;3&#37; of women reported high added salt intake and 12&#46;8&#37; of men and 7&#46;2&#37; of women were smokers&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">More than half of the study population &#40;51&#46;4&#37;&#41; were obese &#40;BMI &#8805;30 kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; &#40;47&#46;2&#37; of men and 54&#46;9&#37; of women&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The gender-stratified associations between SBP and lifestyle factors are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#46; In men&#44; a positive association between SBP and alcohol consumption &#40;beta&#61;3&#46;36&#44; p&#61;0&#46;007&#41; was observed&#46; In women&#44; SBP was not significantly associated with any variable&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The relationships with DBP are not reported because the results were similar to the associations found for SBP &#40;Supplementary Table 1&#41;&#46; Furthermore&#44; SBP is the most important BP parameter associated with hypertension complications&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of multiple linear regression analysis are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#46; Stratification by gender and adjustment for sociodemographic variables showed a significant positive association between SBP and alcohol consumption &#40;beta&#61;6&#46;43&#44; p&#61;0&#46;003&#41; and smoking &#40;beta&#61;4&#46;26&#44; p&#61;0&#46;019&#41; in men&#44; but there was no association in the remaining behavioral variables&#46; In women&#44; no significant associations were identified for any of the variables under study&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An additional multivariate model was established for both sexes by adding obesity&#44; but this did not change the previously found associations&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In men&#44; the positive association between SBP and alcohol consumption &#40;beta&#61;6&#46;31&#44; p&#61;0&#46;007&#41; and smoking &#40;beta&#61;4&#46;72&#44; p&#61;0&#46;018&#41; remained&#44; regardless of obesity&#46; SBP was 6&#46;3 mmHg higher in those who consumed alcohol &#40;p&#61;0&#46;007&#41; compared to non-consumers and was 4&#46;7 mmHg higher in smokers &#40;p&#61;0&#46;018&#41; compared to non-smokers&#46; In women&#44; no such association was found&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Discussion</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Alcohol consumption and smoking were significantly associated with SBP in men&#44; but not in women&#46; Added salt intake&#44; fruit and vegetable consumption&#44; and level of physical activity were not associated with SBP values in men or women&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of the bivariate analysis are in line with the evidence regarding the existence of associations between elevated SBP values and alcohol consumption and obesity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span></a></p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Stratification by gender and adjustment for behavioral variables and sociodemographic variables are discussed below&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Alcohol consumption</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After adjustment for sociodemographic variables&#44; alcohol consumption maintained a significant association with SBP&#44; but only in men&#46; In women&#44; there was no statistically significant association after adjustment&#46; These results are in line with the evidence&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> However&#44; a meta-analysis showed differences between the sexes in terms of the effect of alcohol consumption on BP&#58; while in men&#44; higher consumption was associated with an increased risk of hypertension&#44; in women light consumption was protective&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> The explanation for the apparent inverse relationship between mild to moderate alcohol consumption and the risk of hypertension seems to lie in plasma high-density lipoprotein &#40;HDL&#41; concentrations&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> since women physiologically have higher HDL concentrations than men&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> However&#44; despite this difference between the sexes&#44; it has been suggested that there are in fact differences in patterns of drinking and type of beverage&#44; not measured in this study&#44; that explain the observed differences in BP between men and women&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Smoking</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The association between smoking and SBP was statistically significant in our analysis&#44; but not in women&#46; Several studies have suggested that BP is increased in smokers but&#44; paradoxically&#44; other studies have concluded that smokers have lower BP than non-smokers&#46; The results obtained for men in our study&#44; with higher BP values in smokers than in non-smokers and significantly so for SBP&#44; are in line with published studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> In women&#44; there were no statistically significant associations between SBP values and smoking&#44; a similar result to that observed in a 2001 study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Fruit and vegetable consumption</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fruit and vegetable consumption lost its statistical association with SBP after adjustment&#44; in both men and women&#44; in contrast to the findings of published studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> Some research suggests that differences between fruit and vegetable types and how the foods themselves are prepared&#44; leading to differences in the final concentration of compounds &#40;fibers and flavonoids&#41; and consequently in their effect on BP&#44; could explain the lack of association between fruit and vegetable consumption and BP values&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> Unfortunately&#44; the present study was not able to measure these differences&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Added salt intake</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Added salt intake was not associated with SBP in men or women&#46; Although studies have reported a positive association between salt intake and increased BP&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24&#44;25</span></a> our results are in line with recent studies that found no association between them&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;22</span></a> The explanation may lie in the individual biological variability of salt sensitivity&#44; as BP is salt-sensitive in some individuals and not in others&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> or in a parallel mechanism of sodium regulation that depends on the non-osmotic accumulation of sodium in the interstitial space&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> Another explanation may be that added salt&#44; as measured in this study&#44; represents a small proportion of the total dietary salt intake in the population&#59; in fact&#44; in Western societies&#44; 75&#37; of daily dietary salt intake comes from processed foods&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> So measuring this type of intake may underestimate total salt intake&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Physical activity</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Levels of physical activity were not associated with SBP in either men or women after adjustment&#46; Numerous epidemiological studies have demonstrated the antihypertensive effects of exercise&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29&#44;30</span></a> The results of our study&#44; which conflict with this evidence&#44; can be explained by differences in types of physical activity&#44; which vary in frequency&#44; intensity and duration&#44; that the present study was not able to measure&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Obesity</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sedentary behavior&#44; low consumption of fruit and vegetables&#44; high consumption of salt and alcohol&#44; and smoking are associated with obesity&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> and this condition is known to be an important mediator of the effect of lifestyle on BP levels&#46; However&#44; in the present study&#44; adjustment for obesity did not alter the associations found&#44; with a significant positive association between SBP and alcohol consumption and smoking being found&#46; In women&#44; no association reached statistical significance&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Strengths and limitations</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main strength of this study is its investigation of the association between BP&#44; measured using a standardized protocol&#44; and lifestyle factors&#44; measured through a validated questionnaire&#44; in a population of Portuguese adults who reported taking antihypertensive medication&#44; enabling this association to be adjusted for sociodemographic variables and obesity&#46;</p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The differences in the distribution of the sample in relation to the target population were minimized by the use of sampling weights for age&#44; gender and region of the country&#46;</p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sample is representative of the national population&#44; so the study findings can be generalized to the Portuguese population aged between 25 and 74 years&#46;</p><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nevertheless&#44; there are some limitations&#46; There may be selection bias&#44; since the hypertensive individuals who agreed to participate in the study may be different from those who refused to do so&#46; We attempted to minimize this bias by characterizing non-participants through the application of a questionnaire&#44; which made it possible to conclude that the use of self-reported antihypertensive medication was similar in the two groups &#40;25&#46;0&#37; in participants and 26&#46;0&#37; in non-participants&#41; for the total population studied in INSEF&#44; so the effect of this bias may be small &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0095">Supplementary Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There may also be measurement bias related to the type of questions used to measure behaviors&#46; Alcohol consumption was measured through a question about alcohol consumption in the previous 12 months&#44; without questioning the frequency of consumption&#46; The question used to measure the frequency of consumption of fruit and vegetables in the population did not specify the type of fruit and vegetables consumed or the form of preparation and consumption&#46; Also&#44; the question about the frequency of salt added to prepared dishes did not provide information on the baseline amount of salt used in the preparation of food&#46;</p><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another limitation of the study concerns the lack of additional information &#8211; number&#44; type and dose &#8211; on the antihypertensive medication that the participants reported taking&#46; The effectiveness of the different classes of antihypertensive drugs and whether they are used in monotherapy or combined therapy affect therapeutic adherence and hence BP levels&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Conclusion</span><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most important result of the study is that&#44; of all the behavioral lifestyle factors most frequently described in the literature as associated with elevated BP&#44; alcohol consumption and smoking are those associated with SBP levels in medicated hypertensive men&#44; whether or not they are obese&#46;</p><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The significant positive associations found and the high prevalence of these behaviors in the hypertensive population highlight the need for public health strategies aimed at the population under antihypertensive medication that focus on the fight against high BP in the two modifiable and preventable behaviors of alcohol consumption and smoking&#46;</p><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Future research in this area should design follow-up periods that will enable causal links between lifestyle and BP levels to be determined&#46; The limitations of this study should also be borne in mind&#44; particularly those related to the issues of measuring frequency of alcohol and salt intake and to the lack of knowledge of the number and type of antihypertensive drugs used by hypertensive individuals&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Funding</span><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study&#44; a secondary analysis of data collected by INSEF was conducted&#46; INSEF was developed as part of a predefined project of the Public Health Initiatives Program&#44; &#8220;Improvement of epidemiological health information to support public health decision and management in Portugal&#46; Towards reduced inequalities&#44; improved health&#44; and bilateral cooperation&#8221;&#44; which received a &#8364;1 500 000 grant from Iceland&#44; Liechtenstein and Norway through the EEA Grants&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Conflicts of interests</span><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Added salt intake"
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          "identificador" => "sec0060"
          "titulo" => "Physical activity"
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        13 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0065"
          "titulo" => "Obesity"
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        14 => array:2 [
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          "titulo" => "Strengths and limitations"
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          "titulo" => "Conclusion"
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        16 => array:2 [
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          "titulo" => "Funding"
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        17 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0085"
          "titulo" => "Conflicts of interests"
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        18 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xack451212"
          "titulo" => "Acknowledgments"
        ]
        19 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
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      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2018-09-03"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2018-12-27"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1209263"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Blood pressure"
            1 => "Diet"
            2 => "Physical activity"
            3 => "Smoking"
            4 => "Alcohol"
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      "pt" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palavras-chave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1209262"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Press&#227;o arterial"
            1 => "Dieta"
            2 => "Atividade f&#237;sica"
            3 => "Tabaco"
            4 => "&#193;lcool"
          ]
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      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction and Objectives</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hypertension is one of the main risk factors for disability and death from cardiovascular disease&#46; Current guidelines include initiatives to control blood pressure in hypertensive patients that focus on lifestyle changes&#46; The main objective of this study was to analyze the association between lifestyle and blood pressure in patients under antihypertensive medication&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Data collected in the Portuguese National Health Examination Survey &#40;INSEF&#41; were analyzed&#46; Individuals who met INSEF inclusion criteria and reported being under antihypertensive medication in the two weeks prior to the questionnaire were studied&#46; Lifestyle variables &#40;alcohol consumption&#44; smoking&#44; added salt intake&#44; fruit and vegetable consumption&#44; and physical activity&#41; were assessed by questionnaire&#44; and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured by physical examination&#46; Associations between lifestyle factors and blood pressure&#44; stratified by gender and adjusted for sociodemographic variables and obesity&#44; were estimated through a multiple linear regression model&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Alcohol consumption &#40;beta&#61;6&#46;31&#44; p&#61;0&#46;007&#41; and smoking &#40;beta&#61;4&#46;72&#44; p&#61;0&#46;018&#41; were positively associated with systolic blood pressure in men&#46; Added salt intake&#44; fruit and vegetable consumption&#44; and physical activity were not associated with blood pressure in men&#46; In women&#44; no association was observed for any behavioral variable&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">These conclusions highlight the need in the population under antihypertensive medication&#44; particularly in men&#44; to focus on the fight against high systolic blood pressure in the two modifiable and preventable behaviors of smoking and alcohol consumption&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Introduction and Objectives"
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            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Methods"
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          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Results"
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            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
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      "pt" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumo"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introdu&#231;&#227;o e objetivos</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A hipertens&#227;o arterial &#233; um dos principais fatores de risco para incapacidade e morte por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares&#46; Orienta&#231;&#245;es atuais de controlo da press&#227;o arterial em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos focam-se em altera&#231;&#245;es do estilo de vida&#46; O principal objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o estilo de vida e a press&#227;o arterial em indiv&#237;duos sob medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Procedeu-se a uma an&#225;lise dos dados colhidos no Inqu&#233;rito Nacional de Sa&#250;de com Exame F&#237;sico&#46; Indiv&#237;duos que cumpriram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e que referiram encontrar-se sob medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva foram estudados&#46; Vari&#225;veis de estilo de vida &#40;consumo de &#225;lcool&#44; h&#225;bito tab&#225;gico&#44; consumo adicional de sal&#44; consumo de fruta e vegetais&#44; pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica&#41; foram medidas por question&#225;rio e os valores de press&#227;o arterial foram obtidos por exame f&#237;sico&#46; Associa&#231;&#245;es entre fatores do estilo de vida e press&#227;o arterial&#44; estratificadas para o sexo e ajustadas a vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas e obesidade&#44; foram estimadas atrav&#233;s de um modelo de regress&#227;o lineal m&#250;ltipla&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Consumo de &#225;lcool &#40;b&#61;6&#44;31&#44; p&#61;0&#44;007&#41; e h&#225;bito tab&#225;gico &#40;b&#61;4&#44;72&#44; p&#61;0&#44;018&#41; foram positivamente associadas &#224; press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica em homens&#46; Consumo adicional de sal&#44; consumo de fruta e vegetais e pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica n&#227;o se encontraram associados &#224; press&#227;o arterial em homens&#46; Em mulheres&#44; nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o foi identificada para qualquer vari&#225;vel comportamental&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclus&#245;es</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estas conclus&#245;es refor&#231;am a necessidade&#44; tamb&#233;m na popula&#231;&#227;o sob medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva&#44; particularmente no sexo masculino&#44; de centrar o combate &#224; press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica nestes dois comportamentos modific&#225;veis e preven&#237;veis&#58; h&#225;bito tab&#225;gico e consumo de &#225;lcool&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
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            "titulo" => "Introdu&#231;&#227;o e objetivos"
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            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "M&#233;todos"
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            "titulo" => "Resultados"
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          3 => array:2 [
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            "apendice" => "<p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following are the supplementary material to this article&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p>"
            "etiqueta" => "Appendix A"
            "titulo" => "Supplementary material"
            "identificador" => "sec0095"
          ]
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      0 => array:8 [
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        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CI&#58; confidence interval&#59; DBP&#58; diastolic blood pressure&#59; GP&#58; general practitioner&#59; SBP&#58; systolic blood pressure&#59; SD&#58; standard deviation&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Variables&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean &#40;SD&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95&#37; CI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean &#40;SD&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95&#37; CI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean</th><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95&#37; CI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">SBP&#44; mmHg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">132&#46;44 &#40;0&#46;74&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">130&#46;94-133&#46;94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">134&#46;70 &#40;0&#46;71&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">133&#46;26-136&#46;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">130&#46;53 &#40;1&#46;00&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">128&#46;49-132&#46;57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">DBP&#44; mmHg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">75&#46;76 &#40;0&#46;51&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">74&#46;72-76&#46;80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">76&#46;97 &#40;0&#46;47&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">76&#46;05-77&#46;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">74&#46;74 &#40;0&#46;73&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">73&#46;25-76&#46;23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95&#37; CI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95&#37; CI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95&#37; CI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="10" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gender</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Women&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">710&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">54&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">50&#46;4-58&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">65-74 &#40;ref&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Rural&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">-3&#46;58 to 2&#46;37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Urban &#40;ref&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Education level</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">None&#47;elementary &#40;ref&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">-3&#46;28 to 9&#46;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">-0&#46;10 to 17&#46;54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Middle school&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;73 to 11&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">127&#46;46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-7&#46;15 to 12&#46;69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;574&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">High school&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">-3&#46;47 to 9&#46;97&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">126&#46;63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">-4&#46;34 to 8&#46;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;535&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">University&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">131&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Income &#40;OECD modified scale&#41;</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">-2&#46;54 to 11&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">High &#40;ref&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Last consultation with GP</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;12 months&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">-4&#46;45 to 9&#46;81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8805;12 months &#40;ref&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Obesity</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Non-obese&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">133&#46;75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">127&#46;94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Obese &#40;ref&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">135&#46;48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-3&#46;82 to 7&#46;29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;531&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">132&#46;63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-0&#46;06 to 9&#46;45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;053&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Added salt intake</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No &#40;ref&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">135&#46;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">130&#46;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">133&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-2&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-8&#46;79 to 4&#46;74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;548&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">128&#46;87&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-1&#46;85&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-5&#46;81 to 2&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;351&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fruit and vegetable consumption</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8805;4 times a day &#40;ref&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">133&#46;60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">129&#46;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;4 times a day&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">135&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-2&#46;23 to 5&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;437&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">131&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-1&#46;88 to 5&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;354&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Alcohol consumption</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No &#40;ref&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">129&#46;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">130&#46;55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">135&#46;39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;680&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Alcohol consumption&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;43 &#40;2&#46;31 to 10&#46;54&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Multivariate association between lifestyle factors and systolic blood pressure in men and women&#44; adjusted for lifestyle factors and for sociodemographic factors and obesity &#40;n&#61;1277&#41;&#46;</p>"
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Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia (English edition)
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