Authorship: From credit to accountability. Reflections from the Editors’ Network | Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia (English edition)

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=> "aff0180" ] ] ] 36 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Evgeny" "apellidos" => "Shlyakhto" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "ak" "identificador" => "aff0185" ] ] ] 37 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Çetin" "apellidos" => "Erol" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "al" "identificador" => "aff0190" ] ] ] 38 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Dimitris" "apellidos" => "Tousoulis" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "am" "identificador" => "aff0195" ] ] ] 39 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Dilek" "apellidos" => "Ural" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "an" "identificador" => "aff0200" ] ] ] 40 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Jan J." "apellidos" => "Piek" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "ao" "identificador" => "aff0205" ] ] ] 41 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Albert" "apellidos" => "Varga" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "ap" "identificador" => "aff0210" ] ] ] 42 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Andreas J." "apellidos" => "Flammer" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "aq" "identificador" => "aff0215" ] ] ] 43 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "François" "apellidos" => "Mach" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "aq" "identificador" => "aff0215" ] ] ] 44 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Alban" "apellidos" => "Dibra" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "ar" "identificador" => "aff0220" ] ] ] 45 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Faiq" "apellidos" => "Guliyev" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "as" "identificador" => "aff0225" ] ] ] 46 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Alexander" "apellidos" => "Mrochek" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "at" "identificador" => "aff0230" ] ] ] 47 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Mamanti" "apellidos" => "Rogava" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "au" "identificador" => "aff0235" ] ] ] 48 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Ismael Guzman" "apellidos" => "Melgar" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "av" "identificador" => "aff0240" ] ] ] 49 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Giuseppe" "apellidos" => "Di Pasquale" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "aw" "identificador" => "aff0245" ] ] ] 50 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Kanat" "apellidos" => "Kabdrakhmanov" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "ax" "identificador" => "aff0250" ] ] ] 51 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Laila" "apellidos" => "Haddour" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "ay" "identificador" => "aff0255" ] ] ] 52 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Zlatko" "apellidos" => "Fras" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "az" "identificador" => "aff0260" ] ] ] 53 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Claes" "apellidos" => "Held" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "ba" "identificador" => "aff0265" ] ] ] 54 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Valentyn" "apellidos" => "Shumakov" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "bb" "identificador" => "aff0270" ] ] ] 55 => array:1 [ "colaborador" => "on behalf of the Editors’ Network, European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Task Force" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:54 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Chairman Editors’ Network" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Armenian Journal of Cardiology" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Archives des maladies du cœur et des vaisseaux-Pratique" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Cor et Vasa" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Clinical Research in Cardiology" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] 5 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Archivos de Cardiologia de Mexico" "etiqueta" => "f" "identificador" => "aff0030" ] 6 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Acta Cardiologica Sinica" "etiqueta" => "g" "identificador" => "aff0035" ] 7 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases" "etiqueta" => "h" "identificador" => "aff0040" ] 8 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Medicinski Zurnal" "etiqueta" => "i" "identificador" => "aff0045" ] 9 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief SA Heart" "etiqueta" => "j" "identificador" => "aff0050" ] 10 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Revista Colombiana de Cardiologia" "etiqueta" => "k" "identificador" => "aff0055" ] 11 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Kardiyovaskuler Hemsirelik Dergisi" "etiqueta" => "l" "identificador" => "aff0060" ] 12 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Revista Española de Cardiología" "etiqueta" => "m" "identificador" => "aff0065" ] 13 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Kardiologia Polska" "etiqueta" => "n" "identificador" => "aff0070" ] 14 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Cardio News" "etiqueta" => "o" "identificador" => "aff0075" ] 15 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Bulgarian Journal of Cardiology" "etiqueta" => "p" "identificador" => "aff0080" ] 16 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Romanian Journal of Cardiology" "etiqueta" => "q" "identificador" => "aff0085" ] 17 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia" "etiqueta" => "r" "identificador" => "aff0090" ] 18 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Revue Tunisienne de Cardiologie" "etiqueta" => "s" "identificador" => "aff0095" ] 19 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief The Egyptian Heart Journal" "etiqueta" => "t" "identificador" => "aff0100" ] 20 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Basic Research in Cardiology" "etiqueta" => "u" "identificador" => "aff0105" ] 21 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Austrian Journal fo Cardiology" "etiqueta" => "v" "identificador" => "aff0110" ] 22 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Cardiology Letters" "etiqueta" => "w" "identificador" => "aff0115" ] 23 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Cardiologia Croatica" "etiqueta" => "x" "identificador" => "aff0120" ] 24 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Journal of the Hong Kong Colleage of Cardiology" "etiqueta" => "y" "identificador" => "aff0125" ] 25 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Seminars in Cardiovascular Medicine" "etiqueta" => "z" "identificador" => "aff0130" ] 26 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine" "etiqueta" => "aa" "identificador" => "aff0135" ] 27 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia" "etiqueta" => "ab" "identificador" => "aff0140" ] 28 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Sydänääni (Heart Beat)" "etiqueta" => "ac" "identificador" => "aff0145" ] 29 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Der Kardiologe" "etiqueta" => "ad" "identificador" => "aff0150" ] 30 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Acta Cardiologica" "etiqueta" => "ae" "identificador" => "aff0155" ] 31 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Heart and Blood Vessels" "etiqueta" => "af" "identificador" => "aff0160" ] 32 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Revista Uruguaya de Cardiologia" "etiqueta" => "ag" "identificador" => "aff0165" ] 33 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Korean Circulation Journal" "etiqueta" => "ah" "identificador" => "aff0170" ] 34 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Hjerteforum" "etiqueta" => "ai" "identificador" => "aff0175" ] 35 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Cardiologisk Forum" "etiqueta" => "aj" "identificador" => "aff0180" ] 36 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Russian Journal of Cardiology" "etiqueta" => "ak" "identificador" => "aff0185" ] 37 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Anatolian Journal of Cardiology" "etiqueta" => "al" "identificador" => "aff0190" ] 38 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Hellenic Journal of Cardiology" "etiqueta" => "am" "identificador" => "aff0195" ] 39 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Archives of the Turkish Society of Cardiology" "etiqueta" => "an" "identificador" => "aff0200" ] 40 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Netherlands Heart Journal" "etiqueta" => "ao" "identificador" => "aff0205" ] 41 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Cardiologia Hungarica" "etiqueta" => "ap" "identificador" => "aff0210" ] 42 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Cardiovascular Medicine" "etiqueta" => "aq" "identificador" => "aff0215" ] 43 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Revista Shqiptare e Kardiologjisë" "etiqueta" => "ar" "identificador" => "aff0220" ] 44 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Azerbaijan Journal of Cardiology" "etiqueta" => "as" "identificador" => "aff0225" ] 45 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Cardiology in Belarus" "etiqueta" => "at" "identificador" => "aff0230" ] 46 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Cardiology and Internal Medicine (Georgian International Society of Cardiomyopathy)" "etiqueta" => "au" "identificador" => "aff0235" ] 47 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Revista Guatemalteca de cardiologia" "etiqueta" => "av" "identificador" => "aff0240" ] 48 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Giornale Italiano di Cardiologia" "etiqueta" => "aw" "identificador" => "aff0245" ] 49 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Journal Terapevticheskiy vestnic" "etiqueta" => "ax" "identificador" => "aff0250" ] 50 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Revue Marocaine de Cardiologie" "etiqueta" => "ay" "identificador" => "aff0255" ] 51 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Slovenska kardiologija" "etiqueta" => "az" "identificador" => "aff0260" ] 52 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Svensk Cardiologi" "etiqueta" => "ba" "identificador" => "aff0265" ] 53 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Editor in Chief Ukrainian Journal of Cardiology" "etiqueta" => "bb" "identificador" => "aff0270" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "The Editors’ Network of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) is committed to foster implementation of high-quality editorial standards among ESC National Societies Cardiovascular Journals (NSCJ).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205">1–6</a> NSCJ play a major role in disseminating original scientific research worldwide, but also in education and harmonization of clinical practice.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210">2–6</a> Promoting editorial excellence is paramount to increasing the scientific prestige of NSCJ.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205">1–6</a> In this regard, the Editors’ Network endorses the recommendations of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">1</a> The ICMJE continuously updates its document on uniform requirements (previously known as the Vancouver guidelines) for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals. These include recommendations for the conduct, reporting, editing and publication of scholarly work. Notably, vexing ethical issues are gaining increasing editorial relevance.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">1</a>Biomedical research relies on trust and transparency of the scientific process where authors remain centre stage.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205">1,7–9</a> This review will discuss the new recommendations on authorship issued by the ICMJE<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205">1,10,11</a> with the aim of providing further editorial insight to be progressively implemented by the NSCJ.New authorship requirementsIn August 2013 an important revision of the ICMJE recommendations included a fourth criterion for authorship to emphasize each author's responsibility to stand by the integrity of the entire work.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205">1,10,11</a> Classically, the ICMJE requirements for authorship included: 1) Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; and, 2) Drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; and, 3) Final approval of the version to be published. In the updated ICMJE requirements a new (fourth) criterion also should be met.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">1</a> This novel requirement for authorship includes agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work and ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">1</a> The essence of this new requirement is that it helps to balance credit with responsibility.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">10</a> With this revision the ICMJE emphasizes that authorship is a serious commitment to accountability. Now all 4 conditions must be met by each individual author.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">1</a> The addition of a fourth criterion was motivated by situations in which some authors were unable to, or refused to, respond to inquiries on potential scientific misconduct regarding certain aspects of the study or by denying any responsibility.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205">1,10–14</a> Editors occasionally face reluctant authors who try to distance themselves from a conflictive publication and shift responsibilities elsewhere.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255">11</a> The main novel idea is to emphasize the responsibility of each author to stand for the integrity of the entire work. Each author of a scientific paper needs to understand the full scope of the work, know which co-authors are responsible for specific contributions and have confidence in co-authors’ ability and integrity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205">1,10–14</a> Should questions arise regarding any aspect of a study, the onus is on all authors to investigate and ensure resolution of the issue, which is then to be presented to the corresponding Editor.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205">1,10–14</a>To better appraise this 4th criterion the precise meaning of responsibility and accountability should be revisited. Responsibility is defined as the moral obligation to ensure that a particular task is adequately performed.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0275">15,16</a> Accordingly, responsibility relates to tasks that have been assigned to an individual.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0275">15,16</a> By contrast, accountability denotes the duty to justify a given action to others and to respond for the results of that action.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0275">15,16</a> Therefore, accountability mainly relates to the awareness and assumption of the role of being the one to blame if things go wrong.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0275">15,16</a> Nevertheless, oftentimes responsibility is used interchangeably with accountability.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0275">15,16</a>Claiming that each individual author is held morally responsible in every case that misconduct is detected would appear unreasonable considering the complexity of current research. Rather, the fourth criterion suggests that each author must cooperate to clarify misconduct related issues if the paper is called into question.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205">1,16</a>Research creditsAcceptance and publication of a scientific paper is always a cause of major celebration among authors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255">11</a> Authorship provides prestige, credit and scientific recognition. Authorship has important academic, social and financial implications.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205">1,11</a> Currently, authorship remains a major criterion for promotion and career advancement among scholars. Publication records are revised in depth for university tenures and job appointments. Total number of publications and citations remain currencies widely used to ascertain the academic value of individual investigators. In this regard, the ICMJE recommendations on authorship are intended to ensure that anybody who has made a “substantive” intellectual contribution to a paper is given credit as an author.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">1</a>Potential problems derived from publication of researchPublication of a scientific paper usually marks the end of a research project and opens a time for discussion and criticism or acceptance by the scientific community.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255">11</a> Occasionally, the healthy scientific debate fuelled by the publication of the paper raises serious concerns. In rare cases, even the integrity of the research or published paper is brought into question.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255">11</a> In these situations authors may try to escape from the embarrassment of publishing a scientifically flawed study. This explains why the new fourth criterion is so pertinent to address issues related to scientific misconduct. Should irregularities be confirmed, editors must report to the authors’ academic institution and, eventually, to the readers, with expressions of concern, or, in the worst case scenario, with a retraction of the published paper.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">1</a>Considerations on classical authorship criteriaAny researcher listed as an author should have made a “substantive” intellectual contribution to the study and be prepared to take public responsibility for the work, ensure its accuracy, and be able to identify his/her contribution to the study.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">1</a> However, a problem with the definition of authorship involves the subjectivity in what constitutes a ‘substantial’ contribution to the research or the manuscript. In fact, the precise threshold of involvement required to qualify for authorship remains unclear. As the real problem lies in defining what represents a “substantial” contribution, means to quantify the actual work performed by individual authors have been proposed. In this regard it has been suggested<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285">17</a> that substantial contribution to a publication consists of an important intellectual contribution without which, a part of the work or even the entire work, could not have been completed or the manuscript could not have been written.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285">17</a>According to the ICMJE<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">1</a> persons who do not qualify as an author include those who “only” provide: 1) recruitment of patients to a trial, 2) general data collection, 3) obtaining samples for a study, 4) acquisition of funding, 5) general supervision of the research group by the department chairperson. Conversely, persons who significantly contributed to the paper but do not meet the 4 criteria for authorship should be listed in the acknowledgement section after obtaining their consent.Publishing individual contributionsThe ICMJE authorship guidance is intentionally broad and open to accommodate the diversity of scientific research and allow space for the specific editorial policies of individual journals.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">1</a> However, many have requested a more structured authorship framework to improve consistency and clarity in authorship requirements. The best means to present the relationship between authorship and intellectual involvement in research remains an issue of ongoing debate. Currently, the ICMJE does not mandate that all authors communicate exactly what “contributions” qualify them to be an author.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">1</a> However, unless authorship reflects to what extent individual researchers have been intellectually involved in the work it will remain misleading regarding relative research merits. Honesty and openness in attribution ensures fairness in credit. Many editors argue that authorship criteria should be revised to request a contribution declaration, in order to fully capture deserving authorship and credit. Accordingly, to promote transparency and remove ambiguity on specific contributions, editors are now strongly encouraged to develop and implement contributorship policies in their journals.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">1</a> As discussed, however, the question regarding the quality and quantity of contribution required to qualify an individual for authorship remain unresolved.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">1</a> An interesting proposal in this regard suggests including contributorship badges. These badges are designed to fully capture the different types of collaboration in the submitted work that, otherwise, will be difficult to recognise with traditional credentials. Contributors listing allows a more accurate and granular assessment of credit. In addition, this strategy provides additional insight on contributor-adjusted productivity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290">18</a> Ideally, each ICMJE criterion should have at least one badge. Each badge includes a list of authors making a contribution to that specific role.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0290">18–20</a> Others have proposed the value of assigning a numerical value to better evaluate the degree of relative contributions and, eventually, to create a contribution-specific index for each author to better assess research productivity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0290">18–20</a>Detailing authors’ contributions inform the readers of the nature of the individual work and avoids diluting credits by precisely allocating merits. In multi-authored papers it is particularly important that authors state the specific role they played in the research. Each research represents a significant amount of effort and, on average, the larger the number of authors the smaller percentage of effort for a given author. Other forms of contributions, not fulfilling criteria for authorship, may be recognized in the acknowledgement section or by listing these people as collaborators. This is an important issue considering the ever increasing number of authors seen in recent publications that represents a paradigm shift resulting from team-work research.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0290">18–24</a> Contributors credited as authors should take full responsibility and remain accountable for what is published.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205">1,18</a> In this regard, contribution-adjusted credits can be further weighted by other factors to derive more effective parameters for measuring research productivity. Currently, every co-author gets the exact amount of citation credit regardless of their contribution. Therefore, an “author matrix” (including participation in ideas, work, writing and stewardship), has been proposed to “quantify” individual contributions and roles in multi-authored papers.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0290">18–24</a>By-line location and hierarchyThere is no adequate guidance for author sequence in the by-line. In fact, practices to clarify the relative merit of the different coauthors in a manuscript vary significantly among scientific disciplines.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0290">18–22</a> For biomedical journals, the first author is the most important position, followed by the last author and then the second author. The first author is reserved for the person who made the largest contribution (investing most time in the project) usually the author who wrote the first draft of the paper. Then the sequence of authors tends to represent progressively lesser contributions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290">18</a> Following this approach, where the sequence determines credit, the last author receives the least. Accordingly, the last position might be considered as a rather generous option. Actually, the last position is currently considered as very important in biomedical research and, in fact, it is frequently associated with the corresponding author or the guarantor of the entire work.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290">18</a> However, many argue that senior scientists should grab the pen (keyboard) more often as writing remains essential for advancement in knowledge.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295">19</a> Senior authors have the responsibility to promote the academic career of new generation scientists.Many journals allow authors to declare that 2 or more individuals have made “equal contribution” to the research.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0325">25–28,21</a> In the last decade the percentage of articles with equal contribution statements has increased dramatically both in basic and medical scientific journals.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325">25</a> Notably, the designation of “joint first-authors” should be based on the quality and quantity of the work.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0325">25–28,21</a> Thus the “contributed equally” designation should be reserved to honestly reflect similar scientific contributions and not to inflate a curriculum vitae.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0325">25–28,21</a> Interestingly, the practice of listing two individuals as “joint last author” is used less frequent but steadily increasing. These publications should include a foot note clearly indicating that both authors equally contributed to the work.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0325">25–28,21</a>The corresponding author takes primary responsibility for communication with the journal during the submission, peer-review, publication and post-publication periods.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">1</a> Currently, most journals require contact e-mail addresses from all listed authors who then will be contacted to inform that the corresponding author submitted the paper. This ensures that they are aware that the paper has been submitted in their name. The systematic implementation of this electronic warning system paves the way to guarantee that the 3rd authorship criterion has been met. Therefore, the policy now may be considered as a mere administrative requirement similar to signing of a copyright transfer.The “guarantor” of the study may be different from the first or corresponding author and frequently is the principal investigator or more senior person in the group. The guarantor takes full responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole from inception to the published paper. Accordingly, the guarantor must be fully prepared to defend all parts of the research project and final manuscript. Guarantors vouching for the integrity of the entire work are of special value for multi-author articles particularly when many institutions are involved. All authors should also disclose potential conflicts of interest.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205">1,5</a> The ICMJE uniform conflict of interest disclosure has been recently updated and all authors should complete the corresponding standardized individual electronic document.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205">1,5</a> In particular, authors of sponsored studies should indicate that they had full access to the data and take complete responsibility for the accuracy and integrity of the analysis. This is important as roles and interests of different stakeholders may remain elusive or misleading in this type of study.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">1</a>The subjectivity and emotionality of authorship may explain why disputes among investigators are not uncommon. Authorship disputes amongst research teams should be avoided by deciding roles and responsibilities beforehand. Ideally, the order of authors should be collectively decided by the research team at the onset of the project.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345">29</a> Then, the definitive author order should be revised when the work is completed, taking into account the actual level of individual contributions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285">17</a> Editors are unable to judge whether authors have met the authorship criteria. The COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics; <a href="http://www.publicationethics.org/">www.publicationethics.org</a>) guidelines are useful to solve publication disputes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245">9</a> Editors should seek explanations and signed agreement of all authors in case of a request for a change in the author list.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">1</a>Multi-authored articlesScientific collaboration has become increasingly important because the complexity of modern research involves different competencies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280">16</a> Moreover, a large number of patients and centres may be required to adequately address clinically relevant questions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280">16</a> In addition, multidisciplinary research groups offer the opportunity of cross-pollination.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280">16</a> Therefore, team-work is currently common place in biomedical research. Co-authorship is the most tangible result of multilateral scientific collaboration. Group (corporate) authorship has become increasingly common with variations in how individual authors and research group names are listed in the by-line. Notably, citation impact is greater in papers with multiple authors coming from international cooperation. The problem of inflating publication and citation records of authors participating in multicenter studies has been a cause of concern.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290">18</a> This is due, at least in part, to collaboration-induced self-citation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350">30</a> Salami publications, or least publishable units strategies, are initiatives that inflate the number of publications on the same research project by dividing the work (that could have been presented in a single main paper) into smaller component parts, then publishing them as several different articles. Such strategies may be detected in some multicenter studies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350">30</a> The use of coauthor-adjusted citation indexes have been suggested to account for this phenomenon.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350">30</a>There is evidence that the number of coauthors per paper in medical literature has increased exponentially over time.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0310">22,31</a> The reason for this increase is probably multifactorial and includes, increasing complexity of research, as discussed, but also author inflation. Inappropriate authorship is not ethical and eventually leads to diminish the value of authorship, generating a situation where undeserved coauthors cannot take responsibility for the research.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0310">22,31</a> Interestingly, the correlation between research quality and number of authors is poor, suggesting that the component of author inflation plays a greater role than that of research complexity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355">31</a>Until now the number of authors in the by-line was not considered in the evaluation of the relative academic merit of individual authors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">3</a> However, as a research project involves a defined amount of work, the larger the number of authors in a paper the smaller the merit that deserves any given author. Major efforts are made by some individuals whereas others contribute significantly less. The credit received by people doing the work becomes diluted by the inclusion of many authors with little, if any, contributions. Eventually this “free lunch” strategy undermines the value of being named on a scientific paper.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360">32</a>Authorship guidelines should be updated to adapt to the growing trend of collaborative research. The larger the number of authors the more opportunities for contentious arguments and disputes. Every author of a “group authorship” work must meet the 4 criteria for authorship. Otherwise they should be identified just as investigators or collaborators rather than authors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">1</a> Given the complexity and multiple tasks involved in current research it is clear that most authors cannot participate in every aspect of the work. Accordingly, specific responsibilities should be tied to different research roles. Authors should refrain from collaborating with colleagues whose quality or integrity may inspire concerns.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">1</a> Last, but not least, with a growing number of authors it is increasingly difficult to identify those who may be held morally responsible should scientific misconduct be detected.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0310">22,31</a> Holding everybody responsible is unfair to the researchers that are not guilty of misconduct.Breaches in authorship: from ghost to guest authorsBreaches in authorship are a form of deception. Guest or gift (honorary) and ghost (hidden) authors represent a form of authorship abuse that should not be permitted.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0365">33–37</a> Ghost authorship is omitting authors that have made relevant contributions to a paper. Ghost authors provide contributions to a manuscript that do merit authorship but, for different reasons, are not included in the author by-line. Some ghost authors may have major conflicts of interest or are paid by a commercial sponsor. This should be differentiated from ghost writing. Ghost writers are writing contributors to a manuscript that do not fulfill authorship criteria, but their contributions are not disclosed in the acknowledgements.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0285">17,36</a> Ghost writing is also an unethical practice as it keeps hidden the involvement in the manuscript. The concern is that writers hired by the industry might influence the content of the publication or hide unwelcome results, which introduces potential bias that is obscured when relevant academic guest authors are accredited with authorship.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285">17</a> Professional medical writers should follow ethical publication practices and should openly disclose their involvement in the acknowledgement section.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380">36</a>The inclusion of individuals with minimal or no input reflects “loose authorship” practices.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0365">33–37</a> Guest, gift or honorary authorship is defined as co-authorship awarded to people who do not meet the authorship criteria and have not contributed substantially to take public responsibility for the work.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">1</a> This may be offered in the belief that the prestige of a scientifically respected person will increase the likelihood of publication or the impact of the work.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345">29</a> Oftentimes, a well-known academic senior name is used to conceal ghost authors with industry-related conflicts of interest.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345">29</a> Both, the gift-author and the remaining co-authors may benefit from this practice (a win-win situation) that, nevertheless, remains unethical. The increased pressure for publishing among scholars seeking promotion and career advancement (the “publish or perish” culture) may also help to explain these practices. This pressure explains why some researchers accept the ‘gift’ authorship in papers to which they have not contributed intellectually. This abuse in authorship devalues the merit of being named as an author in a scientific paper. As previously discussed, quantitative contribution helps to prevent granting undeserved credits to guest authors who take away well-deserved credits from the authors who actually did the work.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0385">37–40</a>Studies suggest that breaches of authorship guidelines are frequent. In a recent survey one-third of authors believed that they had been excluded from deserved authorship and a similar number declared that they had experienced pressures to include undeserved authors in their papers.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300">20</a> Another recent study of journals included in the Journals Citation Reports database suggested that 85% of them included in their policy guidance the requirement that authors should be accountable for the research as a whole, 32% explicitly prohibited guest or ghost authorship but only 5% required authors to describe their individual contributions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325">25</a>Final remarksAuthorship confers credit but also involves responsibility. Authors should be accountable and vouch for the integrity of the entire work. The Editors’ Network of the ESC endorses the ICMJE recommendations on authorship and encourages individual NSCJ to adapt their editorial policies accordingly.Conflicts of interestNone of the Editors authors of this paper have any potential conflict of interest that needs to be disclosed in relation to this manuscript." 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Authorship confers credit and important academic rewards. Recently, however, the ICMJE emphasized that authorship also requires responsibility and accountability. These issues are now covered by the new (fourth) criterion for authorship. Authors should agree to be accountable and ensure that questions regarding the accuracy and integrity of the entire work will be appropriately addressed. 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Editors’ Network

Authorship: From credit to accountability. Reflections from the Editors’ Network

Fernando Alfonsoa,

Corresponding author

falf@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.

, Parounak Zelveianb, Jean-Jacques Monsuezc, Michael Aschermannd, Michael Boehme, Alfonso Buendia Hernandezf, Tzung-Dau Wangg, Ariel Cohenh, Sebija Izetbegovici, Anton Doubellj, Dario Echeverrik, Nuray Ençl, Ignacio Ferreira-Gonzálezm, Anetta Undasn, Ulrike Fortmüllero, Plamen Gatzovp, Carmen Ginghinaq, Lino Goncalvesr, Faouzi Addads, Mahmoud Hassaneint..., Gerd Heuschu, Kurt Huberv, Robert Hatalaw, Mario Ivanusax, Chu-Pak Lauy, Germanas Marinskisz, Livio Dei Casaa, Carlos Eduardo Rochitteab, Kjell Nikusac, Eckart Fleckad, Luc Pierardae, Slobodan Obradovićaf, María del Pilar Aguilar Passanoag, Yangsoo Jangah, Olaf Rødevandai, Mikael Sanderaj, Evgeny Shlyakhtoak, Çetin Erolal, Dimitris Tousoulisam, Dilek Uralan, Jan J. Piekao, Albert Vargaap, Andreas J. Flammeraq, François Machaq, Alban Dibraar, Faiq Guliyevas, Alexander Mrochekat, Mamanti Rogavaau, Ismael Guzman Melgarav, Giuseppe Di Pasqualeaw, Kanat Kabdrakhmanovax, Laila Haddouray, Zlatko Frasaz, Claes Heldba, Valentyn Shumakovbb, on behalf of the Editors’ Network, European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Task Force Ver más

a Chairman Editors’ Network

b Editor in Chief Armenian Journal of Cardiology

c Editor in Chief Archives des maladies du cœur et des vaisseaux-Pratique

d Editor in Chief Cor et Vasa

e Editor in Chief Clinical Research in Cardiology

f Editor in Chief Archivos de Cardiologia de Mexico

g Editor in Chief Acta Cardiologica Sinica

h Editor in Chief Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases

i Editor in Chief Medicinski Zurnal

j Editor in Chief SA Heart

k Editor in Chief Revista Colombiana de Cardiologia

l Editor in Chief Kardiyovaskuler Hemsirelik Dergisi

m Editor in Chief Revista Española de Cardiología

n Editor in Chief Kardiologia Polska

o Editor in Chief Cardio News

p Editor in Chief Bulgarian Journal of Cardiology

q Editor in Chief Romanian Journal of Cardiology

r Editor in Chief Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia

s Editor in Chief Revue Tunisienne de Cardiologie

t Editor in Chief The Egyptian Heart Journal

u Editor in Chief Basic Research in Cardiology

v Editor in Chief Austrian Journal fo Cardiology

w Editor in Chief Cardiology Letters

x Editor in Chief Cardiologia Croatica

y Editor in Chief Journal of the Hong Kong Colleage of Cardiology

z Editor in Chief Seminars in Cardiovascular Medicine

aa Editor in Chief Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine

ab Editor in Chief Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia

ac Editor in Chief Sydänääni (Heart Beat)

ad Editor in Chief Der Kardiologe

ae Editor in Chief Acta Cardiologica

af Editor in Chief Heart and Blood Vessels

ag Editor in Chief Revista Uruguaya de Cardiologia

ah Editor in Chief Korean Circulation Journal

ai Editor in Chief Hjerteforum

aj Editor in Chief Cardiologisk Forum

ak Editor in Chief Russian Journal of Cardiology

al Editor in Chief Anatolian Journal of Cardiology

am Editor in Chief Hellenic Journal of Cardiology

an Editor in Chief Archives of the Turkish Society of Cardiology

ao Editor in Chief Netherlands Heart Journal

ap Editor in Chief Cardiologia Hungarica

aq Editor in Chief Cardiovascular Medicine

ar Editor in Chief Revista Shqiptare e Kardiologjisë

as Editor in Chief Azerbaijan Journal of Cardiology

at Editor in Chief Cardiology in Belarus

au Editor in Chief Cardiology and Internal Medicine (Georgian International Society of Cardiomyopathy)

av Editor in Chief Revista Guatemalteca de cardiologia

aw Editor in Chief Giornale Italiano di Cardiologia

ax Editor in Chief Journal Terapevticheskiy vestnic

ay Editor in Chief Revue Marocaine de Cardiologie

az Editor in Chief Slovenska kardiologija

ba Editor in Chief Svensk Cardiologi

bb Editor in Chief Ukrainian Journal of Cardiology

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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Editors&#8217; Network of the European Society of Cardiology &#40;ESC&#41; is committed to foster implementation of high-quality editorial standards among ESC National Societies Cardiovascular Journals &#40;NSCJ&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;6</span></a> NSCJ play a major role in disseminating original scientific research worldwide&#44; but also in education and harmonization of clinical practice&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;6</span></a> Promoting editorial excellence is paramount to increasing the scientific prestige of NSCJ&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;6</span></a> In this regard&#44; the Editors&#8217; Network endorses the recommendations of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors &#40;ICMJE&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The ICMJE continuously updates its document on uniform requirements &#40;previously known as the Vancouver guidelines&#41; for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals&#46; These include recommendations for the conduct&#44; reporting&#44; editing and publication of scholarly work&#46; Notably&#44; vexing ethical issues are gaining increasing editorial relevance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Biomedical research relies on trust and transparency of the scientific process where authors remain centre stage&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;7&#8211;9</span></a> This review will discuss the new recommendations on authorship issued by the ICMJE<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;10&#44;11</span></a> with the aim of providing further editorial insight to be progressively implemented by the NSCJ&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">New authorship requirements</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In August 2013 an important revision of the ICMJE recommendations included a fourth criterion for authorship to emphasize each author&#39;s responsibility to stand by the integrity of the entire work&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;10&#44;11</span></a> Classically&#44; the ICMJE requirements for authorship included&#58; 1&#41; Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work or the acquisition&#44; analysis&#44; or interpretation of data for the work&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">and</span>&#44; 2&#41; Drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">and</span>&#44; 3&#41; Final approval of the version to be published&#46; In the updated ICMJE requirements a new &#40;fourth&#41; criterion also should be met&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> This novel requirement for authorship includes agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work and ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The essence of this new requirement is that it helps to balance credit with responsibility&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> With this revision the ICMJE emphasizes that authorship is a serious commitment to accountability&#46; Now all 4 conditions must be met by each individual author&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The addition of a fourth criterion was motivated by situations in which some authors were unable to&#44; or refused to&#44; respond to inquiries on potential scientific misconduct regarding certain aspects of the study or by denying any responsibility&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;10&#8211;14</span></a> Editors occasionally face reluctant authors who try to distance themselves from a conflictive publication and shift responsibilities elsewhere&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> The main novel idea is to emphasize the responsibility of each author to stand for the integrity of the entire work&#46; Each author of a scientific paper needs to understand the full scope of the work&#44; know which co-authors are responsible for specific contributions and have confidence in co-authors&#8217; ability and integrity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;10&#8211;14</span></a> Should questions arise regarding any aspect of a study&#44; the onus is on all authors to investigate and ensure resolution of the issue&#44; which is then to be presented to the corresponding Editor&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;10&#8211;14</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To better appraise this 4th criterion the precise meaning of responsibility and accountability should be revisited&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Responsibility</span> is defined as the moral obligation to ensure that a particular task is adequately performed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;16</span></a> Accordingly&#44; responsibility relates to tasks that have been assigned to an individual&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;16</span></a> By contrast&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">accountability</span> denotes the duty to justify a given action to others and to respond for the results of that action&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;16</span></a> Therefore&#44; accountability mainly relates to the awareness and assumption of the role of being the one to blame if things go wrong&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;16</span></a> Nevertheless&#44; oftentimes responsibility is used interchangeably with accountability&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;16</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Claiming that each individual author is held morally responsible in every case that misconduct is detected would appear unreasonable considering the complexity of current research&#46; Rather&#44; the fourth criterion suggests that each author must cooperate to clarify misconduct related issues if the paper is called into question&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;16</span></a></p><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Research credits</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Acceptance and publication of a scientific paper is always a cause of major celebration among authors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Authorship provides prestige&#44; credit and scientific recognition&#46; Authorship has important academic&#44; social and financial implications&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;11</span></a> Currently&#44; authorship remains a major criterion for promotion and career advancement among scholars&#46; Publication records are revised in depth for university tenures and job appointments&#46; Total number of publications and citations remain currencies widely used to ascertain the academic value of individual investigators&#46; In this regard&#44; the ICMJE recommendations on authorship are intended to ensure that anybody who has made a &#8220;substantive&#8221; intellectual contribution to a paper is given credit as an author&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Potential problems derived from publication of research</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Publication of a scientific paper usually marks the end of a research project and opens a time for discussion and criticism or acceptance by the scientific community&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Occasionally&#44; the healthy scientific debate fuelled by the publication of the paper raises serious concerns&#46; In rare cases&#44; even the integrity of the research or published paper is brought into question&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> In these situations authors may try to escape from the embarrassment of publishing a scientifically flawed study&#46; This explains why the new fourth criterion is so pertinent to address issues related to scientific misconduct&#46; Should irregularities be confirmed&#44; editors must report to the authors&#8217; academic institution and&#44; eventually&#44; to the readers&#44; with expressions of concern&#44; or&#44; in the worst case scenario&#44; with a retraction of the published paper&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Considerations on classical authorship criteria</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Any researcher listed as an author should have made a &#8220;substantive&#8221; intellectual contribution to the study and be prepared to take public responsibility for the work&#44; ensure its accuracy&#44; and be able to identify his&#47;her contribution to the study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> However&#44; a problem with the definition of authorship involves the subjectivity in what constitutes a &#8216;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">substantial</span>&#8217; contribution to the research or the manuscript&#46; In fact&#44; the precise threshold of involvement required to qualify for authorship remains unclear&#46; As the real problem lies in defining what represents a &#8220;substantial&#8221; contribution&#44; means to quantify the actual work performed by individual authors have been proposed&#46; In this regard it has been suggested<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> that substantial contribution to a publication consists of an important intellectual contribution without which&#44; a part of the work or even the entire work&#44; could not have been completed or the manuscript could not have been written&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the ICMJE<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> persons who <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">do not</span> qualify as an author include those who &#8220;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">only</span>&#8221; provide&#58; 1&#41; recruitment of patients to a trial&#44; 2&#41; general data collection&#44; 3&#41; obtaining samples for a study&#44; 4&#41; acquisition of funding&#44; 5&#41; general supervision of the research group by the department chairperson&#46; Conversely&#44; persons who significantly contributed to the paper but do not meet the 4 criteria for authorship should be listed in the acknowledgement section after obtaining their consent&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Publishing individual contributions</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The ICMJE authorship guidance is intentionally broad and open to accommodate the diversity of scientific research and allow space for the specific editorial policies of individual journals&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> However&#44; many have requested a more structured authorship framework to improve consistency and clarity in authorship requirements&#46; The best means to present the relationship between authorship and intellectual involvement in research remains an issue of ongoing debate&#46; Currently&#44; the ICMJE does not mandate that all authors communicate exactly what &#8220;contributions&#8221; qualify them to be an author&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> However&#44; unless authorship reflects to what extent individual researchers have been intellectually involved in the work it will remain misleading regarding relative research merits&#46; Honesty and openness in attribution ensures fairness in credit&#46; Many editors argue that authorship criteria should be revised to request a contribution declaration&#44; in order to fully capture deserving authorship and credit&#46; Accordingly&#44; to promote transparency and remove ambiguity on specific contributions&#44; editors are now strongly encouraged to develop and implement contributorship policies in their journals&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> As discussed&#44; however&#44; the question regarding the quality and quantity of contribution required to qualify an individual for authorship remain unresolved&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> An interesting proposal in this regard suggests including contributorship badges&#46; These badges are designed to fully capture the different types of collaboration in the submitted work that&#44; otherwise&#44; will be difficult to recognise with traditional credentials&#46; Contributors listing allows a more accurate and granular assessment of credit&#46; In addition&#44; this strategy provides additional insight on contributor-adjusted productivity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> Ideally&#44; each ICMJE criterion should have at least one badge&#46; Each badge includes a list of authors making a contribution to that specific role&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#8211;20</span></a> Others have proposed the value of assigning a numerical value to better evaluate the degree of relative contributions and&#44; eventually&#44; to create a contribution-specific index for each author to better assess research productivity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#8211;20</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Detailing authors&#8217; contributions inform the readers of the nature of the individual work and avoids diluting credits by precisely allocating merits&#46; In multi-authored papers it is particularly important that authors state the specific role they played in the research&#46; Each research represents a significant amount of effort and&#44; on average&#44; the larger the number of authors the smaller percentage of effort for a given author&#46; Other forms of contributions&#44; not fulfilling criteria for authorship&#44; may be recognized in the acknowledgement section or by listing these people as collaborators&#46; This is an important issue considering the ever increasing number of authors seen in recent publications that represents a paradigm shift resulting from team-work research&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#8211;24</span></a> Contributors credited as authors should take full responsibility and remain accountable for what is published&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;18</span></a> In this regard&#44; contribution-adjusted credits can be further weighted by other factors to derive more effective parameters for measuring research productivity&#46; Currently&#44; every co-author gets the exact amount of citation credit regardless of their contribution&#46; Therefore&#44; an &#8220;author matrix&#8221; &#40;including participation in ideas&#44; work&#44; writing and stewardship&#41;&#44; has been proposed to &#8220;quantify&#8221; individual contributions and roles in multi-authored papers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#8211;24</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">By-line location and hierarchy</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is no adequate guidance for author sequence in the by-line&#46; In fact&#44; practices to clarify the relative merit of the different coauthors in a manuscript vary significantly among scientific disciplines&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#8211;22</span></a> For biomedical journals&#44; the first author is the most important position&#44; followed by the last author and then the second author&#46; The first author is reserved for the person who made the largest contribution &#40;investing most time in the project&#41; usually the author who wrote the first draft of the paper&#46; Then the sequence of authors tends to represent progressively lesser contributions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> Following this approach&#44; where the sequence determines credit&#44; the last author receives the least&#46; Accordingly&#44; the last position might be considered as a rather generous option&#46; Actually&#44; the last position is currently considered as very important in biomedical research and&#44; in fact&#44; it is frequently associated with the corresponding author or the guarantor of the entire work&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> However&#44; many argue that senior scientists should grab the pen &#40;keyboard&#41; more often as writing remains essential for advancement in knowledge&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> Senior authors have the responsibility to promote the academic career of new generation scientists&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Many journals allow authors to declare that 2 or more individuals have made &#8220;equal contribution&#8221; to the research&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#8211;28&#44;21</span></a> In the last decade the percentage of articles with equal contribution statements has increased dramatically both in basic and medical scientific journals&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> Notably&#44; the designation of &#8220;joint first-authors&#8221; should be based on the quality and quantity of the work&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#8211;28&#44;21</span></a> Thus the &#8220;contributed equally&#8221; designation should be reserved to honestly reflect similar scientific contributions and not to inflate a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">curriculum vitae</span>&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#8211;28&#44;21</span></a> Interestingly&#44; the practice of listing two individuals as &#8220;joint last author&#8221; is used less frequent but steadily increasing&#46; These publications should include a foot note clearly indicating that both authors equally contributed to the work&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#8211;28&#44;21</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The corresponding author takes primary responsibility for communication with the journal during the submission&#44; peer-review&#44; publication and post-publication periods&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Currently&#44; most journals require contact e-mail addresses from all listed authors who then will be contacted to inform that the corresponding author submitted the paper&#46; This ensures that they are aware that the paper has been submitted in their name&#46; The systematic implementation of this electronic warning system paves the way to guarantee that the 3rd authorship criterion has been met&#46; Therefore&#44; the policy now may be considered as a mere administrative requirement similar to signing of a copyright transfer&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The &#8220;guarantor&#8221; of the study may be different from the first or corresponding author and frequently is the principal investigator or more senior person in the group&#46; The guarantor takes full responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole from inception to the published paper&#46; Accordingly&#44; the guarantor must be fully prepared to defend all parts of the research project and final manuscript&#46; Guarantors vouching for the integrity of the entire work are of special value for multi-author articles particularly when many institutions are involved&#46; All authors should also disclose potential conflicts of interest&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;5</span></a> The ICMJE uniform conflict of interest disclosure has been recently updated and all authors should complete the corresponding standardized individual electronic document&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;5</span></a> In particular&#44; authors of sponsored studies should indicate that they had full access to the data and take complete responsibility for the accuracy and integrity of the analysis&#46; This is important as roles and interests of different stakeholders may remain elusive or misleading in this type of study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The subjectivity and emotionality of authorship may explain why disputes among investigators are not uncommon&#46; Authorship disputes amongst research teams should be avoided by deciding roles and responsibilities beforehand&#46; Ideally&#44; the order of authors should be collectively decided by the research team at the onset of the project&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> Then&#44; the definitive author order should be revised when the work is completed&#44; taking into account the actual level of individual contributions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Editors are unable to judge whether authors have met the authorship criteria&#46; The COPE &#40;Committee on Publication Ethics&#59; <a href="http://www.publicationethics.org/">www&#46;publicationethics&#46;org</a>&#41; guidelines are useful to solve publication disputes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Editors should seek explanations and signed agreement of all authors in case of a request for a change in the author list&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Multi-authored articles</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Scientific collaboration has become increasingly important because the complexity of modern research involves different competencies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Moreover&#44; a large number of patients and centres may be required to adequately address clinically relevant questions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> In addition&#44; multidisciplinary research groups offer the opportunity of cross-pollination&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Therefore&#44; team-work is currently common place in biomedical research&#46; Co-authorship is the most tangible result of multilateral scientific collaboration&#46; Group &#40;corporate&#41; authorship has become increasingly common with variations in how individual authors and research group names are listed in the by-line&#46; Notably&#44; citation impact is greater in papers with multiple authors coming from international cooperation&#46; The problem of inflating publication and citation records of authors participating in multicenter studies has been a cause of concern&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> This is due&#44; at least in part&#44; to collaboration-induced self-citation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> Salami publications&#44; or least publishable units strategies&#44; are initiatives that inflate the number of publications on the same research project by dividing the work &#40;that could have been presented in a single main paper&#41; into smaller component parts&#44; then publishing them as several different articles&#46; Such strategies may be detected in some multicenter studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> The use of coauthor-adjusted citation indexes have been suggested to account for this phenomenon&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is evidence that the number of coauthors per paper in medical literature has increased exponentially over time&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;31</span></a> The reason for this increase is probably multifactorial and includes&#44; increasing complexity of research&#44; as discussed&#44; but also author inflation&#46; Inappropriate authorship is not ethical and eventually leads to diminish the value of authorship&#44; generating a situation where undeserved coauthors cannot take responsibility for the research&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;31</span></a> Interestingly&#44; the correlation between research quality and number of authors is poor&#44; suggesting that the component of author inflation plays a greater role than that of research complexity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Until now the number of authors in the by-line was not considered in the evaluation of the relative academic merit of individual authors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> However&#44; as a research project involves a defined amount of work&#44; the larger the number of authors in a paper the smaller the merit that deserves any given author&#46; Major efforts are made by some individuals whereas others contribute significantly less&#46; The credit received by people doing the work becomes diluted by the inclusion of many authors with little&#44; if any&#44; contributions&#46; Eventually this &#8220;free lunch&#8221; strategy undermines the value of being named on a scientific paper&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Authorship guidelines should be updated to adapt to the growing trend of collaborative research&#46; The larger the number of authors the more opportunities for contentious arguments and disputes&#46; Every author of a &#8220;group authorship&#8221; work must meet the 4 criteria for authorship&#46; Otherwise they should be identified just as investigators or collaborators rather than authors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Given the complexity and multiple tasks involved in current research it is clear that most authors cannot participate in every aspect of the work&#46; Accordingly&#44; specific responsibilities should be tied to different research roles&#46; Authors should refrain from collaborating with colleagues whose quality or integrity may inspire concerns&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Last&#44; but not least&#44; with a growing number of authors it is increasingly difficult to identify those who may be held morally responsible should scientific misconduct be detected&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;31</span></a> Holding everybody responsible is unfair to the researchers that are not guilty of misconduct&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Breaches in authorship&#58; from ghost to guest authors</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Breaches in authorship are a form of deception&#46; Guest or gift &#40;honorary&#41; and ghost &#40;hidden&#41; authors represent a form of authorship abuse that should not be permitted&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33&#8211;37</span></a> Ghost authorship is omitting authors that have made relevant contributions to a paper&#46; Ghost authors provide contributions to a manuscript that do merit authorship but&#44; for different reasons&#44; are not included in the author by-line&#46; Some ghost authors may have major conflicts of interest or are paid by a commercial sponsor&#46; This should be differentiated from ghost writing&#46; Ghost writers are writing contributors to a manuscript that do not fulfill authorship criteria&#44; but their contributions are not disclosed in the acknowledgements&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;36</span></a> Ghost writing is also an unethical practice as it keeps hidden the involvement in the manuscript&#46; The concern is that writers hired by the industry might influence the content of the publication or hide unwelcome results&#44; which introduces potential bias that is obscured when relevant academic guest authors are accredited with authorship&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Professional medical writers should follow ethical publication practices and should openly disclose their involvement in the acknowledgement section&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The inclusion of individuals with minimal or no input reflects &#8220;loose authorship&#8221; practices&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33&#8211;37</span></a> Guest&#44; gift or honorary authorship is defined as co-authorship awarded to people who do not meet the authorship criteria and have not contributed substantially to take public responsibility for the work&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> This may be offered in the belief that the prestige of a scientifically respected person will increase the likelihood of publication or the impact of the work&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> Oftentimes&#44; a well-known academic senior name is used to conceal ghost authors with industry-related conflicts of interest&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> Both&#44; the gift-author and the remaining co-authors may benefit from this practice &#40;a win-win situation&#41; that&#44; nevertheless&#44; remains unethical&#46; The increased pressure for publishing among scholars seeking promotion and career advancement &#40;the &#8220;publish or perish&#8221; culture&#41; may also help to explain these practices&#46; This pressure explains why some researchers accept the &#8216;gift&#8217; authorship in papers to which they have not contributed intellectually&#46; This abuse in authorship devalues the merit of being named as an author in a scientific paper&#46; As previously discussed&#44; quantitative contribution helps to prevent granting undeserved credits to guest authors who take away well-deserved credits from the authors who actually did the work&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37&#8211;40</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Studies suggest that breaches of authorship guidelines are frequent&#46; In a recent survey one-third of authors believed that they had been excluded from deserved authorship and a similar number declared that they had experienced pressures to include undeserved authors in their papers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> Another recent study of journals included in the Journals Citation Reports database suggested that 85&#37; of them included in their policy guidance the requirement that authors should be accountable for the research as a whole&#44; 32&#37; explicitly prohibited guest or ghost authorship but only 5&#37; required authors to describe their individual contributions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Final remarks</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Authorship confers credit but also involves responsibility&#46; Authors should be accountable and vouch for the integrity of the entire work&#46; The Editors&#8217; Network of the ESC endorses the ICMJE recommendations on authorship and encourages individual NSCJ to adapt their editorial policies accordingly&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None of the Editors authors of this paper have any potential conflict of interest that needs to be disclosed in relation to this manuscript&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The Editors&#8217; Network of the European Society of Cardiology &#40;ESC&#41; provides a dynamic forum for editorial discussions and endorses the recommendations of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors &#40;ICMJE&#41; to improve the scientific quality of biomedical journals&#46; Authorship confers credit and important academic rewards&#46; Recently&#44; however&#44; the ICMJE emphasized that authorship also requires responsibility and accountability&#46; These issues are now covered by the new &#40;fourth&#41; criterion for authorship&#46; Authors should agree to be accountable and ensure that questions regarding the accuracy and integrity of the entire work will be appropriately addressed&#46; This review discusses the implications of this paradigm shift on authorship requirements with the aim of increasing awareness on good scientific and editorial practices&#46;</p></span>"
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Article information

ISSN: 21742049
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.repce.2019.09.004

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Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	3	5	8
2024 October	47	38	85
2024 September	52	23	75
2024 August	43	23	66
2024 July	31	24	55
2024 June	39	20	59
2024 May	37	17	54
2024 April	27	24	51
2024 March	45	22	67
2024 February	25	23	48
2024 January	26	25	51
2023 December	37	25	62
2023 November	33	33	66
2023 October	22	16	38
2023 September	17	25	42
2023 August	31	13	44
2023 July	37	11	48
2023 June	27	15	42
2023 May	49	30	79
2023 April	54	4	58
2023 March	99	25	124
2023 February	58	18	76
2023 January	45	22	67
2022 December	75	30	105
2022 November	72	36	108
2022 October	95	27	122
2022 September	48	39	87
2022 August	38	27	65
2022 July	40	48	88
2022 June	23	33	56
2022 May	32	30	62
2022 April	26	35	61
2022 March	35	43	78
2022 February	27	36	63
2022 January	22	35	57
2021 December	22	31	53
2021 November	34	31	65
2021 October	39	38	77
2021 September	32	25	57
2021 August	40	24	64
2021 July	11	18	29
2021 June	35	21	56
2021 May	25	38	63
2021 April	27	21	48
2021 March	28	15	43
2021 February	21	12	33
2021 January	23	20	43
2020 December	25	13	38
2020 November	19	10	29
2020 October	20	11	31
2020 September	30	8	38
2020 August	20	11	31
2020 July	19	10	29
2020 June	19	17	36
2020 May	31	8	39
2020 April	34	9	43
2020 March	27	17	44
2020 February	79	17	96
2020 January	24	8	32
2019 December	57	10	67
2019 November	52	5	57
2019 October	53	12	65
2019 September	4	2	6

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